Probiotics and Its Functionally Valuable Products-A Review

Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition

Volumn 53, Issue 6, 2013, Pages 641-658

  Kanmani, Paulraj ^a   Satish Kumar, R ^a   Yuvaraj, N ^a   Paari, K A ^a   Pattukumar, V ^a   Arul, Venkatesan ^a  

^a PONDICHERRY UNIVERSITY   (India)

Author keywords

antioxidants; bacteriocin; biosurfactant; exopolysaccharide; folate; Probiotics; siderophores

Indexed keywords

BACTERIOCINS; BIO SURFACTANT; EXOPOLYSACCHARIDES; FOLATE; PROBIOTICS; SIDEROPHORES;

ANTIOXIDANTS; BACTERIA; BIOCHEMISTRY; BIOMOLECULES; CHELATION; FREE RADICALS; LABORATORIES; METABOLITES; OXYGEN; PATHOGENS; SURFACE ACTIVE AGENTS; LACTIC ACID; MICROORGANISMS;

FOOD MICROBIOLOGY;

BACTERIA (MICROORGANISMS); BIFIDOBACTERIUM; LACTOBACILLUS; NEGIBACTERIA; POSIBACTERIA; SACCHAROMYCES BOULARDII;

ANTIOXIDANT; BACTERIAL POLYSACCHARIDE; BACTERIOCIN; FOLIC ACID; FOOD PRESERVATIVE; PROBIOTIC AGENT; SIDEROPHORE; SURFACTANT;

BIFIDOBACTERIUM; BIOSYNTHESIS; FOOD PRESERVATION; GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT; GENETICS; HUMAN; LACTOBACILLUS; METABOLISM; MICROBIOLOGY; PROCEDURES; METHODOLOGY; REVIEW;

ANTIOXIDANTS; BACTERIOCINS; BIFIDOBACTERIUM; FOLIC ACID; FOOD PRESERVATION; FOOD PRESERVATIVES; GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT; HUMANS; LACTOBACILLUS; POLYSACCHARIDES, BACTERIAL; PROBIOTICS; SIDEROPHORES; SURFACE-ACTIVE AGENTS;

EID: 84875968109     PISSN: 10408398     EISSN: 15497852     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2011.553752     Document Type: Review

References (217)

1. Allgaier, H., Jung, G., Werner, G. G., Schneider, U. and Zahner, H. 1986. Epidermin: Sequencing of a heterodettetracyclic 21-peptide amide antibiotic. Eur. J. Biochem., 160: 9-22.
2. Allison, G. E. and Klaenhammer, T. R. 1996. Functional analysis of the gene encoding immunity to lactacin F, lafI, and its use as a Lactobacillus-specific, food-grade genetic marker. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 62: 4450-4460.
3. Alp, G. and Aslim, B. 2010. Relationship between the resistance to bile salts and low pH with exopolysaccharide (EPS) production of Bifidobacterium spp. isolated from infants feces and breast milk. Anaerobe, 16(2): 101-105.
4. Altena, K., Guder, A., Cramer, C. and Bierbaum, G. 2000. Biosynthesis of the lantibiotic mersacidin: Organization of a type B lantibiotic gene cluster. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 66: 2565-2571.
5. Anal, A. K. and Singh, H. 2007. Recent advantages in microencapsulation of probiotics for industrial applications and targeted delivery. Trends Food Sci. Technol., 18: 240-251.
6. Ananou, S., Garriga, M., Jofre, A., Aymerich, T., Gálvez, A., Maqueda, M., Martínez, M. Bueno and Valdivia, E. 2010. Combined effect of enterocin AS-48 and high hydrostatic pressure to control food born pathogens inoculated in low acid fermented sausage. Meat Sci., 84: 594-600.
7. Ananou, S., Valdivia, E., Martínez Bueno, M., Gálvez, A. and Maqueda, M. 2004. Effect of combined physico-chemical preservatives on enterocin AS-48 activity against the enterotoxigenic Staphylococcus aureus CECT 976 strain. J. Appl. Microbiol., 97: 48-56.
8. Anastasiadou, S., Papagianni, M., Filiousis, G., Ambrosiadis, I. and Koidis, P. 2008. Growth and metabolism of a meat isolated strain of Pediococcus pentosaceus in submerged fermentation. Purification, characterization and properties of the produced pediocin SM-1. Enzyme Microb. Technol, 43: 448-454.
9. Anderssen, E. L., Diep, D. B., Nes, I. F., Eijsink, V. G. H. and Nissen-Meijer, J. 1998. Antagonistic activity of Lactobacillus plantarum C11: 2 new 2-peptide bacteriocins, plantaricins EF and JK, and the induction factor plantaricin A. Appl. Environ. Microbiol, 6: 2269-2272.
10. Arakawa, K., Kawai, Y., Iioka, H., Tanioka, M., Nishimura, J., Kitazawa, H., Tsurumi, K. and Saito, T. 2009. Effects of gassericins A and T, bacteriocins produced by Lactobacillus gasseri, with glycine on custard cream preservation. J. Dairy Sci., 92(6): 2365-2372.
11. Arima, K., Kakinuma, A. and Tamura, G. 1968. Surfactin, a crystalline peptide-lipid surfactant produced by Bacillus subtilis: Isolation, characterization and its inhibition of fibrin clot formation. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 31: 488-494.
12. Arqués, J. L., Rodríguez, E., Gaya, P., Medina, M. and Nuñez, M. 2005. Effect of combinations of high-pressure treatment and bacteriocin-producing lactic acid bacteria on the survival of Listeria monocytogenes in raw milk cheese. Int. Dairy J., 15: 893-900.
13. Arqués, J. L., Rodríguez, E., Nuñez, M. and Medina, M. 2008. Inactivation of Gram-negative pathogens in refrigerated milk by reuterin in combination with nisin or the lactoperoxidase system. Eur. Food Res. Technol., 227(1): 77-82.
14. Arskold, E., Svensson, M., Grage, H., Roos, S., Radstrom, P. and Van Niel, E. W. J. 2007. Environmental influences on exopolysaccharide formation in Lactobacillus reuteri ATCC 55730. Int. J. Food Microbiol., 116(1): 159-167.
15. Audy, J., Labrie, S., Roy, D. and LaPointe, D. 2010. Sugar source modulates exopolysaccharide biosynthesis in Bifidobacterium longum subsp. longum CRC 002. Microbiology, 156: 653-664.
16. Avonts, L., Van Uytven, E. and De Vuyst, L. 2004. Cell growth and bacteriocin production of probiotic Lactobacillus strains in different media. Int. Dairy J, 14: 947-955.
17. Axelsson, L. T. 1993. "Lactic acid bacteria: Classification and physiology". In Lactic Acid Bacteria, Edited by: Salminen, S. and von Wright, V. 1-64. New York, USA: Marcel Deker.
18. Ayala-Hernandez, I., Hassan, A. N., Goff, H. D., Mira de Orduna, R. and Corredig, M. 2008. Production, isolation and characterization of exopolysaccharides produced by Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris JFR1 and their interaction with milk proteins: Effect of pH and media composition. Int. Dairy J., 18: 1109-1118.
19. Ayala-Hernandez, I., Hassan, A. N., Goff, H. D. and Corredig, M. 2009. Effect of protein supplementation on the rheological characteristics of milk permeates fermented with exopolysaccharide-producing Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris. Food Hydrocolloids, 23: 1299-1304.
20. Bach, S. J., McAllister, T. A., Veira, D. M., Gannon, V. P. J. and Holley, R. A. 2003. Effects of a Saccharomyces cerevisiae feed supplement on Escherichia coli O157: H7 in ruminal fluid in vitro. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol., 104: 179-189.
21. Banat, I. M., Franzetti, A., Gandolfi, I., Bestetti, G., Martinotti, M. G., Fracchia, L., Smyth, T. J. and Marchant, R. 2010. Microbial biosurfactants production, applications and future potential. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 87: 427-444.
22. Barry, S. M. and Challis, G. L. 2009. Recent advances in siderophores biosynthesis. Curr. Open. Chem. Biol., 13: 205-215.
23. Black, E. P., Kelly, A. L. and Fitzgerald, G. F. 2005. The combined effect of high pressure and nisin on inactivation of microorganisms in milk. Innov. Food Sci. Emerg. Technol., 6: 286-292.
24. Broadbent, J. R., McMahon, D. J., Oberg, C. J. and Welker, D. L. 2001. Use of exoploysacchride producing cultures to improve the functionality of low fat cheese. Int. Diary J., 11: 433-439.
25. Bruno-Bárcena, J. M., Andrea Azcárate-Peril, M. and Hassan, H. M. 2010. Role of antioxidant enzymes in bacterial resistance to organic acids. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 76(9): 2747-2753.
26. Buchman, G. W., Banerjee, S. and Hansen, J. N. 1988. Structure, expression and evolution of a gene encoding the precursor of nisin, a small protein antibiotic. J. Biol. Chem., 263: 16260-16266.
27. Capcarova, M., Weiss, J., Hrncar, C., Kolesarova, A. and Pal, G. 2010. Effect of Lactobacillus fermentum and Enterococcus faecium strains on internal milieu, antioxidant status and body weight of broiler chickens. J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nut., 94: 214-224.
28. Chassy, B. M. and Thompson, J. 1983. Regulation and characterization of the galactose-phosphoenolpyruvate-dependent phosphotransferase system in Lactobacillus casei. J. Bacteriol., 154: 1204-1214.
29. Chen, H. and Hoover, D. G. 2003. Bacteriocins and their food applications. Comp. Rev. Food Sci. Food Saft., 2: 82-100.
30. Cintas, L. M., Casaus, P., Fernández, M. F. and Hernández, P. E. 1998. Comparative antimicrobial activity of enterocin L50, pediocin PA-1, nisin A and lactocin S against spoilage and food borne pathogenic bacteria. Food Microbiol, 15: 289-298.
31. Cintas, L. M., Casaus, P., Håvarstein, L. S., Hernández, P. E. and Nes, I. F. 1997. Biochemical and genetic characterization of enterocin P, a novel sec dependent bacteriocin from Enterococcus faecium P13 with a broad antimicrobial spectrum. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 63: 4321-4330.
32. Cintas, L. M., Casaus, P., Herranz, C., Håvarstein, L. S., Holo, H., Hernandez, P. E. and Nes, I. F. 2000. Biochemical and genetic evidence that Enterococcus faecium L50 produces enterocins L50A and L50B, the sec-dependent enterocin P, and a novel bacteriocin secreted without an N-terminal extension termed enterocin Q. J. Bacteriol., 182: 6806-6814.
33. Cleveland, J., Montville, T. J., Nes, I. F. and Chikindas, M. L. 2001. Bacteriocins: Safe, natural antimicrobials for food preservation. Int. J. Food Microbiol., 71: 1-20.
34. Costa, N. E., Hannon, J. A., Guinee, T. P., Auty, M. A. E., McSweeney, P. L. H. and Beresford, T. P. 2010. Effect of exopolysaccharide produced by isogenic strains of Lactococcus lactis on half-fat Cheddar cheese. J. Dairy Sci, 93(8): 3469-3486.
35. Cuozzo, S. A., Sesma, F., Palacios, J. M., Ruiz Holgado, A. P. and Raya, R. R. 2000. Identification and nucleotide sequence of genes involved in the synthesis of lactocin 705, a two-peptide bacteriocin from Lactobacillus casei CRL 705. FEMS Microbiol. Lett., 185: 157-161.
36. Dabour, N. and LaPointe, G. 2005. Identification and molecular characterization of the chromosomal exopolysaccharide biosynthesis gene cluster from Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris SMQ-461. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 71: 7414-7425.
37. Dan, T., Fukuda, K., Sugai-Bannai, M., Takakuwa, N., Motoshima, H. and Urashima, T. 2009. Characterization and experssion analysis of the exoploysaccharide gene cluster in Lactobacillus fermentum TDS03603. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem., 73(12): 2656-2664.
38. Dana, M. G., Salmanian, A. H., Yakhchali, B. and Jazi, F. R. 2010. High folate production by naturally occurring Lactobacillus spp. with probiotics potential isolated from dairy products in llam and Lorestan provinces of Iran. Afr. J. Biotechnol., 9(33): 5383-5391.
39. Davies, E. A., Bevis, H. E. and Delves-Broughton, J. 1997. The use of the bacteriocin, nisin, as a preservative in ricotta-type cheeses to control the food-borne pathogen Listeria monocytogenes. Lett. Appl. Microbiol., 24: 343-346.
40. Davies, E. A. and Delves-Broughton, J. 2000. "Nisin". In Encyclopedia of Food Microbiology, Edited by: Batt, C. A. and Patel, P. D. 191-198. London: Academic Press.
41. Deegan, L. H., Cotter, P. D., Hill, C. and Ross, P. 2006. Bacteriocins: Biological tools for bio-preservation and shelf-life extension. Int. Dairy J., 16: 1058-1071.
42. Degeest, B. and De Vuyst, L. 2000. Correlation of activities of the enzymes a-phosphoglucomutase, UDP-galactose 4-epimerase, and UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase with exopolysaccharide biosynthesis by Streptococcus thermophilus LY03. Appl. Environ. Microbiol, 66: 3519-3527.
43. Degeest, B., Vaningelgem, F., Laws, A. and De Vuyst, L. 2001. UDP-N-Acetylglucosamine 4-epimerase activity indicates the presence of N-Acetylgalactosamine in exopolysaccharides of Streptococcus thermophilus strains. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 67: 3976-3984.
44. Delves-Broughton, J. 1990. Nisin and its uses as a food preservative. Food Technol., 44: 100-117.
45. Delves-Broughton, J., Blackburn, P., Evans, R. J. and Hugenholtz, J. 1996. Applications of the bactecriocin and nisin. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, 69: 193-202.
46. Di Caro, S., Tao, H., Grillo, A., Elia, C., Gasbarrini, G., Sepulveda, A. R. and Gasbarrini, A. 2005. Effects of Lactobacillus GG on genes expression pattern in small bowel mucosa. Dig. Liver Dis., 37: 320-329.
47. Diep, D. B., Havarstein, L. S. and Nes, I. F. 1996. Characterization of the locus responsible for the bacteriocin production in Lactobacillus plantarum C11. J. Bacteriol, 178: 4472-4483.
48. Diep, D. B. and Nes, I. F. 2002. Ribosomally synthesized antibacterial peptides in gram positive bacteria. Curr. Drug Targets, 3: 107-122.
49. El-Ziney, M. G. and Jakobsen, M. 2009. Effectiveness of reuterin alone and in combination with nisin or other food contact surfaces sanitizers and cleaners for disinfection of stainless steel surfaces contaminated with Escherichia coli and Listeria innocua. J. Food. Agri. Environ, 7: 145-149.
50. Ennahar, S., Sashihara, T., Sonomoto, K. and Ishizaki, A. 2000. Class IIa bacteriocins: Biosynthesis, structure and activity. FEMS Microbiol. Rev., 24: 85-106.
51. Fang, T. J. and Lin, L. W. 1994. Inactivation of Listeria monocytogenes on raw pork treated with modified atmosphere packaging and nisin. J. Food Drug Anal, 2: 189-200.
52. Farkas, J., Andrassy, E., Meszaros, L. and Simon, A. 2003. Increased salt- and nisin-sensitivity of pressure-injured bioluminescent Listeria monocytogenes. Acta Microbiol. Immunol. Hung, 50: 331-337.
53. Ferchichi, M., Fathallah, M., Mansuelle, P., Rochat, H., Sabatier, J. M., Manai, M. and Mabrouk, K. 2001. Chemical synthesis, molecular modeling, and antimicrobial activity of a novel bacteriocin, lactococcin MMFII. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 289: 13-18.
54. Franz, C. M., van Belkum, M. J., Worobo, R. W., Vederas, J. C. and Stiles, M. E. 2000. Characterization of the genetic locus responsible for production and immunity of carnobacteriocin A: The immunity gene confers cross-protection to enterocin B. Microbiology, 146: 621-631.
55. Franz, C. M., Worobo, R. W., Quadri, L. E., Schillinger, U., Holzapfel, W. H., Vederas, J. C. and Stiles, M. E. 1999. Atypicalgenetic locus associated with constitutive production of enterocin B by Enterococcus faecium BFE 900. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 65: 2170-2178.
56. Franzetti, A., Tamburini, E. and Banat, I. M. 2010. "Application of biological surface active compounds in remediation technologies". In Biosurfactants, 'Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, Edited by: Sen, R. Vol. 672, 121-134. Berlin: Springer.
57. Fukuda, K., Shi, T., Nagami, K., Leo, F., Nakamura, T., Yasuda, K., Senda, A., Motoshima, H. and Urashima, T. 2010. Effects of carbohydrate source on physicochemical properties of the exopolysaccharide produced by Lactobacillus fermentum TDS030603 in a chemically defined medium. Carbohydrate Poly., 79: 1040-1045.
58. Fuller, R. 1989. Probiotics in man and animals. J. Appl. Bact., 66: 365-378.
59. Gallo, L. I., Pilosof, A. M. R. and Jagus, R. J. 2007. Effect of the sequence of nisin and pulsed electric fields treatments and mechanisms involved in the inactivation of Listeria innocua in whey. J. Food Eng, 79: 188-193.
60. Gálvez, A., Abriouel, H., López, R. L. and Ben Omar, N. 2007. Bacteriocin-based strategies for food biopreservation. Int. J. Food Microbiol., 120: 51-70.
61. Gangadharan, D., Sivaramakrishnan, S., Pandey, A. and Nampoothiri, K. M. 2010. Folate-producing lactic acid bacteria from cow's milk with probiotic characteristics. Int. J. Dairy Technol., 63(3): 339-348.
62. Gollop, N., Toubia, D., Shushan, G. B. and Zakin, V. 2003. High production system of the antimicrobial peptide PLG-1. Biotechnol. Prog., 19: 436-439.
63. Górska, S., Jachymek, W., Rybka, J., Strus, M., Heczko, P. B. and Gamian, A. 2009. Structural and immunochemical studies of neutral exopolysaccharide produced by Lactobacillus johnsonii 142. Carbohydrate Res, 345: 108-114.
64. Grande, M. J., López, R. L., Abriouel, H., Valdivia, E., Ben Omar, N., Maqueda, M., Martínez- Cañamero, M. and Gálvez, A. 2007. Treatment of vegetable sauces with enterocin AS-48 alone or in combination with phenolic compounds to inhibit proliferation of Staphylococcus aureus. J. Food Prot, 70: 405-411.
65. Grande, M. J., Lucas, R., Abriouel, H., Valdivia, E., Ben Omar, N., Maqueda, M., Martínez- Bueno, M., Martínez-Cañamero, M. and Gálvez, A. 2006. Inhibition of toxicogenic Bacillus cereus in rice-based foods by enterocin AS-48. Int. J. Food Microbiol, 106: 185-194.
66. Guder, A., Wiedemann, I. and Sahl, H. G. 2000. Post-translationally modified bacteriocins-The lantibiotics. Biopolymer, 55: 62-73.
67. Gudina, E. J., Rocha, V., Teixeira, J. A. and Rodrigues, L. R. 2010. Antimicrobial and antiadhesive properties of a biosurfactant isolated from Lactobacillus paracasei ssp. paracasei A20. Lett. Appl. Microbiol, 50: 419-424.
68. Harding, L. P., Marshall, V. M., Hernandez, Y., Gu, Y., Maqsood, M., McLay, N. and Laws, A. P. 2005. Structural characterisation of a highly branched exopolysaccharide produced by Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus NCFB2074. Carbohydrate Res, 340(6): 1107-1111.
69. Havenaar, R. and Huis in 't Veld, J. H. J. 1992. "Probiotics: A general view". In The Lactic Acid Bacteria. The Lactic Acid Bacteria in Health and Disease, Edited by: Wood, B. J. B. 151-170. London: Elsevier Applied Science.
70. Herranz, C., Chen, Y., Chung, H. J., Cintas, L. M., Hernandez, P. E., Montville, T. J. and Chikindas, M. L. 2001. Enterocin P selectively dissipates the membrane potential of Enterococcus faecium T136. Appl. Environ. Microbiol, 67: 1689-1692.
71. Iseppi, R., Pilati, F., Marini, M., Toselli, M., de Niederhäusern, S., Guerrieri, E., Messi, P., Sabia, C., Manicardi, G., Anacarso, I. and Bondi, M. 2008. Anti-listerial activity of a polymeric film coated with hybrid coatings doped with enterocin 416K1 for use as bioactive food packaging. Int. J. Food Microbiol., 123: 281-287.
72. Iyer, R., Tomar, S. K. and Singh, A. K. 2010. Response surface optimization of the cultivation conditions and medium components for the production of folate by Streptococcus thermophilus. J. Dairy Res, 77: 350-356.
73. Jack, R. W., Tagg, J. R. and Ray, B. 1995. Bacteriocins of gram-positive bacteria. Microbiol. Rev., 59: 171-200.
74. Jack, R. W., Wan, J., Gordon, J., Harmark, K., Davidson, B. E., Hillier, A. J., Wettenhall, R. E. H., Hickey, M. W. and Coventry, M. J. 1996. Characterization of the chemical and antimicrobial properties of piscicolin 126, a bacteriocin produced by Carnobacterium piscicola JG126. Appl. Environ. Microbiol, 62: 2897-2903.
75. Joerger, M. C. and Klaenhammer, T. R. 1990. Cloning, expression, and nucleotide sequence of the Lactobacillus helveticus 481 gene encoding the bacteriocin helveticin J. J. Bacteriol, 172: 6339-6347.
76. Jofré, A., Aymerich, T. and Garriga, M. 2009. Improvement of the food safety of low acid fermented sausages by enterocins A and B and high pressure. Food Control, 20: 179-184.
77. Jofré, A., Aymerich, T., Monfort, J. M. and Garriga, M. 2008a. Application of enterocins A and B, sakacin K and nisin to extend the safe shelf-life of pressurized ready-to-eat meat products. Europ. Food Res. Technol., 228: 159-162.
78. Jofré, A., Garriga, M. and Aymerich, T. 2008b. Inhibition of Salmonella sp., Listeria monocytogenes and Staphylococcus aureus in cooked ham by combining antimicrobials, high hydrostatic pressure and refrigeration. Meat Sci, 78: 53-59.
79. Jung, G. 1991. Lantibiotics - ribosomally synthesized biologically active polypeptides containing sulfide bridges and didehydroamino acids. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engel., 30: 1051-1192.
80. Kanmani, P., Satishkumar, R., Yuvaraj, N., Paari, K. A., Pattukumar, V. and Arul, V. 2011a. Design and optimization of fermentation media for enhanced bacteriocin production by probiotic Enterococcus faecium MC13. Prep. Biochem. Biotechnol, 41(1): 40-52.
81. Kanmani, P., Satishkumar, R., Yuvaraj, N., Paari, K. A., Pattukumar, V. and Arul, V. 2011b. The role of environmental factors and medium composition bacteriocin production by a aquaculture probiotic Enterococcus faecium MC13, a isolated from fish intestine. Korean J. Chem. Eng, 28(3): 860-866.
82. Kanmani, P., Satishkumar, R., Yuvaraj, N., Paari, K. A., Pattukumar, V. and Arul, V. 2011c. Production and purification of a novel exopolysaccharide from lactic acid bacterium Streptococcus phocae PI80 and its functional characteristics activity in vitro. Bioresour. Technol, 102: 4827-4833.
83. Kawai, Y., Saito, T., Kitazawa, H. and Itoh, T. 1998. Gassericin A; an uncommon cyclic bacteriocin produced by Lactobacillusgasseri LA39 linked at N- and C-terminal ends. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem., 62: 2438-2440.
84. Kim, Y. H., Lee, Y., Kim, S., Yeom, J., Yeom, S., Oh, K. B. S. S., Park, S., Jeon, C. O. and Park, W. 2006. The role of periplasmic antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase and thiol peroxidase) of the Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli O157:H7 in the formation of biofilms. Proteomics, 6: 6181-6193.
85. Klayraung, S. and Okonogi, S. 2009. Antibacterial and antioxidant activities of acid and bile resistant strains of Lactobacillus fermentum isolated from miang. Braz. J. Microbiol, 40: 757-766.
86. Klein, G., Pack, A., Bonaparte, C. and Reuter, G. 1998. Taxonomy and physiology of probiotic lactic acid bacteria. Int. J. Food Microbiol., 41: 103-125.
87. Kodali, V. P., Das, S. and Sen, R. 2009. An exopolysaccharide from a probiotic: Biosynthesis dynamics, composition and emulsifying activity. Food Res. Int, 42: 695-699.
88. Kodali, V. P. and Ramkrishna Sen, R. 2008. Antioxidant and free radical scavenging activities of an exopolysaccharide from a probiotic bacterium. Biotechnol. J., 3(2): 245-251.
89. Konings, W. N., Poolman, B. and Driessen, A. J. 1989. Bioenergetics and solute transport in lactococci. Crit. Rev. Microbiol., 16: 419-476.
90. Kuipers, O. P., Beerthuyzen, M. M., Siezen, R. J. and de Vos, W. M. 1993. Characterization of the nisin gene cluster nisABTCIPR of Lactococcus lactis. Requirement of expression of the nisA and nisI genes for development of immunity. Eur. J. Biochem., 216: 281-291.
91. Kumar, A. S., Mody, K. and Jha, B. 2007. Bacterial exopolysaccharides-a perception. J. Basic Microbiol., 47: 103-117.
92. Lambo-Fodje, A. M., Leeman, M., Wahlund, K. G., Nyman, M., Öste, R. and Larsson, H. 2007. Molar mass and rheological characterisation of an exopolysaccharide from Pediococcus damnosus 2.6. Carbohydrate Poly, 68(3): 577-586.
93. Lamothe, G. T., Jolly, L., Mollet, B. and Stingele, F. 2002. Genetic and biochemical characterization of exopolysaccharide biosynthesis by Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus. Arch. Microbiol, 178: 218-228.
94. Lappe, R., Cladera-Olivera, F., Dominguez, A. P. M. and Brandelli, A. 2009. Kinetics and thermodynamics of thermal inactivation of the antimicrobial peptide cerein 8A. J. Food Eng., 91: 223-227.
95. Laws, A., Gu, Y. and Marshall, V. 2001. Biosynthesis, characterization, and design of bacterial exopolysaccharides from lactic acid bacteria. Biotechnol. Adv., 19: 597-625.
96. Lear, J. D., Wasserman, Z. R. and DeGrado, W. F. 1988. Synthetic amphiphilic peptide models for protein ion channels. Science, 240: 1177-1181.
97. Lebeer, S., Verhoeven, T. L. A., Francius, G., Schoofs, G., Lambrichts, I., Dufrene, Y., Vanderleyden, J. and Keersmaecker, S. C. J. 2009. Identification of a gene cluster for the biosynthesis of a long, lactose-rich exopolysaccharide in Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG and functional analysis of the priming glycosyltransferase. Appl. Environ. Microbiol, 75: 3554-3563.
98. LeBlanc, J. G., Sybesma, W., Starrenburg, M., Sesma, F., de Vos, W. M., de Giori, C. S. and Hugenholtz, J. 2010. Supplementation with engineered Lactococcus lactis improves the folate status in deficient rats. Nutrition, 26: 835-841.
99. Leer, R. J., van der Vossen, J. M. B. M., van Giezen, M., van Noort, J. M. and Pouwels, P. H. 1995. Genetic analysis of acidocin B, a novel bacteriocin produced by Lactobacillus acidophilus. Microbiology, 141: 1629-1635.
100. Leistner, L. 2000. Basic aspects of food preservation by hurdle technology. Int. J. Food Microbiol., 55: 181-186.
101. Levander, F. and Radström, P. 2001. Requirement for phosphoglucomutase in exopolysaccharide biosynthesis in glucose- and lactose-utilizing Streptococcus thermophilus. Appl. Environ. Microbiol, 67: 2734-2738.
102. Lin, M. Y. and Chang, F. J. 2000. Antioxidative effect of intestinal bacteria Bifidobacterium longum ATCC 15708 and Lactobacillus acidophilus ATCC 4356. Dig. Dis. Sci, 45: 1617-1622.
103. Liu, M., Siezen, R. J. and Nauta, A. 2009. In Silico prediction of horizontal gene transfer events in Lactobacillus bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus reveals proto cooperation in yogurt manufacturing. Appl. Environ. Microbiol, 75: 4120-4129.
104. López-Mendoza, M. C., Ruiz, P. and Mata, C. M. 2007. Combined effects of nisin, lactic acid and modified atmosphere packaging on the survival of Listeria monocytogenes in raw ground pork. Int. J. Food Sci. Technol, 42: 562-566.
105. Lorca, G. L., Wadström, T., Font de Valdez, G. and Ljungh, A. 2001. Lactobacillus acidophilus autolysins inhibit Helicobacter pylori in vitro. Curr. Microbiol., 42: 39-44.
106. Maeda, H., Zhu, X., Suzuki, S., Suzuki, K. and Kitamura, S. 2004. Structural characterization and biological activities of an exopolysaccharide kefiran produced by Lactobacillus kefiranofaciens WT-2BT. J. Agri. Food Chem, 52(17): 5533-5538.
107. Maqueda, M., Galvez, A., Martínez Bueno, M., Sanchez-Barrena, J., González, C., Albert, A., Rico, M. and Valdivia, E. 2004. Peptide AS-48: Prototype of a new class of cyclic bacteriocins. Curr. Protein Pept. Sci., 5: 399-416.
108. Marco, M. L., Pavan, S. and Kleerebezem, M. 2006. Towards understanding molecular modes of probiotic action. Cur. Opin. Biotechnol., 17: 204-210.
109. Marcos, B., Aymerich, T., Monfort, J. M. and Garriga, M. 2008. High-pressure processing and antimicrobial biodegradable packaging to control Listeria monocytogenes during storage of cooked ham. Food Microbiol, 25: 177-182.
110. Marshall, V. M., Dunn, H., Elvin, M., McLay, N., Yucheng Gu, Y. and Laws, A. P. 2001. Structural characterisation of the exopolysaccharide produced by Streptococcus thermophilus EU20. Carbohydrate Res, 331: 413-422.
111. Martinez-Viedma, P. 2010a. Increased inactivation of exopolysaccharide-producing Pediococcus parvulus in apple juice by combined treatment with enterocin AS-48 and high-intensity pulsed electric field. J. Food Prot, 73(1): 39-43.
112. Martínez-Viedma, P., Abriouel, H., Omar, N. B., López, R. L. and Gálvez, A. 2010b. Effect of enterocin EJ97 against Geobacillus stearothermophilus vegetative cells and endospores in canned foods and beverages. Eur. Food Res. Technol., 230(3): 513-519.
113. Martínez-Viedma, P., López, A. S., Ben Omar, N., Abriouel, H., López, R. L., Valdivia, E., Martín Belloso, O. and Gálvez, A. 2008. Enhanced bactericidal effect of enterocin AS-48 in combination with high-intensity pulsed-electric field treatment against Salmonella enterica in apple juice. Int. J. Food Microbiol, 128: 244-249.
114. McAuliffe, O., Ross, R. P. and Hill, C. 2001. Lantibiotics: Structure, biosynthesis and mode of action. FEMS Microbial. Rev., 25: 285-308.
115. McMullen, L. M. and Stiles, M. E. 1996. Potential for use of bacteriocin producing lactic acid bacteria in the preservation of meats. J. Food Prot., 59: 64-71.
116. McNamee, C., Noci, F., Cronin, D. A., Lyng, J. G., Morgan, D. J. and Scannell, A. G. 2010. PEF based hurdle strategy to control Pichia fermentans, Listeria innocua and Escherichia coli k12 in orange juice. Int. J. Food Microbiol, 138: 13-18.
117. Mendoza, F., Maqueda, M., Gálvez, A., Martínez-Bueno, M. and Valdivia, E. 1999. Antilisterial activity of peptide AS-48 and study of changes induced in the cell envelope properties of an AS-48-adapted strain of Listeria monocytogenes. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 65: 618-625.
118. Moldes, A. B., Torrado, A. M., Barral, M. T. and Domínguez, J. M. 2007. Evaluation of biosurfactant production from various agricultural residues by Lactobacillus pentosus. J. Agr. Food Chem, 55: 4481-4486.
119. Molinos, A. C., Abriouel, H., López, R. L., Ben Omar, N., Valdivia, E. and Gálvez, A. 2008. Inhibition of Bacillus cereus and Bacillus weihenstephanensis in raw vegetables by application of washing solutions containing enterocin AS-48 alone and in combination with other antimicrobials. Food Microbiol, 25: 762-770.
120. Molinos, A. C., López, R. L., Abriouel, H., Omar, N. B., Valdivia, E. and Gálvez, A. 2010. Inhibition of Salmonella enterica cells in deli-type salad by enterocin AS-48 in combination with other antimicrobials. Probiotics Antimicrobial Agent, 1(1): 85-90.
121. Moll, G. N., Konings, W. N. and Driessen, A. J. 1999. Bacteriocins: Mechanism of membrane insertion and pore formation. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek, 76: 185-198.
122. Montville, T. J. and Chen, Y. 1998. Mechanistic action of pediocin and nisin: Recent progress and unresolved questions. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 50: 511-519.
123. Morgan, S. M., Ross, R. P., Beresford, T. and Hill, C. 2000. Combination of hydrostatic pressure and lacticin 3147 causes increased killing of Staphylococcus and Listeria. J. Appl. Microbiol, 88: 414-420.
124. Mottet, C. and Michetti, P. 2005. Probiotics: Wanted dead or alive. Dig. Liver Dis., 37: 3-6.
125. Mozzi, F., Gerbino, E., Font de Valdez, G. and Torino, M. I. 2009. Functionality of exopolysaccharides produced by lactic acid bacteria in an in vitro gastric system. J. Appl. Microbiol., 107: 56-64.
126. Mozzi, F., Rollan, G., Savoy de Giori, G. and Font de Valdez, G. 2001. Effect of galactose and glucose on the exopolysaccharide production and the activities of biosynthetic enzymes in Lactobacillus casei CRL 87. J. Appl. Microbiol, 91: 160-167.
127. Mozzi, F., Savoy de Giori, D. and Font de Valdez1, G. 2003. UDP-galactose 4- epimerase: A key enzyme in exopolysaccharide formation by Lactobacillus casei CRL 87 in controlled pH batch cultures. J. Appl. Microbiol, 94: 175-183.
128. Muhamad Nor, N., Mohamad, R., Foo, H. L. and Raha Abdul Rahim, R. A. 2010. Improvement of folate biosynthesis by lactic acid bacteria using response surface methodology. Food Technol. Biotechnol, 48(2): 243-250.
129. Mulders, J. W. M., Boerrigterm, I. J., Rollema, H. S., Siezenm, R. J. and de Vos, W. M. 1991. Identification and characterization of the lantibiotic nisin Z, a structural nisin variant. Eur. J. Biochem., 201: 581-584.
130. Mulligan, C. N. 2009. Recent advances in the environmental applications of biosurfactants. Curr. Opin. Colloid Interface Sci., 14: 372-378.
131. Naim, F., Zareifard, M. R., Zhu, S., Huizing, R. H., Grabowski, S. and Marcotte, M. 2008. Combined effects of heat, nisin and acidification on the inactivation of Clostridium sporogenes spores in carrot-alginate particles: From kinetics to process validation. Food Microbiol, 25: 936-941.
132. Navarini, L., Abatangelo, A., Bertocchi, C., Conti, E., Bosco, M. and Picotti, F. 2001. Isolation and characterization of the exopolysaccharide produced by Streptococcus thermophilus SFi20. Int. J. Biol. Macromol, 28: 219-226.
133. Neilands, J. B. 1981. Microbial iron compounds. Annu. Rev. Biochem., 50: 715-731.
134. Nes, I. F., Diep, D. B., Havarstein, L. S., Brurberg, M. B., Eijsink, V. and Holo, H. 1996. Biosynthesis of bacteriocins in lactic acid bacteria. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, 70: 113-128.
135. Nes, I. F. and Holo, H. 2000. Class II antimicrobial peptides from lactic acid bacteria. Peptide Sci, 55: 50-61.
136. Nga, B. H. 2006. Genome analysis of lactic acid bacteria in food fermentations and biotechnological applications. Cur. Opin. Microbiol., 8: 307-312.
137. Nilsson, L., Chen, Y., Chikindas, M. L., Huss, H. H., Gram, L. and Montville, T. J. 2000. Carbon dioxide and nisin act synergistically on Listeria monocytogenes. Appl. Environ. Microbiol, 66: 769-774.
138. Nilsson, L., Huss, H. H. and Gram, L. 1997. Inhibition of Listeria monocytogenes on cold-smoked salmon by nisin and carbon dioxide atmosphere. Int. J. Food Microbiol., 38: 217-227.
139. 2 concentration on the growth and exopolysaccharide production of Bifidobacterium longum cultivated under anaerobic conditions. J. Biosci. Bioengi, 107(5): 535-537.
140. Nissen-Meyer, J. and Nes, I. F. 1997. Ribosomally synthesized antimicrobial peptides: Their function, structure, biogenesis, and mechanism of action. Arch. Microbiol., 167: 67-77.
141. Ojcius, D. M. and Young, J. D. 1991. Cytolytic pore-forming proteins and peptides: Is there a common structural motif?. Trends Biochem. Sci., 16: 225-229.
142. O'Sullivan, L., Ross, R. P. and Hill, C. 2002. Potential of bacteriocin-producing lactic acid bacteria for improvements in food safety and quality. Biochimie, 84: 593-604.
143. Pan, D. and Mei, X. 2010. Antioxidant activity of an exopolysaccharide purified from Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis 12. Carbohydrate Poly., 80: 908-914.
144. Parente, E., Giglio, M. A., Riccardi, A. and Clementi, F. 1998. The combined effect of nisin, leucocin F10, pH, NaCl and EDTA on the survival of Listeria monocytogenes in broth. Int. J. Food Microbiol, 40: 65-75.
145. Parikh, A. and Madamwar, D. 2006. Partial characterization of extracellular polysaccharides from Cyanobacteria. Bioresour. Technol., 97: 1822-1827.
146. Parker, R. B. 1974. Probiotics, the other half of the antibiotics story. Anim. Nut. Helath, 29: 4-8.
147. Parkinson, J. S. 1993. Signal transduction schemes of bacteria. Cell, 73: 857-871.
148. Patel, A. K., Ahire, J. J., Pawar, S. P., Chaudhari, B. L., Shouche, Y. S. and Chincholkar, S. B. 2010. Evaluation of probiotic characteristics of siderophoregenic Bacillus spp. isolated from dairy waste. Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol, 160: 140-155.
149. Patel, A. K., Deshattiwar, M. K., Chaudhari, B. L. and Chincholkar, S. B. 2009. Production, purification and chemical characterization of the catecholate siderophore from potent probiotic strains of Bacillus spp. Bioresour. Technol, 100: 368-373.
150. Pawar, D. D., Malik, S. V. S., Bhilegaonkar, K. N. and Barbuddhe, S. B. 2000. Effect of nisin and its combination with sodium chloride on the survival of Listeria monocytogenes added to raw buffalo meat mince. Meat Sci, 56: 215-219.
151. Peant, B., LaPointe, G., Gilbert, C., Atlan, D., Ward, P. and Roy, D. 2005. Comparative analysis of the exopolysaccharide biosynthesis gene clusters from four strains of Lactobacillus rhamnosus. Microbiology, 151: 1839-1851.
152. Pondy, A., Bringel, F. and Meyer, J. M. 1994. Iron requirement and search for siderophores in lactic acid bacteria. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 40: 735-739.
153. Portilla Rivera, O. M., Moldes, A. B., Torrado, A. M. and Domínguez, J. M. 2008. Stability and emulsifying capacity of biosurfactants obtained from lignocellulosic sources using Lactobacillus pentosus. J. Agric. Food Chem, 56: 8074-8080.
154. Ragazzo-Sanchez, J. A., Sanchez-Pradoa, L., Gutiérrez-Martíneza, P., Luna-Solanob, G., Gomez-Gilc, B. and Calderon-Santoyoa, M. 2009. Inhibition of Salmonella spp. isolated from mango using bacteriocin-like produced by lactobacilli. CyTA-J. Food, 7(3): 181-187.
155. Robitaille, G., Tremblay, A., Moineau, S., St-Gelais, D., Vadeboncoeur, C. and Britten, M. 2009. Fat-free yogurt made using a galactose-positive exopolysaccharide-producing recombinant strain of Streptococcus thermophilus. J. Dairy Sci, 92(2): 477-482.
156. Rodríguez, C., Van der Meulen, R., Vaningelgem, F., Font de Valdez, G., Raya, R., De Vuyst, L. and Mozzi, F. 2008. Sensitivity of capsular-producing Streptococcus thermophilus strains to bacteriophage adsorption. Lett. Appl. Microbiol, 46: 462-468.
157. Rodríguez, E., Calzada, J., Arqués, J. L., Rodríguez, J. M., Nuñez, M. and Medina, M. 2005. Antimicrobial activity of pediocin-producing Lactococcus lactis on Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli O157:H7 in cheese. Int. Dairy J, 15: 51-57.
158. Rodríguez, N., Salgado, J. M., Cortes, S. and Domínguez, J. M. 2010. Alternatives for biosurfactants and bacteriocins extraction from Lactococcus lactis cultures produced under different pH conditions. Lett. Appl. Microbiol, 51: 226-233.
159. Rodríguez-Carvajal, M. A., Ignacio Sánchez, J., Campelo, A. B., Martínez, B., Rodríguez, A. and Gil-Serrano, A. M. 2008. Structure of the high-molecular weight exopolysaccharide isolated from Lactobacillus pentosus LPS26. Carbohydrate Res, 343: 3066-3070.
160. Saarela, M., Mogensen, G., Fondén, R., Mätto, J. and Mattila-Sandholm, T. 2000. Probiotic bacteria: Safety, functional and technological properties. J. Biotechnol., 84: 197-215.
161. Sahl, H. G. and Bierbaum, G. 1998. Lantibiotics: Biosynthesis and biological activities of uniquely modified peptides from Gram-positive bacteria. Annu. Rev. Microbiol., 52: 41-79.
162. Saide, J. A. O. and Gilliland, S. E. 2005. Antioxidative activity of lactobacilli measured by oxygen radical absorbance capacity. J. Dairy Sci, 88(4): 1352-1357.
163. Saija, N., Welman, A. D. and Bennet, R. J. 2010. Development of dairy based exoploysaccharide bioingredient. Int. Diary J., 20(9): 603-608.
164. Sanchez-Medina, I., Gerrit, J. G., Zoltan, L. U. and Kamerling, J. P. 2007. Structure of a neutral exopolysaccharide produced by Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus LBB.B26. Carbohydrate Res., 342: 2430-2439.
165. Sant'Anna, V., Utpott, M., Cladera-olivera, F. and Brandelli, A. 2010. Kinetic modeling of the thermal inactivation of bacteriocin-like inhibitory substance P34. J. Agric. Food Chem., 58: 3147-3152.
166. Santos, F., Wegkamp, A., de Vos, W. M., Smid, E. J. and Hugenholtz, J. 2008. High folate production in fermented foods by the B12 producer Lactobacillus reuteri JCM1112. Appl. Environ. Microbiol, 74: 3291-3294.
167. Saravanakumari, P. and Mani, K. 2010. Structural characterization of a novel xylolipid biosurfactant from Lactococcus lactis and analysis of antibacterial activity against multi-drug resistant pathogens. Bioresour. Technol, 101: 8851-8854.
168. Satish Kumar, R. and Arul, V. 2009. Purification and characterization of Phocaecin PI80 an antilisterial bacteriocin produced by Streptococcus phocae PI80 isolated from the gut of Indian White Shrimp (Peneaus indicus). J. Microbiol. Biotechnol, 19: 1392-1400.
169. Schillinger, U., Geisen, R. and Holzapfel, W. H. 1996. Potential of antagonistic microorganisms and bacteriocins for the biological preservation of foods. Trends Food Sci. Technol., 7: 158-164.
170. Schnurer, J. and Magnusson, J. 2005. Antifungal lactic acid bacteria as biopreservatives. Trends Food Sci. Technol., 16: 1-9.
171. Semjonovs, P., Jasko, J., Auzina, L. and Zikmanis, P. 2008. The use of exopolysaccharide producing cultures of lactic acid bacteria improves the functional value of fermented foods. J. Food Technol., 6(2): 101-109.
172. Shene, C., Canquil, N., Bravo, S. and Rubilar, M. 2008. Production of the exopolysaccharides by Streptococcus thermophilus: Effect of growth conditions on fermentation kinetics and intrinsic viscosity. Int. J. Food Microbiol, 124: 279-284.
173. Simon, L., Fremaux, C., Cenatiempo, Y., Berjeaud, J. M. and Sakacin, G. 2002. A new type of antilisterial bacteriocin. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 68: 6416-6420.
174. Slock, J., Stahly, D. P., Han, C. Y., Six, E. W. and Crawford, I. P. 1990. An apparent Bacillus subtilis folic acid biosynthetic operon containing pab, an amphibolic trpG gene, a third gene required for synthesis of para-aminobenzoic acid, and the dihydropteroate synthase gene. J. Bacteriol, 172: 7211-7226.
175. Smith, L. and Hillman, J. D. 2008. Therapeutic potential of type A (I) lantibiotics, a group of cationic peptide antibiotics. Cur. Opin. Microbiol., 11: 401-408.
176. Sobrino-Lopez, A. and Martin Belloso, O. 2006. Enhancing inactivation of Staphylococcus aureus in skim milk by combining high-intensity pulsed electric fields and nisin. J. Food Prot, 69: 345-353.
177. Staaf, M., Yang, Z., Huttunen, E. and Widmalm, G. 2000. Structural elucidation of the viscous exopolysaccharide produced by Lactobacillus heleticus Lb161. Carbohydrate Res, 326: 113-119.
178. Stevens, K. A., Sheldon, B. W., Klapes, N. A. and Klaenhammer, T. R. 1991. Nisin treatment for inactivation of Salmonella species and other Gram-negative bacteria. Appl. Environ. Microbiol, 57: 3612-3615.
179. Stingele, F., Neeser, J. R. and Mollet, B. 1996. Identification and characterization of the eps (exopolysaccharide) gene cluster from Streptococcus thermophilus Sfi6. J. Bacteriol, 178: 1680-1690.
180. Sullivan, E. R. 1999. Molecular genetics of biosurfactant production. Curr. Openi. Biotechnol., 9: 263-269.
181. Sybesma, W., Starrenburg, M., Kleerebezem, M., Mierau, I., de Vos, W. M. and Hugenholtz, J. 2003. Increased production of folate by metabolic engineering of Lactococcus lactis. Appl. Environ. Microbiol, 69: 3069-3076.
182. Szabo, E. A. and Cahill, M. E. 1999. Nisin and ALTATM 2341 inhibit the growth of Listeria monocytogenes on smoked salmon packaged under vacuum or 100% CO2. Lett. Appl. Microbiol, 28: 373-377.
183. Tahara, T., Oshimura, M., Umezawa, C. and Kanatani, K. 1996. Isolation, partial characterization, and mode of action of acidocin J1132, a 2-component bacteriocin produced by Lactobacillus acidophilus JCM 1132. Appl. Environ. Microbiol, 62: 892-897.
184. Tahiri, I., Desbiens, M., Benech, R., Kheadr, E., Lacroix, C., Thibault, S., Ouellet, D. and Fliss, I. 2004. Purification, characterization and amino acid sequencing of divergicine M35: A novel class IIa bacteriocin produced by Carnobacterium divergens M35. Int. J. Food Microbiol, 97: 123-136.
185. Tejada-Simon, M. V., Ustunol, Z. and Pestka, J. J. 1999. Effects of lactic acid bacteria ingestion of basal cytokine mRNA and immunoglobulin levels in the mouse. J. Food Prot., 62: 287-291.
186. Thavasi, R., Jayalakshmi, S. and Banat, I. M. 2010. Application of biosurfactant produced from peanut oil cake by Lactobacillus delbrueckii in biodegradation of crude oil. Bioresour. Technol, 102(3): 3366-3372.
187. Thomas, L. V., Clarkson, M. R. and Delves-Broughton, J. 2000. "Nisin". In Natural Food Antimicrobial Systems, Edited by: Naidu, A. S. 463-524. Boca-Raton, FL: CRC Press.
188. Toba, T., Yoshioka, E. and Itoh, T. 1991. Acidophilucin A, a new heat-labile bacteriocin produced by Lactobacillus acidophilus LAPT 1060. Lett. Appl. Microbiol., 12: 106-108.
189. Tomar, S. K., Srivatsa, N., Iyer, R. and Singh, R. 2009. Estimation of folate production by Streptococcus themophilus using modified microbiological assay. Milchwissenshaft, 64(3): 260-263.
190. Tomita, H., Fujimoto, S., Tanimoto, K. and Ike, Y. 1996. Cloning and genetic organization of the bacteriocin 31 determinant encoded on the Enterococcus faecalis pheromone-responsive conjugative plasmid pYI17. J. Bacteriol, 178: 3585-3593.
191. Tournut, J. 1993. The digestive flora of the pig and its variations. Rec. Med. Vet., 169: 645-652.
192. Tsuda, H., Hara, K. and Miyamoto, T. 2008. Binding of mutagens to exopolysaccharide produced by Lactobacillus plantarum mutant strain 301102S. J. Dairy Sci, 91(8): 2960-2966.
193. Tuinier, R., Zoon, P., Olieman, C., Cohen Stuart, M. A., Fleer, G. J. and de Kruif, C. G. 1999. Isolation and physical characterization of an exocellular polysaccharide. Biopolymers, 49: 1-9.
194. Uskova, M. A. and Kravchenko, L. V. 2009. Antioxidant properties of lactic acid bacteria-probiotic and yogurt strains. Vopr Pitan, 78(2): 18-23.
195. Van Hamme, J. D., Singh, A. and Ward, O. P. 2006. Physiological aspects Part 1 in a series of papers devoted to surfactants in microbiology and biotechnology. Biotechnol. Adv, 24: 604-620.
196. Van Reenen, C. A., Chikindas, M. L., Van Zyl, W. H. and Dicks, L. M. T. 2003. Characterization and heterologous expression of class IIa bacteriocin, plantaricin 423 from Lactobacillus plantarum in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Int. J. Food Microbiol, 81: 29-40.
197. Vaughan, E. E., Daly, C. and Fitzgerald, G. F. 1992. Identification and characterization of helveticin V-1829, a bacteriocin produced by Lactobacillus helveticus 1829. J. Appl. Bacteriol., 73: 299-308.
198. Venema, K., Venema, G. and Kok, J. 1995. Lactococcins: Mode of action, immunity and secretion. Int. Dairy J., 5: 815-832.
199. Virtanen, T., Pihlanto, A., Akkanen, S. and Korhonen, H. 2007. Development of antioxidant activity in milk whey during fermentation with lactic acid bacteria. J. Appl. Microbiol., 102: 106-115.
200. Wang, Y., Ahmed, Z., Feng, W., Li, C. and Song, S. 2008. Physicochemical properties of exopolysaccharide produced by Lactobacillus kefiranofaciens ZW3 isolated from Tibet kefir. Int. J. Biological Macromol., 43: 283-288.
201. Wang, Y., Li, C., Liu, P., Ahmed, Z., Xiao, P. and Bai, X. 2010. Physical characterization of exopolysaccharide produced by Lactobacillus plantarum KF5 isolated from Tibet Kefir. Carbohydrate Poly, 82(3): 895-903.
202. Wang, Y. C., Yu, R. C. and Chou, C. C. 2006. Antioxidative activities of soymilk fermented with lactic acid bacteria and bifidobacteria. Food Microbiol, 23: 128-135.
203. Wegkamp, A., de Vos, W. M. and Smid, E. J. 2009. Folate overproduction in Lactobacillus plantarum WCFS1 causes methotrexate resistance. FEMS Microbiol. Let, 297: 261-265.
204. Wegkamp, A., Teusink, B., de Vos, W. M. and Smid, E. J. 2010. Development of a minimal growth medium Lactobacillus plantarum. Lett. Appl. Microbiol, 50: 57-64.
205. Wegkamp, A., van Oorschot, W., de Vos, W. M. and Smid, E. J. 2007. Characterization of the role of para-aminobenzoic acid biosynthesis in folate production by Lactococcus lactis. Appl. Environ. Microbiol, 73: 2673-2681.
206. Welman, A. D. and Maddox, I. S. 2003. Exopolysaccharides from lactic acid bactera: Perspectives and challenges. Trends Biotechnol, 21: 269-274.
207. Whitfield, C. and Paiment, A. 2003. Biosynthesis and assembly of group 1 capsular polysaccharides in Escherichia coli and related extracellular polysaccharides in other bacteria. Carbohydrate Res, 338: 2491-2502.
208. Woodruff, W. A., Novak, J. and Caufield, P. W. 1998. Sequence analysis of mutA and mutM genes involved in the biosynthesis of the lantibiotic mutacin II in Streptococcus mutans. Gene, 206: 37-43.
209. Worobo, R. W., VanBelkum, M. J., Sailer, M., Roy, K. L., Vederas, J. C. and Stiles, M. E. 1995. A signal peptide secretion-dependent bacteriocin from Carnobacterium divergens. J. Bacteriol, 177: 3143-3149.
210. Yalcin, E. and Cavusoglu, K. 2010. Structural analysis and antioxidant activity of a biosurfactant obtained from Bacillus subtilis RW-I. Turk J. Biochem, 35: 243-247.
211. Yang, Z., Li, S., Zhang, X., Zeng, X., Li, D., Zhao, Y. and Zhang, J. 2010. Capsular and slime-polysaccharide production by Lactobacillus rhamnosus JAAS8 isolated from Chinese sauerkraut: Potential application in fermented milk products. J. Biosci. Bioengin., 110(1): 53-57.
212. Yin, L. J., Wu, C. W. and Jiang, S. T. 2007. Biopreservative effect of pediocin ACCEL on refrigerated seafood. Fisheries Sci, 73: 907-912.
213. Zendo, T., Eungruttanagorn, N., Fujioka, S., Tashiro, Y., Nomura, K., Sera, Y., Kobayashi, G., Nakayama, J., Ishizaki, A. and Sonomoto, K. 2005. Identification and purification of a bacteriocin from Enterococcus muntti QU 2 isolated from soybean. J. Appl. Microbiol, 99: 1181-1190.
214. Zhu, T., Pan, Z., Domagalski, N., Koepsel, R., Ataai, M. M. and Domach, M. M. 2005. Engineering of Bacillus subtilis for enhanced total synthesis of folic acid. Appl. Environ. Microbiol, 71: 7122-7129.
215. Zisu, B. and Shah, N. D. 2005. Low fat mozzarellas as influenced by microbial exoploysaccharides, preacidification and whey protein concentrate. J. Dairy Sci., 88(6): 1973-1985.
216. Zisu, B. and Shah, N. D. 2007. Texture characterizatics and pizza bake properties of low fat mozzarella cheese as influenced by pre-acidification with citric acid and use of encapsulated and ropy exoploysaccharide producing cultures. Int. Diary J., 17(8): 985-997.
217. Zottola, E. A., Yezzi, T. L., Ajao, D. B. and Roberts, R. F. 1994. Utilization of cheddar cheese containing nisin as an antimicrobial agent in other foods. Int. J. Food Microbiol., 24: 227-238.