Estrogen receptors: How do they signal and what are their targets

Physiological Reviews

Volumn 87, Issue 3, 2007, Pages 905-931

  Heldring, Nina ^b   Pike, Ashley ^b   Andersson, Sandra ^b   Matthews, Jason ^b   Cheng, Guojun ^b   Hartman, Johan ^b   Tujague, Michel ^b   Ström, Anders ^b   Treuter, Eckardt ^b   Warner, Margaret ^b   Gustafsson, Jan Åke ^a  

^a KAROLINSKA INSTITUTE   (Sweden)

^b NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AMPHIREGULIN; ANTIESTROGEN; BETACELLULIN; BLOCKING AGENT; CELL NUCLEUS RECEPTOR; EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR; EPIREGULIN; ESTRADIOL; ESTROGEN RECEPTOR; ESTROGEN RECEPTOR ALPHA; ESTROGEN RECEPTOR BETA; FULVESTRANT; GENISTEIN; GROWTH FACTOR; HEPARIN BINDING EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR; HORMONE DERIVATIVE; HYDROXYTAMOXIFEN; MORPHOGEN; RALOXIFENE; REGULATOR PROTEIN; RNA POLYMERASE II; TAMOXIFEN; TOREMIFENE; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA CONVERTING ENZYME;

BIOCHEMISTRY; CELL ADHESION; DNA BINDING; HORMONE ACTION; HORMONE SUBSTITUTION; HUMAN; LIGAND BINDING; LUNG; MAMMARY GLAND; MOLECULAR BIOLOGY; MORPHOGENESIS; NERVE CELL; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN DEGRADATION; REVIEW;

ANIMALS; ESTROGENS; FEMALE; HUMANS; PROTEIN ISOFORMS; RECEPTORS, ESTROGEN; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION;

EID: 34447523339     PISSN: 00319333     EISSN: 15221210     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00026.2006     Document Type: Review

References (331)

1. Adam RM, Borer JG, Williams J, Eastham JA, Loughlin KR, Freeman MR. Amphiregulin is coordinately expressed with heparin-binding epidermal growth factor-like growth factor in the interstitial smooth muscle of the human prostate. Endocrinology 140: 5866-5875, 1999.
2. Anzick SL, Kononen J, Walker RL, Azorsa DO, Tanner MM, Guan XY, Sauter G, Kallioniemi OP, Trent JM, Meltzer PS. AIB1, a steroid receptor coactivator amplified in breast and ovarian cancer. Science 277: 965-968, 1997.
3. Arai Y, Matsumoto A. Synapse formation of the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus during post-natal development in the female rat and its modification by neonatal estrogen treatment. Psychoneuroendocrinology 3: 31-45, 1978.
4. Asahara H, Dutta S, Kao HY, Evans RM, Montminy M. Pbx-Hox heterodimers recruit coactivator-corepressor complexes in an isoform-specific manner. Mol Cell Biol 19: 8219-8225, 1999.
5. Barkhem T, Carlsson B, Nilsson Y, Enmark E, Gustafsson J, Nilsson S. Differential response of estrogen receptor alpha and estrogen receptor beta to partial estrogen agonists/antagonists. Mol Pharmacol 54: 105-112, 1998.
6. Barnes CJ, Vadlamudi RK, Kumar R. Novel estrogen receptor coregulators and signaling molecules in human diseases. Cell Mol Life Sci 61: 281-291, 2004.
7. Barnes CJ, Vadlamudi RK, Mishra SK, Jacobson RH, Li F, Kumar R. Functional inactivation of a transcriptional corepressor by a signaling kinase. Nature Struct Biol 10: 622-628, 2003.
8. Beatty WW, Holzer GA. Sex differences in stereotyped behavior in the rat. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 9: 777-783, 1978.
9. Beckman WC Jr, Newbold RR, Teng CT, McLachlan JA. Molecular feminization of mouse seminal vesicle by prenatal exposure to diethylstilbestrol: altered expression of messenger RNA. J Urol 151: 1370-1378, 1994.
10. Behl C, Skutella T, Lezoualc'h F, Post A, Widmann M, Newton CJ, Holsboer F. Neuroprotection against oxidative stress by estrogens: structure-activity relationship. Mol Pharmacol 51: 535-541, 1997.
11. Belcher SM. Regulated expression of estrogen receptor alpha and beta mRNA in granule cells during development of the rat cerebellum. Brain Res 115: 57-69, 1999.
12. Benz CC, Scott GK, Sarup JC, Johnson RM, Tripathy D, Coronado E, Shepard HM, Osborne CK. Estrogen-dependent, tamoxifen-resistant tumorigenic growth of MCF-7 cells transfected with HER2/neu. Breast Cancer Res Treat 24: 85-95, 1993.
13. Beral V. Breast cancer and hormone-replacement therapy in the Million Women Study. Lancet 362: 419-427, 2003.
14. Berman DM, Desai N, Wang X, Karhadkar SS, Reynon M, Abate-Shen C, Beachy PA, Shen MM. Roles for Hedgehog signaling in androgen production and prostate ductal morphogenesis. Dev Biol 267: 387-398, 2004.
15. Berman KF, Schmidt PJ, Rubinow DR, Danaceau MA, Van Horn JD, Esposito G, Ostrem JL, Weinberger DR. Modulation of cognition-specific cortical activity by gonadal steroids: a positron-emission tomography study in women. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94: 8836-8841, 1997.
16. Beyer C, Kolbinger W, Froehlich U, Pilgrim C, Reisert I. Sex differences of hypothalamic prolactin cells develop independently of the presence of sex steroids. Brain Res 593: 253-256, 1992.
17. Bilezikian JP. Anabolic therapy for osteoporosis. Int J Fertil Womens Med 50: 53-60, 2005.
18. Blizzard TA, Dininno F, Morgan JD, 2nd Chen HY, Wu JY, Kim S, Chan W, Birzin ET, Yang YT, Pai LY, Fitzgerald PM, Sharma N, Li Y, Zhang Z, Hayes EC, Dasilva CA, Tang W, Rohrer SP, Schaeffer JM, Hammond ML. Estrogen receptor ligands. Part 9: Dihydrobenzoxathiin SERAMs with alkyl substituted pyrrolidine side chains and linkers. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 15: 107-113, 2005.
19. Bolger R, Wiese TE, Ervin K, Nestich S, Checovich W. Rapid screening of environmental chemicals for estrogen receptor binding capacity. Environ Health Perspect 106: 551-557, 1998.
20. Brusadelli A, Sialino H, Piepoli T, Pollio G, Maggi A. Expression of the estrogen-regulated gene Nip2 during rat brain maturation. Int J Dev Neurosci 18: 317-320, 2000.
21. Brzozowski AM, Pike AC, Dauter Z, Hubbard RE, Bonn T, Engstrom O, Ohman L, Greene GL, Gustafsson JA, Carlquist M. Molecular basis of agonism and antagonism in the oestrogen receptor. Nature 389: 753-758, 1997.
22. Chan CM, Lykkesfeldt AE, Parker MG, Dowsett M. Expression of nuclear receptor interacting proteins TIF-1, SUG-1, receptor interacting protein 140, corepressor SMRT in tamoxifen-resistant breast cancer. Clin Cancer Res 5: 3460-3467, 1999.
23. Chia S, Bryce C, Gelmon K. The 2000 EBCTCG overview: a widening gap. Lancet 365: 1665-1666, 2005.
24. Chu S, Fuller PJ. Identification of a splice variant of the rat estrogen receptor beta gene. Mol Cell Endocrinol 132: 195-199, 1997.
25. Chun TY, Gregg D, Sarkar DK, Gorski J. Differential regulation by estrogens of growth and prolactin synthesis in pituitary cells suggests that only a small pool of estrogen receptors is required for growth. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95: 2325-2330, 1998.
26. Claessens F, Gewirth DT. DNA recognition by nuclear receptors. In: Essays in Biochemistry: Nuclear Receptor Superfamily. London: Portland, 2004, p. 59-72.
27. Clarke M. Meta-analyses of adjuvant therapies for women with early breast cancer: the Early Breast Cancer Trialists' Collaborative Group overview. Ann Oncol 17 Suppl 10: 59-62, 2006.
28. Couse JF, Korach KS. Estrogen receptor null mice: what have we learned and where will they lead us. Endocr Rev 20: 358-417, 1999.
29. Coutts AS, Murphy LC. Elevated mitogen-activated protein kinase activity in estrogen-nonresponsive human breast cancer cells. Cancer Res 58: 4071-4074, 1998.
30. Cowin P, Rowlands TM, Hatsell SJ. Cadherins and catenins in breast cancer. Curr Opin Cell Biol 17: 499-508, 2005.
31. Cunha GR, Young P, Hom YK, Cooke PS, Taylor JA, Lubahn DB. Elucidation of a role for stromal steroid hormone receptors in mammary gland growth and development using tissue recombinants. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2: 393-402, 1997.
32. Deecher DC, Swiggard P, Frail DE, O'Connor LT. Characterization of a membrane-associated estrogen receptor in a rat hypothalamic cell line (D12). Endocrine 22: 211-223, 2003.
33. Delage-Mourroux R, Martini PG, Choi I, Kraichely DM, Hoeksema J, Katzenellenbogen BS. Analysis of estrogen receptor interaction with a repressor of estrogen receptor activity (REA) and the regulation of estrogen receptor transcriptional activity by REA. J Biol Chem 275: 35848-35856, 2000.
34. DePasquale JA, Samsonoff WA, Gierthy JF. 17-beta-Estradiol induced alterations of cell-matrix and intercellular adhesions in a human mammary carcinoma cell line. J Cell Sci 107: 1241-1254, 1994.
35. DonCarlos LL, Handa RJ. Developmental profile of estrogen receptor mRNA in the preoptic area of male and female neonatal rats. Brain Res 79: 283-289, 1994.
36. Donjacour AA, Thomson AA, Cunha GR. FGF-10 plays an essential role in the growth of the fetal prostate. Dev Biol 261: 39-54, 2003.
37. i in female rat distal colon. Mol Cell Endocrinol 199: 87-103, 2003.
38. Dotzlaw H, Leygue E, Watson PH, Murphy LC. Estrogen receptor-beta messenger RNA expression in human breast tumor biopsies: relationship to steroid receptor status and regulation by progestins. Cancer Res 59: 529-532, 1999.
39. Dowsett M, Martin LA, Smith I, Johnston S. Mechanisms of resistance to aromatase inhibitors. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 95: 167-172, 2005.
40. Dubal DB, Shughrue PJ, Wilson ME, Merchenthaler I, Wise PM. Estradiol modulates bcl-2 in cerebral ischemia: a potential role for estrogen receptors. J Neurosci 19: 6385-6393, 1999.
41. Duenas M, Luquin S, Chowen JA, Torres-Aleman I, Naftolin F, Garcia-Segura LM. Gonadal hormone regulation of insulin-like growth factor-I-like immunoreactivity in hypothalamic astroglia of developing and adult rats. Neuroendocrinology 59: 528-538, 1994.
42. Early Breast Cancer Trialists' Collaborative Group. Effects of chemotherapy and hormonal therapy for early breast cancer on recurrence and 15-year survival: an overview of the randomised trials. Lancet 365: 1687-1717, 2005.
43. Early Breast Cancer Trialists' Collaborative Group. Tamoxifen for early breast cancer: an overview of the randomised trials. Lancet 351: 1451-1467, 1998.
44. Eiler S, Gangloff M, Duclaud S, Moras D, Ruff M. Overexpression, purification, crystal structure of native ER alpha LBD. Protein Expr Purif 22: 165-173, 2001.
45. Endoh H, Maruyama K, Masuhiro Y, Kobayashi Y, Goto M, Tai H, Yanagisawa J, Metzger D, Hashimoto S, Kato S. Purification and identification of p68 RNA helicase acting as a transcriptional coactivator specific for the activation function 1 of human estrogen receptor alpha. Mol Cell Biol 19: 5363-5372, 1999.
46. Enmark E, Pelto-Huikko M, Grandien K, Lagercrantz S, Lagercrantz J, Fried G, Nordenskjold M, Gustafsson JA. Human estrogen receptor beta-gene structure, chromosomal localization, expression pattern. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 82: 4258-4265, 1997.
47. Fan M, Bigsby RM, Nephew KP. The NEDD8 pathway is required for proteasome-mediated degradation of human estrogen receptor (ER)-alpha and essential for the antiproliferative activity of ICI 182,780 in ERalpha-positive breast cancer cells. Mol Endocrinol 17: 356-365, 2003.
48. Fernandes I, Bastien Y, Wai T, Nygard K, Lin R, Cormier O, Lee HS, Eng F, Bertos NR, Pelletier N, Mader S, Han VK, Yang XJ, White JH. Ligand-dependent nuclear receptor corepressor LCoR functions by histone deacetylase-dependent and -independent mechanisms. Mol Cell 11: 139-150, 2003.
49. Ferreira A, Caceres A. Estrogen-enhanced neurite growth: evidence for a selective induction of Tau and stable microtubules. J Neurosci 11: 392-400, 1991.
50. Fink G, Sumner BE, Rosie R, Grace O, Quinn JP. Estrogen control of central neurotransmission: effect on mood, mental state, memory. Cell Mol Neurobiol 16: 325-344, 1996.
51. Fleming FJ, Hill AD, McDermott EW, O'Higgins NJ, Young LS. Differential recruitment of coregulator proteins steroid receptor coactivator-1 and silencing mediator for retinoid and thyroid receptors to the estrogen receptor-estrogen response element by beta-estradiol and 4-hydroxytamoxifen in human breast cancer. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 89: 375-383, 2004.
52. Flouriot G, Brand H, Denger S, Metivier R, Kos M, Reid G, Sonntag-Buck V, Gannon F. Identification of a new isoform of the human estrogen receptor-alpha (hER-alpha) that is encoded by distinct transcripts and that is able to repress hER-alpha activation function 1. EMBO J 19: 4688-4700, 2000.
53. Font de Mora J, Brown M. AIB1 is a conduit for kinase-mediated growth factor signaling to the estrogen receptor. Mol Cell Biol 20: 5041-5047, 2000.
54. Förster C, Mäkela S, Wärri A, Kietz S, Becker D, Hultenby K, Warner M, Gustafsson JÅ. Involvement of estrogen receptor β in terminal differentiation of mammary gland epithelium. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 99: 15578-15583, 2002.
55. Fowler KJ, Walker F, Alexander W, Hibbs ML, Nice EC, Bohmer RM, Mann GB, Thumwood C, Maglitto R, Danks JA. A mutation in the epidermal growth factor receptor in waved-2 mice has a profound effect on receptor biochemistry that results in impaired lactation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 92: 1465-1469, 1995.
56. Frasor J, Chang EC, Komm B, Lin CY, Vega VB, Liu ET, Miller LD, Smeds J, Bergh J, Katzenellenbogen BS. Gene expression preferentially regulated by tamoxifen in breast cancer cells and correlations with clinical outcome. Cancer Res 66: 7334-7340, 2006.
57. Frasor J, Stossi F, Danes JM, Komm B, Lyttle CR, Katzenellenbogen BS. Selective estrogen receptor modulators: discrimination of agonistic versus antagonistic activities by gene expression profiling in breast cancer cells. Cancer Res 64: 1522-1533, 2004.
58. Fujita N, Jaye DL, Kajita M, Geigerman C, Moreno CS, Wade PA. MTA3, a Mi-2/NuRD complex subunit, regulates an invasive growth pathway in breast cancer. Cell 113: 207-219, 2003.
59. Fuqua SA, Schiff R, Parra I, Friedrichs WE, Su JL, McKee DD, Slentz-Kesler K, Moore LB, Willson TM, Moore JT. Expression of wild-type estrogen receptor beta and variant isoforms in human breast cancer. Cancer Res 59: 5425-5428, 1999.
60. Fuqua SA, Schiff R, Parra I, Moore JT, Mohsin SK, Osborne CK, Clark GM, Allred DC. Estrogen receptor beta protein in human breast cancer: correlation with clinical tumor parameters. Cancer Res 63: 2434-2439, 2003.
61. Gangloff M, Ruff M, Eiler S, Duclaud S, Wurtz JM, Moras D. Crystal structure of a mutant hER alpha ligand-binding domain reveals key structural features for the mechanism of partial agonism. J Biol Chem 276: 15059-15065, 2001.
62. Garcia-Segura LM, Olmos G, Robbins RJ, Hernandez P, Meyer JH, Naftolin F. Estradiol induces rapid remodelling of plasma membranes in developing rat cerebrocortical neurons in culture. Brain Res 498: 339-343, 1989.
63. Gehin M, Mark M, Dennefeld C, Dierich A, Gronemeyer H, Chambon P. The function of TIF2/GRIP1 in mouse reproduction is distinct from those of SRC-1 and p/CIP. Mol Cell Biol 22: 5923-5937, 2002.
64. Georgescu SP, Li JH, Lu Q, Karas RH, Brown M, Mendelsohn ME. Modulator recognition factor 1, an AT-rich interaction domain family member, is a novel corepressor for estrogen receptor alpha. Mol Endocrinol 19: 2491-2501, 2005.
65. Glass CK, Rosenfeld MG. The coregulator exchange in transcriptional functions of nuclear receptors. Genes Dev 14: 121-141, 2000.
66. Gollapudi L, Oblinger MM. Estrogen and NGF synergistically protect terminally differentiated, ERalpha-transfected PC12 cells from apoptosis. J Neurosci Res 56: 471-481, 1999.
67. Goodman Y, Bruce AJ, Cheng B, Mattson MP. Estrogens attenuate and corticosterone exacerbates excitotoxicity, oxidative injury, amyloid beta-peptide toxicity in hippocampal neurons. J Neurochem 66: 1836-1844, 1996.
68. Gould E, Woolley CS, Frankfurt M, McEwen BS. Gonadal steroids regulate dendritic spine density in hippocampal pyramidal cells in adulthood. J Neurosci 10: 1286-1291, 1990.
69. Green S, Walter P, Kumar V, Krust A, Bornert JM, Argos P, Chambon P. Human oestrogen receptor cDNA: sequence, expression and homology to v-erb-A. Nature 320: 134-139, 1986.
70. Grishina IB, Kim SY, Ferrara C, Makarenkova HP, Walden PD. BMP7 inhibits branching morphogenesis in the prostate gland and interferes with Notch signaling. Dev Biol 288: 334-347, 2005.
71. Gruber DM, Huber JC. Conjugated estrogens - the natural SERMs. Gynecol Endocrinol 13 Suppl 6: 9-12, 1999.
72. Gundlah C, Kohama SG, Mirkes SJ, Garyfallou VT, Urbanski HF, Bethea CL. Distribution of estrogen receptor beta (ERbeta) mRNA in hypothalamus, midbrain and temporal lobe of spayed macaque: continued expression with hormone replacement. Brain Res 76: 191-204, 2000.
73. Gustafsson JA. What pharmacologists can learn from recent advances in estrogen signalling. Trends Pharmacol Sci 24: 479-485, 2003.
74. Hall JM, Couse JF, Korach KS. The multifaceted mechanisms of estradiol and estrogen receptor signaling. J Biol Chem 276: 36869-36872, 2001.
75. Hall JM, McDonnell DP. The estrogen receptor beta-isoform (ERbeta) of the human estrogen receptor modulates ERalpha transcriptional activity and is a key regulator of the cellular response to estrogens and antiestrogens. Endocrinology 140: 5566-5578, 1999.
76. Harlan RE. Regulation of neuropeptide gene expression by steroid hormones. Mol Neurobiol 2: 183-200, 1988.
77. Harrington WR, Kim SH, Funk CC, Madak-Erdogan Z, Schiff R, Katzenellenbogen JA, Katzenellenbogen BS. Estrogen dendrimer conjugates that preferentially activate extranuclear, nongenomic versus genomic pathways of estrogen action. Mol Endocrinol 20:491-502, 2006.
78. Harris H. Estrogen receptor-beta: recent lessons from in vivo studies. Mol Endocrinol 21:1-13, 2007.
79. Harris RC, Chung E, Coffey RJ. EGF receptor ligands. Exp Cell Res 284: 2-13, 2003.
80. Harvey HA, Kimura M, Hajba A. Toremifene: an evaluation of its safety profile. Breast 15:142-157, 2006.
81. Heinzel T, Lavinsky RM, Mullen TM, Soderstrom M, Laherty CD, Torchia J, Yang WM, Brard G, Ngo SD, Davie JR, Seto E, Eisenman RN, Rose DW, Glass CK, Rosenfeld MG. A complex containing N-CoR, mSin3 and histone deacetylase mediates transcriptional repression. Nature 387: 43-48, 1997.
82. Heldring N, Nilsson M, Buehrer B, Treuter E, Gustafsson JA. Identification of tamoxifen-induced coregulator interaction surfaces within the ligand-binding domain of estrogen receptors. Mol Cell Biol 24: 3445-3459, 2004.
83. Henke BR, Consler TG, Go N, Hale RL, Hohman DR, Jones SA, Lu AT, Moore LB, Moore JT, Orband-Miller LA, Robinett RG, Shearin J, Spearing PK, Stewart EL, Turnbull PS, Weaver SL, Williams SP, Wisely GB, Lambert MH. A new series of estrogen receptor modulators that display selectivity for estrogen receptor beta. J Med Chem 45: 5492-5505, 2002.
84. Hodges LC, Cook JD, Lobenhofer EK, Li L, Bennett L, Bushel PR, Aldaz CM, Afshari CA, Walker CL. Tamoxifen functions as a molecular agonist inducing cell cycle-associated genes in breast cancer cells. Mol Cancer Res 1: 300-311, 2003.
85. Hong SH, Privalsky ML. The SMRT corepressor is regulated by a MEK-1 kinase pathway: inhibition of corepressor function is associated with SMRT phosphorylation and nuclear export. Mol Cell Biol 20: 6612-6625, 2000.
86. Hsieh RW, Rajan SS, Sharma SK, Guo Y, DeSombre ER, Mrksich M, Greene GL. Identification of ligands with bicyclic scaffolds provides insights into mechanisms of estrogen receptor subtype selectivity. J Biol Chem 281: 17909-17919, 2006.
87. Hu X, Lazar MA. The CoRNR motif controls the recruitment of corepressors by nuclear hormone receptors. Nature 402: 93-96, 1999.
88. Huang EY, Zhang J, Miska EA, Guenther MG, Kouzarides T, Lazar MA. Nuclear receptor corepressors partner with class II histone deacetylases in a Sin3-independent repression pathway. Genes Dev 14: 45-54, 2000.
89. Huang HJ, Norris JD, McDonnell DP. Identification of a negative regulatory surface within estrogen receptor alpha provides evidence in support of a role for corepressors in regulating cellular responses to agonists and antagonists. Mol Endocrinol 16: 1778-1792, 2002.
90. Huang L, Pu Y, Alam S, Birch L, Prins GS. The role of Fgf10 signaling in branching morphogenesis and gene expression of the rat prostate gland: lobe-specific suppression by neonatal estrogens. Dev Biol 278: 396-414, 2005.
91. Hummel CW, Geiser AG, Bryant HU, Cohen IR, Dally RD, Fong KC, Frank SA, Hinklin R, Jones SA, Lewis G, McCann DJ, Rudmann DG, Shepherd TA, Tian HQ, Wallace OB, Wang MM, Wang Y, Dodge JA. A selective estrogen receptor modulator designed for the treatment of uterine leiomyoma with unique tissue specificity for uterus and ovaries in rats. J Med Chem 48: 6772-6775, 2005.
92. Imamov O, Lopatkin NA, Gustafsson JA. Estrogen receptor beta in prostate cancer. N Engl J Med 351: 2773-2774, 2004.
93. Inoue S, Ogawa S, Horie K, Hoshino S, Goto W, Hosoi T, Tsutsumi O, Muramatsu M, Ouchi Y. An estrogen receptor beta isoform that lacks exon 5 has dominant negative activity on both ERalpha and ERbeta. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 279: 814-819, 2000.
94. Itoh N, Patel U, Cupp AS, Skinner MK. Developmental and hormonal regulation of transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGFbeta1), -2, -3 gene expression in isolated prostatic epithelial and stromal cells: epidermal growth factor and TGFbeta interactions. Endocrinology 139: 1378-1388, 1998.
95. Jackson TA, Richer JK, Bain DL, Takimoto GS, Tung L, Horwitz KB. The partial agonist activity of antagonist-occupied steroid receptors is controlled by a novel hinge domain-binding coactivator L7/SPA and the corepressors N-CoR or SMRT. Mol Endocrinol 11: 693-705, 1997.
96. Jarvinen TA, Pelto-Huikko M, Holli K, Isola J. Estrogen receptor beta is coexpressed with ERalpha and PR and associated with nodal status, grade, proliferation rate in breast cancer. Am J Pathol 156: 29-35, 2000.
97. Jensen EV. On the mechanism of estrogen action. Perspect Biol Med 6: 47-54, 1962.
98. Jepsen K, Hermanson O, Onami TM, Gleiberman AS, Lunyak V, McEvilly RJ, Kurokawa R, Kumar V, Liu F, Seto E, Hedrick SM, Mandel G, Glass CK, Rose DW, Rosenfeld MG. Combinatorial roles of the nuclear receptor corepressor in transcription and development. Cell 102: 753-763, 2000.
99. Johansson L, Bavner A, Thomsen JS, Farnegardh M, Gustafsson JA, Treuter E. The orphan nuclear receptor SHP utilizes conserved LXXLL-related motifs for interactions with ligand-activated estrogen receptors. Mol Cell Biol 20: 1124-1133, 2000.
100. Jordan C. Historical perspective on hormonal therapy of advanced breast cancer. Clin Ther 24 Suppl A: A3-16, 2002.
101. Jordan VC, Mittal S, Gosden B, Koch R, Lieberman ME. Structure-activity relationships of estrogens. Environ Health Perspect 61: 97-110, 1985.
102. Kalra SP, Kalra PS. Neural regulation of luteinizing hormone secretion in the rat. Endocr Rev 4: 311-351, 1983.
103. Kang Y, Massagué J. Epithelial-mesenchymal transitions: twist in development and metastasis. Cell 118: 277-279, 2004.
104. Karelina TV, Bannikov GA, Eisen AZ. Basement membrane zone remodeling during appendageal development in human fetal skin. The absence of type VII collagen is associated with gelatinase-A (MMP2) activity. J Invest Dermatol 114: 371-375, 2000.
105. Katayama SAK, Fukuhara T, Hiroyasu M, Tsuzuki Y, Tatemoto H, Nakada T, Nagai K. Differential expression patterns of Wnt and beta-catenin/TCF target genes in the uterus of immature female rats exposed to 17alpha-ethynyl estradiol. Toxicol Sci 91: 419-430, 2006.
106. Kato S, Endoh H, Masuhiro Y, Kitamoto T, Uchiyama S, Sasaki H, Masushige S, Gotoh Y, Nishida E, Kawashima H, Metzger D, Chambon P. Activation of the estrogen receptor through phosphorylation by mitogen-activated protein kinase. Science 270: 1491-1494, 1995.
107. Kato S, Sekine K. FGF-FGFR signaling in vertebrate organogenesis. Cell Mol Biol 45: 631-638, 1999.
108. Katzenellenbogen BS, Katzenellenbogen JA. Biomedicine. De-fining the "S" in SERMs. Science 295: 2380-2381, 2002.
109. Katzenellenbogen BS, Sun J, Harrington WR, Kraichely DM, Ganessunker D, Katzenellenbogen JA. Structure-function relationships in estrogen receptors and the characterization of novel selective estrogen receptor modulators with unique pharmacological profiles. Ann NY Acad Sci 949: 6-15, 2001.
110. Katzenellenbogen JA, O'Malley BW, Katzenellenbogen BS. Tripartite steroid hormone receptor pharmacology: interaction with multiple effector sites as a basis for the cell- and promoterspecific action of these hormones. Mol Endocrinol 10: 119-131, 1996.
111. Keay J, Bridgham JT, Thornton JW. The Octopus vulgaris estrogen receptor is a constitutive transcriptional activator: evolutionary and functional implications. Endocrinology 147: 3861-3869, 2006.
112. Keeton EK, Brown M. Cell cycle progression stimulated by tamoxifen-bound estrogen receptor-alpha and promoter-specific effects in breast cancer cells deficient in N-CoR and SMRT. Mol Endocrinol 19: 1543-1554, 2005.
113. Kenney NJ, Bowman A, Korach KS, Barrett JC, Salomon DS. Effect of exogenous epidermal-like growth factors on mammary gland development and differentiation in the estrogen receptor-alpha knockout (ERKO) mouse. Breast Cancer Res Treat 79: 161-173, 2003.
114. Khorasanizadeh S, Rastinejad F. Nuclear-receptor interactions on DNA-response elements. Trends Biochem Sci 26: 384-390, 2001.
115. Kim S, Wu JY, Birzin ET, Frisch K, Chan W, Pai LY, Yang YT, Mosley RT, Fitzgerald PMD, Sharma N, Dahllund J, Thorsell AG, DiNinno F, Rohrer SP, Schaeffer JM, Hammond ML. Estrogen receptor ligands. II. Discovery of benzoxathiins as potent, selective estrogen receptor alpha modulators. J Med Chem 47: 2171-2175, 2004.
116. Klinge CM, Jernigan SC, Risinger KE. The agonist activity of tamoxifen is inhibited by the short heterodimer partner orphan nuclear receptor in human endometrial cancer cells. Endocrinology 143: 853-867, 2002.
117. Knowlden JM, Hutcheson IR, Jones HE, Madden T, Gee JM, Harper ME, Barrow D, Wakeling AE, Nicholson RI. Elevated levels of epidermal growth factor receptor/c-erbB2 heterodimers mediate an autocrine growth regulatory pathway in tamoxifen-resistant MCF-7 cells. Endocrinology 144: 1032-1044, 2003.
118. Kong EH, Heldring N, Gustafsson JA, Treuter E, Hubbard RE, Pike AC. Delineation of a unique protein-protein interaction site on the surface of the estrogen receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 102: 3593-3598, 2005.
119. Koshikawa N, Giannelli G, Cirulli V, Miyazaki K, Quaranta V. Role of cell surface metalloprotease MT1-MMP in epithelial cell migration over laminin-5. J Cell Biol 148: 615-624, 2000.
120. Krege JH, Hodgin JB, Couse JF, Enmark E, Warner M, Mahler JF, Sar M, Korach KS, Gustafsson JA, Smithies O. Generation and reproductive phenotypes of mice lacking estrogen receptor beta. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95: 15677-15682, 1998.
121. Kuiper GG, Carlsson B, Grandien K, Enmark E, Haggblad J, Nilsson S, Gustafsson JA. Comparison of the ligand binding specificity and transcript tissue distribution of estrogen receptors alpha and beta. Endocrinology 138: 863-870, 1997.
122. Kuiper GG, Enmark E, Pelto-Huikko M, Nilsson S, Gustafsson JA. Cloning of a novel receptor expressed in rat prostate and ovary. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93: 5925-5930, 1996.
123. Kumar R, Wang RA, Bagheri-Yarmand R. Emerging roles of MTA family members in human cancers. Semin Oncol 30: 30-37, 2003.
124. Kumar R, Wang RA, Mazumdar A, Talukder AH, Mandal M, Yang Z, Bagheri-Yarmand R, Sahin A, Hortobagyi G, Adam L, Barnes CJ, Vadlamudi RK. A naturally occurring MTA1 variant sequesters oestrogen receptor-alpha in the cytoplasm. Nature 418: 654-657, 2002.
125. Kuppers E, Beyer C. Expression of estrogen receptor-alpha and beta mRNA in the developing and adult mouse striatum. Neurosci Lett 276: 95-98, 1999.
126. Kurokawa H, Arteaga CL. ErbB (HER) receptors can abrogate antiestrogen action in human breast cancer by multiple signaling mechanisms. Clin Cancer Res 9: 511S-515S, 2003.
127. Kushner PJ, Agard DA, Greene GL, Scanlan TS, Shiau AK, Uht RM, Webb P. Estrogen receptor pathways to AP-1. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 74: 311-317, 2000.
128. Lacroix M, Toillon RA, Leclercq G. Stable "portrait" of breast tumors during progression: data from biology, pathology and genetics. Endocr Relat Cancer 11: 497-522, 2004.
129. Laflamme N, Nappi RE, Drolet G, Labrie C, Rivest S. Expression and neuropeptidergic characterization of estrogen receptors (ERalpha and ERbeta) throughout the rat brain: anatomical evidence of distinct roles of each subtype. J Neurobiol 36: 357-378, 1998.
130. Laherty CD, Billin AN, Lavinsky RM, Yochum GS, Bush AC, Sun JM, Mullen TM, Davie JR, Rose DW, Glass CK, Rosenfeld MG, Ayer DE, Eisenman RN. SAP30, a component of the mSin3 corepressor complex involved in N-CoR-mediated repression by specific transcription factors. Mol Cell 2: 33-42, 1998.
131. Lalli E, Sassone-Corsi P. DAX-1, an unusual orphan receptor at the crossroads of steroidogenic function and sexual differentiation. Mol Endocrinol 17: 1445-1453, 2003.
132. Lamm ML, Podlasek CA, Barnett DH, Lee J, Clemens JQ, Hebner CM, Bushman W. Mesenchymal factor bone morphogenetic protein 4 restricts ductal budding and branching morphogenesis in the developing prostate. Dev Biol 232: 301-314, 2001.
133. Lathers CM. Endocrine disruptors: a new scientific role for clinical pharmacologists? Impact on human health, wildlife, the environment. J Clin Pharmacol 42: 7-23, 2002.
134. Lavinsky RM, Jepsen K, Heinzel T, Torchia J, Mullen TM, Schiff R, Del-Rio AL, Ricote M, Ngo S, Gemsch J, Hilsenbeck SG, Osborne CK, Glass CK, Rosenfeld MG, Rose DW. Diverse signaling pathways modulate nuclear receptor recruitment of N-CoR and SMRT complexes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95: 2920-2925, 1998.
135. Leduc AM, Trent JO, Wittliff JL, Bramlett KS, Briggs SL, Chirgadze NY, Wang Y, Burris TP, Spatola AF. Helix-stabilized cyclic peptides as selective inhibitors of steroid receptor-coactivator interactions. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100: 11273-11278, 2003.
136. Leong H, Sloan JR, Nash PD, Greene GL. Recruitment of histone deacetylase 4 to the N-terminal region of estrogen receptor alpha. Mol Endocrinol 12: 2930-2942, 2005.
137. Leung YK, Mak P, Hassan S, Ho SM. Estrogen receptor (ER)-beta isoforms: a key to understanding ER-beta signaling. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103: 13162-13167, 2006.
138. Levin ER. Cell localization, physiology, nongenomic actions of estrogen receptors. J Appl Physiol 91: 1860-1867, 2001.
139. Lewandowski S, Kalita K, Kaczmarek L. Estrogen receptor beta. Potential functional significance of a variety of mRNA isoforms. FEBS Lett 524: 1-5, 2002.
140. Leygue E, Dotzlaw H, Lu B, Glor C, Watson PH, Murphy LC. Estrogen receptor beta: mine is longer than yours? J Clin Endocrinol Metab 83: 3754-3755, 1998.
141. Li L, Haynes MP, Bender JR. Plasma membrane localization and function of the estrogen receptor alpha variant (ER46) in human endothelial cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100: 4807-4812, 2003.
142. Li Q, Wu L, Oelschlager DK, Wan M, Stockard CR, Grizzle WE, Wang N, Chen H, Sun Y, Cao X. Smad4 inhibits tumor growth by inducing apoptosis in estrogen receptor-alpha-positive breast cancer cells. J Biol Chem 280: 27022-27028, 2005.
143. Li X, Kimbrel EA, Kenan DJ, McDonnell DP. Direct interactions between corepressors and coactivators permit the integration of nuclear receptor-mediated repression and activation. Mol Endocrinol 16: 1482-1491, 2002.
144. Li Y, Lambert MH, Xu HE. Activation of nuclear receptors: a perspective from structural genomics. Structure 11: 741-746, 2003.
145. Liu MM, Albanese C, Anderson CM, Hilty K, Webb P, Uht RM, Price RH Jr, Pestell RG, Kushner PJ. Opposing action of estrogen receptors alpha and beta on cyclin D1 gene expression. J Biol Chem 277: 24353-24360, 2002.
146. Lonard DM, O'Malley BW. Expanding functional diversity of the coactivators. Trends Biochem Sci 30: 126-132, 2005.
147. Loven MA, Davis RE, Curtis CD, Muster N, Yates JR, Nardulli AM. A novel estrogen receptor alpha-associated protein alters receptor- deoxyribonucleic acid interactions and represses receptor-mediated transcription. Mol Endocrinol 18: 2649-2659, 2004.
148. Lu B, Leygue E, Dotzlaw H, Murphy LJ, Murphy LC. Functional characteristics of a novel murine estrogen receptor-beta isoform, estrogen receptor-beta 2. J Mol Endocrinol 25: 229-242, 2000.
149. Lu B, Leygue E, Dotzlaw H, Murphy LJ, Murphy LC, Watson PH. Estrogen receptor-beta mRNA variants in human and murine tissues. Mol Cell Endocrinol 138: 199-203, 1998.
150. Lubahn DB, Moyer JS, Golding TS, Couse JF, Korach KS, Smithies O. Alteration of reproductive function but not prenatal sexual development after insertional disruption of the mouse estrogen receptor gene. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 90: 11162-11166, 1993.
151. Luetteke NC, Qiu TH, Fenton SE, Troyer KL, Riedel RF, Chang A, Lee DC. Targeted inactivation of the EGF and amphiregulin genes reveals distinct roles for EGF receptor ligands in mouse mammary gland development. Development 126: 2739-2750, 1999.
152. Luetteke NC, Qiu TH, Peiffer RL, Oliver P, Smithies O, Lee DC. TGF alpha deficiency results in hair follicle and eye abnormalities in targeted and waved-1 mice. Cell 73: 263-278, 1993.
153. Luine VN, Richards ST, Wu VY, Beck KD. Estradiol enhances learning and memory in a spatial memory task and effects levels of monoaminergic neurotransmitters. Horm Behav 34: 149-162, 1998.
154. Lustig RH, Sudol M, Pfaff DW, Federoff HJ. Estrogenic regulation and sex dimorphism of growth-associated protein 43 kDa (GAP-43) messenger RNA in the rat. Brain Res 11: 125-132, 1991.
155. Ma YJ, Junier MP, Costa ME, Ojeda SR. Transforming growth factor-alpha gene expression in the hypothalamus is developmentally regulated and linked to sexual maturation. Neuron 9: 657-670, 1992.
156. Ma YX, Tomita Y, Fan S, Wu K, Tong Y, Zhao Z, Song LN, Goldberg ID, Rosen EM. Structural determinants of the BRCA1: estrogen receptor interaction. Oncogene 24: 1831-1846, 2005.
157. MacLusky NJ, McEwen BS. Oestrogen modulates progestin receptor concentrations in some rat brain regions but not in others. Nature 274:
158. Malamas MS, Manas ES, McDevitt RE, Gunawan I, Xu ZB, Collini MD, Miller CP, Dinh T, Henderson RA, Keith JC Jr, Harris HA. Design and synthesis of aryl diphenolic azoles as potent and selective estrogen receptor-beta ligands. J Med Chem 47: 5021-5040, 2004.
159. Manas ES, Unwalla RJ, Xu ZB, Malamas MS, Miller CP, Harris HA, Hsiao C, Akopian T, Hum WT, Malakian K, Wolfrom S, Bapat A, Bhat RA, Stahl ML, Somers WS, Alvarez JC. Structure-based design of estrogen receptor-beta selective ligands. J Am Chem Soc 126: 15106-15119, 2004.
160. Manas ES, Xu ZB, Unwalla RJ, Somers WS. Understanding the selectivity of genistein for human estrogen receptor-beta using X-ray crystallography and computational methods. Structure 12: 2197-2207, 2004.
161. Mann GB, Fowler KJ, Gabriel A, Nice EC, Williams RL, Dunn AR. Mice with a null mutation of the TGF alpha gene have abnormal skin architecture, wavy hair, curly whiskers and often develop corneal inflammation. Cell 73: 249-261, 1993.
162. Marsaud V, Gougelet A, Maillard S, Renoir JM. Various phosphorylation pathways, depending on agonist and antagonist binding to endogenous estrogen receptor alpha (ERalpha), differentially affect ERalpha extractability, proteasome-mediated stability, transcriptional activity in human breast cancer cells. Mol Endocrinol 17: 2013-2027, 2003.
163. Martini PG, Katzenellenbogen BS. Modulation of estrogen receptor activity by selective coregulators. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 85: 117-122, 2003.
164. Massaro D, Massaro GD. Estrogen regulates pulmonary alveolar formation, loss, regeneration in mice. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 287: L1154-L1159, 2004.
165. Massaro D, Massaro GD. Estrogen regulation of pulmonary alveolar dimensions:alveolar sexual dimorphism in mice. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 287: L1154-L1159, 2006.
166. Matsumoto A, Arai Y. Synaptogenic effect of estrogen on the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus of the adult female rat. Cell Tissue Res 198: 427-433, 1979.
167. Matthews J, Gustafsson JA. Estrogen signaling: a subtle balance between ER alpha and ER beta. Mol Intervent 3: 281-292, 2003.
168. Matthews J, Wihlen B, Tujague M, Wan J, Strom A, Gustafsson JÅ. Estrogen receptor (ER) beta modulates ER-alpha-mediated transcriptional activation by altering the recruitment of c-Fos and c-Jun to estrogen-responsive promoters. Mol Endocrinol 20: 534-543, 2006.
169. Mazumdar A, Wang RA, Mishra SK, Adam L, Bagheri-Yarmand R, Mandal M, Vadlamudi RK, Kumar R. Transcriptional repression of oestrogen receptor by metastasis-associated protein 1 corepressor. Nature Cell Biol 3: 30-37, 2001.
170. McClelland RA, Barrow D, Madden TA, Dutkowski CM, Pamment J, Knowlden JM, Gee JM, Nicholson RI. Enhanced epidermal growth factor receptor signaling in MCF7 breast cancer cells after long-term culture in the presence of the pure antiestrogen ICI 182,780 (Faslodex). Endocrinology 142: 2776-2788, 2001.
171. McDevitt RE, Malamas MS, Manas ES, Unwalla RJ, Xu ZB, Miller CP, Harris HA. Estrogen receptor ligands: design and synthesis of new 2-arylindene-1-ones. Bioorganic Med Chem Lett 15: 3137-3142, 2005.
172. Menasce LP, White GR, Harrison CJ, Boyle JM. Localization of the estrogen receptor locus (ESR) to chromosome 6q25.1 by FISH and a simple post-FISH banding technique. Genomics 17: 263-265, 1993.
173. Menashi S, Serova M, Ma L, Vignot S, Mourah S, Calvo F. Regulation of extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer and matrix metalloproteinase expression by amphiregulin in transformed human breast epithelial cells. Cancer Res 63: 7575-7580, 2003.
174. Mewshaw RE, Edsall RJ, Yang CJ, Manas ES, Xu ZB, Henderson RA, Keith JC, Harris HA. ER beta ligands. 3. Exploiting two binding orientations of the 2-phenylnaphthalene scaffold to achieve ER beta selectivity. J Med Chem 48: 3953-3979, 2005.
175. Miettinen PJ, Berger JE, Meneses J, Phung Y, Pedersen RA, Werb Z, Derynck R. Epithelial immaturity and multiorgan failure in mice lacking epidermal growth factor receptor. Nature 376: 337-341, 1995.
176. Migliaccio S, Newbold RR, McLachlan JA, Korach KS. Alterations in estrogen levels during development affects the skeleton: use of an animal model. Environ Health Perspect 103 Suppl 7: 95-97, 1995.
177. Miranda R, Sohrabji F, Singh M, Toran-Allerand D. Nerve growth factor (NGF) regulation of estrogen receptors in explant cultures of the developing forebrain. J Neurobiol 31: 77-87, 1996.
178. Mishra SK, Mazumdar A, Vadlamudi RK, Li F, Wang RA, Yu W, Jordan VC, Santen RJ, Kumar R. MICoA, a novel metastasis-associated protein 1 (MTA1) interacting protein coactivator, regulates estrogen receptor-alpha transactivation functions. J Biol Chem 278: 19209-19219, 2003.
179. Montanaro D, Maggiolini M, Recchia AG, Sirianni R, Aquila S, Barzon L, Fallo F, Ando S, Pezzi V. Antiestrogens upregulate estrogen receptor beta expression and inhibit adrenocortical H295R cell proliferation. J Mol Endocrinol 35: 245-256, 2005.
180. Moore JT, McKee DD, Slentz-Kesler K, Moore LB, Jones SA, Horne EL, Su JL, Kliewer SA, Lehmann JM, Willson TM. Cloning and characterization of human estrogen receptor beta isoforms. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 247: 75-78, 1998.
181. Morani ABR, Imamov O, Hultenby K, Arner A, Warner M, Gustafsson JA. Lung dysfunction causes systemic hypoxia in estrogen receptor beta knockout (ERbeta-/-) mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103: 7165-7169, 2006.
182. Mulnard RA, Cotman CW, Kawas C, van Dyck CH, Sano M, Doody R, Koss E, Pfeiffer E, Jin S, Gamst A, Grundman M, Thomas R, Thal LJ. Estrogen replacement therapy for treatment of mild to moderate Alzheimer disease: a randomized controlled trial. Alzheimer's Disease Cooperative Study. JAMA 283: 1007-1015, 2000.
183. Myers E, Fleming FJ, Crotty TB, Kelly G, McDermott EW, O'Higgins NJ, Hill AD, Young LS. Inverse relationship between ER-beta and SRC-1 predicts outcome in endocrine-resistant breast cancer. Br J Cancer 91: 1687-1693, 2004.
184. Naftolin F. Understanding the bases of sex differences. Science 211: 1263-1264, 1981.
185. Naftolin F, Ryan KJ, Davies IJ, Petro Z, Kuhn M. The formation and metabolism of estrogens in brain tissues. Adv Biosci 15: 105-121, 1975.
186. Nagy L, Kao HY, Chakravarti D, Lin RJ, Hassig CA, Ayer DE, Schreiber SL, Evans RM. Nuclear receptor repression mediated by a complex containing SMRT, mSin3A, histone deacetylase. Cell 89: 373-380, 1997.
187. Nagy L, Kao HY, Love JD, Li C, Banayo E, Gooch JT, Krishna V, Chatterjee K, Evans RM, Schwabe JWR. Mechanism of core-pressor binding and release from nuclear hormone receptors. Genes Dev 13: 3209-3216, 1999.
188. Nagy L, Schwabe JWR. Mechanism of the nuclear receptor molecular switch. Trends Biochem Sci 29: 317-324, 2004.
189. Nettles KW, Greene GL. Ligand control of coregulator recruitment to nuclear receptors. Annu Rev Physiol 67: 309-333, 2005.
190. Newbold RR, Pentecost BT, Yamashita S, Lum K, Miller JV, Nelson P, Blair J, Kong H, Teng C, McLachlan JA. Female gene expression in the seminal vesicle of mice after prenatal exposure to diethylstilbestrol. Endocrinology 124: 2568-2576, 1989.
191. Nicholson RI, Hutcheson IR, Harper ME, Knowlden JM, Barrow D, McClelland RA, Jones HE, Wakeling AE, Gee JM. Modulation of epidermal growth factor receptor in endocrine-resistant, estrogen-receptor-positive breast cancer. Ann NY Acad Sci 963: 104-115, 2002.
192. Nicolson GL, Nawa A, Toh Y, Taniguchi S, Nishimori K, Moustafa A. Tumor metastasis-associated human MTA1 gene and its MTA1 protein product: role in epithelial cancer cell invasion, proliferation and nuclear regulation. Clin Exp Metastasis 20: 19-24, 2003.
193. Nilsen J, Diaz Brinton R. Mechanism of estrogen-mediated neuroprotection: regulation of mitochondrial calcium and Bcl-2 expression. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100: 2842-2847, 2003.
194. Nilsson S, Makela S, Treuter E, Tujague M, Thomsen J, Andersson G, Enmark E, Pettersson K, Warner M, Gustafsson JA. Mechanisms of estrogen action. Physiol Rev 81: 1535-1565, 2001.
195. Nolte RT, Wisely GB, Westin S, Cobb JE, Lambert MH, Kurokawa R, Rosenfeld MG, Willson TM, Glass CK, Milburn MV. Ligand binding and co-activator assembly of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma. Nature 395: 137-143, 1998.
196. Norman BH, Dodge JA, Richardson TI, Borromeo PS, Lugar CW, Jones SA, Chen K, Wang Y, Durst GL, Barr RJ, Montrose-Rafizadeh C, Osborne HE, Amos RM, Guo S, Boodhoo A, Krishnan V. Benzopyrans are selective estrogen receptor Beta agonists with novel activity of benign prostatic hyperplasia. J Med Chem 49: 6155-6157, 2006.
197. Normanno N, Di Maio M, De Maio E, De Luca A, de Matteis A, Giordano A, Perrone F, Group NCNBC. Mechanisms of endocrine resistance and novel therapeutic strategies in breast cancer. Endocrine-Related Cancer 12: 721-747, 2005.
198. Norris JD, Fan D, Sherk A, McDonnell DP. A negative coregulator for the human ER. Mol Endocrinol 16: 459-468, 2002.
199. Norris JD, Paige LA, Christensen DJ, Chang CY, Huacani MR, Fan D, Hamilton PT, Fowlkes DM, McDonnell DP. Peptide antagonists of the human estrogen receptor. Science 285: 744-746, 1999.
200. Oesterreich S. Scaffold attachment factors SAFB1 and SAFB2: innocent bystanders or critical players in breast tumorigenesis? J Cell Biochem 90: 653-661, 2003.
201. Oesterreich S, Deng W, Jiang S, Cui X, Ivanova M, Schiff R, Kang K, Hadsell DL, Behrens J, Lee AV. Estrogen-mediated down-regulation of E-cadherin in breast cancer cells. Cancer Res 63: 5203-5208, 2003.
202. Oesterreich S, Lee AV, Sullivan TM, Samuel SK, Davie JR, Fuqua SA. Novel nuclear matrix protein HET binds to and influences activity of the HSP27 promoter in human breast cancer cells. J Cell Biochem 67: 275-286, 1997.
203. Oesterreich S, Zhang Q, Hopp T, Fuqua SA, Michaelis M, Zhao HH, Davie JR, Osborne CK, Lee AV. Tamoxifen-bound estrogen receptor (ER) strongly interacts with the nuclear matrix protein HET/SAF-B, a novel inhibitor of ER-mediated transactivation. Mol Endocrinol 14: 369-381, 2000.
204. Ogawa S, Inoue S, Watanabe T, Orimo A, Hosoi T, Ouchi Y, Muramatsu M. Molecular cloning and characterization of human estrogen receptor betacx: a potential inhibitor of estrogen action in human. Nucleic Acids Res 26: 3505-3512, 1998.
205. Olmos G, Naftolin F, Perez J, Tranque PA, Garcia-Segura LM. Synaptic remodeling in the rat arcuate nucleus during the estrous cycle. Neuroscience 32: 663-667, 1989.
206. Omoto Y, Imamov O, Warner M, Gustafsson JA. Estrogen receptor alpha and imprinting of the neonatal mouse ventral prostate by estrogen. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 102: 1484-1489, 2005.
207. Omoto Y, Inoue S, Ogawa S, Toyama T, Yamashita H, Muramatsu M, Kobayashi S, Iwase H. Clinical value of the wild-type estrogen receptor beta expression in breast cancer. Cancer Lett 163: 207-212, 2001.
208. Omoto Y, Kobayashi S, Inoue S, Ogawa S, Toyama T, Yamashita H, Muramatsu M, Gustafsson JA, Iwase H. Evaluation of oestrogen receptor beta wild-type and variant protein expression, relationship with clinicopathological factors in breast cancers. Eur J Cancer 38: 380-386, 2002.
209. Oostenbrink BC, Pitera JW, van Lipzig MM, Meerman JH, van Gunsteren WF. Simulations of the estrogen receptor ligand-binding domain: affinity of natural ligands and xenoestrogens. J Med Chem 43: 4594-4605, 2000.
210. Osborne CK, Bardou V, Hopp TA, Chamness GC, Hilsenbeck SG, Fuqua SA, Wong J, Allred DC, Clark GM, Schiff R. Role of the estrogen receptor coactivator AIB1 (SRC-3) and HER-2/neu in tamoxifen resistance in breast cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 95: 353-361, 2003.
211. Osborne CK, Schiff R. Growth factor receptor cross-talk with estrogen receptor as a mechanism for tamoxifen resistance in breast cancer. Breast 12: 362-367, 2003.
212. Ososki AL, Kennelly EJ. Phytoestrogens: a review of the present state of research. Phytother Res 17: 845-869, 2003.
213. Osterlund M, Kuiper GG, Gustafsson JA, Hurd YL. Differential distribution and regulation of estrogen receptor-alpha and -beta mRNA within the female rat brain. Brain Res 54: 175-180, 1998.
214. Osterlund MK, Gustafsson JA, Keller E, Hurd YL. Estrogen receptor beta (ERbeta) messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) expression within the human forebrain: distinct distribution pattern to ERalpha mRNA. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 85: 3840-3846, 2000.
215. Osterlund MK, Hurd YL. Estrogen receptors in the human forebrain and the relation to neuropsychiatric disorders. Prog Neurobiol 64: 251-267, 2001.
216. Paech K, Webb P, Kuiper GG, Nilsson S, Gustafsson J, Kushner PJ, Scanlan TS. Differential ligand activation of estrogen receptors ERalpha and ERbeta at AP1 sites. Science 277: 1508-1510, 1997.
217. Paige LA, Christensen DJ, Gron H, Norris JD, Gottlin EB, Padilla KM, Chang CY, Ballas LM, Hamilton PT, McDonnell DP, Fowlkes DM. Estrogen receptor (ER) modulators each induce distinct conformational changes in ER alpha and ER beta. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96: 3999-4004, 1999.
218. Paredes J, Milanezi F, Viegas L, Amendoeira I, Schmitt F. P-cadherin expression is associated with high-grade ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast. Virchows Arch 440: 16-21, 2002.
219. Park BW, Kim KS, Heo MK, Ko SS, Hong SW, Yang WI, Kim JH, Kim GE, Lee KS. Expression of estrogen receptor-beta in normal mammary and tumor tissues: is it protective in breast carcinogenesis? Breast Cancer Res Treat 80: 79-85, 2003.
220. Parker C, Rampaul RS, Pinder SE, Bell JA, Wencyk PM, Blamey RW, Nicholson RI, Robertson JF. E-cadherin as a prognostic indicator in primary breast cancer. Br J Cancer 85: 1958-1963, 2001.
221. 2 cell cycle arrest. Cancer Res 64: 423-428, 2004.
222. Patrone C, Andersson S, Korhonen L, Lindholm D. Estrogen receptor-dependent regulation of sensory neuron survival in developing dorsal root ganglion. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96: 10905-10910, 1999.
223. Perissi V, Rosenfeld MG. Controlling nuclear receptors: the circular logic of cofactor cycles. Nature Rev Mol Cell Biol 6: 542-554, 2005.
224. Perissi V, Staszewski LM, McInerney EM, Kurokawa R, Krones A, Rose DW, Lambert MH, Milburn MV, Glass CK, Rosenfeld MG. Molecular determinants of nuclear receptor-corepressor interaction. Genes Dev 13: 3198-3208, 1999.
225. Peschon JJ, Slack JL, Reddy P, Stocking KL, Sunnarborg SW, Lee DC, Russell WE, Castner BJ, Johnson RS, Fitzner JN, Boyce RW, Nelson N, Kozlosky CJ, Wolfson MF, Rauch CT, Cerretti DP, Paxton RJ, March CJ, Black RA. An essential role for ectodomain shedding in mammalian development. Science 282: 1281-1284, 1998.
226. Peters K, Werner S, Liao X, Wert S, Whitsett J, Williams L. Targeted expression of a dominant negative FGF receptor blocks branching morphogenesis and epithelial differentiation of the mouse lung. EMBO J 13: 3296-3301, 1994.
227. Petersen DN, Tkalcevic GT, Koza-Taylor PH, Turi TG, Brown TA. Identification of estrogen receptor beta2, a functional variant of estrogen receptor beta expressed in normal rat tissues. Endocrinology 139: 1082-1092, 1998.
228. Pietras RJ, Arboleda J, Reese DM, Wongvipat N, Pegram MD, Ramos L, Gorman CM, Parker MG, Sliwkowski MX, Slamon DJ. HER-2 tyrosine kinase pathway targets estrogen receptor and promotes hormone-independent growth in human breast cancer cells. Oncogene 10: 2435-2446, 1995.
229. Pike AC, Brzozowski AM, Hubbard RE. A structural biologist's view of the oestrogen receptor. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 74: 261-268, 2000.
230. Pike AC, Brzozowski AM, Hubbard RE, Bonn T, Thorsell AG, Engstrom O, Ljunggren J, Gustafsson JA, Carlquist M. Structure of the ligand-binding domain of oestrogen receptor beta in the presence of a partial agonist and a full antagonist. EMBO J 18: 4608-4618, 1999.
231. Pike AC, Brzozowski AM, Walton J, Hubbard RE, Thorsell AG, Li YL, Gustafsson JA, Carlquist M. Structural insights into the mode of action of a pure antiestrogen. Structure 9: 145-153, 2001.
232. Pike ACW. Lessons learnt from structural studies of the oestrogen receptor. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 20: 1-14, 2006.
233. Pons S, Torres-Aleman I. Estradiol modulates insulin-like growth factor I receptors and binding proteins in neurons from the hypothalamus. J Neuroendocrinol 5: 267-271, 1993.
234. Poola I, Abraham J, Baldwin K, Saunders A, Bhatnagar R. Estrogen receptors beta4 and beta5 are full length functionally distinct ERbeta isoforms: cloning from human ovary and functional characterization. Endocrine 27: 227-238, 2005.
235. Price RH Jr, Lorenzon N, Handa RJ. Differential expression of estrogen receptor beta splice variants in rat brain: identification and characterization of a novel variant missing exon 4. Brain Res 80: 260-268, 2000.
236. Prins GS. Neonatal estrogen exposure induces lobe-specific alterations in adult rat prostate androgen receptor expression. Endocrinology 130: 3703-3714, 1992.
237. Prins GS, Birch L. The developmental pattern of androgen receptor expression in rat prostate lobes is altered after neonatal exposure to estrogen. Endocrinology 136: 1303-1314, 1995.
238. Prins GS, Birch L, Couse JF, Choi I, Katzenellenbogen B, Korach KS. Estrogen imprinting of the developing prostate gland is mediated through stromal estrogen receptor alpha: studies with alphaERKO and betaERKO mice. Cancer Res 61: 6089-6097, 2001.
239. Prins GS, Marmer M, Woodham C, Chang W, Kuiper G, Gustafsson JA, Birch L. Estrogen receptor-beta messenger ribonucleic acid ontogeny in the prostate of normal and neonatally estrogenized rats. Endocrinology 139: 874-883, 1998.
240. Pylkkanen L, Santti R, Newbold R, McLachlan JA. Regional differences in the prostate of the neonatally estrogenized mouse. Prostate 18: 117-129, 1991.
241. Rajendran RR, Nye AC, Frasor J, Balsara RD, Martini PG, Katzenellenbogen BS. Regulation of nuclear receptor transcriptional activity by a novel DEAD box RNA helicase (DP97). J Biol Chem 278: 4628-4638, 2003.
242. Ramsey TL, Risinger KE, Jernigan SC, Mattingly KA, Klinge CM. Estrogen receptor beta isoforms exhibit differences in ligandactivated transcriptional activity in an estrogen response element sequence-dependent manner. Endocrinology 145: 149-160, 2004.
243. Razandi M, Pedram A, Merchenthaler I, Greene GL, Levin ER. Plasma membrane estrogen receptors exist and functions as dimers. Mol Endocrinol 18: 2854-2865, 2004.
244. Reisert I, Han V, Lieth E, Toran-Allerand D, Pilgrim C, Lauder J. Sex steroids promote neurite growth in mesencephalic tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactive neurons in vitro. Int J Dev Neurosci 5: 91-98, 1987.
245. Renaud J, Bischoff SF, Buhl T, Floersheim P, Fournier B, Geiser M, Halleux C, Kallen J, Keller H, Ramage P. Selective estrogen receptor modulators with conformationally restricted side chains. Synthesis and structure-activity relationship of ER alpha-selective tetrahydroisoquinoline ligands. J Med Chem 48: 364-379, 2005.
246. Renaud J, Bischoff SF, Buhl T, Floersheim P, Fournier B, Halleux C, Kallen J, Keller H, Schlaeppi JM, Stark W. Estrogen receptor modulators: identification and structure-activity relationships of potent ERalpha-selective tetrahydroisoquinoline ligands. J Med Chem 46: 2945-2957, 2003.
247. Robertson JF. Selective oestrogen receptor modulators/new antioestrogens: a clinical perspective. Cancer Treatment Rev 30: 695-706, 2004.
248. Rossouw JE, Anderson GL, Prentice RL, LaCroix AZ, Kooperberg C, Stefanick ML, Jackson RD, Beresford SA, Howard BV, Johnson KC, Kotchen JM, Ockene J. Risks and benefits of estrogen plus progestin in healthy postmenopausal women: principal results From the Women's Health Initiative randomized controlled trial. JAMA 288: 321-333, 2002.
249. Ryu J, Vicencio AG, Yeager ME, Kashgarian M, Haddad GG, Eickelberg O. Differential expression of matrix metalloproteinases and their inhibitors in human and mouse lung development. Thrombosis Haemostasis 94: 175-183, 2005.
250. Sahin U, Weskamp G, Kelly K, Zhou HM, Higashiyama S, Peschon J, Hartmann D, Saftig P, Blobel CP. Distinct roles for ADAM10 and ADAM17 in ectodomain shedding of six EGFR ligands. J Cell Biol 164: 769-779, 2004.
251. Saji S, Omoto Y, Shimizu C, Horiguchi S, Watanabe T, Funata N, Hayash S, Gustafsson JA, Toi M. Clinical impact of assay of estrogen receptor beta cx in breast cancer. Breast Cancer 9: 303-307, 2002.
252. Saji S, Omoto Y, Shimizu C, Warner M, Hayashi Y, Horiguchi S, Watanabe T, Hayashi S, Gustafsson JA, Toi M. Expression of estrogen receptor (ER) (beta)cx protein in ER(alpha)-positive breast cancer: specific correlation with progesterone receptor. Cancer Res 62: 4849-4853, 2002.
253. Santen RJ, Song RX, Zhang Z, Kumar R, Jeng MH, Masamura S, Lawrence J Jr, MacMahon LP, Yue W, Berstein L. Adaptive hypersensitivity to estrogen: mechanisms and clinical relevance to aromatase inhibitor therapy in breast cancer treatment. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 95: 155-165, 2005.
254. Sapino A, Pietribiasi F, Bussolati G, Marchisio PC. Estrogen-and tamoxifen-induced rearrangement of cytoskeletal and adhesion structures in breast cancer MCF-7 cells. Cancer Res 46: 2526-2531, 1986.
255. Saville B, Wormke M, Wang F, Nguyen T, Enmark E, Kuiper G, Gustafsson JA, Safe S. Ligand-, cell-, estrogen receptor subtype (alpha/beta)-dependent activation at GC-rich (Sp1) promoter elements. J Biol Chem 275: 5379-5387, 2000.
256. Schiff R, Massarweh SA, Shou J, Bharwani L, Arpino G, Rimawi M, Osborne CK. Advanced concepts in estrogen receptor biology and breast cancer endocrine resistance: implicated role of growth factor signaling and estrogen receptor coregulators. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 56 Suppl 1: 10-20, 2005.
257. Schiff R, Massarweh SA, Shou J, Bharwani L, Mohsin SK, Osborne CK. Cross-talk between estrogen receptor and growth factor pathways as a molecular target for overcoming endocrine resistance. Clin Cancer Res 10: 331S-336S, 2004.
258. Schmidt R, Fazekas F, Reinhart B, Kapeller P, Fazekas G, Offenbacher H, Eber B, Schumacher M, Freidl W. Estrogen replacement therapy in older women: a neuropsychological and brain MRI study. J Am Geriatr Soc 44: 1307-1313, 1996.
259. Schuger L, Johnson GR, Gilbride K, Plowman GD, Mandel R. Amphiregulin in lung branching morphogenesis: interaction with heparan sulfate proteoglycan modulates cell proliferation. Development 122: 1759-1767, 1996.
260. Scoville SA, Bufton SM, Liuzzi FJ. Estrogen regulates neurofilament gene expression in adult female rat dorsal root ganglion neurons. Exp Neurol 146: 596-599, 1997.
261. Seo SB, McNamara P, Heo S, Turner A, Lane WS, Chakravarti D. Regulation of histone acetylation and transcription by INHAT, a human cellular complex containing the set oncoprotein. Cell 104: 119-130, 2001.
262. Shang Y. Molecular mechanisms of oestrogen and SERMs in endometrial carcinogenesis. Nature Rev Cancer 6: 360-368, 2006.
263. Shang Y, Brown M. Molecular determinants for the tissue speci-ficity of SERMs. Science 295: 2465-2468, 2002.
264. Sherwin BB. Estrogen and cognitive functioning in women. Endocr Rev 24: 133-151, 2003.
265. Shi Y, Downes M, Xie W, Kao HY, Ordentlich P, Tsai CC, Hon M, Evans RM. Sharp, an inducible cofactor that integrates nuclear receptor repression and activation. Genes Dev 15: 1140-1151, 2001.
266. Shi Y, Massague J. Mechanisms of TGF-beta signaling from cell membrane to the nucleus. Cell 113: 685-700, 2003.
267. Shiau AK, Barstad D, Loria PM, Cheng L, Kushner PJ, Agard DA, Greene GL. The structural basis of estrogen receptor/coactivator recognition and the antagonism of this interaction by tamoxifen. Cell 95: 927-937, 1998.
268. Shiau AK, Barstad D, Radek JT, Meyers MJ, Nettles KW, Katzenellenbogen BS, Katzenellenbogen JA, Agard DA, Greene GL. Structural characterization of a subtype-selective ligand reveals a novel mode of estrogen receptor antagonism. Nature Struct Biol 9: 359-364, 2002.
269. Shim WS, Conaway M, Masamura S, Yue W, Wang JP, Kmar R, Santen RJ. Estradiol hypersensitivity and mitogen-activated protein kinase expression in long-term estrogen deprived human breast cancer cells in vivo. Endocrinology 141: 396-405, 2000.
270. Shughrue PJ, Lane MV, Merchenthaler I. Comparative distribution of estrogen receptor-alpha and -beta mRNA in the rat central nervous system. J Comp Neurol 388: 507-525, 1997.
271. Shumaker SA, Legault C, Kuller L, Rapp SR, Thal L, Lane DS, Fillit H, Stefanick ML, Hendrix SL, Lewis CE, Masaki K, Coker LH, Women's Health Initiative Memory Study. Conjugated equine estrogens and incidence of probable dementia and mild cognitive impairment in postmenopausal women: Women's Health Initiative Memory Study. JAMA 291: 2947-2958, 2004.
272. Simian M, Hirai Y, Navre M, Werb Z, Lochter A, Bissell MJ. The interplay of matrix metalloproteinases, morphogens and growth factors is necessary for branching of mammary epithelial cells. Development 128: 3117-3131, 2001.
273. Simon SL, Parkes A, Leygue E, Dotzlaw H, Snell L, Troup S, Adeyinka A, Watson PH, Murphy LC. Expression of a repressor of estrogen receptor activity in human breast tumors: relationship to some known prognostic markers. Cancer Res 60: 2796-2799, 2000.
274. Simoncini T, Mannella P, Fornari L, Caruso A, Varone G, Genazzani AR. Genomic and non-genomic effects of estrogens on endothelial cells. Steroids 69: 537-542, 2004.
275. Simpkins JW, Green PS, Gridley KE, Singh M, de Fiebre NC, Rajakumar G. Role of estrogen replacement therapy in memory enhancement and the prevention of neuronal loss associated with Alzheimer's disease. Am J Med 103: 19S-25S, 1997.
276. Singh M, Meyer EM, Millard WJ, Simpkins JW. Ovarian steroid deprivation results in a reversible learning impairment and compromised cholinergic function in female Sprague-Dawley rats. Brain Res 644: 305-312, 1994.
277. Singh RR, Barnes CJ, Talukder AH, Fuqua SA, Kumar R. Negative regulation of estrogen receptor alpha transactivation functions by LIM domain only 4 protein. Cancer Res 65: 10594-10601, 2005.
278. Smith CL, Nawaz Z, O'Malley BW. Coactivator and corepressor regulation of the agonist/antagonist activity of the mixed antiestrogen, 4-hydroxytamoxifen. Mol Endocrinol 11: 657-666, 1997.
279. Smith CL, O'Malley BW. Coregulator function: a key to understanding tissue specificity of selective receptor modulators. Endocr Rev 25: 45-71, 2004.
280. Sohrabji F, Miranda RC, Toran-Allerand CD. Estrogen differentially regulates estrogen and nerve growth factor receptor mRNAs in adult sensory neurons. J Neurosci 14: 459-471, 1994.
281. Sohrabji F, Miranda RC, Toran-Allerand CD. Identification of a putative estrogen response element in the gene encoding brain-derived neurotrophic factor. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 92: 11110-11114, 1995.
282. Sommers CL, Byers SW, Thompson EW, Torri JA, Gelmann EP. Differentiation state and invasiveness of human breast cancer cell lines. Breast Cancer Res Treat 31: 325-335, 1994.
283. Song RX, Santen RJ. Membrane initiated estrogen signaling in breast cancer. Biol Reprod 75: 9-16, 2006.
284. Song RX, Zhang Z, Santen RJ. Estrogen rapid action via protein complex formation involving ERalpha and Src. Trends Endocrinol Metab 16: 347-353, 2005.
285. Speirs V, Malone C, Walton DS, Kerin MJ, Atkin SL. Increased expression of estrogen receptor beta mRNA in tamoxifen-resistant breast cancer patients. Cancer Res 59: 5421-5424, 1999.
286. Sternlicht MD, Sunnarborg SW, Kouros-Mehr H, Yu Y, Lee DC, Werb Z. Mammary ductal morphogenesis requires paracrine activation of stromal EGFR via ADAM-17-dependent shedding of epithelial amphiregulin. Development 132: 3923-3933, 2005.
287. Talukder AH, Gururaj A, Mishra SK, Vadlamudi RK, Kumar R. Metastasis-associated protein 1 interacts with NRIF3, an estrogen-inducible nuclear receptor coregulator. Mol Cell Biol 24: 6581-6591, 2004.
288. Tan Q, Blizzard TA, Morgan JD, 2nd Birzin ET, Chan W, Yang YT, Pai LY, Hayes EC, DaSilva CA, Warrier S, Yudkovitz J, Wilkinson HA, Sharma N, Fitzgerald PM, Li S, Colwell L, Fisher JE, Adamski S, Reszka AA, Kimmel D, DiNinno F, Rohrer SP, Freedman LP, Schaeffer JM, Hammond ML. Estrogen receptor ligands. Part 10: Chromanes: old scaffolds for new SERAMs. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 15: 1675-1681, 2005.
289. Tanenbaum DM, Wang Y, Williams SP, Sigler PB. Crystallographic comparison of the estrogen and progesterone receptor's ligand binding domains. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95: 5998-6003, 1998.
290. Thomson AA. Role of androgens and fibroblast growth factors in prostatic development. Reproduction 121: 187-195, 2001.
291. Thornton JW, Need E, Crews D. Resurrecting the ancestral steroid receptor: ancient origin of estrogen signaling. Science 301: 1714-1717, 2003.
292. Tong JK, Hassig CA, Schnitzler GR, Kingston RE, Schreiber SL. Chromatin deacetylation by an ATP-dependent nucleosome remodelling complex. Nature 395: 917-921, 1998.
293. Toran-Allerand CD. The estrogen/neurotrophin connection during neural development: is co-localization of estrogen receptors with the neurotrophins and their receptors biologically relevant? Dev Neurosci 18: 36-48, 1996.
294. Toran-Allerand CD. Sex steroids and the development of the newborn mouse hypothalamus and preoptic area in vitro: implications for sexual differentiation. Brain Res 106: 407-412, 1976.
295. Townson SM, Sullivan T, Zhang Q, Clark GM, Osborne CK, Lee AV, Oesterreich S. HET/SAF-B overexpression causes growth arrest and multinuclearity and is associated with aneuploidy in human breast cancer. Clin Cancer Res 6: 3788-3796, 2000.
296. Tremblay GB, Tremblay A, Copeland NG, Gilbert DJ, Jenkins NA, Labrie F, Giguere V. Cloning, chromosomal localization, functional analysis of the murine estrogen receptor beta. Mol Endocrinol 11: 353-365, 1997.
297. Vadlamudi RK, Wang RA, Mazumdar A, Kim Y, Shin J, Sahin A, Kumar R. Molecular cloning and characterization of PELP1, a novel human coregulator of estrogen receptor alpha. J Biol Chem 276: 38272-38279, 2001.
298. VanderHorst VG, Holstege G. Estrogen induces axonal outgrowth in the nucleus retroambiguus-lumbosacral motoneuronal pathway in the adult female cat. J Neurosci 17: 1122-1136, 1997.
299. Veeneman GH. Non-steroidal subtype selective estrogens. Curr Med Chem 12: 1077-1136, 2005.
300. Vo N, Fjeld C, Goodman RH. Acetylation of nuclear hormone receptor-interacting protein RIP140 regulates binding of the transcriptional corepressor CtBP. Mol Cell Biol 21: 6181-6188, 2001.
301. Wang L, Andersson S, Warner M, Gustafsson JA. Morphological abnormalities in the brains of estrogen receptor beta knockout mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98: 2792-2796, 2001.
302. Wang XD, Leow CC, Zha J, Tang Z, Modrusan Z, Radtke F, Aguet M, de Sauvage FJ, Gao WQ. Notch signaling is required for normal prostatic epithelial cell proliferation and differentiation. Dev Biol 290: 66-80, 2006.
303. Wang XD, Shou J, Wong P, French DM, Gao WQ. Notch1-expressing cells are indispensable for prostatic branching morphogenesis during development and re-growth following castration and androgen replacement. J Biol Chem 279: 24733-24744, 2004.
304. Wang Y, Chirgadze NY, Briggs SL, Jensen EV, Burris TP. A second binding site for hydroxytamoxifen within the coactivator-binding groove of estrogen receptor beta. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103: 9908-9911, 2006.
305. Wang Z, Zhang X, Shen P, Loggie BW, Chang Y, Deuel TF. Identification, cloning, expression of human estrogen receptor-alpha36, a novel variant of human estrogen receptor-alpha66. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 336: 1023-1027, 2005.
306. Warburton D, Schwarz M, Tefft D, Flores-Delgado G, Anderson KD, Cardoso WV. The molecular basis of lung morphogenesis. Mech Dev 92: 55-81, 2000.
307. Warner M, Gustafsson JA. Nongenomic effects of estrogen: why all the uncertainty? Steroids 71: 91-95, 2006.
308. Wärnmark A, Treuter E, Gustafsson JÅ, Hubbard RE, Brzozowski AM, Pike ACW. Interaction of transcriptional intermediary factor 2 nuclear receptor box peptides with the coactivator binding site of estrogen receptor alpha. J Biol Chem 277: 21862-21868, 2002.
309. Webb P, Lopez GN, Uht RM, Kushner PJ. Tamoxifen activation of the estrogen receptor/AP-1 pathway: potential origin for the cell-specific estrogen-like effects of antiestrogens. Mol Endocrinol 9: 443-456, 1995.
310. Webb P, Nguyen P, Kushner PJ. Differential SERM effects on corepressor binding dictate ERalpha activity in vivo. J Biol Chem 278: 6912-6920, 2003.
311. Webb P, Nguyen P, Shinsako J, Anderson C, Feng W, Nguyen MP, Chen D, Huang SM, Subramanian S, McKinerney E, Katzenellenbogen BS, Stallcup MR, Kushner PJ. Estrogen receptor activation function 1 works by binding p160 coactivator proteins. Mol Endocrinol 12: 1605-1618, 1998.
312. Webb P, Nguyen P, Valentine C, Lopez GN, Kwok GR, McInerney E, Katzenellenbogen BS, Enmark E, Gustafsson JA, Nilsson S, Kushner PJ. The estrogen receptor enhances AP-1 activity by two distinct mechanisms with different requirements for receptor transactivation functions. Mol Endocrinol 13: 1672-1685, 1999.
313. Weihua Z, Makela S, Andersson LC, Salmi S, Saji S, Webster JI, Jensen EV, Nilsson S, Warner M, Gustafsson JA. A role for estrogen receptor beta in the regulation of growth of the ventral prostate. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98: 6330-6335, 2001.
314. Wiesen JF, Young P, Werb Z, Cunha GR. Signaling through the stromal epidermal growth factor receptor is necessary for mammary ductal development. Development 126: 335-344, 1999.
315. Wietrzyk J, Grynkiewicz G, Opolski A. Phytoestrogens in cancer prevention and therapy - mechanisms of their biological activity. Anticancer Res 25: 2357-2366, 2005.
316. Wilkening RR, Ratcliffe RW, Tynebor EC, Wildonger KJ, Fried AK, Hammond ML, Mosley RT, Fitzgerald PM, Sharma N, McKeever BM, Nilsson S, Carlquist M, Thorsell A, Locco L, Katz R, Frisch K, Birzin ET, Wilkinson HA, Mitra S, Cai S, Hayes EC, Schaeffer JM, Rohrer SP. The discovery of tetrahydrofluorenones as a new class of estrogen receptor beta-subtype selective ligands. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 16: 3489-3494, 2006.
317. Wiseman BS, Sternlicht MD, Lund LR, Alexander CM, Mott J, Bissell MJ, Soloway P, Itohara S, Werb Z. Site-specific inductive and inhibitory activities of MMP-2 and MMP-3 orchestrate mammary gland branching morphogenesis. J Cell Biol 162: 1123-1133, 2003.
318. Witorsch RJ. Endocrine disruptors: can biological effects and environmental risks be predicted? Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 36: 118-130, 2002.
319. Witorsch RJ. Low-dose in utero effects of xenoestrogens in mice and their relevance to humans: an analytical review of the literature. Food Chem Toxicol 40: 905-912, 2002.
320. Wong CW, McNally C, Nickbarg E, Komm BS, Cheskis BJ. Estrogen receptor-interacting protein that modulates its nongenomic activity-crosstalk with Src/Erk phosphorylation cascade. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 99: 14783-14788, 2002.
321. Woodham C, Birch L, Prins GS. Neonatal estrogen down-regulates prostatic androgen receptor through a proteosome-mediated protein degradation pathway. Endocrinology 144: 4841-4850, 2003.
322. Wu RC, Qin J, Hashimoto Y, Wong J, Xu J, Tsai SY, Tsai MJ, O'Malley BW. Regulation of SRC-3 (pCIP/ACTR/AIB-1/RAC-3/ TRAM-1) Coactivator activity by I kappa B kinase. Mol Cell Biol 22: 3549-3561, 2002.
323. Wu YL, Yang X, Ren Z, McDonnell DP, Norris JD, Willson TM, Greene GL. Structural basis for an unexpected mode of SERMmediated ER antagonism. Mol Cell 18: 413-424, 2005.
324. Wuttke W, Jarry H, Westphalen S, Christoffel V, Seidlova-Wuttke D. Phytoestrogens for hormone replacement therapy? J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 83: 133-147, 2002.
325. Xu H, Gouras GK, Greenfield JP, Vincent B, Naslund J, Mazzarelli L, Fried G, Jovanovic JN, Seeger M, Relkin NR, Liao F, Checler F, Buxbaum JD, Chait BT, Thinakaran G, Sisodia SS, Wang R, Greengard P, Gandy S. Estrogen reduces neuronal generation of Alzheimer beta-amyloid peptides. Nature Med 4: 447-451, 1998.
326. Xu HE, Stanley TB, Montana VG, Lambert MH, Shearer BG, Cobb JE, McKee DD, Galardi CM, Plunket KD, Nolte RT, Parks DJ, Moore JT, Kliewer SA, Willson TM, Stimmel JB. Structural basis for antagonist-mediated recruitment of nuclear co-repressors by PPARalpha. Nature 415: 813-817, 2002.
327. Yamamoto T, Saatcioglu F, Matsuda T. Cross-talk between bone morphogenic proteins and estrogen receptor signaling. Endocrinology 143: 2635-2642, 2002.
328. You A, Tong JK, Grozinger CM, Schreiber SL. CoREST is an integral component of the CoREST-human histone deacetylase complex. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98: 1454-1458, 2001.
329. Zhang H, Thomsen JS, Johansson L, Gustafsson JA, Treuter E. DAX-1 functions as an LXXLL-containing corepressor for activated estrogen receptors. J Biol Chem 275: 39855-39859, 2000.
330. Zheng L, Annab LA, Afshari CA, Lee WH, Boyer TG. BRCA1 mediates ligand-independent transcriptional repression of the estrogen receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98: 9587-9592, 2001.
331. Zou A, Marschke KB, Arnold KE, Berger EM, Fitzgerald P, Mais DE, Allegretto EA. Estrogen receptor beta activates the human retinoic acid receptor alpha-1 promoter in response to tamoxifen and other estrogen receptor antagonists, but not in response to estrogen. Mol Endocrinol 13: 418-430, 1999.