Chapter 4.4 The glutamatergic system as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of anxiety disorders

Handbook of Behavioral Neuroscience

Volumn 17, Issue , 2008, Pages 269-301

  Cryan, John F ^a   Dev, Kumlesh K ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY COLLEGE CORK   (Ireland)

^b UNIVERSITY COLLEGE CORK   (Ireland)

Author keywords

AMPA; animal model; fear; glutamate; mGluR; NMDA

Indexed keywords

EID: 67649708245     PISSN: 15697339     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1016/S1569-7339(07)00013-6     Document Type: Review

References (311)

1. Adamec R.E. Evidence that NMDA-dependent limbic neural plasticity in the right hemisphere mediates pharmacological stressor (FG-7142)-induced lasting increases in anxiety-like behavior. Study 1 - Role of NMDA receptors in efferent transmission from the cat amygdala. J. Psychopharmacol. 12 (1998) 122-128
2. Adriaan Bouwknecht J., Olivier B., and Paylor R.E. The stress-induced hyperthermia paradigm as a physiological animal model for anxiety: a review of pharmacological and genetic studies in the mouse. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 31 (2007) 41-59
3. Ahmadian H., Nielsen B., Brauner-Osborne H., Johansen T.N., Stensbol T.B., Slok F.A., Sekiyama N., Nakanishi S., Krogsgaard-Larsen P., and Madsen U. (S)-homo-AMPA, a specific agonist at the mGlu6 subtype of metabotropic glutamic acid receptors. J. Med. Chem. 40 (1997) 3700-3705
4. Alt A., Weiss B., Ogden A.M., Li X., Gleason S.D., Calligaro D.O., Bleakman D., and Witkin J.M. In vitro and in vivo studies in rats with LY293558 suggest AMPA/kainate receptor blockade as a novel potential mechanism for the therapeutic treatment of anxiety disorders. Psychopharmacology (Berlin) 185 (2006) 240-247
5. Alt A., Weiss B., Ornstein P.L., Gleason S.D., Bleakman D., Stratford Jr. R.E., and Witkin J.M. Anxiolytic-like effects through a GLU(K5) kainate receptor mechanism. Neuropharmacology 52 (2007) 1482-1487
6. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 4th edn (1994), American Psychiatric Press, Washington, DC
7. Ametamey S.M., Kessler L.J., Honer M., Wyss M.T., Buck A., Hintermann S., Auberson Y.P., Gasparini F., and Schubiger P.A. Radiosynthesis and preclinical evaluation of 11C-ABP688 as a probe for imaging the metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype 5. J. Nucl. Med. 47 (2006) 698-705
8. Ametamey S.M., Treyer V., Streffer J., Wyss M.T., Schmidt M., Blagoev M., Hintermann S., Auberson Y., Gasparini F., Fischer U.C., and Buck A. Human PET studies of metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype 5 with 11C-ABP688. J. Nucl. Med. 48 (2007) 247-252
9. Andlin-Sobocki P., Jonsson B., Wittchen H.U., and Olesen J. Cost of disorders of the brain in Europe. Eur. J. Neurol. 12 Suppl. 1 (2005) 1-27
10. Annoura H., Fukunaga A., Uesugi M., Tatsuoka T., and Horikawa Y. A novel class of antagonist for metabotropic glutamate receptors, 7-(hydroxyimino)cyclopropachromen-1a-carboxylates. Bioorg. Med. Chem. 6 (1996) 763-766
11. Anthony E.W., and Nevins M.E. Anxiolytic-like effects of N-methyl-d-aspartate-associated glycine receptor ligands in the rat potentiated startle test. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 250 (1993) 317-324
12. Auberson Y.P., Allgeier H., Bischoff S., Lingenhoehl K., Moretti R., and Schmutz M. 5-Phosphonomethylquinoxalinediones as competitive NMDA receptor antagonists with a preference for the human 1A/2A, rather than 1A/2B receptor composition. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 12 (2002) 1099-1102
13. Ballard T.M., Woolley M.L., Prinssen E., Huwyler J., Porter R., and Spooren W. The effect of the mGlu5 receptor antagonist MPEP in rodent tests of anxiety and cognition: a comparison. Psychopharmacology (Berlin) 179 (2005) 218-229
14. Balschun D., and Wetzel W. Inhibition of mGluR5 blocks hippocampal LTP in vivo and spatial learning in rats. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 73 (2002) 375-380
15. Bannerman D.M., Deacon R.M., Brady S., Bruce A., Sprengel R., Seeburg P.H., and Rawlins J.N. A comparison of GluR-A-deficient and wild-type mice on a test battery assessing sensorimotor, affective, and cognitive behaviors. Behav. Neurosci. 118 (2004) 643-647
16. Barad M. Fear extinction in rodents: basic insight to clinical promise. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 15 (2005) 710-715
17. Bartanusz V., Aubry J.M., Pagliusi S., Jezova D., Baffi J., and Kiss J.Z. Stress-induced changes in messenger RNA levels of N-methyl-d-aspartate and AMPA receptor subunits in selected regions of the rat hippocampus and hypothalamus. Neuroscience 66 (1995) 247-252
18. Becker A., Peters B., Schroeder H., Mann T., Huether G., and Grecksch G. Ketamine-induced changes in rat behaviour: a possible animal model of schizophrenia. Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry 27 (2003) 687-700
19. Belzung C. Rodent models of anxiety-like behaviors: are they predictive for compounds acting via non-benzodiazepine mechanisms?. Curr. Opin. Investig. Drugs. 2 (2001) 1108-1111
20. Belzung C., and Griebel G. Measuring normal and pathological anxiety-like behaviour in mice: a review. Behav. Brain. Res. 125 (2001) 141-149
21. Benquet P., Gee C.E., and Gerber U. Two distinct signaling pathways upregulate NMDA receptor responses via two distinct metabotropic glutamate receptor subtypes. J. Neurosci. 22 (2002) 9679-9686
22. Benvenga M.J., Ornstein P.L., and Leander J.D. Schedule-controlled behavioral effects of the selective 2-amino-3-(5-methyl-3-hydroxyisoxazol-4-yl)propanoic acid antagonist LY293558 in pigeons. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 275 (1995) 164-170
23. Bergink V., and Westenberg H.G. Metabotropic glutamate II receptor agonists in panic disorder: a double blind clinical trial with LY354740. Int. Clin. Psychopharmacol. 20 (2005) 291-293
24. Bergink V., van Megen H.J., and Westenberg H.G. Glutamate and anxiety. Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol. 14 (2004) 175-183
25. Bertoglio L.J., and Zangrossi Jr. H. Involvement of dorsolateral periaqueductal gray N-methyl-d-aspartic acid glutamate receptors in the regulation of risk assessment and inhibitory avoidance behaviors in the rat elevated T-maze. Behav. Pharmacol. 17 (2006) 589-596
26. Bettler B., and Mulle C. Review: neurotransmitter receptors. II. AMPA and kainate receptors. Neuropharmacology 34 (1995) 123-139
27. Borsini F., Podhorna J., and Marazziti D. Do animal models of anxiety predict anxiolytic-like effects of antidepressants?. Psychopharmacology (Berlin) 163 (2002) 121-141
28. Boyce-Rustay J.M., and Holmes A. Genetic inactivation of the NMDA receptor NR2A subunit has anxiolytic- and antidepressant-like effects in mice. Neuropsychopharmacology 31 (2006) 2405-2414
29. Bradbury M.J., Giracello D.R., Chapman D.F., Holtz G., Schaffhauser H., Rao S.P., Varney M.A., and Anderson J.J. Metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 antagonist-induced stimulation of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity: interaction with serotonergic systems. Neuropharmacology 44 (2003) 562-572
30. Brodkin J., Bradbury M., Busse C., Warren N., Bristow L.J., and Varney M.A. Reduced stress-induced hyperthermia in mGluR5 knockout mice. Eur. J. Neurosci. 16 (2002) 2241-2244
31. Brodkin J., Busse C., Sukoff S.J., and Varney M.A. Anxiolytic-like activity of the mGluR5 antagonist MPEP a comparison with diazepam and buspirone. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 73 (2002) 359-366
32. Brody S.A., Dulawa S.C., Conquet F., and Geyer M.A. Assessment of a prepulse inhibition deficit in a mutant mouse lacking mGlu5 receptors. Mol. Psychiatry 9 (2004) 35-41
33. Brody S.A., and Geyer M.A. Interactions of the mGluR5 gene with breeding and maternal factors on startle and prepulse inhibition in mice. Neurotox. Res. 6 (2004) 79-90
34. Burnashev N. Calcium permeability of glutamate-gated channels in the central nervous system. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 6 (1996) 311-317
35. Busse C.S., Brodkin J., Tattersall D., Anderson J.J., Warren N., Tehrani L., Bristow L.J., Varney M.A., and Cosford N.D. The behavioral profile of the potent and selective mGlu5 receptor antagonist 3-[(2-methyl-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)ethynyl]pyridine (MTEP) in rodent models of anxiety. Neuropsychopharmacology 29 (2004) 1971-1979
36. Callaerts-Vegh Z., Beckers T., Ball S.M., Baeyens F., Callaerts P.F., Cryan J.F., Molnar E., and D'Hooge R. Concomitant deficits in working memory and fear extinction are functionally dissociated from reduced anxiety in metabotropic glutamate receptor 7-deficient mice. J. Neurosci. 26 (2006) 6573-6582
37. Campbell U.C., Lalwani K., Hernandez L., Kinney G.G., Conn P.J., and Bristow L.J. The mGluR5 antagonist 2-methyl-6-(phenylethynyl)-pyridine (MPEP) potentiates PCP-induced cognitive deficits in rats. Psychopharmacology (Berlin) 175 (2004) 310-318
38. Campeau S., Miserendino M.J., and Davis M. Intra-amygdala infusion of the N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor antagonist AP5 blocks acquisition but not expression of fear-potentiated startle to an auditory conditioned stimulus. Behav. Neurosci. 106 (1992) 569-574
39. Cannistraro P.A., and Rauch S.L. Neural circuitry of anxiety: evidence from structural and functional neuroimaging studies. Psychopharmacol. Bull. 37 (2003) 8-25
40. Car H., Stefaniuk R., and Wisniewska R.J. Effect of MPEP in Morris water maze in adult and old rats. Pharmacol. Rep. 59 (2007) 88-93
41. Carmignoto G., and Vicini S. Activity-dependent decrease in NMDA receptor responses during development of the visual cortex. Science 258 (1992) 1007-1011
42. Cartmell J., Monn J.A., and Schoepp D.D. Tolerance to the motor impairment, but not to the reversal of PCP-induced motor activities by oral administration of the mGlu2/3 receptor agonist, LY379268. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmacol. 361 (2000) 39-46
43. Cartmell J., and Schoepp D.D. Regulation of neurotransmitter release by metabotropic glutamate receptors. J. Neurochem. 75 (2000) 889-907
44. Chaki S., Yoshikawa R., Hirota S., Shimazaki T., Maeda M., Kawashima N., Yoshimizu T., Yasuhara A., Sakagami K., Okuyama S., Nakanishi S., and Nakazato A. MGS0039: a potent and selective group II metabotropic glutamate receptor antagonist with antidepressant-like activity. Neuropharmacology 46 (2004) 457-467
45. Chojnacka-Wojcik E., Tatarczynska E., and Deren-Wesolek A. Effect of glycine on antidepressant- and anxiolytic-like action of 1-aminocyclopropanecarboxylic acid (ACPC) in rats. Pol. J. Pharmacol. 48 (1996) 627-629
46. Chojnacka-Wojcik E., Tatarczynska E., and Pilc A. The anxiolytic-like effect of metabotropic glutamate receptor antagonists after intrahippocampal injection in rats. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 319 (1997) 153-156
47. Christensen J.K., Varming T., Ahring P.K., Jorgensen T.D., and Nielsen E.O. In vitro characterization of 5-carboxyl-2,4-di-benzamidobenzoic acid (NS3763), a noncompetitive antagonist of GLUK5 receptors. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 309 (2004) 1003-1010
48. Clarke V.R., Ballyk B.A., Hoo K.H., Mandelzys A., Pellizzari A., Bath C.P., Thomas J., Sharpe E.F., Davies C.H., Ornstein P.L., Schoepp D.D., Kamboj R.K., Collingridge G.L., Lodge D., and Bleakman D. A hippocampal GluR5 kainate receptor regulating inhibitory synaptic transmission. Nature 389 (1997) 599-603
49. Clineschmidt B.V. Effect of the benzodiazepine receptor antagonist Ro 15-1788 on the anticonvulsant and anticonflict actions of MK-801. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 84 (1982) 119-121
50. Clineschmidt B.V., Williams M., Witoslawski J.J., Bunting P.R., Risley E.A., and Totaro J.A. Restoration of shock-suppressed behavior by treatment with (+)-5-methyl-10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a, d]cyclohepten-5, 10-imine (MK-801), a substance with potent anticonvulsant, central sympathomimetic, and apparent anxiolytic properties. Drug Develop. Res. 2 (1982) 147-163
51. Collado I., Pedregal C., Bueno A.B., Marcos A., Gonzalez R., Blanco-Urgoiti J., Perez-Castells J., Schoepp D.D., Wright R.A., Johnson B.G., Kingston A.E., Moher E.D., Hoard D.W., Griffey K.I., and Tizzano J.P. (2S,1′S,2′R,3′R)-2-(2′-carboxy-3′-hydroxymethylcyclopropyl) glycine is a highly potent group 2 and 3 metabotropic glutamate receptor agonist with oral activity. J. Med. Chem. 47 (2004) 456-466
52. Coric V., Taskiran S., Pittenger C., Wasylink S., Mathalon D.H., Valentine G., Saksa J., Wu Y.T., Gueorguieva R., Sanacora G., Malison R.T., and Krystal J.H. Riluzole augmentation in treatment-resistant obsessive-compulsive disorder: an open-label trial. Biol. Psychiatry 58 (2005) 424-428
53. Cortese B.M., and Phan K.L. The role of glutamate in anxiety and related disorders. CNS Spectrosc. 10 (2005) 820-830
54. Cosford N.D., Tehrani L., Roppe J., Schweiger E., Smith N.D., Anderson J., Bristow L., Brodkin J., Jiang X., McDonald I., Rao S., Washburn M., and Varney M.A. 3-[(2-Methyl-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)ethynyl]-pyridine: a potent and highly selective metabotropic glutamate subtype 5 receptor antagonist with anxiolytic activity. J. Med. Chem. 46 (2003) 204-206
55. Cratty M.S., and Birkle D.L. N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA)-mediated corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) release in cultured rat amygdala neurons. Peptides 20 (1999) 93-100
56. Crawley J.N. Whats Wrong with my mouse? Behavioral Phenotyping of Transgenic and Knockout Mice (2000), Wiley-Liss, New York
57. Cryan J.F., and Holmes A. The ascent of mouse: advances in modelling human depression and anxiety. Nat. Rev. Drug Discov. 4 (2005) 775-790
58. Cryan J.F., Kelly P.H., Neijt H.C., Sansig G., Flor P.J., and Van Der Putten H. Antidepressant and anxiolytic-like effects in mice lacking the group III metabotropic glutamate receptor mGluR7. Eur. J. Neurosci. 17 (2003) 2409-2417
59. Cryan J.F., and Mombereau C. In search of a depressed mouse: utility of models for studying depression-related behavior in genetically modified mice. Mol. Psychiatry 9 (2004) 326-357
60. Cryan J.F., Thakker D.R., and Hoyer D. Emerging use of non-viral RNA interference in the brain. Biochem. Soc. Trans. 35 (2007) 411-415
61. Curtis D.R., and Watkins J.C. Analogues of glutamic and gamma-amino-n-butyric acids having potent actions on mammalian neurones. Nature 191 (1961) 1010-1011
62. Czlonkowska A., Siemiatkowski M., and Plaznik A. Some behavioral effects of AMPA/kainate receptor agonist and antagonists. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 48 (1997) 479-488
63. Davis M. Animal models of anxiety based on classical conditioning: the conditioned emotional response (CER) and the fear-potentiated startle effect. Pharmacol. Ther. 47 (1990) 147-165
64. Davis M., Myers K.M., Chhatwal J., and Ressler K.J. Pharmacological treatments that facilitate extinction of fear: relevance to psychotherapy. NeuroRx 3 (2006) 82-96
65. Davis M., Ressler K., Rothbaum B.O., and Richardson R. Effects of d-cycloserine on extinction: translation from preclinical to clinical work. Biol. Psychiatry 60 (2006) 369-375
66. Day M., Langston R., and Morris R.G. Glutamate-receptor-mediated encoding and retrieval of paired-associate learning. Nature 424 (2003) 205-209
67. De Sarro G., Gitto R., Russo E., Ibbadu G.F., Barreca M.L., De Luca L., and Chimirri A. AMPA receptor antagonists as potential anticonvulsant drugs. Curr. Top. Med. Chem. 5 (2005) 31-42
68. De Souza Silva M.A., Marchetti L., Eisel U.L., Huston J.P., and Dere E. NR2C by NR2B subunit exchange in juvenile mice affects emotionality and 5-HT in the frontal cortex. Genes Brain. Behav. 6 (2007) 465-472
69. Depoortere R., Dargazanli G., Estenne-Bouhtou G., Coste A., Lanneau C., Desvignes C., Poncelet M., Heaulme M., Santucci V., Decobert M., Cudennec A., Voltz C., Boulay D., Terranova J.P., Stemmelin J., Roger P., Marabout B., Sevrin M., Vige X., Biton B., Steinberg R., Francon D., Alonso R., Avenet P., Oury-Donat F., Perrault G., Griebel G., George P., Soubrie P., and Scatton B. Neurochemical, electrophysiological and pharmacological profiles of the selective inhibitor of the glycine transporter-1 SSR504734, a potential new type of antipsychotic. Neuropsychopharmacology 30 (2005) 1963-1985
70. Dere E., Topic B., De Souza Silva M.A., Fink H., Buddenberg T., and Huston J.P. NMDA-receptor antagonism via dextromethorphan and ifenprodil modulates graded anxiety test performance of C57BL/6 mice. Behav. Pharmacol. 14 (2003) 245-249
71. Dev K.K., Nakanishi S., and Henley J.M. Regulation of mglu(7) receptors by proteins that interact with the intracellular C-terminus. Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 22 (2001) 355-361
72. Dev K.K., Nakanishi S., and Henley J.M. The PDZ domain of PICK1 differentially accepts protein kinase C-alpha and GluR2 as interacting ligands. J. Biol. Chem. 279 (2004) 41393-41397
73. Doherty A.J., Palmer M.J., Henley J.M., Collingridge G.L., and Jane D.E. (RS)-2-chloro-5-hydroxyphenylglycine (CHPG) activates mGlu5, but no mGlu1, receptors expressed in CHO cells and potentiates NMDA responses in the hippocampus. Neuropharmacology 36 (1997) 265-267
74. Drejer J., and Honore T. New quinoxalinediones show potent antagonism of quisqualate responses in cultured mouse cortical neurons. Neurosci. Lett. 87 (1988) 104-108
75. Dube G.R., and Marshall K.C. Modulation of excitatory synaptic transmission in locus coeruleus by multiple presynaptic metabotropic glutamate receptors. Neuroscience 80 (1997) 511-521
76. Duvoisin R.M., Zhang C., Pfankuch T.F., O'Connor H., Gayet-Primo J., Quraishi S., and Raber J. Increased measures of anxiety and weight gain in mice lacking the group III metabotropic glutamate receptor mGluR8. Eur. J. Neurosci. 22 (2005) 425-436
77. Falls W.A., Miserendino M.J., and Davis M. Extinction of fear-potentiated startle: blockade by infusion of an NMDA antagonist into the amygdala. J. Neurosci. 12 (1992) 854-863
78. Farah Jr. J.M., Rao T.S., Mick S.J., Coyne K.E., and Iyengar S. N-methyl-d-aspartate treatment increases circulating adrenocorticotropin and luteinizing hormone in the rat. Endocrinology 128 (1991) 1875-1880
79. Fendt M., and Fanselow M.S. The neuroanatomical and neurochemical basis of conditioned fear. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 23 (1999) 743-760
80. Fendt, M., Schmid, S., Thakker, D.R., Jacobson, L.H., Yamamota, R., Mitsukawa, K., Maier, R., McAllister, K.H., Hoyer, D., van der Putten, H., Cryan, J.F. and Flor, P.J. (2007) Activation of mGluR7 alters amygdala plasticity and facilitates extinction of fear memories. Mol. Psychiatry (in press).
81. Ferraguti F., and Shigemoto R. Metabotropic glutamate receptors. Cell Tissue Res. 326 (2006) 483-504
82. Finlay J.M., Zigmond M.J., and Abercrombie E.D. Increased dopamine and norepinephrine release in medial prefrontal cortex induced by acute and chronic stress: effects of diazepam. Neuroscience 64 (1995) 619-628
83. Finn D.A., Rutledge-Gorman M.T., and Crabbe J.C. Genetic animal models of anxiety. Neurogenetics 4 (2003) 109-135
84. Fitzgerald L.W., Ortiz J., Hamedani A.G., and Nestler E.J. Drugs of abuse and stress increase the expression of GluR1 and NMDAR1 glutamate receptor subunits in the rat ventral tegmental area: common adaptations among cross-sensitizing agents. J. Neurosci. 16 (1996) 274-282
85. Foster A.C., and Kemp J.A. Glutamate- and GABA-based CNS therapeutics. Curr. Opin. Pharmacol. 6 (2006) 7-17
86. Fraser C.M., Cooke M.J., Fisher A., Thompson I.D., and Stone T.W. Interactions between ifenprodil and dizocilpine on mouse behaviour in models of anxiety and working memory. Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol. 6 (1996) 311-316
87. Galici R., Jones C.K., Hemstapat K., Nong Y., Echemendia N.G., Williams L.C., de Paulis T., and Conn P.J. Biphenyl-indanone A, a positive allosteric modulator of the metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype 2, has antipsychotic- and anxiolytic-like effects in mice. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 318 (2006) 173-185
88. Gasparini F., Bruno V., Battaglia G., Lukic S., Leonhardt T., Inderbitzin W., Laurie D., Sommer B., Varney M.A., Hess S.D., Johnson E.C., Kuhn R., Urwyler S., Sauer D., Portet C., Schmutz M., Nicoletti F., and Flor P.J. (R,S)-4-phosphonophenylglycine, a potent and selective group III metabotropic glutamate receptor agonist, is anticonvulsive and neuroprotective in vivo. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 289 (1999) 1678-1687
89. Gasparini F., Kuhn R., and Pin J.P. Allosteric modulators of group I metabotropic glutamate receptors: novel subtype-selective ligands and therapeutic perspectives. Curr. Opin. Pharmacol. 2 (2002) 43-49
90. Gasparini F., Lingenhohl K., Stoehr N., Flor P.J., Heinrich M., Vranesic I., Biollaz M., Allgeier H., Heckendorn R., Urwyler S., Varney M.A., Johnson E.C., Hess S.D., Rao S.P., Sacaan A.I., Santori E.M., Velicelebi G., and Kuhn R. 2-Methyl-6-(phenylethynyl)-pyridine (MPEP), a potent, selective and systemically active mGlu5 receptor antagonist. Neuropharmacology 38 (1999) 1493-1503
91. Geller I., and Seifter S. The effects of meprobamate, barbiturate, d-amphetamine and promazine on experimentally induced conflict in the rat. Psychopharmacologia 1 (1960) 482-492
92. Gewirtz J.C., and Davis M. Second-order fear conditioning prevented by blocking NMDA receptors in amygdala. Nature 388 (1997) 471-474
93. Gillespie C.F., and Ressler K.J. Emotional learning and glutamate: translational perspectives. CNS Spectrosc. 10 (2005) 831-839
94. Gladstone D.J., Black S.E., and Hakim A.M. Toward wisdom from failure: lessons from neuroprotective stroke trials and new therapeutic directions. Stroke 33 (2002) 2123-2136
95. Gogas K.R. Glutamate-based therapeutic approaches: NR2B receptor antagonists. Curr. Opin. Pharmacol. 6 (2006) 68-74
96. Gorman J.M., Kent J.M., and Coplan J.D. Current and emerging therapeutics of anxiety and stress disorders. In: Davis K.L., Charney D.S., and Nemeroff C.B. (Eds). Neuropschopharmacology: The Fifth Generation of Progress (2002), Lipincott Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia 967-980
97. Graeff F., and Zangrossi Jr. H. Animal Models of Anxiety Disorders. In: D'haene H., den Boer J.A., and Willner P. (Eds). Biological Psychiatry (2002), Wiley Brothers, London 877-893
98. Grillon C., Cordova J., Levine L.R., and Morgan III C.A. Anxiolytic effects of a novel group II metabotropic glutamate receptor agonist (LY354740) in the fear-potentiated startle paradigm in humans. Psychopharmacology (Berlin) 168 (2003) 446-454
99. Guimaraes F.S., Carobrez A.P., De Aguiar J.C., and Graeff F.G. Anxiolytic effect in the elevated plus-maze of the NMDA receptor antagonist AP7 microinjected into the dorsal periaqueductal grey. Psychopharmacology (Berlin) 103 (1991) 91-94
100. Helton D.R., Tizzano J.P., Monn J.A., Schoepp D.D., and Kallman M.J. Anxiolytic and side-effect profile of LY354740: a potent, highly selective, orally active agonist for group II metabotropic glutamate receptors. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 284 (1998) 651-660
101. Henley J.M. Kainate-binding proteins: phylogeny, structures and possible functions. Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 15 (1994) 182-190
102. Hestrin S. Developmental regulation of NMDA receptor-mediated synaptic currents at a central synapse. Nature 357 (1992) 686-689
103. Higgins G.A., Ballard T.M., Kew J.N., Richards J.G., Kemp J.A., Adam G., Woltering T., Nakanishi S., and Mutel V. Pharmacological manipulation of mGlu2 receptors influences cognitive performance in the rodent. Neuropharmacology 46 (2004) 907-917
104. Hintermann S., Vranesic I., Allgeier H., Brulisauer A., Hoyer D., Lemaire M., Moenius T., Urwyler S., Whitebread S., Gasparini F., and Auberson Y.P. ABP688, a novel selective and high affinity ligand for the labeling of mGlu5 receptors: identification, in vitro pharmacology, pharmacokinetic and biodistribution studies. Bioorg. Med. Chem. 15 (2007) 903-914
105. Holden C. Psychiatric drugs. Excited by glutamate. Science 300 (2003) 1866-1868
106. Hollmann M., and Heinemann S. Cloned glutamate receptors. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 17 (1994) 31-108
107. Hollmann M., O'Shea-Greenfield A., Rogers S.W., and Heinemann S. Cloning by functional expression of a member of the glutamate receptor family. Nature 342 (1989) 643-648
108. Holmes A. Targeted gene mutation approaches to the study of anxiety-like behavior in mice. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 25 (2001) 261-273
109. Holmes A., Lachowicz J.E., and Sibley D.R. Phenotypic analysis of dopamine receptor knockout mice; recent insights into the functional specificity of dopamine receptor subtypes. Neuropharmacology 47 (2004) 1117-1134
110. Homayoun H., Stefani M.R., Adams B.W., Tamagan G.D., and Moghaddam B. Functional interaction between NMDA and mGlu5 receptors: effects on working memory, instrumental learning, motor behaviors, and dopamine release. Neuropsychopharmacology 29 (2004) 1259-1269
111. Iijima M., Shimazaki T., Ito A., and Chaki S. Effects of metabotropic glutamate 2/3 receptor antagonists in the stress-induced hyperthermia test in singly housed mice. Psychopharmacology (Berlin) 190 (2007) 233-239
112. Ikonomidou C., and Turski L. Why did NMDA receptor antagonists fail clinical trials for stroke and traumatic brain injury?. Lancet Neurol. 1 (2002) 383-386
113. Ito I., Tanabe S., Kohda A., and Sugiyama H. Allosteric potentiation of quisqualate receptors by a nootropic drug aniracetam. J. Physiol. 424 (1990) 533-543
114. Jacobson L.H., Bettler B., Kaupmann K., and Cryan J.F. Behavioral evaluation of mice deficient in GABA(B(1)) receptor isoforms in tests of unconditioned anxiety. Psychopharmacology (Berlin) 190 (2007) 541-553
115. Jane D.E., Jones P.L., Pook P.C., Tse H.W., and Watkins J.C. Actions of two new antagonists showing selectivity for different sub-types of metabotropic glutamate receptor in the neonatal rat spinal cord. Br. J. Pharmacol. 112 (1994) 809-816
116. Jingami H. Structural and biochemical views of metabotropic glutamate receptor activation. J. Mol. Neurosci. 26 (2005) 123-124
117. Joanny P., Steinberg J., Oliver C., and Grino M. Glutamate and N-methyl-d-aspartate stimulate rat hypothalamic corticotropin-releasing factor secretion in vitro. J. Neuroendocrinol. 9 (1997) 93-97
118. Johnson M.P., Baez M., Jagdmann Jr. G.E., Britton T.C., Large T.H., Callagaro D.O., Tizzano J.P., Monn J.A., and Schoepp D.D. Discovery of allosteric potentiators for the metabotropic glutamate 2 receptor: synthesis and subtype selectivity of N-(4-(2-methoxyphenoxy)phenyl)-N-(2,2,2-trifluoroethylsulfonyl)pyrid-3-ylmethylamine. J. Med. Chem. 46 (2003) 3189-3192
119. Johnson M.P., Barda D., Britton T.C., Emkey R., Hornback W.J., Jagdmann G.E., McKinzie D.L., Nisenbaum E.S., Tizzano J.P., and Schoepp D.D. Metabotropic glutamate 2 receptor potentiators: receptor modulation, frequency-dependent synaptic activity, and efficacy in preclinical anxiety and psychosis model(s). Psychopharmacology (Berlin) 179 (2005) 271-283
120. Johnson M.P., and Chamberlain M. Modulation of stress-induced and stimulated hyperprolactinemia with the group II metabotropic glutamate receptor selective agonist, LY379268. Neuropharmacology 43 (2002) 799-808
121. Johnson M.P., Kelly G., and Chamberlain M. Changes in rat serum corticosterone after treatment with metabotropic glutamate receptor agonists or antagonists. J. Neuroendocrinol. 13 (2001) 670-677
122. Johnson P.L., and Shekhar A. Panic-prone state induced in rats with GABA dysfunction in the dorsomedial hypothalamus is mediated by NMDA receptors. J. Neurosci. 26 (2006) 7093-7104
123. Karcz-Kubicha M., Jessa M., Nazar M., Plaznik A., Hartmann S., Parsons C.G., and Danysz W. Anxiolytic activity of glycine-B antagonists and partial agonists - no relation to intrinsic activity in the patch clamp. Neuropharmacology 36 (1997) 1355-1367
124. Kehne J.H., McCloskey T.C., Baron B.M., Chi E.M., Harrison B.L., Whitten J.P., and Palfreyman M.G. NMDA receptor complex antagonists have potential anxiolytic effects as measured with separation-induced ultrasonic vocalizations. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 193 (1991) 283-292
125. Keinanen K., Wisden W., Sommer B., Werner P., Herb A., Verdoorn T.A., Sakmann B., and Seeburg P.H. A family of AMPA-selective glutamate receptors. Science 249 (1990) 556-560
126. Kellner M., Muhtz C., Stark K., Yassouridis A., Arlt J., and Wiedemann K. Effects of a metabotropic glutamate(2/3) receptor agonist (LY544344/LY354740) on panic anxiety induced by cholecystokinin tetrapeptide in healthy humans: preliminary results. Psychopharmacology (Berlin) 179 (2005) 310-315
127. Kemp J.A., and McKernan R.M. NMDA receptor pathways as drug targets. Nat. Neurosci. 5 Suppl. (2002) 1039-1042
128. Kessler R.C., and Greenberg P.E. The economic burden of anxiety and stress disorders. In: Davis K., Charney D., Coyle J., and Nemeroff C. (Eds). Neuropschopharmacology: The Fifth Generation of Progress (2002), Lipincott Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia 981-992
129. Kew J.N. Positive and negative allosteric modulation of metabotropic glutamate receptors: emerging therapeutic potential. Pharmacol. Ther. 104 (2004) 233-244
130. Kew J.N., and Kemp J.A. Ionotropic and metabotropic glutamate receptor structure and pharmacology. Psychopharmacology (Berlin) 179 (2005) 4-29
131. Kew J.N., Koester A., Moreau J.L., Jenck F., Ouagazzal A.M., Mutel V., Richards J.G., Trube G., Fischer G., Montkowski A., Hundt W., Reinscheid R.K., Pauly-Evers M., Kemp J.A., and Bluethmann H. Functional consequences of reduction in NMDA receptor glycine affinity in mice carrying targeted point mutations in the glycine binding site. J. Neurosci. 20 (2000) 4037-4049
132. Kim M., Campeau S., Falls W.A., and Davis M. Infusion of the non-NMDA receptor antagonist CNQX into the amygdala blocks the expression of fear-potentiated startle. Behav. Neural. Biol. 59 (1993) 5-8
133. Kingston A.E., Ornstein P.L., Wright R.A., Johnson B.G., Mayne N.G., Burnett J.P., Belagaje R., Wu S., and Schoepp D.D. LY341495 is a nanomolar potent and selective antagonist of group II metabotropic glutamate receptors. Neuropharmacology 37 (1998) 1-12
134. Kishimoto Y., Kawahara S., Kirino Y., Kadotani H., Nakamura Y., Ikeda M., and Yoshioka T. Conditioned eyeblink response is impaired in mutant mice lacking NMDA receptor subunit NR2A. Neuroreport 8 (1997) 3717-3721
135. Kiyama Y., Manabe T., Sakimura K., Kawakami F., Mori H., and Mishina M. Increased thresholds for long-term potentiation and contextual learning in mice lacking the NMDA-type glutamate receptor epsilon1 subunit. J. Neurosci. 18 (1998) 6704-6712
136. Klodzinska A., Chojnacka-Wojcik E., Palucha A., Branski P., Popik P., and Pilc A. Potential anti-anxiety, anti-addictive effects of LY 354740, a selective group II glutamate metabotropic receptors agonist in animal models. Neuropharmacology 38 (1999) 1831-1839
137. Klodzinska A., Tatarczynska E., Chojnacka-Wojcik E., Nowak G., Cosford N.D., and Pilc A. Anxiolytic-like effects of MTEP, a potent and selective mGlu5 receptor agonist does not involve GABA(A) signaling. Neuropharmacology 47 (2004) 342-350
138. Klodzinska A., Tatarczynska E., Stachowicz K., and Chojnacka-Wojcik E. The anxiolytic-like activity of AIDA (1-aminoindan-1,5-dicarboxylic acid), an mGLu 1 receptor antagonist. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 55 (2004) 113-126
139. Kniazeff J., Bessis A.S., Maurel D., Ansanay H., Prezeau L., and Pin J.P. Closed state of both binding domains of homodimeric mGlu receptors is required for full activity. Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol. 11 (2004) 706-713
140. Knoflach F., Mutel V., Jolidon S., Kew J.N., Malherbe P., Vieira E., Wichmann J., and Kemp J.A. Positive allosteric modulators of metabotropic glutamate 1 receptor: characterization, mechanism of action, and binding site. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98 (2001) 13402-13407
141. Koek W., and Colpaert F.C. Use of a conflict procedure in pigeons to characterize anxiolytic drug activity: evaluation of N-methyl-d-aspartate antagonists. Life Sci. 49 (1991) PL37-PL42
142. Kotlinska J., and Liljequist S. The putative AMPA receptor antagonist, LY326325, produces anxiolytic-like effects without altering locomotor activity in rats. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 60 (1998) 119-124
143. Krugers H.J., Koolhaas J.M., Bohus B., and Korf J. A single social stress-experience alters glutamate receptor-binding in rat hippocampal CA3 area. Neurosci. Lett. 154 (1993) 73-77
144. Kugaya A., and Sanacora G. Beyond monoamines: glutamatergic function in mood disorders. CNS Spectrosc. 10 (2005) 808-819
145. Kushner M.G., Kim S.W., Donahue C., Thuras P., Adson D., Kotlyar M., McCabe J., Peterson J., and Foa E.B. d-cycloserine augmented exposure therapy for obsessive-compulsive disorder. Biol. Psychiatry 62 (2007) 835-838
146. Lang P.J., Davis M., and Ohman A. Fear and anxiety: animal models and human cognitive psychophysiology. J. Affect. Disord. 61 (2000) 137-159
147. Ledgerwood L., Richardson R., and Cranney J. d-cycloserine facilitates extinction of learned fear: effects on reacquisition and generalized extinction. Biol. Psychiatry 57 (2005) 841-847
148. LeDoux J.E. Emotion circuits in the brain. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 23 (2000) 155-184
149. Lees G.J. Pharmacology of AMPA/kainate receptor ligands and their therapeutic potential in neurological and psychiatric disorders. Drugs 59 (2000) 33-78
150. Lerma J., Paternain A.V., Rodriguez-Moreno A., and Lopez-Garcia J.C. Molecular physiology of kainate receptors. Physiol. Rev. 81 (2001) 971-998
151. Li X., Inouei T., Abekawai T., YiRui F., and Koyama T. Effect of MS-153 on the acquisition and expression of conditioned fear in rats. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 505 (2004) 145-149
152. Liang K.C., Hon W., and Davis M. Pre- and posttraining infusion of N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor antagonists into the amygdala impair memory in an inhibitory avoidance task. Behav. Neurosci. 108 (1994) 241-253
153. Linden A.M., Baez M., Bergeron M., and Schoepp D.D. Effects of mGlu2 or mGlu3 receptor deletions on mGlu2/3 receptor agonist (LY354740)-induced brain c-Fos expression: specific roles for mGlu2 in the amygdala and subcortical nuclei, and mGlu3 in the hippocampus. Neuropharmacology 51 (2006) 213-228
154. Linden A.M., Bergeron M., and Schoepp D.D. Comparison of c-Fos induction in the brain by the mGlu2/3 receptor antagonist LY341495 and agonist LY354740: evidence for widespread endogenous tone at brain mGlu2/3 receptors in vivo. Neuropharmacology 49 Suppl. 1 (2005) 120-134
155. Linden A.M., Greene S.J., Bergeron M., and Schoepp D.D. Anxiolytic activity of the MGLU2/3 receptor agonist LY354740 on the elevated plus maze is associated with the suppression of stress-induced c-Fos in the hippocampus and increases in c-Fos induction in several other stress-sensitive brain regions. Neuropsychopharmacology 29 (2004) 502-513
156. Linden A.M., Johnson B.G., Peters S.C., Shannon H.E., Tian M., Wang Y., Yu J.L., Koster A., Baez M., and Schoepp D.D. Increased anxiety-related behavior in mice deficient for metabotropic glutamate 8 (mGlu8) receptor. Neuropharmacology 43 (2002) 251-259
157. Linden A.M., Shannon H., Baez M., Yu J.L., Koester A., and Schoepp D.D. Anxiolytic-like activity of the mGLU2/3 receptor agonist LY354740 in the elevated plus maze test is disrupted in metabotropic glutamate receptor 2 and 3 knock-out mice. Psychopharmacology (Berlin) 179 (2005) 284-291
158. Litvin Y., Blanchard D.C., and Blanchard R.J. Rat 22kHz ultrasonic vocalizations as alarm cries. Behav. Brain. Res. 182 (2007) 166-172
159. Lu Y.M., Jia Z., Janus C., Henderson J.T., Gerlai R., Wojtowicz J.M., and Roder J.C. Mice lacking metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 show impaired learning and reduced CA1 long-term potentiation (LTP) but normal CA3 LTP. J. Neurosci. 17 (1997) 5196-5205
160. Maj M., Bruno V., Dragic Z., Yamamoto R., Battaglia G., Inderbitzin W., Stoehr N., Stein T., Gasparini F., Vranesic I., Kuhn R., Nicoletti F., and Flor P.J. (-)-PHCCC, a positive allosteric modulator of mGluR4: characterization, mechanism of action, and neuroprotection. Neuropharmacology 45 (2003) 895-906
161. Malayev A., Gibbs T.T., and Farb D.H. Inhibition of the NMDA response by pregnenolone sulphate reveals subtype selective modulation of NMDA receptors by sulphated steroids. Br. J. Pharmacol. 135 (2002) 901-909
162. Mannaioni G., Marino M.J., Valenti O., Traynelis S.F., and Conn P.J. Metabotropic glutamate receptors 1 and 5 differentially regulate CA1 pyramidal cell function. J. Neurosci. 21 (2001) 5925-5934
163. Maren S. Long-term potentiation in the amygdala: a mechanism for emotional learning and memory. Trends Neurosci. 22 (1999) 561-567
164. Maren S. Neurobiology of Pavlovian fear conditioning. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 24 (2001) 897-931
165. Marino M.J., and Conn P.J. Glutamate-based therapeutic approaches: allosteric modulators of metabotropic glutamate receptors. Curr. Opin. Pharmacol. 6 (2006) 98-102
166. Matheus M.G., and Guimaraes F.S. Antagonism of non-NMDA receptors in the dorsal periaqueductal grey induces anxiolytic effect in the elevated plus maze. Psychopharmacology (Berlin) 132 (1997) 14-18
167. Mathew S.J., Amiel J.M., Coplan J.D., Fitterling H.A., Sackeim H.A., and Gorman J.M. Open-label trial of riluzole in generalized anxiety disorder. Am. J. Psychiatry 162 (2005) 2379-2381
168. Mathiesen J.M., Svendsen N., Brauner-Osborne H., Thomsen C., and Ramirez M.T. Positive allosteric modulation of the human metabotropic glutamate receptor 4 (hmGluR4) by SIB-1893 and MPEP. Br. J. Pharmacol. 138 (2003) 1026-1030
169. Mead A.N., Morris H.V., Dixon C.I., Rulten S.L., Mayne L.V., Zamanillo D., and Stephens D.N. AMPA receptor GluR2, but not GluR1, subunit deletion impairs emotional response conditioning in mice. Behav. Neurosci. 120 (2006) 241-248
170. Menard J., and Treit D. Intra-septal infusions of excitatory amino acid receptor antagonists have differential effects in two animal models of anxiety. Behav. Pharmacol. 11 (2000) 99-108
171. Miczek K.A., Weerts E.M., Vivian J.A., and Barros H.M. Aggression, anxiety and vocalizations in animals: GABAA and 5-HT anxiolytics. Psychopharmacology (Berlin) 121 (1995) 38-56
172. Mikolajczak P., Okulicz-Kozaryn I., Kaminska E., Szulc M., Dyr W., and Kostowski W. Lack of ifenprodil anxiolytic activity after its multiple treatment in chronically ethanol-treated rats. Alcohol 38 (2003) 310-315
173. Millan M.J. The neurobiology and control of anxious states. Prog. Neurobiol. 70 (2003) 83-244
174. Millan M.J., and Brocco M. The Vogel conflict test: procedural aspects, gamma-aminobutyric acid, glutamate and monoamines. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 463 (2003) 67-96
175. Miserendino M.J., Sananes C.B., Melia K.R., and Davis M. Blocking of acquisition but not expression of conditioned fear-potentiated startle by NMDA antagonists in the amygdala. Nature 345 (1990) 716-718
176. Mitsukawa K., Yamamoto R., Ofner S., Nozulak J., Pescott O., Lukic S., Stoehr N., Mombereau C., Kuhn R., McAllister K.H., van der Putten H., Cryan J.F., and Flor P.J. A selective metabotropic glutamate receptor 7 agonist: activation of receptor signaling via an allosteric site modulates stress parameters in vivo. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 102 (2005) 18712-18717
177. Moghaddam B. Stress preferentially increases extraneuronal levels of excitatory amino acids in the prefrontal cortex: comparison to hippocampus and basal ganglia. J. Neurochem. 60 (1993) 1650-1657
178. Moghaddam B., Bolinao M.L., Stein-Behrens B., and Sapolsky R. Glucocorticoids mediate the stress-induced extracellular accumulation of glutamate. Brain Res. 655 (1994) 251-254
179. Molchanov M.L., and Guimaraes F.S. Anxiolytic-like effects of AP7 injected into the dorsolateral or ventrolateral columns of the periaqueductal gray of rats. Psychopharmacology (Berlin) 160 (2002) 30-38
180. Molina-Hernandez M., Tellez-Alcantara N.P., Perez-Garcia J., Olivera-Lopez J.I., and Jaramillo M.T. Antidepressant-like and anxiolytic-like actions of the mGlu5 receptor antagonist MTEP, microinjected into lateral septal nuclei of male Wistar rats. Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry 30 (2006) 1129-1135
181. Monn J.A., Valli M.J., Massey S.M., Wright R.A., Salhoff C.R., Johnson B.G., Howe T., Alt C.A., Rhodes G.A., Robey R.L., Griffey K.R., Tizzano J.P., Kallman M.J., Helton D.R., and Schoepp D.D. Design, synthesis, and pharmacological characterization of (+)-2-aminobicyclo[3.1.0]hexane-2,6-dicarboxylic acid (LY354740): a potent, selective, and orally active group 2 metabotropic glutamate receptor agonist possessing anticonvulsant and anxiolytic properties. J. Med. Chem. 40 (1997) 528-537
182. Monyer H., Burnashev N., Laurie D.J., Sakmann B., and Seeburg P.H. Developmental and regional expression in the rat brain and functional properties of four NMDA receptors. Neuron 12 (1994) 529-540
183. Monyer H., Sprengel R., Schoepfer R., Herb A., Higuchi M., Lomeli H., Burnashev N., Sakmann B., and Seeburg P.H. Heteromeric NMDA receptors: molecular and functional distinction of subtypes. Science 256 (1992) 1217-1221
184. More J.C., Nistico R., Dolman N.P., Clarke V.R., Alt A.J., Ogden A.M., Buelens F.P., Troop H.M., Kelland E.E., Pilato F., Bleakman D., Bortolotto Z.A., Collingridge G.L., and Jane D.E. Characterisation of UBP296: a novel, potent and selective kainate receptor antagonist. Neuropharmacology 47 (2004) 46-64
185. Moriya T., Kouzu Y., Shibata S., Kadotani H., Fukunaga K., Miyamoto E., and Yoshioka T. Close linkage between calcium/calmodulin kinase II alpha/beta and NMDA-2A receptors in the lateral amygdala and significance for retrieval of auditory fear conditioning. Eur. J. Neurosci. 12 (2000) 3307-3314
186. Muir K.W. Glutamate-based therapeutic approaches: clinical trials with NMDA antagonists. Curr. Opin. Pharmacol. 6 (2006) 53-60
187. Myers K.M., and Davis M. Mechanisms of fear extinction. Mol. Psychiatry 12 (2007) 120-150
188. Naie K., and Manahan-Vaughan D. Regulation by metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 of LTP in the dentate gyrus of freely moving rats: relevance for learning and memory formation. Cereb. Cortex 14 (2004) 189-198
189. Nakanishi S. Metabotropic glutamate receptors: synaptic transmission, modulation, and plasticity. Neuron 13 (1994) 1031-1037
190. Nakanishi S., and Masu M. Molecular diversity and functions of glutamate receptors. Annu. Rev. Biophys. Biomol. Struct. 23 (1994) 319-348
191. Nemeroff C.B. Anxiolytics: past, present, and future agents. J. Clin. Psychiatry 64 Suppl. 3 (2003) 3-6
192. Nordquist R.E., Durkin S., Jaeschke G., and Spooren W. Stress-induced hyperthermia: Effects of acute and repeated dosing of MPEP. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 568 (2007) 198-202
193. O'Brien J.A., Lemaire W., Chen T.B., Chang R.S., Jacobson M.A., Ha S.N., Lindsley C.W., Schaffhauser H.J., Sur C., Pettibone D.J., Conn P.J., and Williams Jr. D.L. A family of highly selective allosteric modulators of the metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype 5. Mol. Pharmacol. 64 (2003) 731-740
194. O'Brien J.A., Lemaire W., Wittmann M., Jacobson M.A., Ha S.N., Wisnoski D.D., Lindsley C.W., Schaffhauser H.J., Rowe B., Sur C., Duggan M.E., Pettibone D.J., Conn P.J., and Williams Jr. D.L. A novel selective allosteric modulator potentiates the activity of native metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype 5 in rat forebrain. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 309 (2004) 568-577
195. Ohishi H., Neki A., and Mizuno N. Distribution of a metabotropic glutamate receptor, mGluR2, in the central nervous system of the rat and mouse: an immunohistochemical study with a monoclonal antibody. Neurosci. Res. 30 (1998) 65-82
196. Ohishi H., Shigemoto R., Nakanishi S., and Mizuno N. Distribution of the messenger RNA for a metabotropic glutamate receptor, mGluR2, in the central nervous system of the rat. Neuroscience 53 (1993) 1009-1018
197. Ohishi H., Shigemoto R., Nakanishi S., and Mizuno N. Distribution of the mRNA for a metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR3) in the rat brain: an in situ hybridization study. J. Comp. Neurol. 335 (1993) 252-266
198. Okabe S., Collin C., Auerbach J.M., Meiri N., Bengzon J., Kennedy M.B., Segal M., and McKay R.D. Hippocampal synaptic plasticity in mice overexpressing an embryonic subunit of the NMDA receptor. J. Neurosci. 18 (1998) 4177-4188
199. Ozawa S., Kamiya H., and Tsuzuki K. Glutamate receptors in the mammalian central nervous system. Prog. Neurobiol. 54 (1998) 581-618
200. Page M.E., Szeliga P., Gasparini F., and Cryan J.F. Blockade of the mGlu5 receptor decreases basal and stress-induced cortical norepinephrine in rodents. Psychopharmacology (Berlin) 179 (2005) 240-246
201. Palucha A., Tatarczynska E., Branski P., Szewczyk B., Wieronska J.M., Klak K., Chojnacka-Wojcik E., Nowak G., and Pilc A. Group III mGlu receptor agonists produce anxiolytic- and antidepressant-like effects after central administration in rats. Neuropharmacology 46 (2004) 151-159
202. Partin K.M., Patneau D.K., Winters C.A., Mayer M.L., and Buonanno A. Selective modulation of desensitization at AMPA versus kainate receptors by cyclothiazide and concanavalin A. Neuron 11 (1993) 1069-1082
203. Pavlov I.P. Conditioned reflexes: an investigation of the physiological activity of the cerebral cortex (1927), Oxford University Press, London
204. Pechnick R.N., George R., and Poland R.E. MK-801 stimulates the release of adrenocorticotrophin but not does affect the release of prolactin in the rat. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 141 (1987) 323-324
205. Perez de la Mora M., Lara-Garcia D., Jacobsen K.X., Vazquez-Garcia M., Crespo-Ramirez M., Flores-Gracia C., Escamilla-Marvan E., and Fuxe K. Anxiolytic-like effects of the selective metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 antagonist MPEP after its intra-amygdaloid microinjection in three different non-conditioned rat models of anxiety. Eur. J. Neurosci. 23 (2006) 2749-2759
206. Petersen S., Bomme C., Baastrup C., Kemp A., and Christoffersen G.R. Differential effects of mGluR1 and mGlur5 antagonism on spatial learning in rats. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 73 (2002) 381-389
207. Pfaff D. Precision in mouse behavior genetics. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98 (2001) 5957-5960
208. Phelps E.A., and LeDoux J.E. Contributions of the amygdala to emotion processing: from animal models to human behavior. Neuron 48 (2005) 175-187
209. Pickering C., Gustafsson L., Cebere A., Nylander I., and Liljequist S. Repeated maternal separation of male Wistar rats alters glutamate receptor expression in the hippocampus but not the prefrontal cortex. Brain Res. 1099 (2006) 101-108
210. Pietersen C.Y., Bosker F.J., Postema F., Fokkema D.S., Korf J., and den Boer J.A. Ketamine administration disturbs behavioural and distributed neural correlates of fear conditioning in the rat. Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry 30 (2006) 1209-1218
211. Pietraszek M., Sukhanov I., Maciejak P., Szyndler J., Gravius A., Wislowska A., Plaznik A., Bespalov A.Y., and Danysz W. Anxiolytic-like effects of mGlu1 and mGlu5 receptor antagonists in rats. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 514 (2005) 25-34
212. Pilc A., Klodzinska A., Branski P., Nowak G., Palucha A., Szewczyk B., Tatarczynska E., Chojnacka-Wojcik E., and Wieronska J.M. Multiple MPEP administrations evoke anxiolytic- and antidepressant-like effects in rats. Neuropharmacology 43 (2002) 181-187
213. Pin J.P., and Acher F. The metabotropic glutamate receptors: structure, activation mechanism and pharmacology. Curr. Drug Targets CNS Neurol. Disord. 1 (2002) 297-317
214. Pin J.P., and Duvoisin R. The metabotropic glutamate receptors: structure and functions. Neuropharmacology 34 (1995) 1-26
215. Plaznik A., Palejko W., Nazar M., and Jessa M. Effects of antagonists at the NMDA receptor complex in two models of anxiety. Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol. 4 (1994) 503-512
216. Poleszak E., Szewczyk B., Kedzierska E., Wlaz P., Pilc A., and Nowak G. Antidepressant- and anxiolytic-like activity of magnesium in mice. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 78 (2004) 7-12
217. Porter R.H., Jaeschke G., Spooren W., Ballard T.M., Buttelmann B., Kolczewski S., Peters J.U., Prinssen E., Wichmann J., Vieira E., Muhlemann A., Gatti S., Mutel V., and Malherbe P. Fenobam: a clinically validated nonbenzodiazepine anxiolytic is a potent, selective, and noncompetitive mGlu5 receptor antagonist with inverse agonist activity. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 315 (2005) 711-721
218. Przegalinski E., Tatarczynska E., Deren-Wesolek A., and Chojnacka-Wojcik E. Anticonflict effects of a competitive NMDA receptor antagonist and a partial agonist at strychnine-insensitive glycine receptors. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 54 (1996) 73-77
219. Przegalinski E., Tatarczynska E., Klodzinska A., and Chojnacka-Wojcik E. Tolerance to anxiolytic- and antidepressant-like effects of a partial agonist of glycineB receptors. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 64 (1999) 461-466
220. 2+ release and inward currents in hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons. Neuropharmacology 46 (2004) 1057-1069
221. Rainnie D.G., Bergeron R., Sajdyk T.J., Patil M., Gehlert D.R., and Shekhar A. Corticotrophin releasing factor-induced synaptic plasticity in the amygdala translates stress into emotional disorders. J. Neurosci. 24 (2004) 3471-3479
222. Ransom R.W., and Stec N.L. Cooperative modulation of [3H]MK-801 binding to the N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor-ion channel complex by l-glutamate, glycine, and polyamines. J. Neurochem. 51 (1988) 830-836
223. Ressler K.J., Rothbaum B.O., Tannenbaum L., Anderson P., Graap K., Zimand E., Hodges L., and Davis M. Cognitive enhancers as adjuncts to psychotherapy: use of d-cycloserine in phobic individuals to facilitate extinction of fear. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 61 (2004) 1136-1144
224. Riedel G., Casabona G., Platt B., Macphail E.M., and Nicoletti F. Fear conditioning-induced time- and subregion-specific increase in expression of mGlu5 receptor protein in rat hippocampus. Neuropharmacology 39 (2000) 1943-1951
225. Riedel G., Platt B., and Micheau J. Glutamate receptor function in learning and memory. Behav. Brain Res. 140 (2003) 1-47
226. Robbins M.J., Starr K.R., Honey A., Soffin E.M., Rourke C., Jones G.A., Kelly F.M., Strum J., Melarange R.A., Harris A.J., Rocheville M., Rupniak T., Murdock P.R., Jones D.N., Kew J.N., and Maycox P.R. Evaluation of the mGlu8 receptor as a putative therapeutic target in schizophrenia. Brain Res. 1152 (2007) 215-227
227. Rodgers R.J. Animal models of 'anxiety': where next?. Behav. Pharmacol. 8 (1997) 477-496 discussion 497-504
228. Rodgers R.J., Cao B.J., Dalvi A., and Holmes A. Animal models of anxiety: an ethological perspective. Braz. J. Med. Biol. Res. 30 (1997) 289-304
229. Rodrigues S.M., Bauer E.P., Farb C.R., Schafe G.E., and LeDoux J.E. The group I metabotropic glutamate receptor mGluR5 is required for fear memory formation and long-term potentiation in the lateral amygdala. J. Neurosci. 22 (2002) 5219-5229
230. Rogan M.T., Staubli U.V., and LeDoux J.E. Fear conditioning induces associative long-term potentiation in the amygdala. Nature 390 (1997) 604-607
231. Rogawski M.A., and Donevan S.D. AMPA receptors in epilepsy and as targets for antiepileptic drugs. Adv. Neurol. 79 (1999) 947-963
232. Roppe J.R., Wang B., Huang D., Tehrani L., Kamenecka T., Schweiger E.J., Anderson J.J., Brodkin J., Jiang X., Cramer M., Chung J., Reyes-Manalo G., Munoz B., and Cosford N.D. 5-[(2-Methyl-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)ethynyl]-2,3′-bipyridine: a highly potent, orally active metabotropic glutamate subtype 5 (mGlu5) receptor antagonist with anxiolytic activity. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 14 (2004) 3993-3996
233. Rorick-Kehn L.M., Hart J.C., and McKinzie D.L. Pharmacological characterization of stress-induced hyperthermia in DBA/2 mice using metabotropic and ionotropic glutamate receptor ligands. Psychopharmacology (Berlin) 183 (2005) 226-240
234. Rorick-Kehn L.M., Johnson B.G., Knitowski K.M., Salhoff C.R., Witkin J.M., Perry K.W., Griffey K.I., Tizzano J.P., Monn J.A., McKinzie D.L., and Schoepp D.D. In vivo pharmacological characterization of the structurally novel, potent, selective mGlu2/3 receptor agonist LY404039 in animal models of psychiatric disorders. Psychopharmacology (Berlin) 193 (2007) 121-136
235. Rorick-Kehn L.M., Perkins E.J., Knitowski K.M., Hart J.C., Johnson B.G., Schoepp D.D., and McKinzie D.L. Improved bioavailability of the mGlu2/3 receptor agonist LY354740 using a prodrug strategy: in vivo pharmacology of LY544344. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 316 (2006) 905-913
236. Rosa M.L., Guimaraes F.S., Pearson R.C., and Del Bel E.A. Effects of single or repeated restraint stress on GluR1 and GluR2 flip and flop mRNA expression in the hippocampal formation. Brain Res. Bull. 59 (2002) 117-124
237. Ruel J., Guitton M.J., and Puell J.L. Negative allosteric modulation of AMPA-preferring receptors by the selective isomer GYKI 53784 (LY303070), a specific non-competitive AMPA antagonist. CNS Drug Rev. 8 (2002) 235-254
238. Sajdyk T.J., and Shekhar A. Excitatory amino acid receptors in the basolateral amygdala regulate anxiety responses in the social interaction test. Brain Res. 764 (1997) 262-264
239. Sakimura K., Kutsuwada T., Ito I., Manabe T., Takayama C., Kushiya E., Yagi T., Aizawa S., Inoue Y., and Sugiyama H. Reduced hippocampal LTP and spatial learning in mice lacking NMDA receptor epsilon 1 subunit. Nature 373 (1995) 151-155
240. Salas R., Pieri F., Fung B., Dani J.A., and De Biasi M. Altered anxiety-related responses in mutant mice lacking the beta4 subunit of the nicotinic receptor. J. Neurosci. 23 (2003) 6255-6263
241. Sananes C.B., and Davis M. N-methyl-d-aspartate lesions of the lateral and basolateral nuclei of the amygdala block fear-potentiated startle and shock sensitization of startle. Behav. Neurosci. 106 (1992) 72-80
242. Sanchez C. Stress-induced vocalisation in adult animals. A valid model of anxiety?. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 463 (2003) 133-143
243. Sandford J.J., Argyropoulos S.V., and Nutt D.J. The psychobiology of anxiolytic drugs. Part 1: basic neurobiology. Pharmacol. Ther. 88 (2000) 197-212
244. Scaccianoce S., Matrisciano F., Del Bianco P., Caricasole A., Di Giorgi Gerevini V., Cappuccio I., Melchiorri D., Battaglia G., and Nicoletti F. Endogenous activation of group-II metabotropic glutamate receptors inhibits the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis. Neuropharmacology 44 (2003) 555-561
245. Schachtman T.R., Bills C., Ghinescu R., Murch K., Serfozo P., and Simonyi A. MPEP, a selective metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 antagonist, attenuates conditioned taste aversion in rats. Behav. Brain Res. 141 (2003) 177-182
246. Schmidt W.J. Behavioural effects of NMDA-receptor antagonists. J. Neural Transm. Suppl. 43 (1994) 63-69
247. Schoepp D.D. Unveiling the functions of presynaptic metabotropic glutamate receptors in the central nervous system. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 299 (2001) 12-20
248. Schoepp D.D., Goldsworthy J., Johnson B.G., Salhoff C.R., and Baker S.R. 3,5-dihydroxyphenylglycine is a highly selective agonist for phosphoinositide-linked metabotropic glutamate receptors in the rat hippocampus. J. Neurochem. 63 (1994) 769-772
249. Schoepp D.D., Jane D.E., and Monn J.A. Pharmacological agents acting at subtypes of metabotropic glutamate receptors. Neuropharmacology 38 (1999) 1431-1476
250. Schrader L.A., and Tasker J.G. Modulation of multiple potassium currents by metabotropic glutamate receptors in neurons of the hypothalamic supraoptic nucleus. J. Neurophysiol. 78 (1997) 3428-3437
251. Schrader L.A., and Tasker J.G. Presynaptic modulation by metabotropic glutamate receptors of excitatory and inhibitory synaptic inputs to hypothalamic magnocellular neurons. J. Neurophysiol. 77 (1997) 527-536
252. Schulz B., Fendt M., Gasparini F., Lingenhohl K., Kuhn R., and Koch M. The metabotropic glutamate receptor antagonist 2-methyl-6-(phenylethynyl)-pyridine (MPEP) blocks fear conditioning in rats. Neuropharmacology 41 (2001) 1-7
253. Schwendt M., and Jezova D. Gene expression of two glutamate receptor subunits in response to repeated stress exposure in rat hippocampus. Cell Mol. Neurobiol. 20 (2000) 319-329
254. Seeburg P.H. The role of RNA editing in controlling glutamate receptor channel properties. J. Neurochem. 66 (1996) 1-5
255. Semyanov A., and Kullmann D.M. Modulation of GABAergic signaling among interneurons by metabotropic glutamate receptors. Neuron 25 (2000) 663-672
256. Senechal Y., Kelly P.H., Cryan J.F., Natt F., and K.K. D. Amyloid precursor protein knockdown by siRNA impairs spontaneous alternation in adult mice. J. Neurochem. 102 (2007) 1928-1940
257. Sheardown M.J., Nielsen E.O., Hansen A.J., Jacobsen P., and Honore T. 2,3-Dihydroxy-6-nitro-7-sulfamoyl-benzo(F)quinoxaline: a neuroprotectant for cerebral ischemia. Science 247 (1990) 571-574
258. Shekhar A., and Keim S.R. LY354740, a potent group II metabotropic glutamate receptor agonist prevents lactate-induced panic-like response in panic-prone rats. Neuropharmacology 39 (2000) 1139-1146
259. Shekhar A., McCann U.D., Meaney M.J., Blanchard D.C., Davis M., Frey K.A., Liberzon I., Overall K.L., Shear M.K., Tecott L.H., and Winsky L. Summary of a National Institute of Mental Health workshop: developing animal models of anxiety disorders. Psychopharmacology (Berlin) 157 (2001) 327-339
260. Shekhar A., Truitt W., Rainnie D., and Sajdyk T. Role of stress, corticotrophin releasing factor (CRF) and amygdala plasticity in chronic anxiety. Stress 8 (2005) 209-219
261. Sheng M., Cummings J., Roldan L.A., Jan Y.N., and Jan L.Y. Changing subunit composition of heteromeric NMDA receptors during development of rat cortex. Nature 368 (1994) 144-147
262. Shigemoto R., Kinoshita A., Wada E., Nomura S., Ohishi H., Takada M., Flor P.J., Neki A., Abe T., Nakanishi S., and Mizuno N. Differential presynaptic localization of metabotropic glutamate receptor subtypes in the rat hippocampus. J. Neurosci. 17 (1997) 7503-7522
263. Shimazaki T., Iijima M., and Chaki S. Anxiolytic-like activity of MGS0039, a potent group II metabotropic glutamate receptor antagonist, in a marble-burying behavior test. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 501 (2004) 121-125
264. Simon A.B., and Gorman J.M. Advances in the treatment of anxiety: targeting glutamate. NeuroRx 3 (2006) 57-68
265. Singewald N., Zhou G.Y., Chen F., and Philippu A. Corticotropin-releasing factor modulates basal and stress-induced excitatory amino acid release in the locus coeruleus of conscious rats. Neurosci. Lett. 204 (1996) 45-48
266. Singewald N., Zhou G.Y., and Schneider C. Release of excitatory and inhibitory amino acids from the locus coeruleus of conscious rats by cardiovascular stimuli and various forms of acute stress. Brain Res. 704 (1995) 42-50
267. Smialowska M., Wieronska J.M., Domin H., and Zieba B. The effect of Intrahippocampal Injection of Group II and III metobotropic glutamate receptor agonists on anxiety; the role of neuropeptide Y. Neuropsychopharmacology 32 (2006) 1242-1250
268. Sommer B., and Seeburg P.H. Glutamate receptor channels: novel properties and new clones. Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 13 (1992) 291-296
269. Spooren W., Ballard T., Gasparini F., Amalric M., Mutel V., and Schreiber R. Insight into the function of Group I and Group II metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptors: behavioural characterization and implications for the treatment of CNS disorders. Behav. Pharmacol. 14 (2003) 257-277
270. Spooren W., and Gasparini F. mGlu5 receptor antagonists: a novel class of anxiolytics?. Drug News Perspect. 17 (2004) 251-257
271. Spooren W.P., Schoeffter P., Gasparini F., Kuhn R., and Gentsch C. Pharmacological and endocrinological characterisation of stress-induced hyperthermia in singly housed mice using classical and candidate anxiolytics (LY314582, MPEP and NKP608). Eur. J. Pharmacol. 435 (2002) 161-170
272. Spooren W.P., Vassout A., Neijt H.C., Kuhn R., Gasparini F., Roux S., Porsolt R.D., and Gentsch C. Anxiolytic-like effects of the prototypical metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 antagonist 2-methyl-6-(phenylethynyl)pyridine in rodents. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 295 (2000) 1267-1275
273. Stachowicz K., Chojnacka-Wojcik E., Klak K., and Pilc A. Anxiolytic-like effect of group III mGlu receptor antagonist is serotonin-dependent. Neuropharmacology 52 (2007) 306-312
274. Stachowicz K., Klak K., Klodzinska A., Chojnacka-Wojcik E., and Pilc A. Anxiolytic-like effects of PHCCC, an allosteric modulator of mGlu4 receptors, in rats. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 498 (2004) 153-156
275. Stachowicz K., Klak K., Pilc A., and Chojnacka-Wojcik E. Lack of the antianxiety-like effect of (S)-3,4-DCPG, an mGlu8 receptor agonist, after central administration in rats. Pharmacol. Rep. 57 (2005) 856-860
276. Stahl S.M. Anticonvulsants as anxiolytics, part 1: tiagabine and other anticonvulsants with actions on GABA. J. Clin. Psychiatry 65 (2004) 291-292
277. Stahl S.M. Anticonvulsants as anxiolytics, part 2: pregabalin and gabapentin as alpha(2)delta ligands at voltage-gated calcium channels. J. Clin. Psychiatry 65 (2004) 460-461
278. Steckler T., Lavreysen H., Oliveira A.M., Aerts N., Van Craenendonck H., Prickaerts J., Megens A., and Lesage A.S. Effects of mGlu1 receptor blockade on anxiety-related behaviour in the rat lick suppression test. Psychopharmacology (Berlin) 179 (2005) 198-206
279. Steckler T., Oliveira A.F., Van Dyck C., Van Craenendonck H., Mateus A.M., Langlois X., Lesage A.S., and Prickaerts J. Metabotropic glutamate receptor 1 blockade impairs acquisition and retention in a spatial Water maze task. Behav. Brain Res. 164 (2005) 52-60
280. Stephens D.N., Meldrum B.S., Weidmann R., Schneider C., and Grutzner M. Does the excitatory amino acid receptor antagonist 2-APH exhibit anxiolytic activity?. Psychopharmacology (Berlin) 90 (1986) 166-169
281. Stiedl O., Meyer M., Jahn O., Ogren S.O., and Spiess J. Corticotropin-releasing factor receptor 1 and central heart rate regulation in mice during expression of conditioned fear. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 312 (2005) 905-916
282. Stutzmann J.M., Cintrat P., Laduron P.M., and Blanchard J.C. Riluzole antagonizes the anxiogenic properties of the beta-carboline FG 7142 in rats. Psychopharmacology (Berlin) 99 (1989) 515-519
283. Swanson C.J., Bures M., Johnson M.P., Linden A.M., Monn J.A., and Schoepp D.D. Metabotropic glutamate receptors as novel targets for anxiety and stress disorders. Nat. Rev. Drug Discov. 4 (2005) 131-144
284. Swanson G.T., Green T., and Heinemann S.F. Kainate receptors exhibit differential sensitivities to (S)-5-iodowillardiine. Mol. Pharmacol. 53 (1998) 942-949
285. Talalaenko A.N., Pankrat'ev D.V., and Goncharenko N.V. Neurochemical characteristics of the ventromedial hypothalamus in mediating the antiaversive effects of anxiolytics in different models of anxiety. Neurosci. Behav. Physiol. 33 (2003) 255-261
286. Tamaru Y., Nomura S., Mizuno N., and Shigemoto R. Distribution of metabotropic glutamate receptor mGluR3 in the mouse CNS: differential location relative to pre- and postsynaptic sites. Neuroscience 106 (2001) 481-503
287. Tang Y.P., Shimizu E., Dube G.R., Rampon C., Kerchner G.A., Zhuo M., Liu G., and Tsien J.Z. Genetic enhancement of learning and memory in mice. Nature 401 (1999) 63-69
288. Tatarczynska E., Klodzinska A., Chojnacka-Wojcik E., Palucha A., Gasparini F., Kuhn R., and Pilc A. Potential anxiolytic- and antidepressant-like effects of MPEP, a potent, selective and systemically active mGlu5 receptor antagonist. Br. J. Pharmacol. 132 (2001) 1423-1430
289. Tatarczynska E., Klodzinska A., Kroczka B., Chojnacka-Wojcik E., and Pilc A. The antianxiety-like effects of antagonists of group I and agonists of group II and III metabotropic glutamate receptors after intrahippocampal administration. Psychopharmacology (Berlin) 158 (2001) 94-99
290. Tecott L.H. The genes and brains of mice and men. Am. J. Psychiatry 160 (2003) 646-656
291. Thakker D.R., Hoyer D., and Cryan J.F. Interfering with the brain: use of RNA interference for understanding the pathophysiology of psychiatric and neurological disorders. Pharmacol. Ther. 109 (2006) 413-438
292. Thakker D.R., Natt F., Husken D., Maier R., Muller M., van der Putten H., Hoyer D., and Cryan J.F. Neurochemical and behavioral consequences of widespread gene knockdown in the adult mouse brain by using nonviral RNA interference. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 101 (2004) 17270-17275
293. Thakker D.R., Natt F., Husken D., van der Putten H., Maier R., Hoyer D., and Cryan J.F. siRNA-mediated knockdown of the serotonin transporter in the adult mouse brain. Mol. Psychiatry 10 (2005) 782-789
294. Thomas N.K., Wright R.A., Howson P.A., Kingston A.E., Schoepp D.D., and Jane D.E. (S)-3,4-DCPG, a potent and selective mGlu8a receptor agonist, activates metabotropic glutamate receptors on primary afferent terminals in the neonatal rat spinal cord. Neuropharmacology 40 (2001) 311-318
295. Thomsen C., Boel E., and Suzdak P.D. Actions of phenylglycine analogs at subtypes of the metabotropic glutamate receptor family. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 267 (1994) 77-84
296. Tordera R.M., Totterdell S., Wojcik S.M., Brose N., Elizalde N., Lasheras B., and Del Rio J. Enhanced anxiety, depressive-like behaviour and impaired recognition memory in mice with reduced expression of the vesicular glutamate transporter 1 (VGLUT1). Eur. J. Neurosci. 25 (2007) 281-290
297. Trullas R., Jackson B., and Skolnick P. Anxiolytic properties of 1-aminocyclopropanecarboxylic acid, a ligand at strychnine-insensitive glycine receptors. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 34 (1989) 313-316
298. Turski L., Jacobsen P., Honore T., and Stephens D.N. Relief of experimental spasticity and anxiolytic/anticonvulsant actions of the alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionate antagonist 2,3-dihydroxy-6-nitro-7-sulfamoyl-benzo(F)quinoxaline. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 260 (1992) 742-747
299. Valenti O., Conn P.J., and Marino M.J. Distinct physiological roles of the Gq-coupled metabotropic glutamate receptors Co-expressed in the same neuronal populations. J. Cell Physiol. 191 (2002) 125-137
300. Varty G.B., Grilli M., Forlani A., Fredduzzi S., Grzelak M.E., Guthrie D.H., Hodgson R.A., Lu S.X., Nicolussi E., Pond A.J., Parker E.M., Hunter J.C., Higgins G.A., Reggiani A., and Bertorelli R. The antinociceptive and anxiolytic-like effects of the metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR5) antagonists, MPEP and MTEP, and the mGluR1 antagonist, LY456236, in rodents: a comparison of efficacy and side-effect profiles. Psychopharmacology (Berlin) 179 (2005) 207-217
301. Vogel J.R., Beer B., and Clody D.E. A simple and reliable conflict procedure for testing anti-anxiety agents. Psychopharmacologia 21 (1971) 1-7
302. Walker D.L., and Davis M. Involvement of NMDA receptors within the amygdala in short- versus long-term memory for fear conditioning as assessed with fear-potentiated startle. Behav. Neurosci. 114 (2000) 1019-1033
303. Walker D.L., and Davis M. Are fear memories made and maintained by the same NMDA receptor-dependent mechanisms?. Neuron 41 (2004) 680-682
304. Wiley J.L., Compton A.D., Holcomb J.D., McCallum S.E., Varvel S.A., Porter J.H., and Balster R.L. Effects of modulation of NMDA neurotransmission on response rate and duration in a conflict procedure in rats. Neuropharmacology 37 (1998) 1527-1534
305. Wiley J.L., Cristello A.F., and Balster R.L. Effects of site-selective NMDA receptor antagonists in an elevated plus-maze model of anxiety in mice. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 294 (1995) 101-107
306. Wiley J.L., Porter J.H., Compton A.D., and Balster R.L. Antipunishment effects of acute and repeated administration of phencyclidine and NPC 12626 in rats. Life Sci. 50 (1992) 1519-1528
307. Williams K. Ifenprodil discriminates subtypes of the N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor: selectivity and mechanisms at recombinant heteromeric receptors. Mol. Pharmacol. 44 (1993) 851-859
308. Wong E.H., Kemp J.A., Priestley T., Knight A.R., Woodruff G.N., and Iversen L.L. The anticonvulsant MK-801 is a potent N-methyl-d-aspartate antagonist. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 83 (1986) 7104-7108
309. Wong L.A., Mayer M.L., Jane D.E., and Watkins J.C. Willardiines differentiate agonist binding sites for kainate- versus AMPA-preferring glutamate receptors in DRG and hippocampal neurons. J. Neurosci. 14 (1994) 3881-3897
310. Yoshimizu T., Shimazaki T., Ito A., and Chaki S. An mGluR2/3 antagonist, MGS0039, exerts antidepressant and anxiolytic effects in behavioral models in rats. Psychopharmacology (Berlin) 186 (2006) 587-593
311. Yousef K.A., Tepper P.G., Molina P.E., Abumrad N.N., and Lang C.H. Differential control of glucoregulatory hormone response and glucose metabolism by NMDA and kainate. Brain Res. 634 (1994) 131-140