Computational biology of cancer: Lecture notes and mathematical modeling

Computational Biology of Cancer: Lecture Notes and Mathematical Modeling

Volumn , Issue , 2005, Pages 1-251

  Wodarz, Dominik ^a   Komarova, Natalia L ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b RUTGERS UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84967662792     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1142/5642     Document Type: Book

References (290)

1. Adam, J. A. and Bellomo, N. (1997) A survey of models for tumor-immune system dynamics. Boston: Birkhauser.
2. Ahuja, N., Mohan, A. L., Li, Q., Stolker, J. M., Herman, J. G., Hamilton, S. R., Baylin, S. B. and Issa, J. P. (1997) Association between CpG island methylation and microsatellite instability in colorectal cancer. Cancer Res 57, pp. 3370-4.
3. Alarcon, T., Byrne, H. M. and Maini, P. K. (2003) A cellular automaton model for tumour growth in inhomogeneous environment. J Theor Biol 225, pp. 257-74.
4. Albert, M. L., Jegathesan, M. and Darnell, R. B. (2001) Dendritic cell matura-tion is required for the cross-tolerization of CD8+ T cells. Nat Immunol 2, pp. 1010-7.
5. Albert, M. L., Sauter, B. and Bhardwaj, N. (1998) Dendritic cells acquire antigen from apoptotic cells and induce class I-restricted CTLs. Nature 392, pp. 86-9.
6. Albertini, R. J., Nicklas, J. A., O’Neill, J. P. and Robison, S. H. (1990) In vivo somatic mutations in humans: measurement and analysis. Annu Rev Genet 24, pp. 305-26.
7. Albertson, D. G., Collins, C., McCormick, F. and Gray, J. W. (2003) Chromosome aberrations in solid tumors. Nat Genet 34, pp. 369-76.
8. Amon, A. (1999) The spindle checkpoint. Curr Opin Genet Dev 9, pp. 69-75.
9. Andea, A. A., Wallis, T., Newman, L. A., Bouwman, D., Dey, J. and Visscher, D. W. (2002) Pathologic analysis of tumor size and lymph node status in multifocal/multicentric breast carcinoma. Cancer 94, pp. 1383-90.
10. Anderson, A. R. and Chaplain, M. A. (1998) Continuous and discrete mathemat-ical models of tumor-induced angiogenesis. Bull Math Biol 60, pp. 857-99.
11. Anderson, A. R. A. and Chaplain, M. A. J. (1997) A mathematical model for capillary network formation in the absence of endothelial cell proliferation. App. Math. Letters 11, pp. 109-114.
12. Antonescu, C. R., Elahi, A., Healey, J. H., Brennan, M. F., Lui, M. Y., Lewis, J., Jhanwar, S. C, Woodruff, J. M. and Ladanyi, M. (2000) Monoclonality of multifocal myxoid liposarcoma: confirmation by analysis of TLS-CHOP or EWS-CHOP rearrangements. Clin Cancer Res 6, pp. 2788-93.
13. Araujo, R. P. and McElwain, D. L. (2004) New insights into vascular collapse and growth dynamics in solid tumors. J Theor Biol 228, pp. 335-46.
14. Armitage, P. and Doll, R. (1954) The age distribution of cancer and a multi-stage theory of carcinogenesis. Br J Cancer 8, pp. 1-12.
15. Asahara, T., Murohara, T., Sullivan, A., Silver, M., van der Zee, R., Li, T., Witzenbichler, B., Schatteman, G. and Isner, J. M. (1997) Isolation of putative progenitor endothelial cells for angiogenesis. Science 275, pp. 964-7.
16. Asahara, T., Takahashi, T., Masuda, H., Kalka, C., Chen, D., Iwaguro, H., Inai, Y., Silver, M. and Isner, J. M. (1999) VEGF contributes to postnatal neo-vascularization by mobilizing bone marrow-derived endothelial progenitor cells. Embo J 18, pp. 3964-72.
17. Bach, S. P., Renehan, A. G. and Potten, C. S. (2000) Stem cells: the intestinal stem cell as a paradigm. Carcinogenesis 21, pp. 469-76.
18. Bardelli, A., Cahill, D. P., Lederer, G., Speicher, M. R., Kinzler, K. W., Vogel-stein, B. and Lengauer, C. (2001) Carcinogen-specific induction of genetic instability. Proc Natl Acad Sei U S A 98, pp. 5770-5.
19. Baumann, S., Krueger, A., Kirchhoff, S. and Krammer, P. H. (2002) Regulation of T cell apoptosis during the immune response. Curr Mol Med 2, pp. 257-72.
20. Bayko, L., Rak, J., Man, S., Bicknell, R., Ferrara, N. and Kerbel, R. S. (1998) The dormant in vivo phenotype of early stage primary human melanoma: termination by overexpression of vascular endothelial growth factor. Angio-genesis 2, pp. 203-17.
21. Beerepoot, L. V., Mehra, N., Vermaat, J. S., Zonnenberg, B. A., Gebbink, M. F. and Voest, E. E. (2004) Increased levels of viable circulating endothelial cells are an indicator of progressive disease in cancer patients. Ann Oncol 15, pp. 139-45.
22. Behrens, J., Jerchow, B. A., Wurtele, M., Grimm, J., Asbrand, C, Wirtz, R., Kühl, M., Wedlich, D. and Birchmeier, W. (1998) Functional interaction of an axin homolog, conductin, with beta-catenin, APC, and GSK3beta. Science 280, pp. 596-9.
23. Beiz, G. T., Vremec, D., Febbraio, M., Corcoran, L., Shortman, K., Carbone, F. R. and Heath, W. R. (2002) CD36 is differentially expressed by CD8+ splenic dendritic cells but is not required for cross-presentation in vivo. J Immunol 168, pp. 6066-70.
24. Blagosklonny, M. V. (2002) P53: an ubiquitous target of anticancer drugs. Int J Cancer 98, pp. 161-6.
25. Blankenstein, T. and Schuler, T. (2002) Cross-priming versus cross-tolerance: are two signals enough? Trends Immunol 23, pp. 171-3.
26. Bolontrade, M. F., Zhou, R. R. and Kleinerman, E. S. (2002) Vasculogenesis Plays a Role in the Growth of Ewing’s Sarcoma in Vivo. Clin Cancer Res 8, pp. 3622-7.
27. Breivik, J. and Gaudernack, G. (1999a) Carcinogenesis and natural selection: a new perspective to the genetics and epigenetics of colorectal cancer. Adv Cancer Res 76, pp. 187-212.
28. Breivik, J. and Gaudernack, G. (1999b) Genomic instability, DNA methylation, and natural selection in colorectal carcinogenesis. Semin Cancer Biol 9, pp. 245-54.
29. Breward, C. J., Byrne, H. M. and Lewis, C. E. (2003) A multiphase model de-scribing vascular tumour growth. Bull Math Biol 65, pp. 609-40.
30. Brown, D., Kogan, S., Lagasse, E., Weissman, I., Alcalay, M., Pelicci, P. G., Atwater, S. and Bishop, J. M. (1997) A PMLRARalpha transgene initi-ates murine acute promyelocytic leukemia. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94, pp. 2551-6.
31. Bru, A., Albertos, S., Luis Subiza, J., Garcia-Asenjo, J. L. and Bru, I. (2003) The universal dynamics of tumor growth. Biophys J 85, pp. 2948-61.
32. Buchler, P., Reber, H. A., Ullrich, A., Shiroiki, M., Roth, M., Buchler, M. W., Lavey, R. S., Friess, H. and Hines, O. J. (2003) Pancreatic cancer growth is inhibited by blockade of VEGF-RII. Surgery 134, pp. 772-82.
33. Budd, R. C. (2001) Activation-induced cell death. Curr Opin Immunol 13, pp. 356-62.
34. Burnet, F. M. (1957) Cancer - a biological approach. Brit. Med. J. 1.
35. Byrne, H. and Preziosi, L. (2003) Modelling solid tumour growth using the theory of mixtures. Math Med Biol 20, pp. 341-66.
36. Cahill, D. P., Kinzler, K. W., Vogelstein, B. and Lengauer, C. (1999) Genetic instability and darwinian selection in tumours. Trends Cell Biol 9, pp. M57-60.
37. Cahill, D. P., Lengauer, C, Yu, J., Riggins, G. J., Willson, J. K., Markowitz, S. D., Kinzler, K. W. and Vogelstein, B. (1998) Mutations of mitotic check-point genes in human cancers. Nature 392, pp. 300-3.
38. Cairns, J. (2002) Somatic stem cells and the kinetics of mutagenesis and carcino-genesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 99, pp. 10567-70.
39. Calabrese, P., Tavare, S. and Shibata, D. (2004) Pretumor progression: clonal evolution of human stem cell populations. Am J Pathol 164, pp. 1337-46.
40. Campisi, J. (2001) Cellular senescence, aging and cancer. ScientificWorldJournal 1, pp. 65.
41. Campisi, J. (2003a) Cancer and ageing: rival demons? Nat Rev Cancer 3, pp. 339-49.
42. Campisi, J. (2003b) Cellular senescence and apoptosis: how cellular responses might influence aging phenotypes. Exp Gerontol 38, pp. 5-11.
43. Camplejohn, R. S., Gilchrist, R., Easton, D., McKenzie-Edwards, E., Barnes, D. M., Eccles, D. M., Ardern-Jones, A., Hodgson, S. V., Duddy, P. M. and Eeles, R. A. (2003) Apoptosis, ageing and cancer susceptibility. Br J Cancer 88, pp. 487-90.
44. Chavez-Reyes, A., Parant, J. M., Amelse, L. L., de Oca Luna, R. M., Korsmeyer, S. J. and Lozano, G. (2003) Switching mechanisms of cell death in mdm2-and mdm4-null mice by deletion of p53 downstream targets. Cancer Res 63, pp. 8664-9.
45. Cunha, G. R. and Matrisian, L. M. (2002) It’s not my fault, blame it on my microenvironment. Differentiation 70, pp. 469-72.
46. Cunningham, J. M., Christensen, E. R., Tester, D. J., Kim, C. Y., Roche, P. C, Burgart, L. J. and Thibodeau, S. N. (1998) Hypermethylation of the hMLHl promoter in colon cancer with microsatellite instability. Cancer Res 58, pp. 3455-60.
47. Daley, G. Q. (2003) Towards combination target-directed chemotherapy for chronic myeloid leukemia: role of farnesyl transferase inhibitors. Semin Hematol 40, pp. 11-4.
48. Dallon, J. C. and Sherratt, J. A. (1998) A mathematical model for fibroblast and collagen orientation. Bull Math Biol 60, pp. 101-29.
49. Davidoff, A. M., Ng, C. Y., Brown, P., Leary, M. A., Spurbeck, W. W., Zhou, J., Horwitz, E., Vanin, E. F. and Nienhuis, A. W. (2001) Bone marrow-derived cells contribute to tumor neovasculature and, when modified to express an angiogenesis inhibitor, can restrict tumor growth in mice. Clin Cancer Res 7, pp. 2870-9.
50. De Boer, R. J. and Perelson, A. S. (1995) Towards a general function describing T cell proliferation. J Theor Biol 175, pp. 567-76.
51. den Haan, J. M. and Bevan, M. J. (2001) Antigen presentation to CD8+ T cells: Cross-priming in infectious diseases. Curr Opin Immunol 13, pp. 437-41.
52. den Haan, J. M., Lehar, S. M. and Bevan, M. J. (2000) CD8(+) but not CD8(-) dendritic cells cross-prime cytotoxic T cells in vivo. J Exp Med 192, pp. 1685-96.
53. Dix, B. R., O’Carroll, S. J., Myers, C. J., Edwards, S. J. and Braithwaite, A. W. (2000) Efficient induction of cell death by adenoviruses requires binding of ElB55k and p53. Cancer Res 60, pp. 2666-72.
54. Donehower, L. A. (2002) Does p53 affect organismal aging? J Cell Physiol 192, pp. 23-33.
55. Drake, C. J. (2003) Embryonic and adult vasculogenesis. Birth Defects Res Part C Embryo Today 69, pp. 73-82.
56. Dunn, G. P., Bruce, A. T., Ikeda, H., Old, L. J. and Schreiber, R. D. (2002) Cancer immunoediting: from immunosurveillance to tumor escape. Nat Immunol 3, pp. 991-8.
57. Eden, A., Gaudet, F., Waghmare, A. and Jaenisch, R. (2003) Chromosomal in-stability and tumors promoted by DNA hypomethylation. Science 300, pp. 455.
58. Ehrlich, P. (1909) Ueber den jetzigen Stand der Karzinomforschung. Ned. Tijd-schr. Geneeskd. 5.
59. Eigen, M. and Schuster, P. (1979) The Hypercycle. A principle of natural self organization. Berlin: Springer.
60. Esteller, M., Fraga, M. F., Guo, M., Garcia-Foncillas, J., Hedenfalk, I., Godwin, A. K., Trojan, J., Vaurs-Barriere, C, Bignon, Y. J., Ramus, S., Benitez, J., Caldes, T., Akiyama, Y., Yuasa, Y., Launonen, V., Canal, M. J., Rodriguez, R., Capella, G., Peinado, M. A., Borg, A., Aaltonen, L. A., Ponder, B. A., Baylin, S. B. and Herman, J. G. (2001) DNA methylation patterns in hereditary human cancers mimic sporadic tumorigenesis. Hum Mol Genet 10, pp. 3001-7.
61. Evans, N. D., Errington, R. J., Shelley, M., Feeney, G. P., Chapman, M. J., Godfrey, K. R., Smith, P. J. and Chappell, M. J. (2004) A mathematical model for the in vitro kinetics of the anti-cancer agent topotecan. Math Biosci 189, pp. 185-217.
62. Evans, S. C. and Lozano, G. (1997) The Li-Fraumeni syndrome: an inherited susceptibility to cancer. Mol Med Today 3, pp. 390-5.
63. Fauth, C. and Speicher, M. R. (2001) Classifying by colors: FISH-based genome analysis. Cytogenet Cell Genet 93, pp. 1-10.
64. Ferreira, S. C, Jr., Martins, M. L. and Vilela, M. J. (2002) Reaction-diffusion model for the growth of avascular tumor. Phys Rev E Stat Nonlin Soft Matter Phys 65, pp. 021907.
65. Filoche, M. and Schwartz, L. (2004) Cancer death statistics: analogy between epidemiology and critical systems in physics. Med Hypotheses 62, pp. 704-9.
66. Finkel, T. and Holbrook, N. J. (2000) Oxidants, oxidative stress and the biology of ageing. Nature 408, pp. 239-47.
67. Fodde, R., Kuipers, J., Rosenberg, C, Smits, R., Kielman, M., Caspar, C, van Es, J. H., Breukel, C, Wiegant, J., Giles, R. H. and Clevers, H. (2001a) Mu-tations in the APC tumour suppressor gene cause chromosomal instability. Nat Cell Biol 3, pp. 433-8.
68. Fodde, R., Smits, R. and Clevers, H. (2001b) APC, signal transduction and ge-netic instability in colorectal cancer. Nat Rev Cancer 1, pp. 55-67.
69. Folkman, J. (1971) Tumor angiogenesis: therapeutic implications. N Engl J Med 285, pp. 1182-6.
70. Folkman, J. (1995a) Angiogenesis in cancer, vascular, rheumatoid and other dis-ease. Nat Med 1, pp. 27-31.
71. Folkman, J. (1995b) Angiogenesis inhibitors generated by tumors. Mol Med 1, pp. 120-2.
72. Folkman, J. (2002) Role of angiogenesis in tumor growth and metastasis. Semin Oncol 29, pp. 15-8.
73. Folkman, J. and Kalluri, R. (2004) Cancer without disease. Nature 427, pp. 787.
74. Frank, S. A. (2003) Somatic mosaicism and cancer: inference based on a condi-tional Luria-Delbruck distribution. J Theor Biol 223, pp. 405-12.
75. Frank, S. A. (2004) Age-specific acceleration of cancer. Curr Biol 14, pp. 242-6.
76. Frank, S. A. and Nowak, M. A. (2003) Cell biology: Developmental predisposition to cancer. Nature 422, pp. 494.
77. Franks, S. J., Byrne, H. M., Mudhar, H. S., Underwood, J. C. and Lewis, C. E. (2003) Mathematical modelling of comedo ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast. Math Med Biol 20, pp. 277-308.
78. Freytag, S. O., Rogulski, K. R., Paielli, D. L., Gilbert, J. D. and Kim, J. H. (1998) A novel three-pronged approach to kill cancer cells selectively: concomitant viral, double suicide gene, and radiotherapy [see comments]. Hum Gene Ther 9, pp. 1323-33.
79. Frigyesi, A., Gisselsson, D., Hansen, G. B., Soller, M., Mitelman, F. and Hoglund, M. (2004) A model for karyotypic evolution in testicular germ cell tumors. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 40, pp. 172-8.
80. Frigyesi, A., Gisselsson, D., Mitelman, F. and Hoglund, M. (2003) Power law distribution of chromosome aberrations in cancer. Cancer Res 63, pp. 7094-7
81. Fuchs, E. and Segre, J. A. (2000) Stem cells: a new lease on life. Cell 100, pp. 143-55.
82. Fuchs, E. J. and Matzinger, P. (1996) Is cancer dangerous to the immune system? Semin Immunol 8, pp. 271-80.
83. Ganly, I., Kirn, D., Eckhardt, S. G., Rodriguez, G. I., Soutar, D. S., Otto, R., Robertson, A. G., Park, O., Gulley, M. L., Heise, C., Von Hoff, D. D. and Kaye, S. B. (2000) A phase I study of Onyx-015, an E1B attenuated adenovirus, administered intratumorally to patients with recurrent head and neck cancer. Clin Cancer Res 6, pp. 798-806.
84. Gasche, C., Chang, C. L., Rhees, J., Goel, A. and Boland, C. R. (2001) Oxida-tive stress increases frameshift mutations in human colorectal cancer cells. Cancer Res 61, pp. 7444-8.
85. Gatenby, R. A. (1996) Application of competition theory to tumour growth: im-plications for tumour biology and treatment. Eur J Cancer 32A, pp. 722-6.
86. Gatenby, R. A. and Gawlinski, E. T. (1996) A reaction-diffusion model of cancer invasion. Cancer Res 56, pp. 5745-53.
87. Gatenby, R. A. and Gawlinski, E. T. (2003) The glycolytic phenotype in carcino-genesis and tumor invasion: insights through mathematical models. Cancer Res 63, pp. 3847-54.
88. Gatenby, R. A. and Vincent, T. L. (2003a) Application of quantitative models from population biology and evolutionary game theory to tumor therapeutic strategies. Mol Cancer Ther 2, pp. 919-27.
89. Gatenby, R. A. and Vincent, T. L. (2003b) An evolutionary model of carcinogen-esis. Cancer Res 63, pp. 6212-20.
90. Gaudet, F., Hodgson, J. G., Eden, A., Jackson-Grusby, L., Dausman, J., Gray, J. W., Leonhardt, H. and Jaenisch, R. (2003) Induction of tumors in mice by genomic hypomethylation. Science 300, pp. 489-92.
91. Gemma, A., Seike, M., Seike, Y., Uematsu, K., Hibino, S., Kurimoto, F., Yoshimura, A., Shibuya, M., Harris, C. C. and Kudoh, S. (2000) Somatic mutation of the hBUBl mitotic checkpoint gene in primary lung cancer. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 29, pp. 213-8.
92. Gilhar, A., Ullmann, Y., Karry, R., Shalaginov, R., Assy, B., Serafimovich, S. and Kalish, R. S. (2004) Ageing of human epidermis: the role of apoptosis, Fas and telomerase. Br J Dermatol 150, pp. 56-63.
93. Grisolano, J. L., Wesselschmidt, R. L., Pelicci, P. G. and Ley, T. J. (1997) Al-tered myeloid development and acute leukemia in transgenic mice express-ing PML-RAR alpha under control of cathepsin G regulatory sequences. Blood 89, pp. 376-87.
94. Guba, M., Cernaianu, G., Koehl, G., Geissler, E. K., Jauch, K. W., Anthuber, M., Falk, W. and Steinbauer, M. (2001) A primary tumor promotes dormancy of solitary tumor cells before inhibiting angiogenesis. Cancer Res 61, pp. 5575-9.
95. Guillemard, V. and Saragovi, H. U. (2004) Novel approaches for targeted cancer therapy. Curr Cancer Drug Targets 4, pp. 313-26.
96. Guilloux, Y., Bai, X. F., Liu, X., Zheng, P. and Liu, Y. (2001) Optimal induction of effector but not memory antitumor cytotoxic T lymphocytes involves direct antigen presentation by the tumor cells. Cancer Res 61, pp. 1107-12.
97. Guiot, C., Degiorgis, P. G., Delsanto, P. P., Gabriele, P. and Deisboeck, T. S. (2003) Does tumor growth follow a "universal law"? J Theor Biol 225, pp. 147-51.
98. Hafner, C., Knuechel, R., Stoehr, R. and Hartmann, A. (2002) Clonality of mul-tifocal urothelial carcinomas: 10 years of molecular genetic studies. Int J Cancer 101, pp. 1-6.
99. Hahnfeldt, P., Panigrahy, D., Folkman, J. and Hlatky, L. (1999a) Tumor devel-opment under angiogenic signaling: a dynamical theory of tumor growth, treatment response, and postvascular dormancy. Cancer Res 59, pp. 4770-5.
100. Hahnfeldt, P., Panigrahy, D., Folkman, J. and Hlatky, L. (1999b) Tumor devel-opment under angiogenic signaling: a dynamical theory of tumor growth, treatment response, and postvascular dormancy. Cancer Res 59, pp. 4770-5.
101. Hall, A. R., Dix, B. R., O’Carroll, S. J. and Braithwaite, A. W. (1998) p53-dependent cell death/apoptosis is required for a productive adenovirus in-fection [see comments]. Nat Med 4, pp. 1068-72.
102. Harrison, D., Sauthoff, H., Heitner, S., Jagirdar, J., Rom, W. N. and Hay, J. G. (2001) Wild-type adenovirus decreases tumor xenograft growth, but despite viral persistence complete tumor responses are rarely achieved- deletion of the viral Elb-19-kD gene increases the viral oncolytic effect. Hum Gene Ther 12, pp. 1323-32.
103. Hartmann, A., Rosner, U., Schlake, G., Dietmaier, W., Zaak, D., Hofstaedter, F. and Knuechel, R. (2000) Clonality and genetic divergence in multifocal low-grade superficial urothelial carcinoma as determined by chromosome 9 and p53 deletion analysis. Lab Invest 80, pp. 709-18.
104. Hasan, S., Hassan, M., Oke, L., Dinh, K., Onojobi, G., Lombardo, F., Dawkins, F. and Jack, M. (2003) Advanced gastrointestinal stromal tumors successfully treated with imatinib mesylate: a report of two cases. J Natl Med Assoc 95, pp. 1208-10.
105. Hasty, P., Campisi, J., Hoeijmakers, J., van Steeg, H. and Vijg, J. (2003) Aging and genome maintenance: lessons from the mouse? Science 299, pp. 1355-9.
106. Haylock, R. G. and Muirhead, C. R. (2004) Fitting the two-stage model of carcino-genesis to nested case-control data on the Colorado Plateau uranium min-ers: dependence on data assumptions. Radiat Environ Biophys 42, pp. 257-63.
107. He, L. Z., Tribioli, C, Rivi, R., Peruzzi, D., Pelicci, P. G., Soares, V., Cattoretti, G. and Pandolfi, P. P. (1997) Acute leukemia with promyelocytic features in PML/RARalpha transgenic mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 94, pp. 5302-7.
108. Heath, W. R. and Carbone, F. R. (2001a) Cross-presentation in viral immunity and self-tolerance. Nat Rev Immunol 1, pp. 126-34.
109. Heath, W. R. and Carbone, F. R. (2001b) Cross-presentation, dendritic cells, tolerance and immunity. Annu Rev Immunol 19, pp. 47-64.
110. Heise, C, Sampson-Johannes, A., Williams, A., McCormick, F., Von Hoff, D. D. and Kirn, D. H. (1997) ONYX-015, an E1B gene-attenuated adenovirus, causes tumor-specific cytolysis and antitumoral efficacy that can be aug-mented by standard chemotherapeutic agents [see comments]. Nat Med 3, pp. 639-45.
111. Heise, C. C, Williams, A., Olesch, J. and Kirn, D. H. (1999a) Efficacy of a replication-competent adenovirus (ONYX-015) following intratumoral in-jection: intratumoral spread and distribution effects. Cancer Gene Ther 6, pp. 499-504.
112. Heise, C. C, Williams, A. M., Xue, S., Propst, M. and Kirn, D. H. (1999b) Intra-venous administration of ONYX-015, a selectively replicating adenovirus, induces antitumoral efficacy. Cancer Res 59, pp. 2623-8.
113. Hildeman, D. A., Zhu, Y., Mitchell, T. C, Kappler, J. and Marrack, P. (2002) Molecular mechanisms of activated T cell death in vivo. Curr Opin Immunol 14, pp. 354-9.
114. Hoglund, M., Gisselsson, D., Hansen, G. B., Sail, T. and Mitelman, F. (2002a) Multivariate analysis of chromosomal imbalances in breast cancer delineates cytogenetic pathways and reveals complex relationships among imbalances. Cancer Res 62, pp. 2675-80.
115. Hoglund, M., Gisselsson, D., Hansen, G. B., Sail, T., Mitelman, F. and Nilbert, M. (2002b) Dissecting karyotypic patterns in colorectal tumors: two distinct but overlapping pathways in the adenoma-carcinoma transition. Cancer Res 62, pp. 5939-46.
116. Hoglund, M., Sail, T., Heim, S., Mitelman, F., Mandahl, N. and Fadl-Elmula, I. (2001) Identification of cytogenetic subgroups and karyotypic pathways in transitional cell carcinoma. Cancer Res 61, pp. 8241-6.
117. Holland, E. C. (2000) Glioblastoma multiforme: the terminator. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 97, pp. 6242-4.
118. Hsu, M. Y., Meier, F. and Herlyn, M. (2002) Melanoma development and progres-sion: a conspiracy between tumor and host. Differentiation 70, pp. 522-36.
119. Huang, J., Papadopoulos, N., McKinley, A. J., Farrington, S. M., Curtis, L. J., Wyllie, A. H., Zheng, S., Willson, J. K., Markowitz, S. D., Morin, P., Kinzler, K. W., Vogelstein, B. and Dunlop, M. G. (1996) APC mutations in colorectal tumors with mismatch repair deficiency. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 93, pp. 9049-54.
120. Hurlstone, D. P., Cross, S. S., Adam, I., Shorthouse, A. J., Brown, S., Sanders, D. S. and Lobo, A. J. (2004) Efficacy of high magnification chromoscopic colonoscopy for the diagnosis of neoplasia in flat and depressed lesions of the colorectum: a prospective analysis. Gut 53, pp. 284-90.
121. Imai, Y., Shiratori, Y., Kato, N., Inoue, T. and Omata, M. (1999) Mutational inactivation of mitotic checkpoint genes, hsMAD2 and hBUBl, is rare in sporadic digestive tract cancers. Jpn J Cancer Res 90, pp. 837-40.
122. Itahana, K., Dimri, G. and Campisi, J. (2001) Regulation of cellular senescence by p53. Eur J Biochem 268, pp. 2784-91.
123. Iwasa, Y., Michor, F. and Nowak, M. A. (2004) Stochastic tunnels in evolutionary dynamics. Genetics 166, pp. 1571-9.
124. Jackson, A. L. and Loeb, L. A. (1998) The mutation rate and cancer. Genetics 148, pp. 1483-90.
125. Jackson, A. L. and Loeb, L. A. (2001) The contribution of endogenous sources of DNA damage to the multiple mutations in cancer. Mutat Res 477, pp. 7-21.
126. Janeway, C, P., T., M., W. and D., C. J. (1999) Immunobiology: The immune system in health and disease. New York: Current Biology Ltd.
127. Janeway, C. A., Jr. (2002) A trip through my life with an immunological theme. Annu Rev Immunol 20, pp. 1-28.
128. Jansen-Durr, P. (2002) Cell death and ageing: a question of cell type. Scientific-WorldJournal 2, pp. 943-8.
129. John, A. M., Thomas, N. S., Mufti, G. J. and Padua, R. A. (2004) Targeted therapies in myeloid leukemia. Semin Cancer Biol 14, pp. 41-62.
130. Joseph-Silverstein, J. and Silverstein, R. L. (1998) Cell adhesion molecules: an overview. Cancer Invest 16, pp. 176-82.
131. Junker, K., Schlichter, A., Hindermann, W. and Schubert, J. (1999) Genetic characterization of multifocal tumor growth in renal cell carcinoma. Kidney Int 56, pp. 1291-4.
132. Junker, K., Schlichter, A., Junker, U., Knofel, B., Kosmehl, H., Schubert, J. and Claussen, U. (1997) Cytogenetic, histopathologic, and immunologic studies of multifocal renal cell carcinoma. Cancer 79, pp. 975-81.
133. Junker, K., Thrum, K., Schlichter, A., Muller, G., Hindermann, W. and Schubert, J. (2002) Clonal origin of multifocal renal cell carcinoma as determined by microsatellite analysis. J Urol 168, pp. 2632-6.
134. Kahlem, P., Dorken, B. and Schmitt, C. A. (2004) Cellular senescence in cancer treatment: friend or foe? J Clin Invest 113, pp. 169-74.
135. Kane, M. F., Loda, M., Gaida, G. M., Lipman, J., Mishra, R., Goldman, H., Jessup, J. M. and Kolodner, R. (1997) Methylation of the hMLHl promoter correlates with lack of expression of hMLHl in sporadic colon tumors and mismatch repair-defective human tumor cell lines. Cancer Res 57, pp. 808-11.
136. Kansal, A. R., Torquato, S., Harsh, G. I., Chiocca, E. A. and Deisboeck, T. S. (2000) Simulated brain tumor growth dynamics using a three-dimensional cellular automaton. J Theor Biol 203, pp. 367-82.
137. Kaplan, K. B., Burds, A. A., Swedlow, J. R., Bekir, S. S., Sorger, P. K. and Nathke, I. S. (2001) A role for the Adenomatous Polyposis Coli protein in chromosome segregation. Nat Cell Biol 3, pp. 429-32.
138. Katoh, M. (2003) WNT2 and human gastrointestinal cancer (review). Int J Mol Med 12, pp. 811-6.
139. Keller, J. J., Offerhaus, G. J., Drillenburg, P., Caspers, E., Musler, A., Ristimaki, A. and Giardiello, F. M. (2001) Molecular analysis of sulindac-resistant adenomas in familial adenomatous polyposis. Clin Cancer Res 7, pp. 4000-7.
140. Kemp, C. J., Donehower, L. A., Bradley, A. and Balmain, A. (1993) Reduction of p53 gene dosage does not increase initiation or promotion but enhances malignant progression of chemically induced skin tumors. Cell 74, pp. 813-22.
141. Khuri, F. R., Nemunaitis, J., Ganly, I., Arseneau, J., Tannock, I. F., Romel, L., Gore, M., Ironside, J., MacDougall, R. H., Heise, C, Randlev, B., Gillen-water, A. M., Bruso, P., Kaye, S. B., Hong, W. K. and Kirn, D. H. (2000) a controlled trial of intratumoral ONYX-015, a selectively-replicating ade-novirus, in combination with cisplatin and 5-fluorouracil in patients with recurrent head and neck cancer [see comments]. Nat Med 6, pp. 879-85.
142. Kim, H. K., Song, K. S., Kim, H. O., Chung, J. H., Lee, K. R., Lee, Y. J., Lee, D. H., Lee, E. S., Ryu, K. W. and Bae, J. M. (2003) Circulating numbers of endothelial progenitor cells in patients with gastric and breast cancer. Cancer Lett 198, pp. 83-8.
143. Kim, K. J., Li, B., Winer, J., Armanini, M., Gillett, N., Phillips, H. S. and Ferrara, N. (1993) Inhibition of vascular endothelial growth factor-induced angiogenesis suppresses tumour growth in vivo. Nature 362, pp. 841-4.
144. Kim, K. M., Calabrese, P., Tavare, S. and Shibata, D. (2004) Enhanced stem cell survival in familial adenomatous polyposis. Am J Pathol 164, pp. 1369-77.
145. Kim, K. M. and Shibata, D. (2002) Methylation reveals a niche: stem cell suc-cession in human colon crypts. Oncogene 21, pp. 5441-9.
146. Kimura, M. (1994) Population Genetics, Molecular Evolution, and Neutral Theory: Selected Papers. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
147. Kinzler, K. W. and Vogelstein, B. (1998) The Genetic Basis of Cancer. Toronto: McGraw-Hill.
148. Kirchner, T., Muller, S., Hattori, T., Mukaisyo, K., Papadopoulos, T., Brabletz, T. and Jung, A. (2001) Metaplasia, intraepithelial neoplasia and early can-cer of the stomach are related to dedifferentiated epithelial cells defined by cytokeratin-7 expression in gastritis. Virchows Arch 439, pp. 512-22.
149. Kirkwood, T. B. (2002) p53 and ageing: too much of a good thing? Bioessays 24, pp. 577-9.
150. Kirn, D., Hermiston, T. and McCormick, F. (1998) ONYX-015: clinical data are encouraging [letter; comment]. Nat Med 4, pp. 1341-2.
151. Kirn, D. H. and McCormick, F. (1996) Replicating viruses as selective cancer therapeutics. Mol Med Today 2, pp. 519-27.
152. Kirschner, D. and Panetta, J. C. (1998) Modeling immunotherapy of the tumor-immune interaction. J Math Biol 37, pp. 235-52.
153. Knudson, A. G. (1996) Hereditary cancer: two hits revisited. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 122, pp. 135-40.
154. Knudson, A. G., Jr. (1971) Mutation and cancer: statistical study of retinoblas-toma. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 68, pp. 820-3.
155. Kolodner, R. D., Putnam, C. D. and Myung, K. (2002) Maintenance of genome stability in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Science 297, pp. 552-7.
156. Komarova, N. (2004) Does Cancer Solve an Optimization Problem? Cell Cycle 3.
157. Komarova, N. L., Lengauer, C, Vogelstein, B. and Nowak, M. A. (2002) Dynamics of genetic instability in sporadic and familial colorectal cancer. Cancer Biol Ther 1, pp. 685-92.
158. Komarova, N. L. and Mironov, V. (2004) Angiogenesis vs vasculogenesis in tumor growth: identifying the signature of the dominant process, submitted
159. Komarova, N. L., Sengupta, A. and Nowak, M. A. (2003) Mutation-selection networks of cancer initiation: tumor suppressor genes and chromosomal instability. J Theor Biol 223, pp. 433-50.
160. Komarova, N. L. and Wang, L. (2004) Initiation of colorectal cancer: where do the two hits hit? Cell Cycle in press.
161. Komarova, N. L. and Wodarz, D. (2003) Evolutionary dynamics of mutator phe-notypes in cancer: implications for chemotherapy. Cancer Res 63, pp. 6635-42.
162. Komarova, N. L. and Wodarz, D. (2004) The optimal rate of chromosome loss for the inactivation of tumor suppressor genes in cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 101, pp. 7017-21.
163. Krewski, D., Zielinski, J. M., Hazelton, W. D., Garner, M. J. and Moolgavkar, S. H. (2003) The use of biologically based cancer risk models in radiation epidemiology. Radiat Prot Dosimetry 104, pp. 367-76.
164. Kupryjanczyk, J., Thor, A. D., Beauchamp, R., Poremba, C., Scully, R. E. and Yandell, D. W. (1996) Ovarian, peritoneal, and endometrial serous carci-noma: clonal origin of multifocal disease. Mod Pathol 9, pp. 166-73.
165. Kuukasjarvi, T., Karhu, R., Tanner, M., Kahkonen, M., Schaffer, A., Nupponen, N., Pennanen, S., Kallioniemi, A., Kallioniemi, O. P. and Isola, J. (1997a) Genetic heterogeneity and clonal evolution underlying development of asyn-chronous metastasis in human breast cancer. Cancer Res 57, pp. 1597-604.
166. Kuukasjarvi, T., Tanner, M., Pennanen, S., Karhu, R., Kallioniemi, O. P. and Isola, J. (1997b) Genetic changes in intraductal breast cancer detected by comparative genomic hybridization. Am J Pathol 150, pp. 1465-71.
167. Laird, A. K. (1969) Dynamics of growth in tumors and in normal organisms. Natl Cancer Inst Monogr 30, pp. 15-28.
168. Lamlum, H., Ilyas, M., Rowan, A., Clark, S., Johnson, V., Bell, J., Frayling, I., Efstathiou, J., Pack, K., Payne, S., Roylance, R., Gorman, P., Sheer, D., Neale, K., Phillips, R., Talbot, L, Bodmer, W. and Tomlinson, I. (1999) The type of somatic mutation at APC in familial adenomatous polyposis is determined by the site of the germline mutation: a new facet to Knudson’s ‘two-hit’ hypothesis. Nat Med 5, pp. 1071-5.
169. Lamprecht, S. A. and Lipkin, M. (2002) Migrating colonic crypt epithelial cells: primary targets for transformation. Carcinogenesis 23, pp. 1777-80.
170. Lazareff, J. A., Suwinski, R., De Rosa, R. and Olmstead, C. E. (1999) Tumor volume and growth kinetics in hypothalamic-chiasmatic pediatric low grade gliomas. Pediatr Neurosurg 30, pp. 312-9.
171. Lengauer, C, Kinzler, K. W. and Vogelstein, B. (1997) Genetic instability in colorectal cancers. Nature 386, pp. 623-7.
172. Lengauer, C, Kinzler, K. W. and Vogelstein, B. (1998) Genetic instabilities in human cancers. Nature 396, pp. 643-9.
173. Li, Y. and Benezra, R. (1996) Identification of a human mitotic checkpoint gene: hsMAD2. Science 274, pp. 246-8.
174. Lindblom, A. (2001) Different mechanisms in the tumorigenesis of proximal and distal colon cancers. Curr Opin Oncol 13, pp. 63-9.
175. Loeb, K. R. and Loeb, L. A. (2000) Significance of multiple mutations in cancer. Carcinogenesis 21, pp. 379-85.
176. Loeb, L. A. (1991) Mutator phenotype may be required for multistage carcino-genesis. Cancer Res 51, pp. 3075-9.
177. Loeb, L. A. (2001) A mutator phenotype in cancer. Cancer Res 61, pp. 3230-9.
178. Loeb, L. A., Springgate, C. F. and Battula, N. (1974) Errors in DNA replication as a basis of malignant changes. Cancer Res 34, pp. 2311-21.
179. Louhelainen, J., Wijkstrom, H. and Hemminki, K. (2000) Allelic losses demon-strate monoclonality of multifocal bladder tumors. Int J Cancer 87, pp. 522-7.
180. Luebeck, E. G. and Moolgavkar, S. H. (2002) Multistage carcinogenesis and the incidence of colorectal cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 99, pp. 15095-100.
181. Luo, G., Santoro, I. M., McDaniel, L. D., Nishijima, I., Mills, M., Youssoufian, H., Vogel, H., Schultz, R. A. and Bradley, A. (2000) Cancer predisposition caused by elevated mitotic recombination in Bloom mice. Nat Genet 26, pp. 424-9.
182. Lyden, D., Hattori, K., Dias, S., Costa, C, Blaikie, P., Butros, L., Chadburn, A., Heissig, B., Marks, W., Witte, L., Wu, Y., Hicklin, D., Zhu, Z., Hackett, N. R., Crystal, R. G., Moore, M. A., Hajjar, K. A., Manova, K., Benezra, R. and Rafii, S. (2001) Impaired recruitment of bone-marrow-derived en-dothelial and hematopoietic precursor cells blocks tumor angiogenesis and growth. Nat Med 7, pp. 1194-201.
183. Macleod, K. (2000) Tumor suppressor genes. Curr Opin Genet Dev 10, pp. 81-93.
184. Mandonnet, E., Delattre, J. Y., Tanguy, M. L., Swanson, K. R., Carpentier, A. F., Duffau, H., Cornu, P., Van Effenterre, R., Alvord, E. C, Jr. and Capelle, L. (2003) Continuous growth of mean tumor diameter in a subset of grade II gliomas. Ann Neurol 53, pp. 524-8.
185. Mansury, Y. and Deisboeck, T. S. (2003) The impact of "search precision" in an agent-based tumor model. / Theor Biol 224, pp. 325-37.
186. Marsh, D. and Zori, R. (2002) Genetic insights into familial cancers- update and recent discoveries. Cancer Lett 181, pp. 125-64.
187. Matzavinos, A., Chaplain, M. A. and Kuznetsov, V. A. (2004) Mathematical modelling of the spatio-temporal response of cytotoxic T-lymphocytes to a solid tumour. Math Med Biol 21, pp. 1-34.
188. Matzinger, P. (1998) An innate sense of danger. Semin Immunol 10, pp. 399-415.
189. McCormick, F. (2003) Cancer-specific viruses and the development of ONYX-015. Cancer Biol Ther 2, pp. S157-60.
190. Menigatti, M., Di Gregorio, C, Borghi, F., Sala, E., Scarselli, A., Pedroni, M., Foroni, M., Benatti, P., Roncucci, L., Ponz de Leon, M. and Percesepe, A. (2001) Methylation pattern of different regions of the MLH1 promoter and silencing of gene expression in hereditary and sporadic colorectal cancer. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 31, pp. 357-61.
191. Michel, L. S., Liberal, V., Chatterjee, A., Kirchwegger, R., Pasche, B., Gerald, W., Dobles, M., Sorger, P. K., Murty, V. V. and Benezra, R. (2001) MAD2 haplo-insufficiency causes premature anaphase and chromosome instability in mammalian cells. Nature 409, pp. 355-9.
192. Michor, F., Frank, S. A., May, R. M., Iwasa, Y. and Nowak, M. A. (2003a) Somatic selection for and against cancer. J Theor Biol 225, pp. 377-82.
193. Michor, F., Nowak, M. A., Frank, S. A. and Iwasa, Y. (2003b) Stochastic elimi- nation of cancer cells. Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 270, pp. 2017-24.
194. Middleton, L. P., Vlastos, G., Mirza, N. Q., Eva, S. and Sahin, A. A. (2002) Multicentric mammary carcinoma: evidence of monoclonal proliferation. Cancer 94, pp. 1910-6.
195. Mitelman, F. (2000) Recurrent chromosome aberrations in cancer. Mutat Res 462, pp. 247-53.
196. Miyake, H., Nakamura, H., Hara, I., Gohji, K., Arakawa, S., Kamidono, S. and Saya, H. (1998) Multifocal renal cell carcinoma: evidence for a common clonal origin. Clin Cancer Res 4, pp. 2491-4.
197. Moolgavkar, S. H. (1978) The multistage theory of carcinogenesis and the age distribution of cancer in man. J Natl Cancer Inst 61, pp. 49-52.
198. Moolgavkar, S. H., Day, N. E. and Stevens, R. G. (1980) Two-stage model for carcinogenesis: Epidemiology of breast cancer in females. J Natl Cancer Inst 65, pp. 559-69.
199. Moolgavkar, S. H., Dewanji, A. and Venzon, D. J. (1988) A stochastic two-stage model for cancer risk assessment. I. The hazard function and the probability of tumor. Risk Anal 8, pp. 383-92.
200. Moolgavkar, S. H. and Knudson, A. G., Jr. (1981) Mutation and cancer: a model for human carcinogenesis. J Natl Cancer Inst 66, pp. 1037-52.
201. Moore, H. and Li, N. K. (2004) A mathematical model for chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) and T cell interaction. J Theor Biol 227, pp. 513-23.
202. Mueller, M. M. and Fusenig, N. E. (2002) Tumor-stroma interactions directing phenotype and progression of epithelial skin tumor cells. Differentiation 70, pp. 486-97.
203. Noguchi, S., Aihara, T., Koyama, H., Motomura, K., Inaji, H. and Imaoka, S. (1994) Discrimination between multicentric and multifocal carcinomas of the breast through clonal analysis. Cancer 74, pp. 872-7.
204. Norton, L. (1988) A Gompertzian model of human breast cancer growth. Cancer Res 48, pp. 7067-71.
205. Nowak, M. A., Michor, F. and Iwasa, Y. (2003) The linear process of somatic evolution. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 100, pp. 14966-9.
206. Offer, H., Erez, N., Zurer, I., Tang, X., Milyavsky, M., Goldfinger, N. and Rot-ter, V. (2002) The onset of p53-dependent DNA repair or apoptosis is de-termined by the level of accumulated damaged DNA. Carcinogenesis 23, pp. 1025-32.
207. Ohshima, K., Haraoka, S., Yoshioka, S., Hamasaki, M., Fujiki, T., Suzumiya, J., Kawasaki, C., Kanda, M. and Kikuchi, M. (2000) Mutation analysis of mi-totic checkpoint genes (hBUBl and hBUBRl) and microsatellite instability in adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma. Cancer Lett 158, pp. 141-50.
208. Oliff, A., Gibbs, J. B. and McCormick, F. (1996) New molecular targets for cancer therapy. Sci Am 275, pp. 144-9.
209. O’Reilly, M. S., Boehm, T., Shing, Y., Fukai, N., Vasios, G., Lane, W. S., Flynn, E., Birkhead, J. R., Olsen, B. R. and Folkman, J. (1997) Endostatin: an endogenous inhibitor of angiogenesis and tumor growth. Cell 88, pp. 277-85.
210. O’Reilly, M. S., Holmgren, L., Chen, C. and Folkman, J. (1996) Angiostatin induces and sustains dormancy of human primary tumors in mice. Nat Med 2, pp. 689-92.
211. Oren, M. (2003) Decision making by p53: life, death and cancer. Cell Death Differ 10, pp. 431-42.
212. Owen, M. R., Byrne, H. M. and Lewis, C. E. (2004) Mathematical modelling of the use of macrophages as vehicles for drug delivery to hypoxic tumour sites. J Theor Biol 226, pp. 377-91.
213. Parrinello, S., Samper, E., Krtolica, A., Goldstein, J., Melov, S. and Campisi, J. (2003) Oxygen sensitivity severely limits the replicative lifespan of murine fibroblasts. Nat Cell Biol 5, pp. 741-7.
214. Parzen, E. (1962) Stochastic processes. San Francisco: Holden-Day.
215. Perez-Losada, J. and Balmain, A. (2003) Stem-cell hierarchy in skin cancer. Nat Rev Cancer 3, pp. 434-43.
216. Plate, K. H., Breier, G., Weich, H. A. and Risau, W. (1992) Vascular endothelial growth factor is a potential tumour angiogenesis factor in human gliomas in vivo. Nature 359, pp. 845-8.
217. Polakis, P. (1997) The adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) tumor suppressor. Biochim Biophys Acta 1332, pp. F127-47.
218. Polakis, P. (1999) The oncogenic activation of beta-catenin. Curr Opin Genet Dev 9, pp. 15-21.
219. Potten, C. S., Booth, C. and Hargreaves, D. (2003) The small intestine as a model for evaluating adult tissue stem cell drug targets. Cell Prolif 36, pp. 115-29.
220. Potten, C. S., Kellett, M., Roberts, S. A., Rew, D. A. and Wilson, G. D. (1992) Measurement of in vivo proliferation in human colorectal mucosa using bromodeoxyuridine. Gut 33, pp. 71-8.
221. Potten, C. S. and LoefHer, M. (1990) Stem cells: attributes, cycles, spirals, pit-falls and uncertainties. Lessons for and from the crypt. Development 110, pp. 1001-20.
222. Preston, S. L., Wong, W. M., Chan, A. O., Poulsom, R., Jeffery, R., Goodlad, R. A., Mandir, N., Elia, G., Novelli, M., Bodmer, W. F., Tomlinson, I. P. and Wright, N. A. (2003) Bottom-up histogenesis of colorectal adenomas: origin in the monocryptal adenoma and initial expansion by crypt fission. Cancer Res 63, pp. 3819-25.
223. Preziosi, L. (ed.) 2003 Cancer Modeling and Simulation. Mathematical Biology & Medicine Series: Chapman & Hall.
224. Rabbany, S. Y., Heissig, B., Hattori, K. and Rafii, S. (2003) Molecular pathways regulating mobilization of marrow-derived stem cells for tissue revascular-ization. Trends Mol Med 9, pp. 109-17.
225. Rafii, S., Avecilla, S., Shmelkov, S., Shido, K., Tejada, R., Moore, M. A., Heissig, B. and Hattori, K. (2003) Angiogenic factors reconstitute hematopoiesis by recruiting stem cells from bone marrow microenvironment. Ann N Y Acad Sci 996, pp. 49-60.
226. Rajagopalan, H., Jallepalli, P. V., Rago, C., Velculescu, V. E., Kinzler, K. W., Vogelstein, B. and Lengauer, C. (2004) Inactivation of hCDC4 can cause chromosomal instability. Nature 428, pp. 77-81.
227. Ramanujan, S., Koenig, G. C, Padera, T. P., Stoll, B. R. and Jain, R. K. (2000) Local imbalance of proangiogenic and antiangiogenic factors: a po- tential mechanism of focal necrosis and dormancy in tumors. Cancer Res 60, pp. 1442-8.
228. Retsky, M. W., Swartzendruber, D. E., Wardwell, R. H. and Bame, P. D. (1990) Is Gompertzian or exponential kinetics a valid description of individual human cancer growth? Med Hypotheses 33, pp. 95-106.
229. Ribatti, D., Vacca, A. and Dammacco, F. (2003) New non-angiogenesis dependent pathways for tumour growth. Eur J Cancer 39, pp. 1835-41.
230. Risau, W. (1997) Mechanisms of angiogenesis. Nature 386, pp. 671-4.
231. Risau, W., Sariola, H., Zerwes, H. G., Sasse, J., Ekblom, P., Kemler, R. and Doetschman, T. (1988) Vasculogenesis and angiogenesis in embryonic-stem-cell-derived embryoid bodies. Development 102, pp. 471-8.
232. Ro, S. and Rannala, B. (2001) Methylation patterns and mathematical models reveal dynamics of stem cell turnover in the human colon. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98, pp. 10519-21.
233. Rogulski, K. R., Freytag, S. O., Zhang, K., Gilbert, J. D., Paielli, D. L., Kim, J. H., Heise, C. C. and Kirn, D. H. (2000) In vivo antitumor activity of ONYX-015 is influenced by p53 status and is augmented by radiotherapy. Cancer Res 60, pp. 1193-6.
234. Rosenthal, A. N., Ryan, A., Hopster, D. and Jacobs, I. J. (2002) Molecular ev-idence of a common clonal origin and subsequent divergent clonal evolu-tion in vulval intraepithelial neoplasia, vulval squamous cell carcinoma and lymph node metastases. Int J Cancer 99, pp. 549-54.
235. Rowan, A. J., Lamlum, H., Ilyas, M., Wheeler, J., Straub, J., Papadopoulou, A., Bicknell, D., Bodmer, W. F. and Tomlinson, I. P. (2000) APC mutations in sporadic colorectal tumors: A mutational "hotspot" and interdependence of the "two hits". Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 97, pp. 3352-7.
236. Rubio, C. A., Kumagai, J., Kanamori, T., Yanagisawa, A., Nakamura, K. and Kato, Y. (1995) Flat adenomas and flat adenocarcinomas of the colorectal mucosa in Japanese and Swedish patients. Comparative histologic study. Dis Colon Rectum 38, pp. 1075-9.
237. Ruijter, E. T., Miller, G. J., van de Kaa, C. A., van Bokhoven, A., Bussemakers, M. J., Debruyne, F. M., Ruiter, D. J. and Schalken, J. A. (1999) Molecular analysis of multifocal prostate cancer lesions. J Pathol 188, pp. 271-7.
238. Schmitt, C. A. (2003) Senescence, apoptosis and therapy-cutting the lifelines of cancer. Nat Rev Cancer 3, pp. 286-95.
239. Schuch, G., Heymach, J. V., Nomí, M., Machluf, M., Force, J., Atala, A., Eder, J. P., Jr., Folkman, J. and Soker, S. (2003) Endostatin inhibits the vascu-lar endothelial growth factor-induced mobilization of endothelial progenitor cells. Cancer Res 63, pp. 8345-50.
240. Schuch, G., Kisker, O., Atala, A. and Soker, S. (2002) Pancreatic tumor growth is regulated by the balance between positive and negative modulators of angiogenesis. Angiogenesis 5, pp. 181-90.
241. Sen, S. (2000) Aneuploidy and cancer. Curr Opin Oncol 12, pp. 82-8.
242. Seoane, J., Le, H. V. and Massague, J. (2002) Myc suppression of the p21(Cipl) Cdk inhibitor influences the outcome of the p53 response to DNA damage. Nature 419, pp. 729-34.
243. Sharpless, N. E. and DePinho, R. A. (2002) p53: good cop/bad cop. Cell 110, pp. 9-12.
244. Sherratt, J. A. and Chaplain, M. A. (2001) A new mathematical model for avas-cular tumour growth. J Math Biol 43, pp. 291-312.
245. Shih, I. M., Wang, T. L., Traverso, G., Romans, K., Hamilton, S. R., Ben-Sasson, S., Kinzler, K. W. and Vogelstein, B. (2001a) Top-down morphogenesis of colorectal tumors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 98, pp. 2640-5.
246. Shih, I. M., Zhou, W., Goodman, S. N., Lengauer, C, Kinzler, K. W. and Vogel-stein, B. (2001b) Evidence that genetic instability occurs at an early stage of colorectal tumorigenesis. Cancer Res 61, pp. 818-22.
247. Shirakawa, K., Furuhata, S., Watanabe, I., Hayase, H., Shimizu, A., Ikarashi, Y., Yoshida, T., Terada, M., Hashimoto, D. and Wakasugi, H. (2002) Induction of vasculogenesis in breast cancer models. Br J Cancer 87, pp. 1454-61.
248. Shweiki, D., Itin, A., Soffer, D. and Keshet, E. (1992) Vascular endothelial growth factor induced by hypoxia may mediate hypoxia-initiated angiogenesis. Nature 359, pp. 843-5.
249. Simon, R., Eltze, E., Schafer, K. L., Burger, H., Semjonow, A., Hertle, L., Dockhorn-Dworniczak, B., Terpe, H. J. and Bocker, W. (2001) Cytoge-netic analysis of multifocal bladder cancer supports a monoclonal origin and intraepithelial spread of tumor cells. Cancer Res 61, pp. 355-62.
250. Smith, J. K., Mamoon, N. M. and Duhe, R. J. (2004) Emerging roles of targeted small molecule protein-tyrosine kinase inhibitors in cancer therapy. Oncol Res 14, pp. 175-225.
251. Sole, R. V. and Deisboeck, T. S. (2004) An error catastrophe in cancer? J Theor Biol 228, pp. 47-54.
252. Stoll, B. R., Migliorini, C, Kadambi, A., Munn, L. L. and Jain, R. K. (2003) A mathematical model of the contribution of endothelial progenitor cells to angiogenesis in tumors: implications for antiangiogenic therapy. Blood 102, pp. 2555-61.
253. Takahashi, T., Kalka, C, Masuda, H., Chen, D., Silver, M., Kearney, M., Mag-ner, M., Isner, J. M. and Asahara, T. (1999) Ischemia- and cytokine-induced mobilization of bone marrow-derived endothelial progenitor cells for neo-vascularization. Nat Med 5, pp. 434-8.
254. Teixeira, M. R., Pandis, N. and Heim, S. (2003) Multicentric mammary carci-noma: evidence of monoclonal proliferation. Cancer 97, pp. 715-7; author reply 717.
255. Thiagalingam, S., Laken, S., Willson, J. K., Markowitz, S. D., Kinzler, K. W., Vogelstein, B. and Lengauer, C. (2001) Mechanisms underlying losses of heterozygosity in human colorectal cancers. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98, pp. 2698-702.
256. Tischfield, J. A. and Shao, C. (2003) Somatic recombination redux. Nat Genet 33, pp. 5-6.
257. Tlsty, T. D. (2001) Stromal cells can contribute oncogenic signals. Semin Cancer Biol 11, pp. 97-104.
258. Tlsty, T. D. and Hein, P. W. (2001) Know thy neighbor: stromal cells can con-tribute oncogenic signals. Curr Opin Genet Dev 11, pp. 54-9.
259. Tomlinson, I. (2000) Different pathways of colorectal carcinogenesis and their clinical pictures. Ann N Y Acad Sci 910, pp. 10-8; discussion 18-20.
260. Tomlinson, I. and Bodmer, W. (1999) Selection, the mutation rate and cancer: ensuring that the tail does not wag the dog. Nat Med 5, pp. 11-2.
261. Tomlinson, I. P., Novelli, M. R. and Bodmer, W. F. (1996) The mutation rate and cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93, pp. 14800-3.
262. Tsuda, H. and Hirohashi, S. (1995) Identification of multiple breast cancers of multicentric origin by histological observations and distribution of allele loss on chromosome 16q. Cancer Res 55, pp. 3395-8.
263. Turhan, A. G., Lemoine, F. M., Debert, C., Bonnet, M. L., Baillou, C., Pi-card, F., Macintyre, E. A. and Varet, B. (1995) Highly purified primitive hematopoietic stem cells are PML-RARA negative and generate nonclonal progenitors in acute promyelocytic leukemia. Blood 85, pp. 2154-61.
264. Tyner, S. D., Venkatachalam, S., Choi, J., Jones, S., Ghebranious, N., Igelmann, H., Lu, X., Soron, G., Cooper, B., Brayton, C, Hee Park, S., Thompson, T., Karsenty, G., Bradley, A. and Donehower, L. A. (2002) p53 mutant mice that display early ageing-associated phenotypes. Nature 415, pp. 45-53.
265. Uhr, J. W. and Marches, R. (2001) Dormancy in a model of murine B cell lym-phoma. Semin Cancer Biol 11, pp. 277-83.
266. van de Wetering, M., Sancho, E., Verweij, C., de Lau, W., Oving, I., Hurlstone, A., van der Horn, K., Batlle, E., Coudreuse, D., Haramis, A. P., Tjon-Pon-Fong, M., Moerer, P., van den Born, M., Soete, G., Pals, S., Eilers, M., Medema, R. and Clevers, H. (2002) The beta-catenin/TCF-4 complex imposes a crypt progenitor phenotype on colorectal cancer cells. Cell 111, pp. 241-50.
267. van Dekken, H., Vissers, C. J., Tilanus, H. W., Tanke, H. J. and Rosenberg, C. (1999) Clonal analysis of a case of multifocal oesophageal (Barrett’s) adeno-carcinoma by comparative genomic hybridization. J Pathol 188, pp. 263-6.
268. Vogelstein, B., Lane, D. and Levine, A. J. (2000a) Surfing the p53 network. Nature 408, pp. 307-10.
269. Vogelstein, B., Lane, D. and Levine, A. J. (2000b) Surfing the p53 network. Nature 408, pp. 307-10.
270. Waldman, F. M., DeVries, S., Chew, K. L., Moore, D. H., 2nd, Kerlikowske, K. and Ljung, B. M. (2000) Chromosomal alterations in ductal carcinomas in situ and their in situ recurrences. J Natl Cancer Inst 92, pp. 313-20.
271. Wang, X., Jin, D. Y., Wong, Y. C, Cheung, A. L., Chun, A. C, Lo, A. K., Liu, Y. and Tsao, S. W. (2000) Correlation of defective mitotic checkpoint with aberrantly reduced expression of MAD2 protein in nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells. Carcinogenesis 21, pp. 2293-7.
272. Wassmann, K. and Benezra, R. (2001) Mitotic checkpoints: from yeast to cancer. Curr Opin Genet Dev 11, pp. 83-90.
273. Westervelt, P., Lane, A. A., Pollock, J. L., Oldfather, K., Holt, M. S., Zimonjic, D. B., Popescu, N. C, DiPersio, J. F. and Ley, T. J. (2003) High-penetrance mouse model of acute promyelocytic leukemia with very low levels of PML-RARalpha expression. Blood 102, pp. 1857-65.
274. Westervelt, P. and Ley, T. J. (1999) Seed versus soil: the importance of the target cell for transgenic models of human leukemias. Blood 93, pp. 2143-8.
275. Wijnhoven, S. W., Kool, H. J., van Teijlingen, C. M., van Zeeland, A. A. and Vrieling, H. (2001) Loss of heterozygosity in somatic cells of the mouse. An important step in cancer initiation? Mutat Res 473, pp. 23-36.
276. Wilkens, L., Bredt, M., Flemming, P., Klempnauer, J. and Heinrich Kreipe, H. (2000) Differentiation of multicentric origin from intra-organ metastatic spread of hepatocellular carcinomas by comparative genomic hybridization. J Pathol 192, pp. 43-51.
277. Winton, J. D. (2001) Stem cells in the epithelium of the small intestine and colon. In Stem Cell Biology (ed. D. R. Marshak, R. L. Gardner and G. D.). Cold Spring Harbor: Spring Harbor Laboratory Press.
278. Wodarz, D. (2001) Viruses as antitumor weapons: defining conditions for tumor remission. Cancer Res 61, pp. 3501-7.
279. Wodarz, D. (2003) Gene Therapy for Killing p53-Negative Cancer Cells: Use of Replicating Versus Nonreplicating Agents. Hum Gene Ther 14, pp. 153-9.
280. Wodarz, D. (2004) Checkpoint genes, ageing, and the development of cancer. Oncogene 23, pp. 7799-809.
281. Wodarz, D., Iwasa, Y. and Komarova, N. L. (2004) On the emergence of multi-focal cancers. Journal of Carcinogenesis 3, pp. 13.
282. Wodarz, D. and Jansen, V. A. A. (2001) The role of T cell help for anti-viral CTL responses. Journal of Theoretical Biology 211, pp. 419-432.
283. Wodarz, D. and Krakauer, D. C. (2001) Genetic instability and the evolution of angiogenic tumor cell lines (review). Oncol Rep 8, pp. 1195-201.
284. Wong, W. M., Mandir, N., Goodlad, R. A., Wong, B. C, Garcia, S. B., Lam, S. K. and Wright, N. A. (2002) Histogenesis of human colorectal adenomas and hyperplastic polyps: the role of cell proliferation and crypt fission. Gut 50, pp. 212-7.
285. Wright, N. A. and Poulsom, R. (2002) Top down or bottom up? Competing management structures in the morphogenesis of colorectal neoplasms. Gut 51, pp. 306-8.
286. Yamamoto, H., Min, Y., Itoh, F., Imsumran, A., Horiuchi, S., Yoshida, M., Iku, S., Fukushima, H. and Imai, K. (2002) Differential involvement of the hypermethylator phenotype in hereditary and sporadic colorectal cancers with high-frequency microsatellite instability. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 33, pp. 322-5.
287. Yatabe, Y., Tavare, S. and Shibata, D. (2001) Investigating stem cells in hu-man colon by using methylation patterns. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98, pp. 10839-44.
288. Yee, K. W. and Keating, A. (2003) Advances in targeted therapy for chronic myeloid leukemia. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 3, pp. 295-310.
289. Yoon, D. S., Wersto, R. P., Zhou, W., Chrest, F. J., Garrett, E. S., Kwon, T. K. and Gabrielson, E. (2002) Variable levels of chromosomal instability and mitotic spindle checkpoint defects in breast cancer. Am J Pathol 161, pp. 391-7.
290. You, L., Yang, C. T. and Jablons, D. M. (2000) ONYX-015 works synergistically with chemotherapy in lung cancer cell lines and primary cultures freshly made from lung cancer patients. Cancer Res 60, pp. 1009-13.