The potential role of phytochemicals in wholegrain cereals for the prevention of type-2 diabetes

Nutrition Journal

Volumn 12, Issue 1, 2013, Pages

  Belobrajdic, Damien P ^a   Bird, Anthony R ^a  

^a CSIRO   (Australia)

Author keywords

Inflammation; Oxidative stress; Phytochemical; Type 2 diabetes; Wholegrain

Indexed keywords

8 ISOPROSTAGLANDIN F2 ALPHA; ALPHA TOCOTRIENOL; ANTIINFLAMMATORY AGENT; BETAINE; BIOLOGICAL MARKER; C REACTIVE PROTEIN; CAROTENOID; CHOLINE; COPPER ZINC SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE; FERULIC ACID; FLAVANOID; FLAVONOID; FOLIC ACID; GALLIC ACID; GAMMA ORYZANOL; GLUTATHIONE PEROXIDASE; LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN; MALONALDEHYDE; METHIONINE; PARA COUMARIC ACID; PHENOLIC GLYCOLIPID; PHENYLPROPIONIC ACID DERIVATIVE; PHYTOSTEROL; PLANT MEDICINAL PRODUCT; POLYPHENOL; SELENIUM; SHORT CHAIN FATTY ACID; SINAPIC ACID; THIOBARBITURIC ACID REACTIVE SUBSTANCE; TOCOPHEROL;

ANTIINFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY; ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY; BARLEY; BLOOD LEVEL; CELL WALL; CEREAL; DIETARY FIBER; ENZYME ACTIVITY; FERMENTATION; FOOD INTAKE; GENE EXPRESSION; GENETIC DIFFERENCE; HUMAN; INFLAMMATION; NON INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; NONHUMAN; OAT; OXIDATIVE STRESS; REVIEW; RICE; RISK REDUCTION; RYE; SMALL INTESTINE ABSORPTION; WHEAT;

ANTIOXIDANTS; CEREALS; DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2; DIETARY FIBER; FLAVONOIDS; HUMANS; METABOLIC DISEASES; PHENOLS; PHYTOCHEMICALS; RISK FACTORS; TRACE ELEMENTS; VITAMINS;

EID: 84877968978     PISSN: None     EISSN: 14752891     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1186/1475-2891-12-62     Document Type: Review

References (153)

1. Global estimates of the prevalence of diabetes for 2010 and 2030. Shaw JE, Sicree RA, Zimmet PZ, Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2010 87 4 14
2. IDF diabetes atlas: global estimates of the prevalence of diabetes for 2011 and 2030. Whiting DR, Guariguata L, Weil C, Shaw J, Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2011 94 311 321
3. Diabetes research for developing countries. Walgate R, N Biotechnol 2008 25 111 116
4. Obesity, the metabolic syndrome, and type 2 diabetes in developing countries: role of dietary fats and oils. Misra A, Singhal N, Khurana L, J Am Coll Nutr 2010 29 289S 301S
5. Identification of a major genetic determinant of glycaemic index in rice. Fitzgerald MA, Rahman S, Resurreccion AP, Concepcion J, Daygon VD, Dipti SS, Kabir KA, Klingner B, Morell M, Bird A, Rice 2011 4 66 74
6. Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin. Knowler WC, Barrett-Connor E, Fowler SE, Hamman RF, Lachin JM, Walker EA, Nathan DM, N Engl J Med 2002 346 393 403 (Pubitemid 34437694)
7. Whole-grain intake and the risk of type 2 diabetes: a prospective study in men. Fung TT, Hu FB, Pereira MA, Liu S, Stampfer MJ, Colditz GA, Willett WC, Am J Clin Nutr 2002 76 535 540 (Pubitemid 34920829)
8. Dietary patterns and diabetes incidence in the Melbourne Collaborative Cohort Study. Hodge AM, English DR, O'Dea K, Giles GG, Am J Epidemiol 2007 165 603 610 (Pubitemid 46348380)
9. Dietary patterns and 15-y risks of major coronary events, diabetes, and mortality. Brunner EJ, Mosdol A, Witte DR, Martikainen P, Stafford M, Shipley MJ, Marmot MG, Am J Clin Nutr 2008 87 1414 1421 (Pubitemid 351679785)
10. Interactions of dietary whole-grain intake with fasting glucose- and insulin-related genetic loci in individuals of European descent: a meta-analysis of 14 cohort studies. Nettleton JA, McKeown NM, Kanoni S, Lemaitre RN, Hivert MF, Ngwa J, van Rooij FJ, Sonestedt E, Wojczynski MK, Ye Z, et al. Diabetes Care 2010 33 2684 2691
11. Carbohydrates, dietary fiber, and incident type 2 diabetes in older women. Meyer KA, Kushi LH, Jacobs DR Jr, Slavin J, Sellers TA, Folsom AR, Am J Clin Nutr 2000 71 921 930 (Pubitemid 30176574)
12. Whole-grain intake is favorably associated with metabolic risk factors for type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease in the Framingham Offspring Study. McKeown NM, Meigs JB, Liu S, Wilson PW, Jacques PF, Am J Clin Nutr 2002 76 390 398 (Pubitemid 34804062)
13. Effect of whole grains on insulin sensitivity in overweight hyperinsulinemic adults. Pereira MA, Jacobs DR Jr, Pins JJ, Raatz SK, Gross MD, Slavin JL, Seaquist ER, Am J Clin Nutr 2002 75 848 855 (Pubitemid 34441253)
14. Dietary patterns and risk for type 2 diabetes mellitus in U.S. men. van Dam RM, Rimm EB, Willett WC, Stampfer MJ, Hu FB, Ann Intern Med 2002 136 201 209 (Pubitemid 34118120)
15. Epidemiological support for the protection of whole grains against diabetes. Murtaugh MA, Jacobs DR Jr, Jacob B, Steffen LM, Marquart L, Proc Nutr Soc 2003 62 143 149 (Pubitemid 36569821)
16. Cereal grains, legumes and diabetes. Venn BJ, Mann JI, Eur J Clin Nutr 2004 58 1443 1461 (Pubitemid 39530032)
17. Whole grain, bran, and germ intake and risk of type 2 diabetes: a prospective cohort study and systematic review. de Munter JS, Hu FB, Spiegelman D, Franz M, van Dam RM, PLoS Med 2007 4 261
18. Whole grain foods for the prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Priebe MG, van Binsbergen JJ, de Vos R, Vonk RJ, Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2008 23 1 D006061
19. Consumption of whole grain and legume powder reduces insulin demand, lipid peroxidation, and plasma homocysteine concentrations in patients with coronary artery disease: randomized controlled clinical trial. Jang Y, Lee JH, Kim OY, Park HY, Lee SY, Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2001 21 2065 2071 (Pubitemid 34219763)
20. Whole grain intake and its cross-sectional association with obesity, insulin resistance, inflammation, diabetes and subclinical CVD: The MESA Study. Lutsey PL, Jacobs DR Jr, Kori S, Mayer-Davis E, Shea S, Steffen LM, Szklo M, Tracy R, Br J Nutr 2007 98 397 405 (Pubitemid 47091382)
21. Improvement of insulin resistance after diet with a whole-grain based dietary product: results of a randomized, controlled cross-over study in obese subjects with elevated fasting blood glucose. Rave K, Roggen K, Dellweg S, Heise T, Tom Dieck H, Br J Nutr 2007 98 929 936 (Pubitemid 47543450)
22. Mechanisms of the effects of grains on insulin and glucose responses. Hallfrisch J, Fac N, Behall KM, J Am Coll Nutr 2000 19 320S 325S (Pubitemid 30399588)
23. Why whole grains are protective: biological mechanisms. Slavin J, Proc Nutr Soc 2003 62 129 134 (Pubitemid 36569819)
24. Health benefits of cereal fibre: a review of clinical trials. Smith CE, Tucker KL, Nutr Res Rev 2011 15 1 14
25. Putting the whole grain puzzle together: health benefits associated with whole grains-summary of American Society for Nutrition 2010 Satellite Symposium. Jonnalagadda SS, Harnack L, Liu RH, McKeown N, Seal C, Liu S, Fahey GC, J Nutr 2011 141 1011S 1022S
26. Effects of whole grains on coronary heart disease risk. Harris KA, Kris-Etherton PM, Curr Atheroscler Rep 2010 12 368 376
27. Fiber and magnesium intake and incidence of type 2 diabetes: a prospective study and meta-analysis. Schulze MB, Schulz M, Heidemann C, Schienkiewitz A, Hoffmann K, Boeing H, Arch Intern Med 2007 167 956 965 (Pubitemid 46762759)
28. Diet, lifestyle, and the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus in women. Hu FB, Manson JE, Stampfer MJ, Colditz G, Liu S, Solomon CG, Willett WC, N Engl J Med 2001 345 790 797
29. Dietary glycemic index: health implications. Brand-Miller J, McMillan-Price J, Steinbeck K, Caterson I, J Am Coll Nutr 2009 28 Suppl 446S 449S
30. Dietary intake of total, animal, and vegetable protein and risk of type 2 diabetes in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC)-NL study. Sluijs I, Beulens JW, der AD V, Spijkerman AM, Grobbee DE, Van der Schouw YT, Diabetes Care 2010 33 43 48
31. Glycemic index, glycemic load, and chronic disease risk-a meta-analysis of observational studies. Barclay AW, Petocz P, McMillan-Price J, Flood VM, Prvan T, Mitchell P, Brand-Miller JC, Am J Clin Nutr 2008 87 627 637 (Pubitemid 351364544)
32. Low-carbohydrate-diet score and risk of type 2 diabetes in women. Halton TL, Liu S, Manson JE, Hu FB, Am J Clin Nutr 2008 87 339 346 (Pubitemid 351226069)
33. Glycemic response and health-a systematic review and meta-analysis: relations between dietary glycemic properties and health outcomes. Livesey G, Taylor R, Hulshof T, Howlett J, Am J Clin Nutr 2008 87 258S 268S
34. Carbohydrates-the good, the bad and the whole grain. Brand-Miller J, McMillan-Price J, Steinbeck K, Caterson I, Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2008 17 Suppl 1 16 19
35. Health benefits of whole grain phytochemicals. Okarter N, Liu RH, Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2010 50 193 208
36. Is oxidative stress the pathogenic mechanism underlying insulin resistance, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease? The common soil hypothesis revisited. Ceriello A, Motz E, Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2004 24 816 823 (Pubitemid 38620857)
37. Endothelial dysfunction, inflammation and diabetes. Dandona P, Aljada A, Chaudhuri A, Mohanty P, Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2004 5 189 197 (Pubitemid 38903576)
38. Chronic oxidative stress as a central mechanism for glucose toxicity in pancreatic islet beta cells in diabetes. Robertson RP, J Biol Chem 2004 279 42351 42354
39. Biochemistry and molecular cell biology of diabetic complications. Brownlee M, Nature 2001 414 813 820 (Pubitemid 34000785)
40. The role of oxidative stress in diabetic complications. Niedowicz DM, Daleke DL, Cell Biochem Biophys 2005 43 289 330 (Pubitemid 41095268)
41. Fat overload aggravates oxidative stress in patients with the metabolic syndrome. Cardona F, Tunez I, Tasset I, Montilla P, Collantes E, Tinahones FJ, Eur J Clin Invest 2008 38 510 515 (Pubitemid 351832030)
42. Antioxidants, trace elements and metabolic syndrome in elderly subjects. Pizent A, Pavlovic M, Jurasovic J, Dodig S, Pasalic D, Mujagic R, J Nutr Health Aging 2010 14 866 871
43. Dietary glycemic index, dietary glycemic load, blood lipids, and C-reactive protein. Levitan EB, Cook NR, Stampfer MJ, Ridker PM, Rexrode KM, Buring JE, Manson JE, Liu S, Metabolism 2008 57 437 443 (Pubitemid 351178736)
44. Dietary polyphenols, inflammation, and cancer. Guo W, Kong E, Meydani M, Nutr Cancer 2009 61 807 810
45. Bioprocessing of wheat bran in whole wheat bread increases the bioavailability of phenolic acids in men and exerts antiinflammatory effects ex vivo. Anson NM, Aura AM, Selinheimo E, Mattila I, Poutanen K, van den Berg R, Havenaar R, Bast A, Haenen GR, J Nutr 2011 141 137 143
46. Impact of dietary polyphenols on carbohydrate metabolism. Hanhineva K, Torronen R, Bondia-Pons I, Pekkinen J, Kolehmainen M, Mykkanen H, Poutanen K, Int J Mol Sci 2010 11 1365 1402
47. The role of diet in the prevention of type 2 diabetes. Salas-Salvado J, Martinez-Gonzalez MA, Bullo M, Ros E, Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2011 21 Suppl 2 32 48
48. New hypotheses for the health-protective mechanisms of whole-grain cereals: what is beyond fibre? Fardet A, Nutr Res Rev 2010 23 65 134
49. Phytochemicals and antioxidant activity of milled fractions of different wheat varieties. Adom KK, Sorrells ME, Liu RH, J Agric Food Chem 2005 53 2297 2306 (Pubitemid 40395808)
50. Grain processing and nutrition. Slavin JL, Jacobs D, Marquart L, Crit Rev Biotechnol 2001 21 49 66 (Pubitemid 32289872)
51. Effects of commercial processing on levels of antioxidants in oats (Avena sativa L.). Bryngelsson S, Dimberg LH, Kamal-Eldin A, J Agric Food Chem 2002 50 1890 1896 (Pubitemid 34259984)
52. Antioxidant activity of commercial wild rice and identification of flavonoid compounds in active fractions. Qiu Y, Liu Q, Beta T, J Agric Food Chem 2009 57 7543 7551
53. Amino acid contents of barley grains in relation to cultivars and cultivation conditions. Xu SY, Cheng HJ, Guo YY, Ding SR, Zhejiang Agricultural Science 1988 254 259
54. Fickler J, Fontaine J, Heimbeck W, The amino acid composition of feedstuffs Ridgefield Park, NJ 2001
55. Enhanced methionine and cysteine levels in transgenic rice seeds by the accumulation of sesame 2S albumin. Lee TT, Wang MM, Hou RC, Chen LJ, Su RC, Wang CS, Tzen JT, Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2003 67 1699 1705 (Pubitemid 39251750)
56. Council NAoS-NR, Joint United States-Canadian tables of Feed Composition Washington, D.C 2 1964
57. Gibson C, Lyons G, Choi B, Park S, Stewart D, Selenium enriched barley. Biofortification to improve human health Hobart, Australia: 12th Australian Barley Technical Symposium 2005
58. Selenium characterization in the global rice supply chain. Williams PN, Lombi E, Sun GX, Scheckel K, Zhu YG, Feng X, Zhu J, Carey AM, Adomako E, Lawgali Y, et al. Environ Sci Technol 2009 43 6024 6030
59. Selium content of Finnish oats in 1997-1999: effect of cultivars and cultivation techniques. Eurola M, Hietaniemi V, Kontturi M, Tuuri H, Kangas A, Niskanen M, Saastamoinen M, Ag Food Sci 2004 13 46 53
60. Metabolomics provide new insight on the metabolism of dietary phytochemicals in rats. Fardet A, Llorach R, Orsoni A, Martin JF, Pujos-Guillot E, Lapierre C, Scalbert A, J Nutr 2008 138 1282 1287 (Pubitemid 351930990)
61. The HEALTHGRAIN Cereal Diversity Screen: concept, results, and prospects. Ward JL, Poutanen K, Gebruers K, Piironen V, Lampi AM, Nystrom L, Andersson AA, Aman P, Boros D, Rakszegi M, et al. J Agric Food Chem 2008 56 9699 9709
62. Quantitative measurement of betaine and free choline in plasma, cereals and cereal products by isotope dilution LC-MS/MS. Bruce SJ, Guy PA, Rezzi S, Ross AB, J Agric Food Chem 2010 58 2055 2061
63. Influence of growth temperature on the amounts of tocopherols, tocotrienols, and gamma-oryzanol in brown rice. Britz SJ, Prasad PV, Moreau RA, Allen LH Jr, Kremer DF, Boote KJ, J Agric Food Chem 2007 55 7559 7565 (Pubitemid 47492315)
64. Phytochemicals and Dietary Fiber Components in Rye Varieties in the HEALTHGRAIN Diversity Screen. Nystrom L, Lampi A-M, Andersson AAM, Kamal-Eldin A, Gebruers K, Courtin CM, Delcour JA, Li L, Ward JL, Fras A, et al. J Agric Food Chem 2008 56 9758 9766
65. Barnes PJ, Cereal tocopherols Amsterdam: Elsevier 1983
66. Lasztity R, Berndorfer-Kraszner E, Huszar M, On the presence and distribution of some bioactive agents in oat varieties New York: Academic Press 1980
67. Effect of cultivar, year grown, and cropping system on the content of tocopherols and tocotrienols in grains of hulled and hulless barley. Ehrenbergerova J, Belcrediova N, Pryma J, Vaculova K, Newman CW, Plant Foods Hum Nutr 2006 61 145 150
68. Phytochemical and Fiber Components in Oat Varieties in the HEALTHGRAIN Diversity Screen. Shewry PR, Piironen V, Lampi A-M, Nystrom L, Li L, Rakszegi M, Fras A, Boros D, Gebruers K, Courtin CM, et al. J Agric Food Chem 2008 56 9777 9784
69. Antioxidant activity of small grain cereals caused by phenolics and lipid soluble antioxidants. Zilic S, Sukalovic VH, Dodig D, Maksimovic V, Maksimovic M, Basic Z, J Cereal Sci 2011 54 417 424
70. Variability in the alkylresorcinol content of rye grains. Evans LE, Dedio W, Hill RD, Can J Plant Sci 1973 53 485 488
71. Variation in Oat Groats Due to Variety, Storage and Heat Treatment. Dimberg LH, Molteberg EL, Solheim R, Frølich W, I: Phenolic Compounds. J Cereal Sci 1996 24 263 272 (Pubitemid 126371211)
72. Antioxidant activity and phenolic content of oat as affected by cultivar and location. Emmons CL DMP, Crop Sci 2001 41 1676 1681
73. Glycine betaine and glycine betaine analogues in common foods. de Zwart FJ, Slow S, Payne RJ, Lever M, George PM, Gerrard JA, Chambers ST, Food Chem 2003 83 197 204 (Pubitemid 36962884)
74. Phytochemical and Dietary Fiber Components in Barley Varieties in the HEALTHGRAIN Diversity Screen. Andersson AAM, Lampi A-M, Nystrom L, Piironen V, Li L, Ward JL, Gebruers K, Courtin CM, Delcour JA, Boros D, et al. J Agric Food Chem 2008 56 9767 9776
75. Potential of wheat-based breakfast cereals as a source of dietary antioxidants. Baublis AJ, Lu C, Clydesdale FM, Decker EA, J Am Coll Nutr 2000 19 308S 311S (Pubitemid 30399586)
76. Contents of phenolic acids, alkyl- and alkenylresorcinols, and avenanthramides in commercial grain products. Mattila P, Pihlava JM, Hellstrom J, J Agric Food Chem 2005 53 8290 8295 (Pubitemid 41564639)
77. In vitro antioxidant activity and antigenotoxicity of 5-n-alkylresorcinols. Parikka K, Rowland IR, Welch RW, Wahala K, J Agric Food Chem 2006 54 1646 1650
78. Phytochemical profiles and antioxidant activity of wheat varieties. Adom KK, Sorrells ME, Liu RH, J Agric Food Chem 2003 51 7825 7834
79. Tocopherols and Tocotrienols in Wheat Genotypes in the HEALTHGRAIN Diversity Screen. Lampi A-M, Nurmi T, Ollilainen V, Piironen V, J Agric Food Chem 2008 56 9716 9721
80. Variability of the vitamin content of wheat. Davis KR, Peters LJ, LeTourneau D, Cereal Foods World 1984 29 364 370
81. Gene expression in a starch synthase IIa mutant of barley: changes in the level of gene transcription and grain composition. Clarke B, Liang R, Morell MK, Bird AR, Jenkins CL, Li Z, Funct Integr Genomics 2008 8 211 221
82. Wholegrain foods made from a novel high-amylose barley variety (Himalaya 292) improve indices of bowel health in human subjects. Bird AR, Vuaran MS, King RA, Noakes M, Keogh J, Morell MK, Topping DL, Br J Nutr 2008 99 1032 1040
83. An extruded cereal made from a high amylose barley cultivar has a low glycemic index and lower plasma insulin response than one made from a standard barley. King RA, Noakes M, Bird AR, Morell MK, Topping DL, J Cereal Sci 2008 48 526 530
84. Chromatographic analysis of alkylresorcinols and their metabolites. Ross AB, Aman P, Andersson R, Kamal-Eldin A, J Chromatogr A 2004 1054 157 164 (Pubitemid 39445818)
85. Genotype and environment effects on tocols of barley and oats. Peterson DM, Qureshi AA, Cereal Chem 1993 70 157 162
86. Oat Antioxidants. Peterson DM, J Cereal Sci 2001 33 115 129 (Pubitemid 32257237)
87. Genotype and environment effects on tocopherol, tocotrienol, and ç-oryzanol contents of southern U.S. rice. Bergman CJ, Xu Z, Cereal Chem 2003 80 446 449 (Pubitemid 36842027)
88. Content of gamma-oryzanol and composition of steryl ferulates in brown rice (Oryza sativa L.) of European origin. Miller A, Engel KH, J Agric Food Chem 2006 54 8127 8133 (Pubitemid 44785394)
89. Carotenoid, tocopherol, phenolic acid, and antioxidant properties of Maryland-grown soft wheat. Moore J, Hao Z, Zhou K, Luther M, Costa J, Yu LL, J Agric Food Chem 2005 53 6649 6657 (Pubitemid 41260704)
90. Effects of the environment and genotype on tocopherols and tocotrienols in wheat in the HEALTHGRAIN diversity screen. Lampi AM, Nurmi T, Piironen V, J Agric Food Chem 2010 58 9306 9313
91. Effects of Environment and Genotype on Phenolic Acids in Wheat in the HEALTHGRAIN Diversity Screen. Fernandez-Orozco R, Li L, Harflett C, Shewry PR, Ward JL, J Agric Food Chem 2010 58 9341 9352
92. Phenolic Acids in Wheat Varieties in the HEALTHGRAIN Diversity Screen. Li L, Shewry PR, Ward JL, J Agric Food Chem 2008 56 9732 9739
93. Factors influencing the measurement of bioavailability, taking calcium as a model. Heaney RP, J Nutr 2001 131 1344S 1348S (Pubitemid 32268484)
94. Some Dietary Fibers Reduce the Absorption of Carotenoids in Women. Riedl J, Linseisen J, Hoffmann J, Wolfram G, J Nutr 1999 129 2170 2176
95. Aleurone Flour Is a Rich Source of Bioavailable Folate in Humans. Fenech M, Noakes M, Clifton P, Topping D, J Nutr 1999 129 1114 1119 (Pubitemid 29250158)
96. Interactions affecting the Bioavailability of dietary polyphenols in vivo. Scholz S, Williamson G, Int J Vitam Nutr Res 2007 77 224 235 (Pubitemid 47607432)
97. Polyphenols: food sources and bioavailability. Manach C, Scalbert A, Morand C, Rémésy C, Jiménez L, Am J Clin Nutr 2004 79 727 747 (Pubitemid 41103873)
98. Total phenolics and antioxidant potential in plasma and urine of humans after consumption of wheat bran. Price R, Welch R, Lee-Manion A, Bradbury I, Strain JJ, Cereal Chem 2008 85 152 157 (Pubitemid 351554756)
99. Cereal alkylresorcinols are absorbed by humans. Ross AB, Kamal-Eldin A, Lundin EA, Zhang JX, Hallmans G, Aman P, J Nutr 2003 133 2222 2224 (Pubitemid 36841544)
100. Alkylresorcinols from whole-grain wheat and rye are transported in human plasma lipoproteins. Linko-Parvinen AM, Landberg R, Tikkanen MJ, Adlercreutz H, Penalvo JL, J Nutr 2007 137 1137 1142 (Pubitemid 46701901)
101. Human plasma kinetics and relative bioavailability of alkylresorcinols after intake of rye bran. Landberg R, Linko AM, Kamal-Eldin A, Vessby B, Adlercreutz H, Aman P, J Nutr 2006 136 2760 2765 (Pubitemid 44771770)
102. Alkylresorcinols as antioxidants: hydrogen donation and peroxyl radical-scavenging effects. Kamal-Eldin A, Poruru A, Eliasson AC, Aman P, J Sci Food Agric 2001 81 353 356 (Pubitemid 32109028)
103. Rye bran bread intake elevates urinary excretion of ferulic acid in humans, but does not affect the susceptibility of LDL to oxidation ex vivo. Harder H, Tetens I, Let MB, Meyer AS, Eur J Nutr 2004 43 230 236 (Pubitemid 39232098)
104. Betaine in human nutrition. Craig SA, Am J Clin Nutr 2004 80 539 549 (Pubitemid 41115516)
105. Consumption of wheat aleurone-rich foods increases fasting plasma betaine and modestly decreases fasting homocysteine and LDL-cholesterol in adults. Price RK, Keaveney EM, Hamill LL, Wallace JM, Ward M, Ueland PM, McNulty H, Strain JJ, Parker MJ, Welch RW, J Nutr 2010 140 2153 2157
106. The betaine and choline content of a whole wheat flour compared to other mill streams. Likes R, Madl RL, Zeisel SH, Craig SA, J Cereal Sci 2007 46 93 95 (Pubitemid 46907492)
107. Prediction of dietary iron absorption: an algorithm for calculating absorption and bioavailability of dietary iron. Hallberg L, Hulthen L, Am J Clin Nutr 2000 71 1147 1160 (Pubitemid 30230562)
108. Inhibition of human LDL lipid peroxidation by phenol-rich beverages and their impact on plasma total antioxidant capacity in humans. Serafini M, Laranjinha JA, Almeida LM, Maiani G, J Nutr Biochem 2000 11 585 590 (Pubitemid 32014410)
109. Effect of milk and brewing method on black tea catechin bioaccessibility. van der Burg-Koorevaar MC, Miret S, Duchateau GS, J Agric Food Chem 2011 59 7752 7758
110. Addition of milk does not alter the antioxidant activity of black tea. Reddy VC, Vidya Sagar GV, Sreeramulu D, Venu L, Raghunath M, Ann Nutr Metab 2005 49 189 195 (Pubitemid 41159836)
111. Bioavailability of catechins from tea: the effect of milk. van het Hof KH, Kivits GA, Weststrate JA, Tijburg LB, Eur J Clin Nutr 1998 52 356 359 (Pubitemid 28230702)
112. Bioprocessing of wheat bran improves in vitro bioaccessibility and colonic metabolism of phenolic compounds. Anson NM, Selinheimo E, Havenaar R, Aura AM, Mattila I, Lehtinen P, Bast A, Poutanen K, Haenen GR, J Agric Food Chem 2009 57 6148 6155
113. Absorption of hydroxycinnamates in humans after high-bran cereal consumption. Kern SM, Bennett RN, Mellon FA, Kroon PA, Garcia-Conesa MT, J Agric Food Chem 2003 51 6050 6055
114. Flavonoid antioxidants. Rice-Evans C, Curr Med Chem 2001 8 797 807 (Pubitemid 32427907)
115. Absorption and metabolism of polyphenols in the gut and impact on health. Scalbert A, Morand C, Manach C, Remesy C, Biomed Pharmacother 2002 56 276 282 (Pubitemid 35245310)
116. Interaction between Phenolics and Gut Microbiota: Role in Human Health. Selma MV, Espin JC, Tomas-Barberan FA, J Agric Food Chem 2009 57 6485 6501
117. Dietary Polyphenols and Human Gut Microbiota: a Review. Hervert-Hernandez D, Goni I, Food Reviews International 2011 27 154 169
118. Intestinal release and uptake of phenolic antioxidant diferulic acids. Andreasen MF, Kroon PA, Williamson G, Garcia-Conesa MT, Free Radic Biol Med 2001 31 304 314 (Pubitemid 32675335)
119. Esterase activity able to hydrolyze dietary antioxidant hydroxycinnamates is distributed along the intestine of mammals. Andreasen MF, Kroon PA, Williamson G, Garcia-Conesa MT, J Agric Food Chem 2001 49 5679 5684 (Pubitemid 33089725)
120. Release of covalently bound ferulic acid from fiber in the human colon. Kroon PA, Faulds CB, Ryden P, Robertson JA, Williamson G, J Agric Food Chem 1997 45 661 667 (Pubitemid 127483685)
121. Bound Ferulic Acid from Bran Is More Bioavailable than the Free Compound in Rat. Rondini L, Peyrat-Maillard M-N, Marsset-Baglieri A, Fromentin G, Durand P, Tomé D, Prost M, Berset C, J Agric Food Chem 2004 52 4338 4343
122. Meal replacement with mixed rice is more effective than white rice in weight control, while improving antioxidant enzyme activity in obese women. Kim SH, Lee SS, Kim JY, Kim JH, Lee Da H, Nutrition research (New York, NY) 2008 28 66 71
123. No effect of 14 day consumption of whole grain diet compared to refined grain diet on antioxidant measures in healthy, young subjects: a pilot study. Enright L, Slavin J, Nutr J 2010 9 12
124. Whole-grain foods do not affect insulin sensitivity or markers of lipid peroxidation and inflammation in healthy, moderately overweight subjects. Andersson A, Tengblad S, Karlstrom B, Kamal-Eldin A, Landberg R, Basu S, Aman P, Vessby B, J Nutr 2007 137 1401 1407 (Pubitemid 46855477)
125. Free radicals and antioxidants in normal physiological functions and human disease. Valko M, Leibfritz D, Moncol J, Cronin MTD, Mazur M, Telser J, Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2007 39 44 84 (Pubitemid 44566469)
126. Avenanthramides are bioavailable and have antioxidant activity in humans after acute consumption of an enriched mixture from oats. Chen CY, Milbury PE, Collins FW, Blumberg JB, J Nutr 2007 137 1375 1382 (Pubitemid 46855473)
127. A diet high in whole and unrefined foods favorably alters lipids, antioxidant defenses, and colon function. Bruce B, Spiller GA, Klevay LM, Gallagher SK, J Am Coll Nutr 2000 19 61 67 (Pubitemid 30090446)
128. Flavonoids increase the intracellular glutathione level by transactivation of the gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase catalytical subunit promoter. Myhrstad MC, Carlsen H, Nordstrom O, Blomhoff R, Moskaug JO, Free Radic Biol Med 2002 32 386 393 (Pubitemid 34178348)
129. Polyphenols and glutathione synthesis regulation. Moskaug JO, Carlsen H, Myhrstad MC, Blomhoff R, Am J Clin Nutr 2005 81 277S 283S
130. Effects of supplementation with high-selenium wheat bread on selenium, glutathione peroxidase and related enzymes in blood components of New Zealand residents. Thomson CD, Ong LK, Robinson MF, Am J Clin Nutr 1985 41 1015 1022 (Pubitemid 15004593)
131. Selenium content of wheat for bread making in Scotland and the relationship between glutathione-peroxidase levels in whole-blood and bread consumption. Barclay MNI, Macpherson A, Br J Nutr 1992 68 261 270
132. Selenium in human health and disease. Fairweather-Tait SJ, Bao Y, Broadley MR, Collings R, Ford D, Hesketh JE, Hurst R, Antioxid Redox Signal 2011 14 1337 1383
133. Varietal differences in amino acid composition of wheat (Triticum aestivum L) grain. del Molino IMM, Rojo B, Martínez-Carrasco R, Pérez P, J Sci Food Agric 48 177 188
134. Supplementation of black rice pigment fraction improves antioxidant and anti-inflammatory status in patients with coronary heart disease. Wang Q, Han P, Zhang M, Xia M, Zhu H, Ma J, Hou M, Tang Z, Ling W, Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2007 16 Suppl 1 295 301 (Pubitemid 46524618)
135. Influence of prebiotics and antioxidants in bread on the immune system, antioxidative status and antioxidative capacity in male smokers and non-smokers. Seidel C, Boehm V, Vogelsang H, Wagner A, Persin C, Glei M, Pool-Zobel BL, Jahreis G, Br J Nutr 2007 97 349 356 (Pubitemid 46671809)
136. Consumption of flavonoid-rich foods and increased plasma antioxidant capacity in humans: Cause, consequence, or epiphenomenon? Lotito SB, Frei B, Free Radic Biol Med 2006 41 1727 1746 (Pubitemid 44839139)
137. A novel automated direct measurement method for total antioxidant capacity using a new generation, more stable ABTS radical cation. Erel O, Clin Biochem 2004 37 277 285 (Pubitemid 38314881)
138. Nutritional supplementation for type 2 diabetes: a systematic review. Bartlett HE, Eperjesi F, Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2008 28 503 523
139. Antioxidants in the treatment of diabetes. Golbidi S, Ebadi SA, Laher I, Curr Diabetes Rev 2011 7 106 125
140. Evaluation of the in vivo antioxidant activity of wheat bran in human subjects. Beattie R, Lee A, Strain J, Proc Nutr Soc 2003 62 17A
141. Analysis of antioxidant activities of common vegetables employing oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays: a comparative study. Ou B, Huang D, Hampsch-Woodill M, Flanagan JA, Deemer EK, J Agric Food Chem 2002 50 3122 3128 (Pubitemid 34533610)
142. Assessment of antioxidant capacity in vitro and in vivo. Niki E, Free Radic Biol Med 2010 49 503 515
143. The intake of grain fibers modulates cytokine levels in blood. Chuang SC, Vermeulen R, Sharabiani MT, Sacerdote C, Fatemeh SH, Berrino F, Krogh V, Palli D, Panico S, Tumino R, et al. Biomarkers 2011 16 504 510
144. A diet high in fatty fish, bilberries and wholegrain products improves markers of endothelial function and inflammation in individuals with impaired glucose metabolism in a randomised controlled trial: the Sysdimet study. de Mello VD, Schwab U, Kolehmainen M, Koenig W, Siloaho M, Poutanen K, Mykkanen H, Uusitupa M, Diabetologia 2011 54 2755 2767
145. The association of fruits, vegetables, antioxidant vitamins and fibre intake with high-sensitivity C-reactive protein: sex and body mass index interactions. Oliveira A, Rodriguez-Artalejo F, Lopes C, Eur J Clin Nutr 2009 63 1345 1352
146. Anti-inflammatory effect of lifestyle changes in the Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study. Herder C, Peltonen M, Koenig W, Sutfels K, Lindstrom J, Martin S, Ilanne-Parikka P, Eriksson JG, Aunola S, Keinanen-Kiukaanniemi S, et al. Diabetologia 2009 52 433 442
147. Biological effects of propionic acid in humans; metabolism, potential applications and underlying mechanisms. Al-Lahham SH, Peppelenbosch MP, Roelofsen H, Vonk RJ, Venema K, Biochim Biophys Acta 1801 2010 1175 1183
148. The interaction of short-chain fatty acids with adipose tissue: relevance for prevention of type 2 diabetes. Roelofsen H, Priebe MG, Vonk RJ, Benef Microbes 2010 1 433 437
149. Influence of the type of indigestible carbohydrate on plasma and urine short-chain fatty acid profiles in healthy human volunteers. Verbeke K, Ferchaud-Roucher V, Preston T, Small AC, Henckaerts L, Krempf M, Wang H, Vonk RJ, Priebe MG, Eur J Clin Nutr 2010 64 678 684
150. Antibiotics prevent liver injury in rats following long-term exposure to ethanol. Adachi Y, Moore LE, Bradford BU, Gao W, Thurman RG, Gastroenterology 1995 108 218 224
151. Hepatic injury associated with small bowel bacterial overgrowth in rats is prevented by metronidazole and tetracycline. Lichtman SN, Keku J, Schwab JH, Sartor RB, Gastroenterology 1991 100 513 519
152. Hepatic inflammation in rats with experimental small intestinal bacterial overgrowth. Lichtman SN, Sartor RB, Keku J, Schwab JH, Gastroenterology 1990 98 414 423 (Pubitemid 20037925)
153. Changes in gut microbiota control inflammation in obese mice through a mechanism involving GLP-2-driven improvement of gut permeability. Cani PD, Possemiers S, Van de Wiele T, Guiot Y, Everard A, Rottier O, Geurts L, Naslain D, Neyrinck A, Lambert DM, et al. Gut 2009 58 1091 1103