Nuerobiology of Pavlovian fear conditioning

Annual Review of Neuroscience

Volumn 24, Issue , 2001, Pages 897-931

  Maren, S ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

Author keywords

Amygdala; Hippocampus; Learning; Memory; Synaptic plasticity

Indexed keywords

AMYGDALOID NUCLEUS; CONDITIONED REFLEX; FEAR; HIPPOCAMPUS; MEMORY; NERVE CELL PLASTICITY; NEUROBIOLOGY; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; STATE DEPENDENT LEARNING; ANIMAL; BRAIN; HUMAN; LEARNING; MAMMAL; PHYSIOLOGY; RAT;

AMYGDALA; ANIMALS; ASSOCIATION LEARNING; BRAIN; CONDITIONING, CLASSICAL; FEAR; HIPPOCAMPUS; HUMANS; LEARNING; MAMMALS; MEMORY; RATS;

EID: 0034927082     PISSN: 0147006X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1146/annurev.neuro.24.1.897     Document Type: Review

References (240)

1. Genetic demonstration of a role for PKA in the late phase of LTP and in hippocampus-based long-term memory
2. Modified hippocampal long-term potentiation in PKC gamma-mutant mice
3. PKC gamma mutant mice exhibit mild deficits in spatial and contextual learning
4. Fear and the human amygdala
5. Recognition of facial emotion in nine individuals with bilateral amygdala damage
6. Different lateral amygdala outputs mediate reactions and actions elicited by a fear-arousing stimulus
7. Lesions of periaqueductal gray dissociate-conditioned freezing from conditioned suppression behavior in rats
8. The hippocampus and contextual fear conditioning: Recent controversies and advances
9. Testicular hormones do not regulate sexually dimorphic Pavlovian fear conditioning or perforant-path long-term potentiation in adult male rats
10. Temporally graded retrograde amnesia of contextual fear after hippocampal damage in rats: Within-subjects examination
11. Scopolamine Pavlovian fear conditioning in rats: Dose-effect analysis
12. Amygdala, hippocampus discriminative fear conditioning to context
13. Differential effects of amygdala lesions on early late plastic components of auditory cortex spike trains during fear conditioning
14. The MAPK cascade is required for mammalian associative learning
15. Acquisition of fear conditioning in rats requires the synthesis of mRNA in the amygdala
16. Double dissociation of conditioning declarative knowledge relative to the amygdala hippocampus in humans
17. Conditioned fear-induced changes in behavior in the expression of the immediate early gene c-fos: With without diazepam pretreatment
18. Neural systems for the expression of hypoalgesia during nonassociative fear
19. Innate conditioned reactions to threat in rats with amygdaloid lesions
20. A synaptic model of memory: Long-term potentiation in the hippocampus
21. Long-lasting potentiation of synaptic transmission in the dentate area of the anaesthetized rabbit following stimulation of the perforant path
22. Different training procedures recruit either one or two critical periods for contextual memory consolidation, each of which requires protein synthesis and PKA
23. Deficient long-term memory in mice with a targeted mutation of the cAMP-responsive element-binding protein
24. Context, time, and memory retrieval in the interference paradigms of Pavlovian learning
25. Subcortical mechanisms in emotional behavior: The effect of rhinencephalic injury upon the acquisition and retention of a conditioned avoidance response in cats
26. A role for the Ras signalling pathway in synaptic transmission and long-term memory
27. Induction of long-term depression and potentiation by low- and high-frequency stimulation in the dentate area of the anesthetized rat: Magnitude, time course and EEG
28. The amygdaloid nucleus in the rat
29. An investigation into the functions of the occipital and temporal lobes of the monkey's brain
30. Amygdala-hippocampal involvement in human aversive trace conditioning revealed through event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging
31. Mechanisms of emotional arousal and lasting declarative memory
32. Is the amygdala a locus of "conditioned fear"? Some questions and caveats
33. Involvement of subcortical and cortical afferents to the lateral nucleus of the amygdala in fear conditioning measured with fear-potentiated startle in rats trained concurrently with auditory and visual conditioned stimuli
34. Involvement of the central nucleus and basolateral complex of the amygdala in fear conditioning measured with fear-potentiated startle in rats trained concurrently with auditory and visual conditioned stimuli
35. Induction of the c-fos proto-oncogene in rat amygdala during unconditioned and conditioned fear
36. Intra-amygdala infusion of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist AP5 blocks acquisition but not expression of fear-potentiated startle to an auditory conditioned stimulus
37. Induction of long-term potentiation in the basolateral amygdala does not depend on NMDA receptor activation
38. Long-term synaptic potentiation in the amygdala
39. Ibotenate lesions of the hippocampus impair spatial learning but not contextual fear conditioning in mice
40. Memory deficits for implicit contextual information in amnesic subjects with hippocampal damage
41. Synaptic plasticity in fear conditioning circuits: Induction of LTP in the lateral nucleus of the amygdala by stimulation of the medial geniculate body
42. Differential fear conditioning induces reciprocal changes in the sensory responses of lateral amygdala neurons to the CS(+) and CS(-)
43. Both pre- and post-training excitotoxic lesions of the basolateral amygdala abolish the expression of olfactory and contextual fear conditioning
44. The functional neuroanatomy of emotion and affective style
45. The role of the amygdala in fear and anxiety
46. Distinct regions of the periaqueductal gray are involved in the acquisition and expression of defensive responses
47. Associative retuning in the thalamic source of input to the amygdala and auditory cortex: Receptive field plasticity in the medial division of the medial geniculate body
48. Lesions of the perirhinal cortex interfere with conditioned excitation but not with conditioned inhibition of fear
49. Lesions of the central nucleus of the amygdala block conditioned excitation, but not conditioned inhibition of fear as measured with the fear-potentiated startle effect
50. Extinction of fear-potentiated startle: Blockade by infusion of an NMDA antagonist into the amygdala
51. Factors governing one-trial contextual conditioning
52. Associations and memories: The role of NMDA receptors and long-term potentiation
53. Neural organization of the defensive behavior system responsible for fear
54. Without LTP the learning circuit is broken
55. Contextual fear, gestalt memories, and the hippocampus
56. Acquisition of contextual Pavlovian fear conditioning is blocked by application of an NMDA receptor antagonist D,L-2-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid to the basolateral amygdala
57. Differential effects of the N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonist DL-2-amino-5-phosphonovalerate on acquisition of fear of auditory and contextual cues
58. Why we think plasticity underlying Pavlovian fear conditioning occurs in the basolateral amygdala
59. The neuroanatomical and neurochemical basis of conditioned fear
60. Effect of partial destruction of the amygdaloid complex on the emotional-defensive behaviour of dogs
61. Bilateral lesions of the amygdala attenuate analgesia induced by diverse environmental challenges
62. The dorsal hippocampus is essential for context discrimination but not for contextual conditioning
63. The effects of neurotoxic hippocampal lesions on two effects of context after fear extinction
64. The hippocampo-septal projection in mice: Long-term potentiation in the lateral septum
65. The amygdala modulates prefrontal cortex activity relative to conditioned fear
66. Long term potentiation in the magnocellular medial geniculate nucleus of the anesthetized cat
67. Second-order fear conditioning prevented by blocking NMDA receptors in amygdala
68. Normal conditioned inhibition and extinction of freezing and fear-potentiated startle following electrolytic lesions of medical prefrontal cortex in rats
69. Is the hippocampus necessary for contextual fear conditioning?
70. Effects of lesions to the hippocampus on contextual fear: Evidence for a disruption of freezing and avoidance behavior but not context conditioning
71. Amygdala
72. Functions of the amygdala
73. Role of the amygdala in the coordination of behavioral, neuroendocrine, and prefrontal cortical monoamine responses to psychological stress in the rat
74. Dissociable effects of selective lesions to hippocampal subsystems on exploratory behavior, contextual learning, and spatial learning
75. A role for amygdaloid PKA and PKC in the acquisition of long-term conditional fear memories in rats
76. Two components of long-term potentiation induced by different patterns of afferent activation
77. Amygdaloid D1 dopamine receptor involvement in Pavlovian fear conditioning
78. An infusion of bupivacaine into the nucleus accumbens disrupts the acquisition but not the expression of contextual fear conditioning
79. Input-specific long-term depression in the lateral amygdala evoked by theta frequency stimulation
80. Destruction of the auditory thalamus disrupts the production of fear but not the inhibition of fear conditioned to an auditory stimulus
81. The amygdala is essential for the expression of conditional hypoalgesia
82. Effects of muscimol applied to the basolateral amygdala on acquisition and expression of contextual fear conditioning in rats
83. The hippocampus and contextual retrieval of information from memory: A theory
84. Lesions of the amygdala, but not of the cerebellum or red nucleus, block conditioned fear as measured with the potentiated startle paradigm
85. Hippocampus and context in classical conditioning
86. Amygdala circuitry in attentional and representational processes
87. Muscimol inactivation of the dorsal hippocampus impairs contextual retrieval of fear memory
88. Selective hippocampal lesions abolish the contextual specificity of latent inhibition and conditioning
89. Associative components of recognition memory
90. Effects of basolateral amygdalectomy on three types of avoidance behavior in cats
91. Postsynaptic induction and PKA-dependent expression of LTP in the lateral amygdala
92. Both protein kinase A and mitogen-activated protein kinase are required in the amygdala for the macromolecular synthesis-dependent late phase of long-term potentiation
93. Formation of temporal memory requires NMDA receptors within CA1 pyramidal neurons
94. Stimulation of cAMP response element (CRE)-mediated transcription during contextual learning
95. Cardiovascular responses elicited by stimulation of neurons in the central amygdaloid nucleus in awake but not anesthetized rats resemble conditioned emotional responses
96. Intrinsic neurons in the amygdaloid field projected to by the medial geniculate body mediate emotional responses conditioned to acoustic stimuli
97. Correlation between the pharmacology of long-term potentiation and the pharmacology of memory
98. Retrograde amnesia and hippocampal stimulation: Dependence upon the nature of associations formed during conditioning
99. Cardiovascular responses elicited by electrical stimulation of the amygdala central nucleus in the rabbit
100. Formation of a conditioned emotional response (CER) following lesions of the amygdaloid complex in rats
101. Different types of fear-conditioned behaviour mediated by separate nuclei within amygdala
102. N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist APV blocks acquisition but not expression of fear conditioning
103. Modality-specific retrograde amnesia of fear
104. Selective impairment of long-term but not short-term conditional fear by the N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonist APV
105. Effects of amygdala, hippocampus, and periaqueductal gray lesions on short- and long-term contextual fear
106. Infusion of the non-NMDA receptor antagonist CNQX into the amygdala blocks the expression of fear-potentiated startle
107. Lack of a temporal gradient of retrograde amnesia in rats with amygdala lesions assessed with the fear-potentiated startle paradigm
108. Effect of septal and amygdaloid lesions on emotional behaviour and conditioned avoidance responses in the rat
109. Increased thresholds for long-term potentiation and contextual learning in mice lacking the NMDA-type glutamate receptor epsilon1 subunit
110. "Psychic blindness" and other symptoms following bilateral temporal lobectomy in rhesus monkeys
111. What we can learn from invertebrate learning
112. A description of the amygdaloid complex in the rat and cat with observations on intra-amygdaloid axonal connections
113. Human amygdala activation during conditioned fear acquisition and extinction: A mixed-trial fMRI study
114. Impaired fear conditioning following unilateral temporal lobectomy in humans
115. Emotion: Clues from the brain
116. Emotion circuits in the brain
117. The lateral amygdaloid nucleus: Sensory interface of the amygdala in fear conditioning
118. Different projections of the central amygdaloid nucleus mediate autonomic and behavioral correlates of conditioned fear
119. Interruption of projections from the medial geniculate body to an archineostriatal field disrupts the classical conditioning of emotional responses to acoustic stimuli
120. Amygdalar NMDA receptors are critical for new fear learning in previously fear-conditioned rats
121. Lack of a temporal gradient of retrograde amnesia following NMDA-induced lesions of the basolateral amygdala assessed with the fear-potentiated startle paradigm
122. Bidirectional synaptic plasticity in the rat basolateral amygdala: Characterization of an activity-dependent switch sensitive to the presynaptic metabotropic glutamate receptor antagonist 2S-alpha-ethylglutamic acid
123. NMDA and non-NMDA receptors contribute to synaptic transmission between the medial geniculate body and the lateral nucleus of the amygdala
124. Post-training amygdaloid lesions impair retention of an inhibitory avoidance response
125. Specific induction of early growth response gene 1 in the lateral nucleus of the amygdala following contextual fear conditioning in rats
126. Synaptic transmission and plasticity in the amygdala. An emerging physiology of fear conditioning circuits
127. Arousing the LTP and learning debate
128. Overtraining does not mitigate contextual fear conditioning deficits produced by neurotoxic lesions of the basolateral amygdala
129. Long-term potentiation in the amygdala: A mechanism for emotional learning and memory
130. Neurotoxic basolateral amygdala lesions impair learning and memory but not the performance of conditional fear in rats
131. Neurotoxic or electrolytic lesions of the ventral subiculum produce deficits in the acquisition and expression of Pavlovian fear conditioning in rats
132. Reply to Vazdarjanova
133. Auditory fear conditioning increases CS-elicited spike firing in lateral amygdala neurons even after extensive over-training
134. Multiple roles for synaptic plasticity in Pavlovian fear conditioning
135. Retrograde abolition of conditional fear after excitotoxic lesions in the basolateral amygdala of rats: Absence of a temporal gradient
136. Neurotoxic lesions of the dorsal hippocampus and Pavlovian fear conditioning in rats
137. N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors in the basolateral amygdala are required for both acquisition and expression of conditional fear in rats
138. The startled seahorse: Is the hippocampus necessary for contextual fear conditioning?
139. Properties and mechanisms of long-term synaptic plasticity in the mammalian brain: Relationships to learning and memory
140. Water deprivation enhances fear conditioning to contextual, but not discrete, conditional stimuli in rats
141. Parallel augmentation of hippocampal long-term potentiation, theta rhythm, and contextual fear conditioning in water-deprived rats
142. Sex differences in hippocampal long-term potentiation (LTP) and Pavlovian fear conditioning in rats: Positive correlation between LTP and contextual learning
143. Synaptic plasticity in the basolateral amygdala induced by hippocampal formation stimulation in vivo
144. The amygdala and fear conditioning: Has the nut been cracked?
145. Electrolytic lesions of the fimbria/fornix, dorsal hippocampus, or entorhinal cortex produce anterograde deficits in contextual fear conditioning in rats
146. Appetitive motivational states differ in their ability to augment aversive fear conditioning in rats (Rattus norvegicus)
147. The hippocampus and contextual memory retrieval in Pavlovian conditioning
148. Basolateral amygdaloid multi-unit neuronal correlates of discriminative avoidance learning in rabbits
149. Synaptic plasticity and memory: An evaluation of the hypothesis
150. Control of memory formation through regulated expression of a CaMKII transgene
151. Electrolytic and ibotenic acid lesions of the medial subnucleus of the medial geniculate prevent the acquisition of classically conditioned heart rate to a single acoustic stimulus in rabbits
152. Cortical pathways to the mammalian amygdala
153. Hippocampectomy disrupts auditory trace fear conditioning and contextual fear conditioning in the rat
154. Changes of synaptic efficacy in the medial geniculate nucleus as a result of auditory classical conditioning
155. Simultaneous single unit recording in the medial nucleus of the medial geniculate nucleus and amygdaloid central nucleus throughout habituation, acquisition, and extinction of the rabbit's classically conditioned heart rate
156. Memory - A century of consolidation
157. Evidence of contextual fear after lesions of the hippocampus: A disruption of freezing but not fear-potentiated startle
158. Disruption of contextual freezing, but not contextual blocking of fear-potentiated startle, after lesions of the dorsal hippocampus
159. Fear conditioning induces a lasting potentiation of synaptic currents in vitro
160. Effects of aspiration versus neurotoxic lesions of the amygdala on emotional responses in monkeys
161. Blocking of acquisition but not expression of conditioned fear-potentiated startle by NMDA antagonists in the amygdala
162. Differential contribution of dorsal and ventral medial prefrontal cortex to the acquisition and extinction of conditioned fear in rats
163. Extinction of emotional learning: Contribution of medial prefrontal cortex
164. A differential neural response in the human amygdala to fearful and happy facial expressions
165. Functional inactivation of the lateral and basal nuclei of the amygdala by muscimol infusion prevents fear conditioning to an explicit conditioned stimulus and to contextual stimuli
166. Effects of basolateral amygdala lesions on neophobia, learned taste aversions, and sodium appetite in rats
167. Inhibition of the mesoamygdala dopaminergic pathway impairs the retrieval of conditioned fear associations
168. Fear memories require protein synthesis in the amygdala for reconsolidation after retrieval
169. Neuronal correlates of fear in the lateral amygdala: Multiple extracellular recordings in conscious cats
170. A specific neural substrate for perceiving facial expressions of disgust
171. Differential contribution of amygdala and hippocampus to cued and contextual fear conditioning
172. Lesions of the dorsal hippocampal formation interfere with background by not foreground contextual fear conditioning
173. Lesions of the fornix but not the entorhinal or perirhinal cortex interfere with contextual fear conditioning
174. Organization of intra-amygdaloid circuitries in the rat: An emerging framework for understanding functions of the amygdala
175. Amygdala neurons mediate acquisition but not maintenance of instrumental avoidance behavior in rabbits
176. A selective role for corticosterone in contextual-fear conditioning
177. Fear conditioning enhances different temporal components of tone-evoked spike trains in auditory cortex and lateral amygdala
178. Fear conditioning enhances short-latency auditory responses of lateral amygdala neurons: Parallel recordings in the freely behaving rat
179. The role of ventromedial prefrontal cortex in the recovery of extinguished fear
180. Synaptic plasticity in the basolateral amygdala in transgenic mice expressing dominant-negative cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) in forebrain
181. Enrichment induces structural changes and recovery from non-spatial memory deficits in CA1 NMDAR1-knockout mice
182. Pavlovian conditioning. It's not what you think it is
183. Dissociating context and space within the hippocampus: Effects of complete, dorsal, and ventral excitotoxic hippocampal lesions on conditioned freezing and spatial learning
184. Nucleus accumbens lesions impair context, but not cue, conditioning in rats
185. The effect of amygdalectomy on fear-motivated behavior in rats
186. LTP is accompanied by commensurate enhancement of auditory-evoked responses in a fear conditioning circuit
187. Emotion: Systems, cells, synaptic plasticity
188. AMPA receptor facilitation accelerates fear learning without altering the level of conditioned fear acquired
189. Fear conditioning induces associative long-term potentiation in the amygdala
190. Somatosensory and auditory convergence in the lateral nucleus of the amygdala
191. Equipotentiality of thalamo-amygdala and thalamo-cortico-amygdala circuits in auditory fear conditioning
192. Central amygdala lesions affect behavioral and autonomic balance during stress in rats
193. Immediate-early gene expression in the amygdala following foot-shock stress and contextual fear conditioning
194. Lesions of the perirhinal cortex but not of the frontal, medial prefrontal, visual, or insular cortex block fear-potentiated startle using a visual conditioned stimulus
195. From normal fear to pathological anxiety
196. Contextual conditioning and auditory cue conditioning dissociate during development
197. Scopolamine administered before and after training impairs both contextual and auditory-cue fear conditioning
198. Isolation reduces contextual but not auditory-cue fear conditioning: A role for endogenous opioids
199. Contextual fear conditioning, conjunctive representations, pattern completion, and the hippocampus
200. Auditory thalamus, dorsal hippocampus, basolateral amygdala, and perirhinal cortex role in the consolidation of conditioned freezing to context and to acoustic conditioned stimulus in the rat
201. N-methyl-D-aspartate lesions of the lateral and basolateral nuclei of the amygdala block fear-potentiated startle and shock sensitization of startle
202. Memory consolidation for contextual and auditory fear conditioning is dependent on protein synthesis, PKA, and MAP kinase
203. Complementary roles for the amygdala and hippocampus in aversive conditioning to explicit and contextual cues
204. Pain pathways involved in fear conditioning measured with fear-potentiated startle: Lesion studies
205. Long-term potentiation: What's learning got to do with it?
206. The medial temporal lobe memory system
207. Response characteristics of neurons in the medial component of the medial geniculate nucleus during Pavlovian differential fear conditioning in rabbits
208. What is the amygdala?
209. Genetic enhancement of learning and memory in mice
210. Organization of memory traces in the mammalian brain
211. Amygdala lesions block the amnestic effects of diazepam
212. Dissociations among the anxiolytic effects of septal, hippocampal, and amygdaloid lesions
213. Dissociating the anti-fear effects of septal and amygdaloid lesions using two pharmacologically validated models of rat anxiety
214. The essential role of hippocampal CA1 NMDA receptor-dependent synaptic plasticity in spatial memory
215. Does the basolateral amygdala store memories for emotional events?
216. Basolateral amygdala is not critical for cognitive memory of contextual fear conditioning
217. Basolateral amygdala is involved in modulating consolidation of memory for classical fear conditioning
218. Potentiation of conditioned freezing following dorsomedial prefrontal cortex lesions does not interfere with fear reduction in mice
219. Opposite effects of lateral septal LTP and lateral septal lesions on contextual fear conditioning in mice
220. Double dissociation between the involvement of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis and the central nucleus of the amygdala in startle increases produced by conditioned versus unconditioned fear
221. Long-term depression of excitatory synaptic transmission in the rat amygdala
222. The amygdala is necessary for the expression of conditioned but not unconditioned analgesia
223. Conditioned emotional reactions
224. A role for the beta isoform of protein kinase C in fear conditioning
225. Learning-induced changes of auditory receptive fields
226. Dynamic regulation of receptive fields and maps in the adult sensory cortex
227. Behavioral changes associated with ablation of the amygdaloid complex in monkeys
228. L-type voltage-gated calcium channels mediate NMDA-independent associative long-term potentiation at thalamic input synapses to the amygdala
229. Microinjection of morphine into the nucleus accumbens impairs contextual learning in rats
230. Masked presentations of emotional facial expressions modulate amygdala activity without explicit knowledge
231. Functional inactivation of the amygdala before but not after auditory fear conditioning prevents memory formation
232. The amygdala modulates memory consolidation of fear-motivated inhibitory avoidance learning but not classical fear conditioning
233. The role of the rat hippocampal system in several effects of context in extinction
234. The dichotomy between classical conditioned and cognitively learned anxiety
235. Face processing impairments after amygdalotomy
236. Amygdala central nucleus lesions attenuate acoustic startle stimulus-evoked heart rate changes in rats
237. NMDA processes mediate anterograde amnesia of contextual fear conditioning induced by hippocampal damage: Immunization against amnesia by context preexposure
238. Independence of memory functions and emotional behavior: Separate contributions of the hippocampal formation and the amygdala