The role of the carotenoids, lutein and zeaxanthin, in protecting against age-related macular degeneration: A review based on controversial evidence

Nutrition Journal

Volumn 2, Issue , 2003, Pages 1-8

  Mozaffarieh, Maneli ^a   Sacu, Stefan ^a   Wedrich, Andreas ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF VIENNA   (Austria)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CAROTENOID; XANTHOPHYLL; ZEAXANTHIN;

BLOOD LEVEL; CLINICAL STUDY; DATA BASE; DIET; DISEASE COURSE; EMBASE; EVIDENCE BASED MEDICINE; EXPERIMENT; EXPERIMENTAL ANIMAL; EYE DISEASE; FRUIT; INFORMATION RETRIEVAL; MEDLINE; OPTIMAL DRUG DOSE; PATHOGENESIS; RETINA; RETINA MACULA AGE RELATED DEGENERATION; REVIEW; RISK REDUCTION; SUPPLEMENTATION; TOXICITY; VEGETABLE; VITAMIN SUPPLEMENTATION;

ANIMALIA;

EID: 3042596475     PISSN: 14752891     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1186/1475-2891-2-20     Document Type: Review

References (106)

1. Handelman GJ, Dratz EA, Reay CC, van Kuijk JG: Carotenoids in the human macula and whole retina. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1988, 29:850-5.
2. Bone RA, Landrum JT, Fernandez L, Tarsis SL: Analysis of the macular pigment by HPLC: retinal distribution and age study. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1988, 29:843-9.
3. Khachik F, Beecher GR, Goli MB, Lusby WR, Daitch CE: Seperation and quantification of carotenoids in human plasma. Methods Enzymol 1992, 213:205-219.
4. Khachik F, Beecher GR, Goli MB, Lusby WR: Seperation and quantification of carotenoids in foods. Methods Enzymol 1992, 213:347-359.
5. Snodderly DM, Handelman GJ, Adler AJ: Distribution of individual macular pigment carotenoids in the central retina of macaque and squirrel monkeys. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1991, 32:268-279.
6. Dichtburn RW: Eye movements and visual perception. Oxford: Claredon Press 1973.
7. Bone RA, Landrum JT: Macular pigment in Henle fiber membranes: a model for Haidinger's brushes. Vis Res 1984, 24:103-8.
8. Kirschfeld K: Carotenoid pigments: their possible role in protecting against photooxidation in eyes and photoreceptor cells. Proc R Soc Lond 1982, 216:71-85.
9. Nussbaum JJ, Pruett RC, Delori FC: Macular yellow pigment. The first 200 years. Retina 1981, 1:296-310.
10. Reading VM, Weale RA: Macular pigment and chromatic aberration. J Optom Soc Am 1974, 64:231-4.
11. Foote CS, Chang YC, Denny RW: Chemistry of singlet oxygen. X: Carotenoid quenching parallels biological protection. J Am Chem Soc 1970, 92:5216-18.
12. Snodderly DM: Evidence for protection against age-related macular degeneration by carotenoids and antioxidant vitamins. Am J Clin Nutr 1995, 62(suppl):1448s-60s.
13. Young RW: Solar radiation and age-related macular degeneration. Surv Ophthalmol 1988, 32:252-69.
14. De La Paz MA, Anderson RE: Regional and age-dependent variation in susceptibility of the human retina to lipid peroxidation. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1992, 33:3497-9.
15. Landrum JT, Bone RA, Kilburn MD: The macular pigment: a possible role in protection from age-related macular degeneration. Adv Pharm 1997, 38:537-56.
16. Moeller SM, Jaques PF, Blumberg JB: The potential role of dietary xanthophylls in cataract and age-related macular degeneration. J Am Coll Nutr 2000, 19:522S-527S.
17. Pratt S: Dietary prevention of age-related macular degeneration. J Am Optom Assoc 1999, 70:39-47.
18. Jaques PF: The potential preventive effects of vitamins for cataract and age-related macular degeneration. Int J Vitam Nutr Res 1999, 69:198-205.
19. Hammond Br Jr, Johnson EJ, Russel RM, Krinsky NI, Yeum KJ, Edwards RB et al.: Dietary modification of human macular pigment density. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1997, 38:1795-1801.
20. Handelman GJ, Nightingale ZD, Lichtenstein AH, Schaefer EJ, Blumberg JB: Lutein and zeaxanthin concentrations in plasma after dietary supplementation with egg yolk. Am J Clin Nutr 1999, 70:247-251.
21. Landrum JT, Bone RA, Joa H, Kilburn MD, Moore LL, Sprague KE: A one year study of the macular pigment: the effect of 140 days of a lutein supplement. Exp Eye Res 1997, 65:57-62.
22. Berendschot TTJM, Goldbohm RA, Klopping WAA, van Norel J, van Norren D: Influence of lutein supplementation on macular pigment, assessed with two objective techniques. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2000, 41:3322-6.
23. The International ARM Epidemiological Study Group: An international classification and grading system for grading system for age-related maculopathy and age-related macular degeneration. Surv Ophthalmol 1995, 39:367-74.
24. Macular Photocoagulation Study Group: Laser photocoagulation for juxtafoveal choroidal neovascularization. Five-year results for randomized clinical trials. Arch Ophthalmol 1994, 112:500-9.
25. Ghafour IM, Allan D, Foulds WS: Common causes of visual handicap in the west of Scotland. Br J Ophthalmol 1983, 67:209-13.
26. Ferris FL III: Senile macular degeneration: review of epidemiological features. Am J Epidemiol 1983, 118:132-51.
27. Bressler NM, Bressler SB, Fine SL: Age-related macular degeneration. Surv Ophthalmol 1988, 32:375-413.
28. Age-Related Eye Disease Study Report Number 3: Risk factors associated with age-related macular degeneration: a case-control study in the age-related eye disease study. Ophthalmology 2000, 107:2224-2232.
29. Klein ML, Mauldin WM, Stoumbos VD: Hereditory and age-related macular degeneration: observations in monozygotic twins. Arch Ophthalmol 1994, 112:932-937.
30. Smith W, Assink J, Klein R, Mitchell P, Klaver CC, Klein BE et al.: Risk factors for age-related macular degeneration: pooled findings from three continents. Ophthalmology 2001, 108:697-704.
31. Eye Disease Case-Control Study Group: Risk factors for neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Arch Ophthalmol 1992, 110:1701-1708.
32. Klein R, Rowland MR, Harris MI: Racial/ethnic differences in age-related maculopathy. Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Ophthalmology 1995, 102:371-8.
33. Mares-Perlman JA, Brady WE, Klein R, VandenLangenberg GM, Klein BEK, Palta M: Dietary fat and age-related maculopathy. Arch Ophthalmol 1995, 113:743-748.
34. Holz FG, Piguet B, Minassian DC, Bird AC, Weale RA: Decreasing stromal iris pigmentation as a risk factor for age-related macular degeneration. Am J Ophthalmol 1994, 117:19-23.
35. Sandberg MA, Gaudio AR, Miller S, Weiner A: Iris pigmentation and extent of disease in patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1994, 35:2734-40.
36. Blumenkranz MS, Russel SR, Robey MG, Kott-Blumenkranz Penneys N: Risk factors in age-related maculopathy complicated by choroidal neovascularization. Ophthalmology 1986, 93:552-6.
37. Gibson JM, Shaw DE, Rosenthal AR: Senile cataract and senile macular degeneration. An investigation into possible risk-factors. Trans Ophthalmol Soc UK 1986, 105:463-9.
38. Votruba M, Zdenek G: Neovascular age-related macular degeneration: present and future treatment options. Eye 2001, 15:424-429.
39. Mangels AR, Holden JM, Beecher GR, Forman MR, Lanza E: Carotenoid content of fruits and vegetables: an evaluation of analytic data. J Am Diet Assoc 1993, 93:284-296.
40. Sommerburg O, Keunen JEE, Bird AC, van Kuijk FJGM: Fruits and vegetables that are sources of lutein and zeaxanthin: the macular pigment in human eye. Br J Ophthalmol 1998, 82:907-910.
41. Leung IYF, Ngai J, Lam KW, Tso MOM: Absorption of zeaxanthin in rats after feeding with purified zeaxanthin or a traditional Chinese medicine, gou chi zi. [ARVO abstract]. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1999, 40(4):S608. Abstract nr 3196
42. Schalch W: Carotenoids in the retina: a review of their possible role in preventing or limiting damage caused by light and oxygen. In: Free radicals and ageing Edited by: Emerit I, Chase B. Basel: Birkhauser; 1992.
43. West S, Vitale S, Hallfrisch J, Munoz B, Muller D, Bressler S et al.: Are antioxidants or supplements protective for age-related macular degeneration? Arch Ophthalmol 1994, 112:222-7.
44. Johnson EJ, Hammond BR, Yeum KJ, Qin J, Wang XD, Castaneda C et al.: Relation among serum and tissue concentrations of lutein and zeaxanthin and macular pigment density. Am J Clin Nutr 2000, 71:1555-1562.
45. Canfield LM, Giuliano AR, Neilson EM, Yap HH, Graver EJ, Cu HA et al.: Beta-carotene in breast milk and serum is increased after a single beta-carotene dose. Am J Clin Nutr 1997, 66:52-61.
46. Nierenberg DW, Dain BJ, Mott LA, Baron JA, Greenberg ER: Effects of 4 y of oral supplementation with beta-carotene on serum concentrations of retinol, tocopherol, and five carotenoids. Am J Clin Nutr 1997, 66:315-9.
47. Fotouhi N, Meydani M, Santos MS, Meydani SN, Hennekens CH, Gaziano JM: Carotenoid and tocopherol concentrations in plasma, peripheral blood mononuclear cells, and red blood cells after long-term supplementation in men. Am J Clin Nutr 1996, 63:533-8.
48. Ribaya-Mercado JD, Ordovas JM, Russell RM: Effect of beta-carotene supplementation on the concentrations and distribution of carotenoids, vitamin E, vitamin A and cholesterol in plasma lipoprotein and non-lipoprotein fractions in healthy older women. J Am Coll Nutr 1995, 14:614-20.
49. Micozzi MS, Brown ED, Edwards BK, Bieri JG, Taylor PR, Khachik F et al.: Plasma carotenoid response to chronic intake of selected foods and beta-carotene supplements in men. Am J Clin Nutr 1992, 55:1120-5.
50. Albanes D, Virtamo J, Taylor PR, Rautalahti M, Pietinen P, Heinonen OP: Effects of supplemental beta-carotene, cigarette smoking, and alcohol consumption on serum carotenoids in the Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-carotene Cancer Prevention Study. Am J Clin Nutr 1997, 66:366-72.
51. Faulks RM, Hart DJ, Scott KJ, Southon S: Changes in plasma carotenoid and vitamin E profile during supplementation with oil palm fruit carotenoids. J Lab Clin Med 1998, 132:507-11.
52. The Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta Carotene Cancer Prevention Study Group: The effect of vitamin E and beta-carotene on the incidence of lung cancer and other cancers in male smokers. N Engl J Med 1994, 330:1029-1035.
53. Peterson K: 'Natural' cancer prevention trial halted. Science 1996, 271:441.
54. Bendich A: The safety of beta-carotene. Nutr Cancer 1988, 11:207-14.
55. Newsome DA, Swartz M, Leone NC, Elston RC, Miller E: Oral zinc in macular degeneration. Arch Ophthalmol 1988, 106:192-198.
56. Mares-Perlman JA, Klein R, Klein BE, Greger JL, Brady WE, Palta M, Ritter LL: Association of zinc and antioxidant nutrients with age-related maculopathy. Arch Ophthalmol 1996, 114:991-997.
57. AREDS report Nn. 8: A randomized, placebo-controlled, clinical trial of high-dose supplementation with vitamins C and E, beta carotene, and zinc for age-related macular degeneration and vision loss. Arch Ophthalmol 2001, 119:1417-36.
58. Clevidence BA, Bieri JG: Association of carotenoids with human plasma lipoproteins. Methods Enzymol 1993, 214:33-46.
59. Bernstein PS, Balashov NA, Tsong ED, Rando RR: Retinal tubulin binds macular carotenoids. Inv Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1997, 38:167-75.
60. Lakshman Mr, Okoh C: Carotenoid-protein compexes. Methods Enzymol 1993, 214:74-86.
61. Reddy KJ, Bullerjahn GS, Sherman LA: Characteristics of membrane-associated carotenoid-binding proteins in cyanobacteria and prochlorophytes. Methods Enzymol 1993, 214:390-401.
62. Yemelyanov AYU, Katz NB, Bernstein PS: Ligand-binding characterization of xantophyll carotenoids to solubilized membrane proteins derived from human retina. Exp Eye Res 2001, 72:381-392.
63. van den Berg H: Carotenoid interactions. Nutr Rev 1999, 57:1-10.
64. Bone RA, Landrum JT, Friedes LM, Gomez CM, Kilburn MD, Menendez E et al.: Distribution of lutein and zeaxanthin stereoisomers in the human retina. Exp Eye Res 1997, 64:211-218.
65. Khachik F, Bernstein PS, Garland DL: Identification of lutien and zeaxanthin oxidation products in human and monkey retinas. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1997, 38:1802-1811.
66. Bone RA, Landrum JT, Hime GW, Cains A, Zamor J: Stereochemistry of the human macular carotenoids. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1993, 34:2033-2040.
67. The Eye-Disease Case Control Study Group: Antioxidant status and neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Arch Ophthalmol 1993, 111:104-109.
68. Seddon JM, Ajani UA, Sperduto RD, Hiller R, Blair N, Burton TC et al.: Dietary carotenoids, vitamin A, C, and E, and advanced age-related macular degeneration. JAMA 1994, 272:1413-1420.
69. Mares-Perlman JA, Brady WE, Klein R, Klein BE, Bowen P, Stacewicz-Sapuntzakis M et al.: Serum antioxidants and age-related macular degeneration in a population-based case control study. Arch Ophthalmol 1995, 113:1518-1523.
70. Goldberg J, Flowerdew J, Smith E, Brody JA, Tso MOM: Factors associated with age-related macular degeneration: an analysis of data from the First National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Am J Epidemiol 1988, 128:700-710.
71. Mares-Perlman JA, Fisher A, Klein R, Palta M, Block G, Millen AE, Wright JD: Lutein and zeaxanthin in the diet and serum and their relation to age-related maculopathy in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Am J Epidemiol 2001, 153:424-432.
72. Vandenlangenberg GM, Mares-Perlman JA, Klein R, Klein BEK, Brady WE, Palta M: Associations between antioxidant and zinc intake and the 5-year incidence of early age-related maculopathy in the Beaver Dam Eye Study. Am J Epidemiol 1988, 148:204-214.
73. Ziegler RG, Colavito EA, Hartge P, Mc Adams MJ, Schoenberg JB, Mason TJ et al.: Importance of alpha-carotene, beta-carotene, and other phytochemicals in the etiology of lung cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 1996, 88:612-5.
74. Omenn GS, Goodman GE, Thornquist MD, Balmes J, Cullen MR, Glass A et al.: Effects of a combination of beta-carotene and vitamin A on lung cancer and cardiovascular disease. N Engl J Med 1996, 334:1150-5.
75. Malinow MR, Feeney-Burns L, Peterson LH, Klein ML, Neuringer M: Diet-related macular anomalies in monkeys. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1980, 19:857-863.
76. Leung IYF, Tso MOM, Li WWY, Lam TT: Absorption and tissue distribution of zeaxanthin and lutein in rhesus monkeys after taking fructus lycii (Gou Qi Zi) extract. 2001, 42:466-471.
77. Snodderly DM, Shen B, Land RI, Krinsky NI: Dietary manipulation of plasma carotenoid concentrations of squirrel monkeys (Saimiri Sciureus). JNutr 1997, 127:122-9.
78. Toyoda Y, Sapunztkis M, Nichols C, Cheng K, Dorey C: Preferential accumulation of lutein and zeaxanthin in the quail retina, an experimental model of the primate macula [ARVO Abstract]. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1996, 36(3):S802. Abstract nr 3692
79. Toyoda Y, Thomson L, Langner A, Craft NE, Garnett KM, Nichols CR et al.: Effect of dietary zeaxanthin on tissue distribution of zeaxanthin and lutein in quail. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2002, 43:1210-1221.
80. Fite KV, Bengston L: Aging and sex-related changes in the outer retina of the Japanese quail. Curr Eye Res 1989, 8:1039-1048.
81. Goldsmith TH, Collins JS, Licht S: The cone oil droplets of avian retinas. Vision Res 1984, 24:1661-1671.
82. Thomsom LR, Toyoda Y, Langner A, Delori FC, Garnett KM, Craft N et al.: Elevated retinal zeaxanthin and prevention of light-induced photoreceptor cell death in quail. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2002, 43:3538-49.
83. Organisciak DT, Want HM, Li Z, Tso MOM: The protective effect of ascorbate in retinal light damage of rats. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1985, 26:1580-88.
84. Leure-duPree AE, Mc Clain CJ: The effect of severe zinc deficiency on the morphology of the rat retinal pigment epithelium. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1982, 23:425-434.
85. Ursin G, Ziegler RG, Subar AF, Graubard BI, Haile RW, Hoover R: Dietary pattern associated with low-fat diet in the national health examination follow-up study: identification of potential confounders for epidemiologic analyses. Am J Epidemiol 1993, 137:916-27.
86. Sanders TAB, Haines AP, Wormald R, Wright LA, Obeid O: Essential fatty acids, plasma cholesterol, and fat soluble vitamins in subjects with age-related maculopathy and matched control subjects. Am J Clinc Nutr 1993, 57:428-433.
87. Beatty S, Murray IJ, Henson DB, Carden D, Koh HH, Boulton ME: Macular pigment and risk for age-related macular degeneration in subjects from a Northern European population. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2001, 42:439-446.
88. Bone RA, Landrum JT, Mayne ST, Gomez CM, Tibor SE, Tweiska EE: Macular pigment in donor eyes with and without AMD: a case-control study. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2001, 42:235-240.
89. Sanders TAB, Haines AP, Wormald R, Wright LA, Obeid O: Essential fatty acids, plasma cholesterol, and fat soluble vitamins in subjects with age-related maculopathy and matched control subjects. Am J Clinc Nutr 1993, 57:428-433.
90. Hammond BR Jr, Curran-Celentano J, Judd S, Fuld K, Krinsky NI, Wooten BR et al.: Sex differences in macular pigment optical density: relation to plasma carotenoid concentrations and dietary patterns. Vision Res 1996, 36:2001-12.
91. Hammond BR, Wooten BR, Snodderly DM: Cigarette smoking and retinal carotenoids: implications for age-related macular degeneration. Vision Res 1996, 36:3003-9.
92. Borges J, Li ZY, Tso MOM: Effects of repeated public exposures on the monkey macula. Arch Ophthalmol 1990, 108:727-733.
93. West SK, Rosenthal FS, Bressler NM, Bressler SB, Munoz B, Fine SL et al.: Exposure to sunlight and other risk factors for age-related macular degeneration. Arch Ophthalmol 1989, 107:875-859.
94. Taylor HR, West S, Munoz B et al.: The long-term effects of visible light on the eye. Arch Ophthalmol 1992, 110:99-104.
95. Cruickshanks KJ, Klein R, Klein BE: Sunlight and age-related macular degeneration. The Beaver Dam Eye Study. Arch Ophthalmol 1993, 111:514-518.
96. Dayhow-Barker P: Ocular photosensitization. Photochem Photobiol 1986, 46:1051-55.
97. McCarty C, Taylor HR: Light and risk for age-related eye diseases. In: Nutritional and environmental influences on the eye Edited by: Taylor A. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL; 1999:135-160.
98. Seddon AJ, Ajani UA, Mitchell BD: Familial aggregation of age-related maculopathy. Am J Ophthalmol 1997, 123:199-206.
99. Gottfredsdottir MS, Sverrisson T, Musch DC, Steffanson E: Age-related macular degeneration in monozygotic twins and their spouses in Iceland. Acta Ophthalmol Scand 1999, 77:422-425.
100. Meyers SM, Greene T, Gutman FA: A twin study of age-related macular degeneration. Am J Ophthalmol 1995, 120:757-766.
101. Heiba IM, Elston RC, Klein BE, Klein R: Sibling correlations and segregation analysis of age-related maculopathy: the Beaver Dam Eye Study. Genet Epidemiol 1994, 11:51-67.
102. Allikmets R, Shroyer NF, Singh N, Seddon JM, Lewis RA, Bernstein PS et al.: Mutation of the Stargate disease (ABCR) in age-related macular degeneration. Science 1997, 277:1805-7.
103. Stone EM, Webster AR, Vandenburg K, Streb LM, Hockey RR, Lotery AJ et al.: Allelic variation in ABCR associated with Stargate disease but not age-related macular degeneration. Nat Genet 1998, 20:328-9.
104. Danis R, Bingaman DP, Yang Y, Ladd B: Inhibition of preretinal and optic nerve head neovascularization in pigs by intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide. Ophthalmology 1996, 103:2099-2104.
105. Ciulla TA, Criswell MH, Danis RP, Hill TE: Intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide inhibits choroidal neovascularization in a laser-treated rat model. Arch Ophthalmol 2001, 119:399-404.
106. Mares-Perlman JA: Too soon for lutein supplements. Am J Clin Nutr 1999, 70:431-432.