Phenotypic analysis of dopamine receptor knockout mice; recent insights into the functional specificity of dopamine receptor subtypes

Neuropharmacology

Volumn 47, Issue 8, 2004, Pages 1117-1134

  Holmes, Andrew ^a   Lachowicz, Jean E ^b   Sibley, David R ^c  

^a NATIONAL INSTITUTE ON ALCOHOL ABUSE AND ALCOHOLISM   (United States)

^b MERCK RESEARCH LABORATORIES   (United States)

^c NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS AND STROKE   (United States)

Author keywords

Behavior; Dopamine; Gene; Knockout; Mouse; Receptor

Indexed keywords

AUTORECEPTOR; DOPAMINE 1 RECEPTOR; DOPAMINE 2 RECEPTOR; DOPAMINE 4 RECEPTOR; DOPAMINE 5 RECEPTOR; DOPAMINE RECEPTOR; DOPAMINE RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; DOPAMINE RECEPTOR STIMULATING AGENT;

BEHAVIOR; COGNITION; COOPERATION; EMOTION; KNOCKOUT MOUSE; LOCOMOTION; MEMORY; MOTIVATION; MOTOR ACTIVITY; MOVEMENT (PHYSIOLOGY); NEUROTRANSMISSION; NONHUMAN; PHENOTYPE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN FUNCTION; REVIEW; REWARD; SENSORIMOTOR FUNCTION; SUBSTANTIA NIGRA;

ANIMALS; EMOTIONS; HUMANS; MICE; MICE, KNOCKOUT; MOTOR ACTIVITY; PHENOTYPE; PROTEIN SUBUNITS; RECEPTORS, DOPAMINE;

EID: 9644283127     PISSN: 00283908     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2004.07.034     Document Type: Review

References (222)

1. Accili D., Fishburn C.S., Drago J., Steiner H., Lachowicz J.E., Park B.H., Gauda E.B., Lee E.J., Cool M.H., Sibley D.R., Gerfen C.R., Westphal H., Fuchs S. A targeted mutation of the D3 dopamine receptor gene is associated with hyperactivity in mice. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA. 93:1996;1945-1949
2. Aizman O., Brismar H., Uhlen P., Zettergren E., Levey A.I., Forssberg H., Greengard P., Aperia A. Anatomical and physiological evidence for D1 and D2 dopamine receptor colocalization in neostriatal neurons. Nature Neuroscience. 3:2000;226-230
3. Aoyama S., Kase H., Borrelli E. Rescue of locomotor impairment in dopamine D2 receptor-deficient mice by an adenosine A2A receptor antagonist. The Journal of Neuroscience. 20:2000;5848-5852
4. Apostolakis E.M., Garai J., Fox C., Smith C.L., Watson S.J., Clark J.H., O'Malley B.W. Dopaminergic regulation of progesterone receptors: brain D5 dopamine receptors mediate induction of lordosis by D1-like agonists in rats. The Journal of Neuroscience. 16:1996;4823-4834
5. Ariano M.A., Sibley D.R. Dopamine receptor distribution in the rat CNS: elucidation using anti-peptide antisera directed against D1A and D3 subtypes. Brain Research. 649:1994;95-110
6. Ariano M.A., Wang J., Noblett K.L., Larson E.R., Sibley D.R. Cellular distribution of the rat D4 dopamine receptor protein in the CNS using anti-receptor antisera. Brain Research. 752:1997;26-34
7. Arnsten A.F., Goldman-Rakic P.S. Noise stress impairs prefrontal cortical cognitive function in monkeys: evidence for a hyperdopaminergic mechanism. Archives of General Psychiatry. 55:1998;362-368
8. Asa S.L., Kelly M.A., Grandy D.K., Low M.J. Pituitary lactotroph adenomas develop after prolonged lactotroph hyperplasia in dopamine D2 receptor-deficient mice. Endocrinology. 140:1999;5348-5355
9. Asico L.D., Ladines C., Fuchs S., Accili D., Carey R.M., Semeraro C., Pocchiari F., Felder R.A., Eisner G.M., Jose P.A. Disruption of the dopamine D3 receptor gene produces renin-dependent hypertension. Journal of Clinical Investigation. 102:1998;493-498
10. Bach M.E., Barad M., Son H., Zhuo M., Lu Y.F., Shih R., Mansuy I., Hawkins R.D., Kandel E.R. Age-related defects in spatial memory are correlated with defects in the late phase of hippocampal long-term potentiation in vitro and are attenuated by drugs that enhance the cAMP signaling pathway. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA. 96:1999;5280-5285
11. Baik J.H., Picetti R., Saiardi A., Thiriet G., Dierich A., Depaulis A., Le Meur M., Borrelli E. Parkinsonian-like locomotor impairment in mice lacking dopamine D2 receptors. Nature. 377:1995;424-428
12. Baufreton J., Garret M., Rivera A., de la Calle A., Gonon F., Dufy B., Bioulac B., Taupignon A. D5 (not D1) dopamine receptors potentiate burst-firing in neurons of the subthalamic nucleus by modulating an L-type calcium conductance. The Journal of Neuroscience. 23:2003;816-825
13. Becker A., Grecksch G., Kraus J., Peters B., Schroeder H., Schulz S., Hollt V. Loss of locomotor sensitisation in response to morphine in D1 receptor deficient mice. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Archives of Pharmacology. 363:2001;562-568
14. Benoit-Marand M., Borrelli E., Gonon F. Inhibition of dopamine release via presynaptic D2 receptors: time course and functional characteristics in vivo. The Journal of Neuroscience. 21:2001;9134-9141
15. Benoit S.C., McQuade J.A., Clegg D.J., Xu M., Rushing P.A., Woods S.C., Seeley R.J. Altered feeding responses in mice with targeted disruption of the dopamine-3 receptor gene. Behavioral Neuroscience. 117:2003;46-54
16. Bergson C., Mrzljak L., Lidow M.S., Goldman-Rakic P.S., Levenson R. Characterization of subtype-specific antibodies to the human D5 dopamine receptor: studies in primate brain and transfected mammalian cells. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA. 92:1995;3468-3472
17. Betancur C., Lepee-Lorgeoux I., Cazillis M., Accili D., Fuchs S., Rostene W. Neurotensin gene expression and behavioral responses following administration of psychostimulants and antipsychotic drugs in dopamine D(3) receptor deficient mice. Neuropsychopharmacology. 24:2001;170-182
18. Boulay D., Depoortere R., Perrault G., Borrelli E., Sanger D.J. Dopamine D2 receptor knock-out mice are insensitive to the hypolocomotor and hypothermic effects of dopamine D2/D3 receptor agonists. Neuropharmacology. 38:1999a;1389-1396
19. Boulay D., Depoortere R., Rostene W., Perrault G., Sanger D.J. Dopamine D3 receptor agonists produce similar decreases in body temperature and locomotor activity in D3 knock-out and wild-type mice. Neuropharmacology. 38:1999b;555-565
20. Boulay D., Depoortere R., Oblin A., Sanger D.J., Schoemaker H., Perrault G. Haloperidol-induced catalepsy is absent in dopamine D(2), but maintained in dopamine D(3) receptor knock-out mice. European Journal of Pharmacology. 391:2000;63-73
21. Bouthenet M.L., Souil E., Martres M.P., Sokoloff P., Giros B., Schwartz J.C. Localization of dopamine D3 receptor mRNA in the rat brain using in situ hybridization histochemistry: comparison with dopamine D2 receptor mRNA. Brain Research. 564:1991;203-219
22. Boyce-Rustay J.M., Risinger F.O. Dopamine D3 receptor knockout mice and the motivational effects of ethanol. Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior. 75:2003;373-379
23. Bozzi Y., Borrelli E. Absence of the dopamine D2 receptor leads to a decreased expression of GDNF and NT-4 mRNAs in restricted brain areas. European Journal of Neuroscience. 11:1999;1275-1284
24. Bozzi Y., Borrelli E. Dopamine D2 receptor signaling controls neuronal cell death induced by muscarinic and glutamatergic drugs. Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience. 19:2002;263-271
25. Bozzi Y., Vallone D., Borrelli E. Neuroprotective role of dopamine against hippocampal cell death. The Journal of Neuroscience. 20:2000;8643-8649
26. Braff D.L., Geyer M.A., Swerdlow N.R. Human studies of prepulse inhibition of startle: normal subjects, patient groups, and pharmacological studies. Psychopharmacology (Berlin). 156:2001;234-258
27. Bucan M., Abel T. The mouse: genetics meets behaviour. Nature Reviews Genetics. 3:2002;114-123
28. Caine S.B., Koob G.F. Modulation of cocaine self-administration in the rat through D-3 dopamine receptors. Science. 260:1993;1814-1816
29. Caine S.B., Negus S.S., Mello N.K., Patel S., Bristow L., Kulagowski J., Vallone D., Saiardi A., Borrelli E. Role of dopamine D2-like receptors in cocaine self-administration: studies with D2 receptor mutant mice and novel D2 receptor antagonists. The Journal of Neuroscience. 22:2002;2977-2988
30. Calabresi P., Saiardi A., Pisani A., Baik J.H., Centonze D., Mercuri N.B., Bernardi G., Borrelli E. Abnormal synaptic plasticity in the striatum of mice lacking dopamine D2 receptors. Journal of Neuroscience. 17:1997;4536-4544
31. Cannon C.M., Palmiter R.D. Reward without dopamine. The Journal of Neuroscience. 23:2003;10827-10831
32. Carta A.R., Gerfen C.R., Steiner H. Cocaine effects on gene regulation in the striatum and behavior: increased sensitivity in D3 dopamine receptor-deficient mice. Neuroreport. 11:2000;2395-2399
33. Centonze D., Grande C., Saulle E., Martin A.B., Gubellini P., Pavon N., Pisani A., Bernardi G., Moratalla R., Calabresi P. Distinct roles of D1 and D5 dopamine receptors in motor activity and striatal synaptic plasticity. The Journal of Neuroscience. 23:2003a;8506-8512
34. Centonze D., Grande C., Usiello A., Gubellini P., Erbs E., Martin A.B., Pisani A., Tognazzi N., Bernardi G., Moratalla R., Borrelli E., Calabresi P. Receptor subtypes involved in the presynaptic and postsynaptic actions of dopamine on striatal interneurons. The Journal of Neuroscience. 23:2003b;6245-6254
35. Cepeda C., Hurst R.S., Altemus K.L., Flores-Hernandez J., Calvert C.R., Jokel E.S., Grandy D.K., Low M.J., Rubinstein M., Ariano M.A., Levine M.S. Facilitated glutamatergic transmission in the striatum of D2 dopamine receptor-deficient mice. Journal of Neurophysiology. 85:2001;659-670
36. Chausmer A.L., Katz J.L. The role of D2-like dopamine receptors in the locomotor stimulant effects of cocaine in mice. Psychopharmacology (Berlin). 155:2001;69-77
37. Chausmer A.L., Elmer G.I., Rubinstein M., Low M.J., Grandy D.K., Katz J.L. Cocaine-induced locomotor activity and cocaine discrimination in dopamine D2 receptor mutant mice. Psychopharmacology (Berlin). 163:2002;54-61
38. Chen J.F., Moratalla R., Impagnatiello F., Grandy D.K., Cuellar B., Rubinstein M., Beilstein M.A., Hackett E., Fink J.S., Low M.J., Ongini E., Schwarzschild M.A. The role of the D(2) dopamine receptor (D(2)R) in A(2A) adenosine receptor (A(2A)R)-mediated behavioral and cellular responses as revealed by A(2A) and D(2) receptor knockout mice. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA. 98:2001;1970-1975
39. Chudasama Y., Robbins T.W. Dissociable contributions of the orbitofrontal and infralimbic cortex to pavlovian autoshaping and discrimination reversal learning: further evidence for the functional heterogeneity of the rodent frontal cortex. The Journal of Neuroscience. 23:2003;8771-8780
40. Ciliax B.J., Nash N., Heilman C., Sunahara R., Hartney A., Tiberi M., Rye D.B., Caron M.G., Niznik H.B., Levey A.I. Dopamine D(5) receptor immunolocalization in rat and monkey brain. Synapse. 37:2000;125-145
41. Civelli O., Bunzow J.R., Grandy D.K. Molecular diversity of the dopamine receptors. Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology. 33:1993;281-307
42. Clifford J.J., Tighe O., Croke D.T., Sibley D.R., Drago J., Waddington J.L. Topographical evaluation of the phenotype of spontaneous behaviour in mice with targeted gene deletion of the D1A dopamine receptor: paradoxical elevation of grooming syntax. Neuropharmacology. 37:1998;1595-1602
43. Clifford J.J., Tighe O., Croke D.T., Kinsella A., Sibley D.R., Drago J., Waddington J.L. Conservation of behavioural topography to dopamine D1-like receptor agonists in mutant mice lacking the D1A receptor implicates a D1-like receptor not coupled to adenylyl cyclase. Neuroscience. 93:1999;1483-1489
44. Clifford J.J., Usiello A., Vallone D., Kinsella A., Borrelli E., Waddington J.L. Topographical evaluation of behavioural phenotype in a line of mice with targeted gene deletion of the D2 dopamine receptor. Neuropharmacology. 39:2000;382-390
45. Clifford J.J., Kinsella A., Tighe O., Rubinstein M., Grandy D.K., Low M.J., Croke D.T., Waddington J.L. Comparative, topographically-based evaluation of behavioural phenotype and specification of D(1)-like:D(2) interactions in a line of incipient congenic mice with D(2) dopamine receptor 'knockout'. Neuropsychopharmacology. 25:2001;527-536
46. Crabbe J.C., Wahlsten D., Dudek B.C. Genetics of mouse behavior: interactions with laboratory environment. Science. 284:1999;1670-1672
47. Crawford C.A., Drago J., Watson J.B., Levine M.S. Effects of repeated amphetamine treatment on the locomotor activity of the dopamine D1A-deficient mouse. Neuroreport. 8:1997;2523-2527
48. Crawley J.N. What's Wrong with my Mouse? Behavioral Phenotyping of Transgenic and Knockout mice. 2000;Wiley-Liss, New York
49. Cromwell H.C., Berridge K.C., Drago J., Levine M.S. Action sequencing is impaired in D1A-deficient mutant mice. European Journal of Neuroscience. 10:1998;2426-2432
50. Crusio W.E. Gene-targeting studies: new methods, old problems. Trends in Neuroscience. 19:1996;186-187. discussion 188-189
51. Cunningham C.L., Howard M.A., Gill S.J., Rubinstein M., Low M.J., Grandy D.K. Ethanol-conditioned place preference is reduced in dopamine D2 receptor-deficient mice. Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior. 67:2000;693-699
52. Davila V., Yan Z., Craciun L.C., Logothetis D., Sulzer D. D3 dopamine autoreceptors do not activate G-protein-gated inwardly rectifying potassium channel currents in substantia nigra dopamine neurons. The Journal of Neuroscience. 23:2003;5693-5697
53. Depoortere R. Combined use of mutant mice and classical pharmacology to characterise receptor functions: the case of dopamine D2 and D3 receptors. Psychopharmacology (Berlin). 147:1999;20-21
54. Diaz-Torga G., Feierstein C., Libertun C., Gelman D., Kelly M.A., Low M.J., Rubinstein M., Becu-Villalobos D. Disruption of the D2 dopamine receptor alters GH and IGF-I secretion and causes dwarfism in male mice. Endocrinology. 143:2002;1270-1279
55. Dickinson S.D., Sabeti J., Larson G.A., Giardina K., Rubinstein M., Kelly M.A., Grandy D.K., Low M.J., Gerhardt G.A., Zahniser N.R. Dopamine D2 receptor-deficient mice exhibit decreased dopamine transporter function but no changes in dopamine release in dorsal striatum. Journal of Neurochemistry. 72:1999;148-156
56. Dockstader C.L., Rubinstein M., Grandy D.K., Low M.J., van der Kooy D. The D2 receptor is critical in mediating opiate motivation only in opiate-dependent and withdrawn mice. European Journal of Neuroscience. 13:2001;995-1001
57. Dracheva S., Haroutunian V. Locomotor behavior of dopamine D1 receptor transgenic/D2 receptor deficient hybrid mice. Brain Research. 905:2001;142-151
58. Dracheva S., Xu M., Kelley K.A., Haroutunian V., Holstein G.R., Haun S., Silverstein J.H., Sealfon S.C. Paradoxical locomotor behavior of dopamine D1 receptor transgenic mice. Experimental Neurology. 157:1999;169-179
59. Drago J., Gerfen C.R., Lachowicz J.E., Steiner H., Hollon T.R., Love P.E., Ooi G.T., Grinberg A., Lee E.J., Huang S.P., et al. Altered striatal function in a mutant mouse lacking D1A dopamine receptors. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA. 91:1994;12564-12568
60. Drago J., Gerfen C.R., Westphal H., Steiner H. D1 dopamine receptor-deficient mouse: cocaine-induced regulation of immediate-early gene and substance P expression in the striatum. Neuroscience. 74:1996;813-823
61. Drago F., Contarino A., Busa L. The expression of neuropeptide-induced excessive grooming behavior in dopamine D1 and D2 receptor-deficient mice. European Journal of Pharmacology. 365:1999;125-131
62. Duarte, C., Alonso, R., Bichet, N., Cohen, C., Soubrie, P., Thiebot, M.H., 2004. Blockade by the cannabinoid CB1 receptor antagonist, Rimonabant (SR141716), of the potentiation by quinelorane of food-primed reinstatement of food-seeking behavior. Neuropsychopharmacology 29, 911-920.
63. Dulawa S.C., Grandy D.K., Low M.J., Paulus M.P., Geyer M.A. Dopamine D4 receptor-knock-out mice exhibit reduced exploration of novel stimuli. Journal of Neuroscience. 19:1999;9550-9556
64. El-Ghundi M., George S.R., Drago J., Fletcher P.J., Fan T., Nguyen T., Liu C., Sibley D.R., Westphal H., O'Dowd B.F. Disruption of dopamine D1 receptor gene expression attenuates alcohol-seeking behavior. European Journal of Pharmacology. 353:1998;149-158
65. El-Ghundi M., Fletcher P.J., Drago J., Sibley D.R., O'Dowd B.F., George S.R. Spatial learning deficit in dopamine D(1) receptor knockout mice. European Journal of Pharmacology. 383:1999;95-106
66. El-Ghundi M., O'Dowd B.F., George S.R. Prolonged fear responses in mice lacking dopamine D1 receptor. Brain Research. 892:2001;86-93
67. El-Ghundi M., O'Dowd B.F., Erclik M., George S.R. Attenuation of sucrose reinforcement in dopamine D1 receptor deficient mice. European Journal of Neuroscience. 17:2003;851-862
68. Elliot E.E., Sibley D.R., Katz J.L. Locomotor and discriminative-stimulus effects of cocaine in dopamine D5 receptor knockout mice. Psychopharmacology (Berlin). 169:2003;161-168
69. Elmer G.I., Pieper J.O., Rubinstein M., Low M.J., Grandy D.K., Wise R.A. Failure of intravenous morphine to serve as an effective instrumental reinforcer in dopamine D2 receptor knock-out mice. The Journal of Neuroscience. 22:2002;RC224
70. Everitt B.J., Robbins T.W. Central cholinergic systems and cognition. Annual Review of Psychology. 48:1997;649-684
71. Everitt B.J., Parkinson J.A., Olmstead M.C., Arroyo M., Robledo P., Robbins T.W. Associative processes in addiction and reward. The role of amygdala-ventral striatal subsystems. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 877:1999;412-438
72. Falzone T.L., Gelman D.M., Young J.I., Grandy D.K., Low M.J., Rubinstein M. Absence of dopamine D4 receptors results in enhanced reactivity to unconditioned, but not conditioned, fear. European Journal of Neuroscience. 15:2002;158-164
73. Fetsko L.A., Xu R., Wang Y. Alterations in D1/D2 synergism may account for enhanced stereotypy and reduced climbing in mice lacking dopamine D2L receptor. Brain Research. 967:2003;191-200
74. Friedman E., Jin L.Q., Cai G.P., Hollon T.R., Drago J., Sibley D.R., Wang H.Y. D1-like dopaminergic activation of phosphoinositide hydrolysis is independent of D1A dopamine receptors: evidence from D1A knockout mice. Molecular Pharmacology. 51:1997;6-11
75. Gan L., Falzone T.L., Zhang K., Rubinstein M., Ldessarini R.J., Tarazi F.I. Enhanced expression of dopamine D1 and glutamate NMDA receptors in dopamine D4 receptor knockout mice. Journal of Molecular Neuroscience. 22:2004;167-178
76. Gerlai R. Gene-targeting studies of mammalian behavior: is it the mutation or the background genotype? Trends in Neuroscience. 19:1996;177-181
77. Geyer M.A., McIlwain K.L., Paylor R. Mouse genetic models for prepulse inhibition: an early review. Molecular Psychiatry. 7:2002;1039-1053
78. Gingrich J.A., Caron M.G. Recent advances in the molecular biology of dopamine receptors. Annual Review of Neuroscience. 16:1993;299-321
79. Giros B., Sokoloff P., Martres M.P., Riou J.F., Emorine L.J., Schwartz J.C. Alternative splicing directs the expression of two D2 dopamine receptor isoforms. Nature. 342:1989;923-926
80. Glickstein S.B., Schmauss C. Dopamine receptor functions: lessons from knockout mice [corrected]. Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 91:2001;63-83
81. Glickstein S.B., Schmauss C. Focused motor stereotypies do not require enhanced activation of neurons in striosomes. Journal of Comparative Neurology. 469:2004;227-238
82. Glickstein S.B., Hof P.R., Schmauss C. Mice lacking dopamine D2 and D3 receptors have spatial working memory deficits. The Journal of Neuroscience. 22:2002;5619-5629
83. Goldman-Rakic P.S. Anatomical and functional circuits in prefrontal cortex of nonhuman primates. Relevance to epilepsy. Advances in Neurology. 66:1995;51-63
84. Granon S., Passetti F., Thomas K.L., Dalley J.W., Everitt B.J., Robbins T.W. Enhanced and impaired attentional performance after infusion of D1 dopaminergic receptor agents into rat prefrontal cortex. The Journal of Neuroscience. 20:2000;1208-1215
85. Gurden H., Takita M., Jay T.M. Essential role of D1 but not D2 receptors in the NMDA receptor-dependent long-term potentiation at hippocampal-prefrontal cortex synapses in vivo. The Journal of Neuroscience. 20:2000;RC106
86. Hersi A.I., Kitaichi K., Srivastava L.K., Gaudreau P., Quirion R. Dopamine D-5 receptor modulates hippocampal acetylcholine release. Brain Research Molecular Brain Research. 76:2000;336-340
87. Heyer J., Xiao Q., Bugaj-Gaweda B., Ramboz S., Unterbeck A. Conditional inactivation of the dopamine receptor 5 gene: flanking the Drd5 gene with loxP sites. Genesis. 32:2002;102-104
88. Hollon T.R., Bek M.J., Lachowicz J.E., Ariano M.A., Mezey E., Ramachandran R., Wersinger S.R., Soares-da-Silva P., Liu Z.F., Grinberg A., Drago J., Young W.S. III, Westphal H., Jose P.A., Sibley D.R. Mice lacking D5 dopamine receptors have increased sympathetic tone and are hypertensive. The Journal of Neuroscience. 22:2002;10801-10810
89. Holmes A. Targeted gene mutation approaches to the study of anxiety-like behavior in mice. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews. 25:2001;261-273
90. Holmes A., Rodgers R.J. Responses of Swiss-Webster mice to repeated plus-maze experience: further evidence for a qualitative shift in emotional state? Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior. 60:1998;473-488
91. Holmes A., Hollon T.R., Gleason T.C., Liu Z., Dreiling J., Sibley D.R., Crawley J.N. Behavioral characterization of dopamine D5 receptor null mutant mice. Behavioral Neuroscience. 115:2001;1129-1144
92. Holmes A., Wrenn C.C., Harris A.P., Thayer K.E., Crawley J.N. Behavioral profiles of inbred strains on novel olfactory, spatial and emotional tests for reference memory in mice. Genes, Brain and Behavior. 1:2002;55-69
93. Holmes A., Lit Q., Murphy D.L., Gold E., Crawley J.N. Abnormal anxiety-related behavior in serotonin transporter null mutant mice: the influence of genetic background. Genes, Brain and Behavior. 2:2003;365-380
94. Hommel J.D., Sears R.M., Georgescu D., Simmons D.L., DiLeone R.J. Local gene knockdown in the brain using viral-mediated RNA interference. Nature Medicine. 9:2003;1539-1544
95. Huang Y.Y., Simpson E., Kellendonk C., Kandel E.R. Genetic evidence for the bidirectional modulation of synaptic plasticity in the prefrontal cortex by D1 receptors. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA. 101:2004;3236-3241
96. Hunyady B., Palkovits M., Mozsik G., Molnar J., Feher K., Toth Z., Zolyomi A., Szalayova I., Key S., Sibley D.R., Mezey E. Susceptibility of dopamine D5 receptor targeted mice to cysteamine. Journal of Physiology (Paris). 95:2001;147-151
97. Jose P.A., Eisner G.M., Felder R.A. Regulation of D1 receptor function in spontaneous hypertension. Advances in Pharmacology. 42:1998;525-528
98. Jung M.Y., Schmauss C. Decreased c-fos responses to dopamine D(1) receptor agonist stimulation in mice deficient for D(3) receptors. Journal of Biological Chemistry. 274:1999;29406-29412
99. Jung M.Y., Skryabin B.V., Arai M., Abbondanzo S., Fu D., Brosius J., Robakis N.K., Polites H.G., Pintar J.E., Schmauss C. Potentiation of the D2 mutant motor phenotype in mice lacking dopamine D2 and D3 receptors. Neuroscience. 91:1999;911-924
100. Jung M.Y., Hof P.R., Schmauss C. Targeted disruption of the dopamine D(2) and D(3) receptor genes leads to different alterations in the expression of striatal calbindin-D(28k). Neuroscience. 97:2000;495-504
101. Kalivas P.W., Stewart J. Dopamine transmission in the initiation and expression of drug- and stress-induced sensitization of motor activity. Brain Research Brain Research Reviews. 16:1991;223-244
102. Karasinska J.M., George S.R., El-Ghundi M., Fletcher P.J., O'Dowd B.F. Modification of dopamine D(1) receptor knockout phenotype in mice lacking both dopamine D(1) and D(3) receptors. European Journal of Pharmacology. 399:2000;171-181
103. Karper P.E., De la Rosa H., Newman E.R., Krall C.M., Nazarian A., McDougall S.A., Crawford C.A. Role of D1-like receptors in amphetamine-induced behavioral sensitization: a study using D1A receptor knockout mice. Psychopharmacology (Berlin). 159:2002;407-414
104. Kase H., Aoyama S., Ichimura M., Ikeda K., Ishii A., Kanda T., Koga K., Koike N., Kurokawa M., Kuwana Y., Mori A., Nakamura J., Nonaka H., Ochi M., Saki M., Shimada J., Shindou T., Shiozaki S., Suzuki F., Takeda M., Yanagawa K., Richardson P.J., Jenner P., Bedard P., Borrelli E., Hauser R.A., Chase T.N. Progress in pursuit of therapeutic A2A antagonists: the adenosine A2A receptor selective antagonist KW6002: research and development toward a novel nondopaminergic therapy for Parkinson's disease. Neurology. 61:2003;S97-S100
105. Katz J.L., Chausmer A.L., Elmer G.I., Rubinstein M., Low M.J., Grandy D.K. Cocaine-induced locomotor activity and cocaine discrimination in dopamine D4 receptor mutant mice. Psychopharmacology (Berlin). 170:2003;108-114
106. Kebabian J.W., Calne D.B. Multiple receptors for dopamine. Nature. 277:1979;93-96
107. Kelly M.A., Rubinstein M., Asa S.L., Zhang G., Saez C., Bunzow J.R., Allen R.G., Hnasko R., Ben-Jonathan N., Grandy D.K., Low M.J. Pituitary lactotroph hyperplasia and chronic hyperprolactinemia in dopamine D2 receptor-deficient mice. Neuron. 19:1997;103-113
108. Kelly M.A., Rubinstein M., Phillips T.J., Lessov C.N., Burkhart-Kasch S., Zhang G., Bunzow J.R., Fang Y., Gerhardt G.A., Grandy D.K., Low M.J. Locomotor activity in D2 dopamine receptor-deficient mice is determined by gene dosage, genetic background, and developmental adaptations. The Journal of Neuroscience. 18:1998;3470-3479
109. Khan Z.U., Gutierrez A., Martin R., Penafiel A., Rivera A., De La Calle A. Differential regional and cellular distribution of dopamine D2-like receptors: an immunocytochemical study of subtype-specific antibodies in rat and human brain. Journal of Comparative Neurology. 402:1998;353-371
110. Koeltzow T.E., Xu M., Cooper D.C., Hu X.T., Tonegawa S., Wolf M.E., White F.J. Alterations in dopamine release but not dopamine autoreceptor function in dopamine D3 receptor mutant mice. The Journal of Neuroscience. 18:1998;2231-2238
111. LaHoste G.J., Yu J., Marshall J.F. Striatal Fos expression is indicative of dopamine D1/D2 synergism and receptor supersensitivity. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA. 90:1993;7451-7455
112. LaHoste G.J., Henry B.L., Marshall J.F. Dopamine D1 receptors synergize with D2, but not D3 or D4, receptors in the striatum without the involvement of action potentials. The Journal of Neuroscience. 20:2000;6666-6671
113. Laplante, F., Sibley, D.R., Quirion, R., 2004. Reduction in acetylcholine release in the hippocampus of dopamine D5 receptor deficient mice. Neuropsychopharmacology, 29, 1620-1627.
114. Levesque D., Diaz J., Pilon C., Martres M.P., Giros B., Souil E., Schott D., Morgat J.L., Schwartz J.C., Sokoloff P. Identification, characterization, and localization of the dopamine D3 receptor in rat brain using 7-[3H]hydroxy-N,N-di-n-propyl-2-aminotetralin. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA. 89:1992;8155-8159
115. Levey A.I., Hersch S.M., Rye D.B., Sunahara R.K., Niznik H.B., Kitt C.A., Price D.L., Maggio R., Brann M.R., Ciliax B.J., et al. Localization of D1 and D2 dopamine receptors in brain with subtype-specific antibodies. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA. 90:1993;8861-8865
116. L'Hirondel M., Cheramy A., Godeheu G., Artaud F., Saiardi A., Borrelli E., Glowinski J. Lack of autoreceptor-mediated inhibitory control of dopamine release in striatal synaptosomes of D2 receptor-deficient mice. Brain Research. 792:1998;253-262
117. Li X.X., Bek M., Asico L.D., Yang Z., Grandy D.K., Goldstein D.S., Rubinstein M., Eisner G.M., Jose P.A. Adrenergic and endothelin B receptor-dependent hypertension in dopamine receptor type-2 knockout mice. Hypertension. 38:2001;303-308
118. Li X., Bek M., Asico L.D., Yang Z., Rubinstein M., Grandy D.K., Goldstein D.S., Eisner G.M., Jose P.A. [Disruption of the D(2) dopamine receptor produces adrenergic and endothelin B receptor-dependent hypertension]. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi. 82:2002;703-707
119. Li S., Cullen W.K., Anwyl R., Rowan M.J. Dopamine-dependent facilitation of LTP induction in hippocampal CA1 by exposure to spatial novelty. Nature Neuroscience. 6:2003;526-531
120. Lidow M.S., Koh P.O., Arnsten A.F. D1 dopamine receptors in the mouse prefrontal cortex: immunocytochemical and cognitive neuropharmacological analyses. Synapse. 47:2003;101-108
121. Lindgren N., Usiello A., Goiny M., Haycock J., Erbs E., Greengard P., Hokfelt T., Borrelli E., Fisone G. Distinct roles of dopamine D2L and D2S receptor isoforms in the regulation of protein phosphorylation at presynaptic and postsynaptic sites. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA. 100:2003;4305-4309
122. Lindvall O., Bjorklund A. Anatomy of the dopaminergic neuron systems in the rat brain. Advances in Biochemistry and Psychopharmacology. 19:1978;1-23
123. Mack K.J., O'Malley K.L., Todd R.D. Differential expression of dopaminergic D2 receptor messenger RNAs during development. Brain Research Developmental Brain Research. 59:1991;249-251
124. MacQueen G.M., Campbell S., McEwen B.S., Macdonald K., Amano S., Joffe R.T., Nahmias C., Young L.T. Course of illness, hippocampal function, and hippocampal volume in major depression. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA. 100:2003;1387-1392
125. Maldonado R., Saiardi A., Valverde O., Samad T.A., Roques B.P., Borrelli E. Absence of opiate rewarding effects in mice lacking dopamine D2 receptors. Nature. 388:1997;586-589
126. Matthies H., Becker A., Schroeder H., Kraus J., Hollt V., Krug M. Dopamine D1-deficient mutant mice do not express the late phase of hippocampal long-term potentiation. Neuroreport. 8:1997;3533-3535
127. McIlwain K.L., Merriweather M.Y., Yuva-Paylor L.A., Paylor R. The use of behavioral test batteries: effects of training history. Physiological Behavior. 73:2001;705-717
128. McNamara F.N., Clifford J.J., Tighe O., Kinsella A., Drago J., Fuchs S., Croke D.T., Waddington J.L. Phenotypic, ethologically based resolution of spontaneous and D(2)-like vs D(1)-like agonist-induced behavioural topography in mice with congenic D(3) dopamine receptor "knockout" Synapse. 46:2002;19-31
129. McNamara F.N., Clifford J.J., Tighe O., Kinsella A., Drago J., Croke D.T., Waddington J.L. Congenic D1A dopamine receptor mutants: ethologically based resolution of behavioural topography indicates genetic background as a determinant of knockout phenotype. Neuropsychopharmacology. 28:2003;86-99
130. McQuade J.A., Xu M., Woods S.C., Seeley R.J., Benoit S.C. Ethanol consumption in mice with a targeted disruption of the dopamine-3 receptor gene. Addiction Biology. 8:2003;295-303
131. McQuade J.A., Benoit S.C., Xu M., Woods S.C., Seeley R.J. High-fat diet induced adiposity in mice with targeted disruption of the dopamine-3 receptor gene. Behavioral Brain Research. 151:2004;313-319
132. Meador-Woodruff J.H., Mansour A., Bunzow J.R., Van Tol H.H., Watson S.J. Jr., Civelli O. Distribution of D2 dopamine receptor mRNA in rat brain. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA. 86:1989;7625-7628
133. Meador-Woodruff J.H., Damask S.P., Wang J., Haroutunian V., Davis K.L., Watson S.J. Dopamine receptor mRNA expression in human striatum and neocortex. Neuropsychopharmacology. 15:1996;17-29
134. Mercuri N.B., Saiardi A., Bonci A., Picetti R., Calabresi P., Bernardi G., Borrelli E. Loss of autoreceptor function in dopaminergic neurons from dopamine D2 receptor deficient mice. Neuroscience. 79:1997;323-327
135. Milad M.R., Quirk G.J. Neurons in medial prefrontal cortex signal memory for fear extinction. Nature. 420:2002;70-74
136. Millan M.J., Peglion J.L., Vian J., Rivet J.M., Brocco M., Gobert A., Newman-Tancredi A., Dacquet C., Bervoets K., Girardon S., et al. Functional correlates of dopamine D3 receptor activation in the rat in vivo and their modulation by the selective antagonist, (+)-S 14297: 1. Activation of postsynaptic D3 receptors mediates hypothermia, whereas blockade of D2 receptors elicits prolactin secretion and catalepsy. The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 275:1995;885-898
137. Miner L.L., Drago J., Chamberlain P.M., Donovan D., Uhl G.R. Retained cocaine conditioned place preference in D1 receptor deficient mice. Neuroreport. 6:1995;2314-2316
138. Missale C., Nash S.R., Robinson S.W., Jaber M., Caron M.G. Dopamine receptors: from structure to function. Physiological Reviews. 78:1998;189-225
139. Miyamoto S., Mailman R.B., Lieberman J.A., Duncan G.E. Blunted brain metabolic response to ketamine in mice lacking D(1A) dopamine receptors. Brain Research. 894:2001;167-180
140. Mizuo K., Narita M., Miyatake M., Suzuki T. Enhancement of dopamine-induced signaling responses in the forebrain of mice lacking dopamine D3 receptor. Neuroscience Letters. 358:2004;13-16
141. Monsma F.J. Jr., McVittie L.D., Gerfen C.R., Mahan L.C., Sibley D.R. Multiple D2 dopamine receptors produced by alternative RNA splicing. Nature. 342:1989;926-929
142. Montague D.M., Striplin C.D., Overcash J.S., Drago J., Lawler C.P., Mailman R.B. Quantification of D1B(D5) receptors in dopamine D1A receptor-deficient mice. Synapse. 39:2001;319-322
143. Moratalla R., Xu M., Tonegawa S., Graybiel A.M. Cellular responses to psychomotor stimulant and neuroleptic drugs are abnormal in mice lacking the D1 dopamine receptor. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA. 93:1996;14928-14933
144. Mrzljak L., Bergson C., Pappy M., Huff R., Levenson R., Goldman-Rakic P.S. Localization of dopamine D4 receptors in GABAergic neurons of the primate brain. Nature. 381:1996;245-248
145. Murer M.G., Dziewczapolski G., Salin P., Vila M., Tseng K.Y., Ruberg M., Rubinstein M., Kelly M.A., Grandy D.K., Low M.J., Hirsch E., Raisman-Vozari R., Gershanik O. The indirect basal ganglia pathway in dopamine D(2) receptor-deficient mice. Neuroscience. 99:2000;643-650
146. Narita M., Soma M., Tamaki H., Suzuki T. Intensification of the development of ethanol dependence in mice lacking dopamine D(3) receptor. Neuroscience Letters. 324:2002;129-132
147. Narita M., Mizuo K., Mizoguchi H., Sakata M., Tseng L.F., Suzuki T. Molecular evidence for the functional role of dopamine D3 receptor in the morphine-induced rewarding effect and hyperlocomotion. The Journal of Neuroscience. 23:2003;1006-1012
148. Neve K.A., Neve R.L., Fidel S., Janowsky A., Higgins G.A. Increased abundance of alternatively spliced forms of D2 dopamine receptor mRNA after denervation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA. 88:1991;2802-2806
149. Nir I., Harrison J.M., Haque R., Low M.J., Grandy D.K., Rubinstein M., Iuvone P.M. Dysfunctional light-evoked regulation of cAMP in photoreceptors and abnormal retinal adaptation in mice lacking dopamine D4 receptors. The Journal of Neuroscience. 22:2002;2063-2073
150. Otani S., Blond O., Desce J.M., Crepel F. Dopamine facilitates long-term depression of glutamatergic transmission in rat prefrontal cortex. Neuroscience. 85:1998;669-676
151. Ozono R., Ueda A., Oishi Y., Yano A., Kambe M., Katsuki M., Oshima T. Dopamine D2 receptor modulates sodium handling via local production of dopamine in the kidney. Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology. 42:2003;S75-S79
152. Palmer A.A., Low M.J., Grandy D.K., Phillips T.J. Effects of a Drd2 deletion mutation on ethanol-induced locomotor stimulation and sensitization suggest a role for epistasis. Behavior Genetics. 33:2003;311-324
153. Parish C.L., Stanic D., Drago J., Borrelli E., Finkelstein D.I., Horne M.K. Effects of long-term treatment with dopamine receptor agonists and antagonists on terminal arbor size. European Journal of Neuroscience. 16:2002;787-794
154. Paterson A.D., Sunohara G.A., Kennedy J.L. Dopamine D4 receptor gene: novelty or nonsense? Neuropsychopharmacology. 21:1999;3-16
155. Perachon S., Betancur C., Pilon C., Rostene W., Schwartz J.C., Sokoloff P. Role of dopamine D3 receptors in thermoregulation: a reappraisal. Neuroreport. 11:2000;221-225
156. Phillips T.J., Crabbe J.C., Metten P., Belknap J.K. Localization of genes affecting alcohol drinking in mice. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research. 18:1994;931-941
157. Phillips T.J., Brown K.J., Burkhart-Kasch S., Wenger C.D., Kelly M.A., Rubinstein M., Grandy D.K., Low M.J. Alcohol preference and sensitivity are markedly reduced in mice lacking dopamine D2 receptors. Nature Neuroscience. 1:1998;610-615
158. Pilla M., Perachon S., Sautel F., Garrido F., Mann A., Wermuth C.G., Schwartz J.C., Everitt B.J., Sokoloff P. Selective inhibition of cocaine-seeking behaviour by a partial dopamine D3 receptor agonist. Nature. 400:1999;371-375
159. Primus R.J., Thurkauf A., Xu J., Yevich E., McInerney S., Shaw K., Tallman J.F., Gallagher D.W. II. Localization and characterization of dopamine D4 binding sites in rat and human brain by use of the novel, D4 receptor-selective ligand [3H]NGD 94-1. The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 282:1997;1020-1027
160. Pritchard L.M., Logue A.D., Hayes S., Welge J.A., Xu M., Zhang J., Berger S.P., Richtand N.M. 7-OH-DPAT and PD 128907 selectively activate the D3 dopamine receptor in a novel environment. Neuropsychopharmacology. 28:2003;100-107
161. Ralph R.J., Varty G.B., Kelly M.A., Wang Y.M., Caron M.G., Rubinstein M., Grandy D.K., Low M.J., Geyer M.A. The dopamine D2, but not D3 or D4, receptor subtype is essential for the disruption of prepulse inhibition produced by amphetamine in mice. The Journal of Neuroscience. 19:1999;4627-4633
162. Ralph-Williams R.J., Lehmann-Masten V., Otero-Corchon V., Low M.J., Geyer M.A. Differential effects of direct and indirect dopamine agonists on prepulse inhibition: a study in D1 and D2 receptor knock-out mice. The Journal of Neuroscience. 22:2002;9604-9611
163. Risinger F.O., Freeman P.A., Rubinstein M., Low M.J., Grandy D.K. Lack of operant ethanol self-administration in dopamine D2 receptor knockout mice. Psychopharmacology (Berlin). 152:2000;343-350
164. Robbins T.W. Chemical neuromodulation of frontal-executive functions in humans and other animals. Experimental Brain Research. 133:2000;130-138
165. Rodgers R.J., Cao B.J., Dalvi A., Holmes A. Animal models of anxiety: an ethological perspective. Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research. 30:1997;289-304
166. Rogers D.C., Costall B., Domeney A.M., Gerrard P.A., Greener M., Kelly M.E., Hagan J.J., Hunter A.J. Anxiolytic profile of ropinirole in the rat, mouse and common marmoset. Psychopharmacology (Berlin). 151:2000;91-97
167. Rogoz Z., Skuza G., Klodzinska A. Anxiolytic-like effects of preferential dopamine D3 receptor agonists in an animal model. Polish Journal of Pharmacology. 55:2003;449-454
168. Romach M.K., Glue P., Kampman K., Kaplan H.L., Somer G.R., Poole S., Clarke L., Coffin V., Cornish J., O'Brien C.P., Sellers E.M. Attenuation of the euphoric effects of cocaine by the dopamine D1/D5 antagonist ecopipam (SCH 39166). Archives of General Psychiatry. 56:1999;1101-1106
169. Roth R.H. CNS dopamine autoreceptors: distribution, pharmacology, and function. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 430:1984;27-53
170. Rouge-Pont F., Usiello A., Benoit-Marand M., Gonon F., Piazza P.V., Borrelli E. Changes in extracellular dopamine induced by morphine and cocaine: crucial control by D2 receptors. The Journal of Neuroscience. 22:2002;3293-3301
171. Rubinstein M., Phillips T.J., Bunzow J.R., Falzone T.L., Dziewczapolski G., Zhang G., Fang Y., Larson J.L., McDougall J.A., Chester J.A., Saez C., Pugsley T.A., Gershanik O., Low M.J., Grandy D.K. Mice lacking dopamine D4 receptors are supersensitive to ethanol, cocaine, and methamphetamine. Cell. 90:1997;991-1001
172. Rubinstein M., Cepeda C., Hurst R.S., Flores-Hernandez J., Ariano M.A., Falzone T.L., Kozell L.B., Meshul C.K., Bunzow J.R., Low M.J., Levine M.S., Grandy D.K. Dopamine D4 receptor-deficient mice display cortical hyperexcitability. The Journal of Neuroscience. 21:2001;3756-3763
173. Saiardi A., Borrelli E. Absence of dopaminergic control on melanotrophs leads to Cushing's-like syndrome in mice. Molecular Endocrinology. 12:1998;1133-1139
174. Saiardi A., Bozzi Y., Baik J.H., Borrelli E. Antiproliferative role of dopamine: loss of D2 receptors causes hormonal dysfunction and pituitary hyperplasia. Neuron. 19:1997;115-126
175. Schmauss C. A single dose of methamphetamine leads to a long term reversal of the blunted dopamine D1 receptor-mediated neocortical c-fos responses in mice deficient for D2 and D3 receptors. Journal of Biological Chemistry. 275:2000;38944-38948
176. Schmauss C., Glickstein S.B., Adlersberg M., Hsiung S.C., Tamir H. A single dose of methamphetamine rescues the blunted dopamine D(1)-receptor activity in the neocortex of D(2)- and D(3)-receptor knockout mice. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 965:2002;21-27
177. Schmitz Y., Lee C.J., Schmauss C., Gonon F., Sulzer D. Amphetamine distorts stimulation-dependent dopamine overflow: effects on D2 autoreceptors, transporters, and synaptic vesicle stores. The Journal of Neuroscience. 21:2001;5916-5924
178. Schmitz Y., Schmauss C., Sulzer D. Altered dopamine release and uptake kinetics in mice lacking D2 receptors. The Journal of Neuroscience. 22:2002;8002-8009
179. Schwartz J.C., Levesque D., Martres M.P., Sokoloff P. Dopamine D3 receptor: basic and clinical aspects. Clinical Neuropharmacology. 16:1993;295-314
180. Shin R.M., Masuda M., Miura M., Sano H., Shirasawa T., Song W.J., Kobayashi K., Aosaki T. Dopamine D4 receptor-induced postsynaptic inhibition of GABAergic currents in mouse globus pallidus neurons. The Journal of Neuroscience. 23:2003;11662-11672
181. Sibley D.R. New insights into dopaminergic receptor function using antisense and genetically altered animals. Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology. 39:1999;313-341
182. Sibley D.R., Creese I. Regulation of ligand binding to pituitary D-2 dopaminergic receptors. Effects of divalent cations and functional group modification. Journal of Biological Chemistry. 258:1983;4957-4965
183. Sibley D.R., Monsma F.J. Jr., Shen Y. Molecular neurobiology of dopaminergic receptors. International Review of Neurobiology. 35:1993;391-415
184. Smith D.R., Striplin C.D., Geller A.M., Mailman R.B., Drago J., Lawler C.P., Gallagher M. Behavioural assessment of mice lacking D1A dopamine receptors. Neuroscience. 86:1998;135-146
185. Smith J.W., Fetsko L.A., Xu R., Wang Y. Dopamine D2L receptor knockout mice display deficits in positive and negative reinforcing properties of morphine and in avoidance learning. Neuroscience. 113:2002;755-765
186. Sokoloff P., Giros B., Martres M.P., Bouthenet M.L., Schwartz J.C. Molecular cloning and characterization of a novel dopamine receptor (D3) as a target for neuroleptics. Nature. 347:1990;146-151
187. Steiner H., Fuchs S., Accili D. D3 dopamine receptor-deficient mouse: evidence for reduced anxiety. Physiology and Behavior. 63:1997;137-141
188. Svenningsson P., Tzavara E.T., Carruthers R., Rachleff I., Wattler S., Nehls M., McKinzie D.L., Fienberg A.A., Nomikos G.G., Greengard P. Diverse psychotomimetics act through a common signaling pathway. Science. 302:2003;1412-1415
189. Tan S., Hermann B., Borrelli E. Dopaminergic mouse mutants: investigating the roles of the different dopamine receptor subtypes and the dopamine transporter. International Review of Neurobiology. 54:2003;145-197
190. Tarantino L.M., Gould T.J., Druhan J.P., Bucan M. Behavior and mutagenesis screens: the importance of baseline analysis of inbred strains. Mammalian Genome. 11:2000;555-564
191. Tomiyama K., McNamara F.N., Clifford J.J., Kinsella A., Drago J., Tighe O., Croke D.T., Koshikawa N., Waddington J.L. Phenotypic resolution of spontaneous and D1-like agonist-induced orofacial movement topographies in congenic dopamine D1A receptor 'knockout' mice. Neuropharmacology. 42:2002;644-652
192. Tomiyama K., McNamara F.N., Clifford J.J., Kinsella A., Drago J., Fuchs S., Grandy D.K., Low M.J., Rubinstein M., Tighe O., Croke D.T., Koshikawa N., Waddington J.L. Comparative phenotypic resolution of spontaneous, D2-like and D1-like agonist-induced orofacial movement topographies in congenic mutants with dopamine D2 vs. D3 receptor "knockout" Synapse. 51:2004;71-81
193. Tran A.H., Tamura R., Uwano T., Kobayashi T., Katsuki M., Matsumoto G., Ono T. Altered accumbens neural response to prediction of reward associated with place in dopamine D2 receptor knockout mice. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA. 99:2002;8986-8991
194. Ueda A., Ozono R., Oshima T., Yano A., Kambe M., Teranishi Y., Katsuki M., Chayama K. Disruption of the type 2 dopamine receptor gene causes a sodium-dependent increase in blood pressure in mice. American Journal of Hypertension. 16:2003;853-858
195. Usiello A., Baik J.H., Rouge-Pont F., Picetti R., Dierich A., LeMeur M., Piazza P.V., Borrelli E. Distinct functions of the two isoforms of dopamine D2 receptors. Nature. 408:2000;199-203
196. Vallone D., Pignatelli M., Grammatikopoulos G., Ruocco L., Bozzi Y., Westphal H., Borrelli E., Sadile A.G. Activity, non-selective attention and emotionality in dopamine D2/D3 receptor knock-out mice. Behavioral Brain Research. 130:2002;141-148
197. Van Tol H.H., Bunzow J.R., Guan H.C., Sunahara R.K., Seeman P., Niznik H.B., Civelli O. Cloning of the gene for a human dopamine D4 receptor with high affinity for the antipsychotic clozapine. Nature. 350:1991;610-614
198. Viggiano D., Ruocco L.A., Sadile A.G. Dopamine phenotype and behaviour in animal models: in relation to attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews. 27:2003;623-637
199. Volkow N.D., Fowler J.S., Wang G.J., Goldstein R.Z. Role of dopamine, the frontal cortex and memory circuits in drug addiction: insight from imaging studies. Neurobiology of Learning and Memory. 78:2002;610-624
200. Vorel S.R., Ashby C.R. Jr., Paul M., Liu X., Hayes R., Hagan J.J., Middlemiss D.N., Stemp G., Gardner E.L. Dopamine D3 receptor antagonism inhibits cocaine-seeking and cocaine-enhanced brain reward in rats. The Journal of Neuroscience. 22:2002;9595-9603
201. Vukhac K.L., Sankoorikal E.B., Wang Y. Dopamine D2L receptor- and age-related reduction in offensive aggression. Neuroreport. 12:2001;1035-1038
202. Waddington J.L., Clifford J.J., McNamara F.N., Tomiyama K., Koshikawa N., Croke D.T. The psychopharmacology-molecular biology interface: exploring the behavioural roles of dopamine receptor subtypes using targeted gene deletion ('knockout'). Progress in Neuropsychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry. 25:2001;925-964
203. Wahlsten D., Rustay N.R., Metten P., Crabbe J.C. In search of a better mouse test. Trends in Neuroscience. 26:2003;132-136
204. Walters J.R., Bergstrom D.A., Carlson J.H., Chase T.N., Braun A.R. D1 dopamine receptor activation required for postsynaptic expression of D2 agonist effects. Science. 236:1987;719-722
205. Wang Y., Xu R., Sasaoka T., Tonegawa S., Kung M.P., Sankoorikal E.B. Dopamine D2 long receptor-deficient mice display alterations in striatum-dependent functions. The Journal of Neuroscience. 20:2000;8305-8314
206. Williams G.V., Goldman-Rakic P.S. Modulation of memory fields by dopamine D1 receptors in prefrontal cortex. Nature. 376:1995;572-575
207. Wong J.Y., Clifford J.J., Massalas J.S., Finkelstein D.I., Horne M.K., Waddington J.L., Drago J. Neurochemical changes in dopamine D1, D3 and D1/D3 receptor knockout mice. European Journal of Pharmacology. 472:2003a;39-47
208. Wong J.Y., Clifford J.J., Massalas J.S., Kinsella A., Waddington J.L., Drago J. Essential conservation of D1 mutant phenotype at the level of individual topographies of behaviour in mice lacking both D1 and D3 dopamine receptors. Psychopharmacology (Berlin). 167:2003b;167-173
209. Xu M., Hu X.T., Cooper D.C., Moratalla R., Graybiel A.M., White F.J., Tonegawa S. Elimination of cocaine-induced hyperactivity and dopamine-mediated neurophysiological effects in dopamine D1 receptor mutant mice. Cell. 79:1994a;945-955
210. Xu M., Moratalla R., Gold L.H., Hiroi N., Koob G.F., Graybiel A.M., Tonegawa S. Dopamine D1 receptor mutant mice are deficient in striatal expression of dynorphin and in dopamine-mediated behavioral responses. Cell. 79:1994b;729-742
211. Xu M., Hu X.T., Cooper D.C., White F.J., Tonegawa S. A genetic approach to study mechanisms of cocaine action. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 801:1996;51-63
212. Xu M., Koeltzow T.E., Santiago G.T., Moratalla R., Cooper D.C., Hu X.T., White N.M., Graybiel A.M., White F.J., Tonegawa S. Dopamine D3 receptor mutant mice exhibit increased behavioral sensitivity to concurrent stimulation of D1 and D2 receptors. Neuron. 19:1997;837-848
213. Xu M., Koeltzow T.E., Cooper D.C., Tonegawa S., White F.J. Dopamine D3 receptor mutant and wild-type mice exhibit identical responses to putative D3 receptor-selective agonists and antagonists. Synapse. 31:1999;210-215
214. Xu F., Gainetdinov R.R., Wetsel W.C., Jones S.R., Bohn L.M., Miller G.W., Wang Y.M., Caron M.G. Mice lacking the norepinephrine transporter are supersensitive to psychostimulants. Nature Neuroscience. 3:2000a;465-471
215. Xu M., Guo Y., Vorhees C.V., Zhang J. Behavioral responses to cocaine and amphetamine administration in mice lacking the dopamine D1 receptor. Brain Research. 852:2000b;198-207
216. Xu R., Hranilovic D., Fetsko L.A., Bucan M., Wang Y. Dopamine D2S and D2L receptors may differentially contribute to the actions of antipsychotic and psychotic agents in mice. Molecular Psychiatry. 7:2002;1075-1082
217. Yarkov A.V., Hanger D., Reploge M., Joyce J.N. Behavioral effects of dopamine agonists and antagonists in MPTP-lesioned D3 receptor knockout mice. Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior. 76:2003;551-562
218. Zahniser N.R., Simosky J.K., Mayfield R.D., Negri C.A., Hanania T., Larson G.A., Kelly M.A., Grandy D.K., Rubinstein M., Low M.J., Fredholm B.B. Functional uncoupling of adenosine A(2A) receptors and reduced response to caffeine in mice lacking dopamine D2 receptors. The Journal of Neuroscience. 20:2000;5949-5957
219. Zapata A., Witkin J.M., Shippenberg T.S. Selective D3 receptor agonist effects of (+)-PD 128907 on dialysate dopamine at low doses. Neuropharmacology. 41:2001;351-359
220. Zhang J., Xu M. Toward a molecular understanding of psychostimulant actions using genetically engineered dopamine receptor knockout mice as model systems. Journal of Addictive Diseases. 20:2001;7-18
221. Zhang D., Zhang L., Lou D.W., Nakabeppu Y., Zhang J., Xu M. The dopamine D1 receptor is a critical mediator for cocaine-induced gene expression. Journal of Neurochemistry. 82:2002a;1453-1464
222. Zhang J., Zhang D., Xu M. Identification of chronic cocaine-induced gene expression through dopamine d1 receptors by using cDNA microarrays. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 965:2002b;1-9