Molecular genetics of T cell development

Annual Review of Immunology

Volumn 23, Issue , 2005, Pages 601-649

  Rothenberg, Ellen V ^a   Taghon, Tom ^a  

^a CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (United States)

Author keywords

Lineage commitment; Notch; Thymus; Transcription factor; selection

Indexed keywords

IKAROS TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR; INHIBITOR OF DIFFERENTIATION PROTEIN; NOTCH RECEPTOR; PROTEIN C MYB; T CELL FACTOR PROTEIN; TRANSCRIPRION FACTOR E2A; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR ETS; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR GATA 3; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR RUNX1; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

CELL DIFFERENTIATION; CELL LINEAGE; CELL MATURATION; GENE CONTROL; HUMAN; MOLECULAR GENETICS; NONHUMAN; PLURIPOTENT STEM CELL; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN FUNCTION; REVIEW; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; T LYMPHOCYTE; TRANSCRIPTION REGULATION;

EID: 17444396980     PISSN: 07320582     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1146/annurev.immunol.23.021704.115737     Document Type: Review

References (266)

1. Borowski C, Martin C, Gounari F, Haughn L, Aifantis I, et al. 2002. On the brink of becoming a T cell. Curr. Opin. Immunol. 14:200-6
2. Cantrell DA. 2002. Transgenic analysis of thymocyte signal transduction. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 2:20-27
3. Singer A. 2002. New perspectives on a developmental dilemma: the kinetic signaling model and the importance of signal duration for the CD4/CD8 lineage decision. Curr. Opin. Immunol. 14:207-15
4. Alberola-Ila J, Hernández-Hoyos G. 2003. The Ras/MAPK cascade and the control of positive selection. Immunol. Rev. 191:79-96
5. Bosselut R. 2004. CD4/CD8-lineage differentiation in the thymus: from nuclear effectors to membrane signals. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 4:529-40
6. Rothenberg EV, Yui MA, Telfer JC. 2003. T-cell developmental biology. In Fundamental Immunology, ed. WE Paul, pp. 259-301. Philadelphia: Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins
7. Busslinger M. 2004. Transcriptional control of early B cell development. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 22:55-79
8. Pear WS, Radtke F. 2003. Notch signaling in lymphopoiesis. Semin. Immunol. 15:69-79
9. Robey EA, Bluestone JA. 2004. Notch signaling in lymphocyte development and function. Curr. Opin. Immunol. 16:360-66
10. Radtke F, Wilson A, Mancini SJ, MacDonald HR. 2004. Notch regulation of lymphocyte development and function. Nat. Immunol. 5:247-53
11. Han H, Tanigaki K, Yamamoto N, Kuroda K, Yoshimoto M, et al. 2002. Inducible gene knockout of transcription factor recombination signal binding protein-J reveals its essential role in T versus B lineage decision. Int. Immunol. 14:637-45
12. Tanigaki K, Tsuji M, Yamamoto N, Han H, Tsukada J, et al. 2004. Regulation of αβ/γδ cell lineage commitment and peripheral T cell responses by Notch/RBP-J signaling. Immunity 20:611-22
13. Wolfer A, Wilson A, Nemir M, MacDonald HR, Radtke F. 2002. Inactivation of Notch 1 impairs VDJβ rearrangement and allows pre-TCR-independent survival of early αβ lineage thymocytes. Immunity 5:869-79
14. Huang EY, Gallegos AM, Richards SM, Lehar SM, Bevan MJ. 2003. Surface expression of Notch1 on thymocytes: correlation with the double-negative to double-positive transition. J. Immunol. 171:2296-304
15. Ciofani M, Schmitt TM, Ciofani A, Michie AM, Cuburu N, et al. 2004. Obligatory role for cooperative signaling by pre-TCR and Notch during thymocyte differentiation. J. Immunol. 172:5230-39
16. Schmitt TM, Ciofani M, Petrie HT, Zúñiga-Pflücker JC. 2004. Maintenance of T cell specification and differentiation requires recurrent Notch receptor-ligand interactions. J. Exp. Med. 200:469-79
17. Choi JW, Pampeno C, Vukmanovic S, Meruelo D. 2002. Characterization of the transcriptional expression of Notch-1 signaling pathway members, Deltex and HES-1, in developing mouse thymocytes. Dev. Comp. Immunol. 26:575-88
18. Deftos ML, Huang E, Ojala EW, Forbush KA, Bevan MJ. 2000. Notch1 signaling promotes the maturation of CD4 and CD8 SP thymocytes. Immunity 13:73-84
19. Bellavia D, Campese AF, Alesse E, Vacca A, Felli MP, et al. 2000. Constitutive activation of NF-κB and T-cell leukemia/lymphoma in Notch3 transgenic mice. EMBO J. 19:3337-48
20. Aster JC, Xu L, Karnell FG, Patriub V, Pui JC, Pear WS. 2000. Essential roles for ankyrin repeat and transactivation domains in induction of T-cell leukemia by Notch1. Mol. Cell. Biol. 20:7505-15
21. Allman D, Karnell FG, Punt JA, Bakkour S, Xu L, et al. 2001. Separation of Notch1 promoted lineage commitment and expansion/transformation in developing T cells. J. Exp. Med. 194:99-106
22. Deftos ML, Bevan MJ. 2000. Notch signaling in T cell development. Curr. Opin. Immunol. 12:166-72
23. Basson MA, Zamoyska R. 2000. The CD4/CD8 lineage decision: integration of signalling pathways. Immunol. Today 21:509-14
24. Hernández-Hoyos G, Alberola-Ila J. 2003. A Notch so simple influence on T cell development. Semin. Cell Dev. Biol. 14:121-25
25. Jaleco AC, Neves H, Hooijberg E, Gameiro P, Clode N, et al. 2001. Differential effects of Notch ligands Delta-1 and Jagged-1 in human lymphoid differentiation. J. Exp. Med. 194:991-1002
26. Schmitt TM, Zúñiga-Pflücker JC. 2002. Induction of T cell development from hematopoietic progenitor cells by Delta-like-1 in vitro. Immunity 17:749-56
27. Amsen D, Blander JM, Lee GR, Tanigaki K, Honjo T, Flavell RA. 2004. Instruction of distinct CD4 T helper cell fates by different Notch ligands on antigen-presenting cells. Cell 117:515-26
28. Yvon ES, Vigoureux S, Rousseau RF, Biagi E, Amrolia P, et al. 2003. Over expression of the Notch ligand, Jagged-1 induces alloantigen-specific human regulatory T cells. Blood 102:3815-21
29. + T cells. Immunity 19:549-59
30. Palaga T, Miele L, Golde TE, Osborne BA. 2003. TCR-mediated Notch signaling regulates proliferation and IFN-γ production in peripheral T cells. J. Immunol. 171:3019-24
31. Ting C-N, Olson MC, Barton KP, Leiden JM. 1996. Transcription factor GATA-3 is required for development of the T-cell lineage. Nature 384:474-78
32. Hendriks RW, Nawijn MC, Engel JD, van Doorninck H, Grosveld F, Karis A. 1999. Expression of the transcription factor GATA-3 is required for the development of the earliest T cell progenitors and correlates with stages of cellular proliferation in the thymus. Eur. J. Immunol. 29:1912-18
33. Samson SI, Richard O, Tavian M, Ranson T, Vosshenrich CA, et al. 2003. GATA-3 promotes maturation, IFN-γ production, and liver-specific homing of NK cells. Immunity 19:701-11.
34. Hattori N, Kawamoto H, Fujimoto S, Kuno K, Katsura Y. 1996. Involvement of transcription factors TCF-1 and GATA-3 in the initiation of the earliest step of T cell development in the thymus. J. Exp. Med. 184:1137-47
35. Hernández-Hoyos G, Anderson MK, Wang C, Rothenberg EV, Alberola-Ila J. 2003. GATA-3 expression is controlled by TCR signals and regulates CD4/CD8 differentiation. Immunity 19:83-94
36. Pai SY, Truitt ML, Ting CN, Leiden JM, Glimcher LH, Ho IC. 2003. Critical roles for transcription factor GATA-3 in thymocyte development. Immunity 19:863-75
37. Zhang D-H, Yang L, Ray A. 1998. Cutting edge: differential responsiveness of the IL-5 and IL-4 genes to transcription factor GATA-3. J. Immunol. 161:3817-21
38. Tripathi RK, Mathieu N, Spicuglia S, Payet D, Verthuy C, et al. 2000. Definition of a T-cell receptor β gene core enhancer of V(D)J recombination by transgenic mapping. Mol. Cell. Biol. 20:42-53
39. Kishi H, Wei X-C, Jin Z-X, Fujishiro Y, Nagata T, et al. 2000. Lineage specific regulation of the murine RAG-2 promoter: GATA-3 in T cells and Pax-5 in B cells. Blood 95:3845-52
40. Lee GR, Fields PE, Flavell RA. 2001. Regulation of IL-4 gene expression by distal regulatory elements and GATA-3 at the chromatin level. Immunity 14:447-59
41. Kieffer LJ, Greally JM, Landres I, Nag S, Nakajima Y, et al. 2002. Identification of a candidate regulatory region in the human CD8 gene complex by colocalization of DNase I hypersensitive sites and matrix attachment regions which bind SATB1 and GATA-3. J. Immunol. 168:3915-22
42. Nawijn MC, Ferreira R, Dingjan GM, Kahre O, Drabek D, et al. 2001. Enforced expression of GATA-3 during T cell development inhibits maturation of CD8 single-positive cells and induces thymic lymphoma in transgenic mice. J. Immunol. 167:715-23
43. Yamagata T, Mitani K, Oda H, Suzuki T, Honda H, et al. 2000. Acetylation of GATA-3 affects T-cell survival and homing to secondary lymphoid organs. EMBO J. 19:4676-87
44. Murphy KM, Reiner SL. 2002. The lineage decisions of helper T cells. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 2:933-44
45. Ho IC, Glimcher LH. 2002. Transcription: tantalizing times for T cells. Cell 109(Suppl.):S109-20
46. Chen D, Zhang G. 2001. Enforced expression of the GATA-3 transcription factor affects cell fate decisions in hematopoiesis. Exp. Hematol. 29:971-80
47. Anderson MK, Hernandez-Hoyos G, Dionne CJ, Arias A, Chen D, Rothenberg EV. 2002. Definition of regulatory network elements for T-cell development by perturbation analysis with PU.1 and GATA-3. Dev. Biol. 246:103-21
48. Taghon T, De Smedt M, Stolz F, Cnockaert M, Plum J, Leclercq G. 2001. Enforced expression of GATA-3 severely reduces human thymic cellularity. J. Immunol. 167:4468-75
49. Nawijn MC, Dingjan GM, Ferreira R, Lambrecht BN, Karis A, et al. 2001. Enforced expression of GATA-3 in transgenic mice inhibits Th1 differentiation and induces the formation of a-T1/ST2-expressing Th2-committed T cell compartment in vivo. J. Immunol. 167:724-32
50. Pai SY, Truitt ML, Ho IC. 2004. GATA-3 deficiency abrogates the development and maintenance of T helper type 2 cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 101:1993-98
51. Skapenko A, Leipe J, Niesner U, Devriendt K, Beetz R, et al. 2004. GATA-3 in human T cell helper type 2 development. J. Exp. Med. 199:423-28
52. Ranganath S, Murphy KM. 2001. Structure and specificity of GATA proteins in Th2 development. Mol. Cell Biol. 21:2716-25
53. Klein-Hessling S, Jha MK, Santner-Nanan B, Berberich-Siebelt F, et al. 2003. Protein kinase A regulates GATA-3-dependent activation of IL-5 gene expression in Th2 cells. J. Immunol. 170:2956-61
54. Usui T, Nishikomori R, Kitani A, Strober W. 2003. GATA-3 suppresses Th1 development by downregulation of Stat4 and not through effects on IL-12Rβ2 chain or T-bet. Immunity 18:415-28
55. Yin Z, Chen C, Szabo SJ, Glimcher LH, Ray A, Craft J. 2002. T-Bet expression and failure of GATA-3 cross-regulation lead to default production of IFN-γ by γδ T cells. J. Immunol. 168:1566-71
56. Lee HJ, Takemoto N, Kurata H, Kamogawa Y, Miyatake S, et al. 2000. GATA-3 induces T helper cell type 2 (Th2) cytokine expression and chromatin remodeling in committed Th1 cells. J. Exp. Med. 192:105-15
57. Takemoto N, Arai K, Miyatake S. 2002. Cutting edge: the differential involvement of the N-finger of GATA-3 in chromatin remodeling and transactivation during Th2 development. J. Immunol. 169:4103-7
58. + T cells. J. Exp. Med. 194:1461-71
59. Kurata H, Lee H-J, McClanahan T, Coffman RL, O'Garra A, Arai N. 2002. Friend of GATA is expressed in naive Th cells and functions as a repressor of GATA-3-mediated Th2 cell development. J. Immunol. 168:4538-45
60. Staal FJT, Weerkamp F, Langerak AW, Hendriks RW, Clevers HC. 2001. Transcriptional control of T lymphocyte differentiation. Stem Cells 19:165-79
61. Greenbaum S, Zhuang Y. 2002. Regulation of early lymphocyte development by E2A family proteins. Semin. Immunol. 14:405-14
62. Engel I, Murre C. 2001. The function of E- and Id proteins in lymphocyte development. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 1:193-99
63. Ikawa T, Fujimoto S, Kawamoto H, Katsura Y, Yokota Y. 2001. Commitment to natural killer cells requires the helix-loop-helix inhibitor Id2. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98:5164-69
64. Sawada A, Littman DR. 1993. A heterodimer of HEB and an E12-related protein interacts with the CD4 enhancer and regulates its activity in T-cell lines. Mol. Cell. Biol. 13:5620-28
65. Petersson K, Ivars F, Sigvardsson M. 2002. The pTα promoter and enhancer are direct targets for transactivation by E box-binding proteins. Eur. J. Immunol. 32:911-20
66. Tremblay M, Herblot S, Lecuyer E, Hoang T. 2003. Regulation of pTα gene expression by a dosage of E2A, HEB and SCL. J. Biol. Chem. 278:12680-87
67. Kee BL, Bain G, Murre C. 2002. IL-7Rα and E47: independent pathways required for development of multipotent lymphoid progenitors. EMBO J. 21:103-13
68. Grégoire J-M, Roméo P-H. 1999. T-cell expression of the human GATA-3 gene is regulated by a non-lineage specific silencer. J. Biol. Chem. 274:6567-78
69. Heemskerk MHM, Blom B, Nolan G, Stegmann APA, Bakker AQ, et al. 1997. Inhibition of T cell and promotion of natural killer cell development by the dominant negative helix loop helix factor Id3. J. Exp. Med. 186:1597-602
70. Kim D, Peng X-C, Sun X-H. 1999. Massive apoptosis of thymocytes in T-cell-deficient Id1 transgenic mice. Mol. Cell. Biol. 19:8240-53
71. Pan L, Hanrahan J, Li J, Hale LP, Zhuang Y. 2002. An analysis of T cell intrinsic roles of E2A by conditional gene disruption in the thymus. J. Immunol. 168:3923-32
72. Barndt RJ, Dai M, Zhuang Y. 2000. Functions of E2A-HEB heterodimers in T-cell development revealed by a dominant negative mutation of HEB. Mol. Cell. Biol. 20:6677-85
73. Rivera RR, Johns CP, Quan J, Johnson RS, Murre C. 2000. Thymocyte selection is regulated by the helix-loop-helix inhibitor protein, Id3. Immunity 12:17-26
74. Engel I, Johns C, Bain G, Rivera RR, Murre C. 2001. Early thymocyte development is regulated by modulation of E2A protein activity. J. Exp. Med. 194:733-46
75. Bain G, Cravatt CB, Loomans C, Alberola-Ila J, Hedrick SM, Murre C. 2001. Regulation of the helix-loop-helix proteins, E2A and Id3, by the Ras-ERK MAPK cascade. Nat. Immunol. 2:165-71
76. Morrow MA, Mayer EW, Perez CA, Adlam M, Siu G. 1999. Overexpression of the helix-loop-helix protein Id2 blocks T cell development at multiple stages. Mol. Immunol. 36:491-503
77. Engel I, Murre C. 2004. E2A proteins enforce a proliferation checkpoint in developing thymocytes. EMBO J. 23:202-11
78. Levanon D, Groner Y. 2004. Structure and regulated expression of mammalian RUNX genes. Oncogene 23:4211-19
79. Ichikawa M, Asai T, Saito T, Yamamoto G, Seo S, et al. 2004. AML-1 is required for megakaryocytic maturation and lymphocytic differentiation, but not for maintenance of hematopoietic stem cells in adult hematopoiesis. Nat. Med. 10:299-304
80. Anderson MK, Pant R, Miracle AL, Sun X, Luer CA, et al. 2004. Evolutionary origins of lymphocytes: ensembles of T cell and B cell transcriptional regulators in a cartilaginous fish. J. Immunol. 172:5851-60
81. Tracey WD, Speck NA. 2000. Potential roles for RUNX1 and its orthologs in determining hematopoietic cell fate. Semin. Cell Dev. Biol. 11:337-42
82. Ling KW, Dzierzak E. 2002. Ontogeny and genetics of the hemato/lymphopoietic system. Curr. Opin. Immunol. 14:186-91
83. Nishimura M, Fukushima-Nakase Y, Fujita Y, Nakao M, Toda S, et al. 2004. VWRPY motif-dependent and -independent roles of AML1/Runx1 transcription factor in murine hematopoietic development. Blood 103:562-70
84. Telfer JC, Hedblom EE, Anderson MK, Laurent MN, Rothenberg EV. 2004. Localization of the domains in Runx transcription factors required for the repression of CD4 in thymocytes. J. Immunol. 172:4359-70
85. Woolf E, Xiao C, Fainaru O, Lotem J, Rosen D, et al. 2003. Runx3 and Runx1 are required for CD8 T cell development during thymopoiesis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 100:7731-36
86. Taniuchi I, Osato M, Egawa T, Sunshine MJ, Bae S-C, et al. 2002. Differential requirements for Runx proteins in CD4 repression and epigenetic silencing during T lymphocyte development. Cell 111:621-33
87. Vaillant F, Blyth K, Andrew L, Neil JC, Cameron ER. 2002. Enforced expression of Runx2 perturbs T cell development at a stage coincident with β-selection. J. Immunol. 169:2866-74
88. Hayashi K, Abe N, Watanabe T, Obinata M, Ito M, et al. 2001. Overexpression of AML1 transcription factor drives thymocytes into the CD8 single-positive lineage. J. Immunol. 167:4957-65
89. Satake M, Nomura S, Yamaguchi-Iwai Y, Takahama Y, Hashimoto Y, et al. 1995. Expression of the Runt domain-encoding PEBP2α genes in T cells during thymic development. Mol. Cell. Biol. 15:1662-70
90. Telfer JC, Rothenberg EV. 2001. Expression and function of a stem-cell promoter for the murine CBFα2 gene: distinct roles and regulation in natural killer and T cell development. Dev. Biol. 229:363-82
91. Hsiang YH, Spencer D, Wang S, Speck NA, Raulet DH. 1993. The role of viral enhancer "core" motif-related sequences in regulating T cell receptor-γ and -δ gene expression. J. Immunol. 150:3905-16
92. Wotton D, Ghysdael J, Wang S, Speck NA, Owen MJ. 1994. Cooperative binding of Ets-1 and core binding factor to DNA. Mol. Cell. Biol. 14:840-50
93. Hernandez-Munain C, Krangel MS. 1994. Regulation of the T-cell receptor δ enhancer by functional cooperation between c-Myb and core-binding factors. Mol. Cell. Biol. 14:473-83
94. Giese K, Kingsley C, Kirshner JR, Grosschedl R. 1995. Assembly and function of a TCRα enhancer complex is dependent on LEF-1-induced DNA bending and multiple protein-protein interactions. Genes Dev. 9:995-1008
95. Erman B, Cortes M, Nikolajczyk BS, Speck NA, Sen R. 1998. ETS-core binding factor: a common composite motif in antigen receptor gene enhancers. Mol. Cell. Biol. 18:1322-30
96. Kim W-Y, Sieweke M, Ogawa E, Wee H-J, Englmeier U, et al. 1999. Mutual activation of Ets-1 and AML1 DNA binding by direct interaction of their autoinhibitory domains. EMBO J. 18:1609-20
97. Yannoutsos N, Barreto V, Misulovin Z, Gazumyan A, Yu W, et al. 2004. A cis element in the recombination activating gene locus regulates gene expression by counteracting a distant silencer. Nat. Immunol. 5:443-50
98. + thymocytes. J. Immunol. 171:3594-604
99. Liu X, Bosselut R. 2004. Duration of TCR signaling controls CD4-CD8 lineage differentiation in vivo. Nat. Immunol. 5:280-88
100. Kohu K, Sato T, Ohno S-i, Hayashi K, Uchino R, et al. 2005. Over-expression of the Runx3 transcription factor increases the proportion of mature thymocytes of the CD8 single positive lineage. J. Immunol. In press
101. + T cells into the Th2 lineage by repressing GATA3 expression. J. Exp. Med. 198:51-61
102. Cortes M, Wong E, Koipally J, Georgopoulos K. 1999. Control of lymphocyte development by the Ikaros gene family. Curr. Opin. Immunol. 11:167-71
103. Brown KE, Guest SS, Smale ST, Hahm K, Merkenschlager M, Fisher AG. 1997. Association of transcriptionally silent genes with Ikaros complexes at centromeric heterochromatin. Cell 91:845-54
104. Harker N, Naito T, Cortes M, Hostert A, Hirschberg S, et al. 2002. The CD8α gene locus is regulated by the Ikaros family of proteins. Mol. Cell 10:1403-15
105. Georgopoulos K. 2002. Haematopoietic cell-fate decisions, chromatin regulation and Ikaros. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 2:162-74
106. Winandy S, Wu L, Wang J-H, Georgopoulos K. 1999. Pre-T cell receptor (TCR) and TCR-controlled checkpoints in T cell differentiation are set by Ikaros. J. Exp. Med. 190:1039-48
107. Nichogiannopoulou A, Trevisan M, Neben S, Friedrich C, Georgopoulos K. 1999. Defects in hemopoietic stem cell activity in Ikaros mutant mice. J. Exp. Med. 190:1201-14
108. Papathanasiou P, Perkins AC, Cobb BS, Ferrini R, Sridharan R, et al. 2003. Widespread failure of hematolymphoid differentiation caused by a recessive niche-filling allele of the Ikaros transcription factor. Immunity 19:131-44
109. Allman D, Sambandam A, Kim S, Miller JP, Pagan A, et al. 2003. Thymopoiesis independent of common lymphoid progenitors. Nat. Immunol. 4:168-74
110. Urban JA, Winandy S. 2004. Ikaros null mice display defects in T cell selection and CD4 versus CD8 lineage decision. J. Immunol. 173:4470-78
111. Chi TH, Wan M, Zhao K, Taniuchi I, Chen L, et al. 2002. Reciprocal regulation of CD4/CD8 expression by SWI/SNF-like BAF complexes. Nature 418:195-99
112. Okamura RM, Sigvardsson M, Galceran J, Verbeek S, Clevers H, Grosschedl R. 1998. Redundant regulation of T cell differentiation and TCRα gene expression by the transcription factors LEF-1 and TCF-1. Immunity 8:11-20
113. Schilham MW, Wilson A, Moerer P, Benaissa-Trouw BJ, Cumano A, Clevers HC. 1998. Critical involvement of Tcf-1 in expansion of thymocytes. J. Immunol. 161:3984-91
114. Gounari F, Aifantis I, Khazaie K, Hoeflinger S, Harada N, et al. 2001. Somatic activation of β-catenin bypasses pre-TCR signaling and TCR selection in thymocyte development. Nat. Immunol. 2:863-69
115. + thymocyte survival. Nat. Immunol. 2:691-97
116. + thymocytes regulate proliferation and cell adhesion. J. Immunol. 172:1099-108
117. Reya T, Duncan AW, Ailles L, Domen J, Scherer DC, et al. 2003. A role for Wnt signalling in self-renewal of haematopoietic stem cells. Nature 423:409-14
118. Allen RD, III, Bender TP, Siu G. 1999. c-Myb is essential for early T cell development. Genes Dev. 13:1073-78
119. Emambokus N, Vegiopoulos A, Harman B, Jenkinson E, Anderson G, Frampton J. 2003. Progression through key stages of haemopoiesis is dependent on distinct threshold levels of c-Myb. EMBO J. 22:4478-88
120. Mukouyama Y, Chiba N, Mucenski ML, Satake M, Miyajima A, et al. 1999. Hematopoietic cells in cultures of the murine embryonic aorta-gonad-mesonephros region are induced by c-Myb. Curr. Biol. 9:833-36
121. Hsiang YH, Goldman JP, Raulet DH. 1995. The role of c-Myb or a related factor in regulating the T cell receptor γ gene enhancer. J. Immunol. 154:5195-204
122. Allen RD, III, Kim HK, Sarafova SD, Siu G. 2001. Negative regulation of CD4 gene expression by a HES-1-c-Myb complex. Mol. Cell. Biol. 21:3071-82
123. Hernández-Munain C, Krangel MS. 2002. Distinct roles for c-Myb and core binding factor/polyoma enhancer-binding protein 2 in the assembly and function of a multiprotein complex on the TCR δ enhancer in vivo. J. Immunol. 169:4362-69
124. Pearson R, Weston K. 2000. c-Myb regulates the proliferation of immature thymocytes following β-selection. EMBO J. 19:6112-20
125. Bender TP, Kremer CS, Kraus M, Buch T, Rajewsky K. 2004. Critical functions for c-Myb at three checkpoints during thymocyte development. Nat. Immunol. 5:721-29
126. Anderson MK, Hernandez-Hoyos G, Diamond RA, Rothenberg EV. 1999. Precise developmental regulation of Ets family transcription factors during specification and commitment to the T cell lineage. Development 126:3131-48
127. Spain LM, Guerriero A, Kunjibettu S, Scott EW. 1999. T cell development in PU.1-deficient mice. J. Immunol. 163:2681-87
128. Herblot S, Steff AM, Hugo P, Aplan PD, Hoang T. 2000. SCL and LMO1 alter thymocyte differentiation: inhibition of E2A-HEB function and pre-Tα chain expression. Nat. Immunol. 1:138-44
129. Su GH, Ip HS, Cobb BS, Lu M-M, Chen H-M, Simon MC. 1996. The Ets protein Spi-B is expressed exclusively in B cells and T cells during development. J. Exp. Med. 184:203-14
130. Lloberas J, Soler C, Celada A. 1999. The key role of PU.1/SPI-1 inB cells, myeloid cells and macrophages. Immunol. Today 20:184-89
131. Dahl R, Simon MC. 2003. The importance of PU.1 concentration in hematopoietic lineage commitment and maturation. Blood Cells Mol. Dis. 31:229-33
132. Back I, Dierich A, Bronn C, Kastner P, Chan S. 2004. PU.1 determines the self-renewal capacity of erythroid progenitor cells. Blood 103:3615-23
133. DeKoter RP, Lee H-J, Singh H. 2002. PU.1 regulates expression of the Interleukin-7 receptor in lymphoid progenitors. Immunity 16:297-309
134. McKercher SR, Torbett BE, Anderson KL, Henkel GW, Vestal DJ, et al. 1996. Targeted disruption of the PU.1 gene results in multiple hematopoietic abnormalities. EMBO J. 15:5647-58
135. Anderson MK, Weiss A, Hernandez-Hoyos G, Dionne CJ, Rothenberg EV. 2002. Constitutive expression of PU.1 in fetal hematopoietic progenitors blocks T-cell development at the pro-T stage. Immunity 16:285-96
136. Schotte R, Rissoan MC, Bendriss-Vermare N, Bridon JM, Duhen T, et al. 2003. The transcription factor Spi-B is expressed in plasmacytoid DC precursors and inhibits T-, B-, and NK-cell development. Blood 101:1015-23
137. + thymocytes by Ikaros proteins in direct competition with an Ets activator. Genes Dev. 15:1817-32
138. Bories J-C, Willerford DM, Grévin D, Davidson L, Camus A, et al. 1995. Increased T-cell apoptosis and terminal B-cell differentiation induced by inactivation of the Ets-1 proto-oncogene. Nature 377:635-38
139. Barton K, Muthusamy N, Fischer C, Ting C-N, Walunas TL, et al. 1998. The Ets-1 transcription factor is required for the development of natural killer cells in mice. Immunity 9:555-63
140. Xue H-H, Bollenbacher J, Rovella V, Tripuraneni R, Du Y-B, et al. 2004. GA binding protein regulates interleukin 7 receptor α-chain gene expression in T cells. Nat. Immunol. 5:1036-44
141. + subpopulations of human bone marrow cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91:12223-27
142. Taghon T, Thys K, De Smedt M, Weerkamp F, Staal FJ, et al. 2003. Homeobox gene expression profile in human hematopoietic multipotent stem cells and T-cell progenitors: implications for human T-cell development. Leukemia 17:1157-63
143. Izon DJ, Rozenfeld S, Fong ST, Komuves L, Largman C, Lawrence HJ. 1998. Loss of function of the homeobox gene Hoxa-9 perturbs early T-cell development and induces apoptosis in primitive thymocytes. Blood 92:383-93
144. Szabo SJ, Kim ST, Costa GL, Zhang X, Fathman CG, Glimcher LH. 2000. A novel transcription factor, T-bet, directs Th1 lineage commitment. Cell 100:655-69
145. + T cells. Immunogenetics 51:771-78
146. H1 cells before IL-12-dependent selection. Science 292:1907-10
147. + T cell function by the transcription factor Eomesodermin. Science 302:1041-43
148. i NKT Cells. Immunity 20:477-94
149. Allen JD, Harris AW, Bath ML, Strasser A, Scollay R, Adams JM. 1995. Perturbed development of T and B cells in mice expressing an Hlx homeobox transgene. J. Immunol. 154:1531-42
150. H1 gene induction. Nat. Immunol. 3:652-58
151. Zheng WP, Zhao Q, Zhao X, Li B, Hubank M, et al. 2004. Up-regulation of Hlx in immature Th cells induces IFN-γ expression. J. Immunol. 172:114-22
152. Lian RH, Kumar V. 2002. Murine natural killer cell progenitors and their requirements for development. Semin. Immunol. 14:453-60
153. Wilkinson B, Chen JY, Han P, Rufner KM, Goularte OD, Kaye J. 2002. TOX: an HMG box protein implicated in the regulation of thymocyte selection. Nat. Immunol. 3:272-80
154. Aliahmad P, O'Flaherty E, Han P, Goularte OD, Wilkinson B, et al. 2004. TOX provides a link between calcineurin activation and CD8 lineage commitment. J. Exp. Med. 199:1089-99
155. Higashi Y, Moribe H, Takagi T, Sekido R, Kawakami K, et al. 1997. Impairment of T cell development in δEF1 mutant mice. J. Exp. Med. 185:1467-79
156. Postigo AA, Sheppard AM, Mucenski ML, Dean DC. 1997. c-Myb and Ets proteins synergize to overcome transcriptional repression by ZEB. EMBO J. 16:3924-34
157. Jepsen K, Hermanson O, Onami TM, Gleiberman AS, Lunyak V, et al. 2000. Combinatorial roles of the nuclear receptor corepressor in transcription and development. Cell 102:753-63
158. Hock H, Hamblen MJ, Rooke HM, Traver D, Bronson RT, et al. 2003. Intrinsic requirement for zinc finger transcription factor Gfi-1 in neutrophil differentiation. Immunity 18:109-20
159. + T cell progenitors and CD4/CD8 lineage decision in the thymus. J. Exp. Med. 197:831-44
160. Doan LL, Kitay MK, Yu Q, Singer A, Herblot S, et al. 2003. Growth factor independence-1B expression leads to defects in T cell activation, IL-7 receptor α expression, and T cell lineage commitment. J. Immunol. 170:2356-66
161. Osawa M, Yamaguchi T, Nakamura Y, Kaneko S, Onodera M, et al. 2002. Erythroid expansion mediated by the Gfi-1B zinc finger protein: role in normal hematopoiesis. Blood 100:2769-77
162. Saleque S, Cameron S, Orkin SH. 2002. The zinc-finger proto-oncogene Gfi-1b is essential for development of the erythroid and megakaryocytic lineages. Genes Dev. 16:301-6
163. Zhu J, Guo L, Min B, Watson CJ, Hu-Li J, et al. 2002. Growth factor independent-1 induced by IL-4 regulates Th2 cell proliferation. Immunity 16:733-44
164. Alvarez JD, Yasui DH, Niida H, Joh T, Loh DY, Kohwi-Shigematsu T. 2000. The MAR-binding protein SATB1 orchestrates temporal and spatial expression of multiple genes during T-cell development. Genes Dev. 14:521-35
165. Cai S, Han H-J, Kohwi-Shigematsu T. 2003. Tissue-specific nuclear architecture and gene expression regulated by SATB1. Nat. Genet. 34:42-51
166. Yasui D, Miyano M, Cai S, Varga-Weisz P, Kohwi-Shigematsu T. 2002. SATB1 targets chromatin remodelling to regulate genes over long distances. Nature 419:641-45
167. Fisher AG, Merkenschlager M. 2002. Gene silencing, cell fate and nuclear organisation. Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev. 12:193-97
168. Hardy RR. 2003. B-cell commitment: deciding on the players. Curr. Opin. Immunol. 15:158-65
169. Maier H, Hagman J. 2002. Roles of EBF and Pax-5 in B lineage commitment and development. Semin. Immunol. 14:415-22
170. Medina KL, Pongubala JMR, Reddy KL, Lancki DW, DeKoter R, et al. 2004. Assembling a gene regulatory network for specification of the B cell fate. Dev. Cell 7:607-17
171. Rosenbauer F, Wagner K, Kutok JL, Iwasaki H, Akashi K, et al. 2003. Myeloid and B-lymphoid development require high PU.1 expression by a distal element in vivo. Blood 102:342A
172. Ikawa T, Kawamoto H, Wright LY, Murre C. 2004. Long-term cultured E2A-deficient hematopoietic progenitor cells are pluripotent. Immunity 20:349-60
173. Cotta CV, Zhang Z, Kim HG, Klug CA. 2003. Pax5 determines B- versus T-cell fate and does not block early myeloid-lineage development. Blood 101:4342-46
174. Seet CS, Brumbaugh RL, Kee BL. 2004. Early B Cell Factor promotes B lymphopoiesis with reduced Interleukin 7 responsiveness in the absence of E2A. J. Exp. Med. 199:1689-700
175. Souabni A, Cobaleda C, Schebesta M, Busslinger M. 2002. Pax5 promotes B lymphopoiesis and blocks T cell development by repressing Notch1. Immunity 17:781-93
176. Zhang Z, Cotta CV, Stephan RP, deGuzman CG, Klug CA. 2003. Enforced expression of EBF in hematopoietic stem cells restricts lymphopoiesis to the B cell lineage. EMBO J. 22:4759-69
177. Goebel P, Janney N, Valenzuela JR, Romanow WJ, Murre C, Feeney AJ. 2001. Localized gene-specific induction of accessibility to V(D)J recombination induced by E2A and early B cell factor in nonlymphoid cells. J. Exp. Med. 194:645-56
178. Smith EM, Gisler R, Sigvardsson M. 2002. Cloning and characterization of a promoter flanking the early B cell factor (EBF) gene indicates roles for E-proteins and autoregulation in the control of EBF expression. J. Immunol. 169:261-70
179. Gisler R, Sigvardsson M. 2002. The human V-preB promoter is a target for coordinated activation by early B cell factor and E47. J. Immunol. 168:5130-38
180. Sayegh CE, Quong MW, Agata Y, Murre C. 2003. E-proteins directly regulate expression of activation-induced deaminase in mature B cells. Nat. Immunol. 4:586-93
181. Schroeder T, Kohlhof H, Rieber N, Just U. 2003. Notch signaling induces multilineage myeloid differentiation and upregulates PU.1 expression. J. Immunol. 170:5538-48
182. 2+ mobilization and activation of NF-κB and NFAT. Nat. Immunol. 2:403-9
183. + stage. J. Immunol. 168:1649-58
184. +. J. Immunol. 172:964-71
185. Barndt R, Dai MF, Zhang Y. 1999. A novel role for HEB downstream or parallel to the pre-TCR signaling pathway during αβ thymopoiesis. J. Immunol. 163:3331-43
186. + T-cell lineage fate. Nature 404:506-10
187. Dunon D, Courtois D, Vainio O, Six A, Chen CH, et al. 1997. Ontogeny of the immune system: γ/δ and α/β T cells migrate from thymus to the periphery in alternating waves. J. Exp. Med. 186:977-88
188. Rast JP, Litman GW. 1998. Towards understanding the evolutionary origins and early diversification of rearranging antigen receptors. Immunol. Rev. 166:79-86
189. Fehling HJ, Gilfillan S, Ceredig R. 1999. αβ/γδ lineage commitment in the thymus of normal and genetically manipulated mice. Adv. Immunol. 71:1-76
190. Bruno L, Fehling HJ, von Boehmer H. 1996. The αβ T cell receptor can replace the γδ receptor in the development of γδ lineage cells. Immunity 5:343-52
191. Dave VP, Cao Z, Browne C, Alarcon B, Fernandez-Miguel G, et al. 1997. CD35 deficiency arrests development of the αβ but not the γδ T cell lineage. EMBO J. 16:1360-70
192. Terrence K, Pavlovich CP, Matechak EO, Fowlkes BJ. 2000. Premature expression of T cell receptor (TCR)αβ suppresses TCRγδ gene rearrangement but permits development of γδ lineage T cells. J. Exp. Med. 192:537-48
193. Lee PP, Fitzpatrick DR, Beard C, Jessup HK, Lehar S, et al. 2001. A critical role for Dnmt1 and DNA methylation in T cell development, function, and survival. Immunity 15:763-74
194. + cells. Nat. Immunol. 4:991-98
195. Washburn T, Schweighoffer E, Gridley T, Chang D, Fowlkes BJ, et al. 1997. Notch activity influences the αβ versus γδ T cell lineage decision. Cell 88:833-43
196. Bain G, Romanow WJ, Albers K, Havran WL, Murre C. 1999. Positive and negative regulation of V(D)J recombination by the E2A proteins. J. Exp. Med. 189:289-300
197. Blom B, Heemskerk MHM, Verschuren MCM, van Dongen JJM, Stegmann APA, et al. 1999. Disruption of αβ but not of γδ T cell development by overexpression of the helix-loop-helix protein Id3 in committed T cell progenitors. EMBO J. 18:2793-802
198. De Smedt M, Reynvoet K, Kerre T, Taghon T, Verhasselt B, et al. 2002. Active form of Notch imposes T cell fate in human progenitor cells. J. Immunol. 169:3021-29
199. Garcia-Peydro M, de Yebenes VG, Toribio ML. 2003. Sustained Notch1 signaling instructs the earliest human intrathymic precursors to adopt a γδ T cell fate in fetal thymus organ culture. Blood 102:2444-51
200. Lee C-K, Kim K, Geiman TM, Murphy WJ, Muegge K, Durum SK. 1999. Cloning thymic precursor cells: demonstration that individual pro-T1 cells have dual T-NK potential and individual pro-T2 cells have dual αβ- γδ T cell potential. Cell Immunol. 191:139-44
201. Lacorazza HD, Miyazaki Y, Di Cristofano A, Deblasio A, Hedvat C, et al. 2002. The ETS protein MEF plays a critical role in perforin gene expression and the development of Natural Killer and NK-T cells. Immunity 17:437-49
202. + cell development. J. Immunol. 159:5931-35
203. + T) cells, natural killer cells, and intestinal intraepithelial T cells. J. Exp. Med. 187:967-72.
204. Walunas TL, Wang B, Wang CR, Leiden JM. 2000. Cutting edge: The Ets1 transcription factor is required for the development of NKT cells in mice. J. Immunol. 164:2857-60
205. MacDonald HR. 2002. Development and selection of NKT cells. Curr. Opin. Immunol. 14:250-54
206. Ramsdell F. 2003. Foxp3 and natural regulatory T cells: key to a cell lineage? Immunity 19:165-68
207. Harman BC, Jenkinson EJ, Anderson G. 2003. Entry into the thymic microenvironment triggers Notch activation in the earliest migrant T cell progenitors. J. Immunol. 170:1299-303
208. Ivanov V, Merkenschlager M, Ceredig R. 1993. Antioxidant treatment of thymic organ cultures decreases NF-κB and TCF1(α) transcription factor activities and inhibits αβ T cell development. J. Immunol. 151:4694-704
209. Schwarz BA, Bhandoola A. 2004. Circulating hematopoietic progenitors with T lineage potential. Nat. Immunol. 9:953-60
210. Kincade PW, Igarashi H, Medina KL, Kouro T, Yokota T, et al. 2002. Lymphoid lineage cells in adult murine bone marrow diverge from those of other blood cells at an early, hormone-sensitive stage. Semin. Immunol. 14:385-94
211. Prohaska SS, Scherer DC, Weissman IL, Kondo M. 2002. Developmental plasticity of lymphoid progenitors. Semin. Immunol. 14:377-84
212. Rothenberg EV, Dionne CJ. 2002. Lineage plasticity and commitment in T-cell development. Immunol. Rev. 187:96-115
213. Bhandoola A, Sambandam A, Allman D, Meraz A, Schwarz B. 2003. Early T lineage progenitors: New insights, but old questions remain. J. Immunol. 171:5653-58
214. Wang H, Spangrude GJ. 2003. Aspects of early lymphoid commitment. Curr. Opin. Hematol. 10:203-7
215. Douagi I, Colucci F, Di Santo JP, Cumano A. 2002. Identification of the earliest prethymic bipotent T/NK progenitor in murine fetal liver. Blood 99:463-71
216. Kondo M, Weissman IL, Akashi K. 1997. Identification of clonogenic common lymphoid progenitors in mouse bone marrow. Cell 91:661-72
217. + lymphoid-restricted bone marrow cells with T precursor potential. Nat. Immunol. 4:866-73
218. Perry SS, Wang H, Pierce LJ, Yang AM, Tsai S, Spangrude GJ. 2004. L-Selectin defines a bone marrow analogue to the thymic early T-lineage progenitor. Blood 103:2990-96
219. Igarashi H, Gregory SC, Yokota T, Sakaguchi N, Kincade PW. 2002. Transcription from the RAG1 locus marks the earliest lymphocyte progenitors in bone marrow. Immunity 17:117-30
220. Katsura Y. 2002. Redefinition of lymphoid progenitors. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 2:127-32
221. - cells, as well as macrophages. J. Immunol. 166:6593-601
222. Lu M, Kawamoto H, Katsube Y, Ikawa T, Katsura Y. 2002. The common myelolymphoid progenitor: a key intermediate stage in hemopoiesis generating T and B cells. J. Immunol. 169:3519-25
223. Yokota T, Kouro T, Hirose J, Igarashi H, Garrett KP, et al. 2003. Unique properties of fetal lymphoid progenitors identified according to RAG1 gene expression. Immunity 19:365-75
224. Porritt HE, Rumfelt LL, Tabrizifard S, Schmitt TM, Zúñiga- Pflücker JC, Petrie HT. 2004. Heterogeneity among DN1 prothymocytes reveals multiple progenitors with different capacities to generate T cell and non-T cell lineages. Immunity 20:735-45
225. Fisher RC, Lovelock JD, Scott EW. 1999. A critical role for PU.1 in homing and long-term engraftment by hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow. Blood 94:1283-90
226. North TE, de Bruijn MF, Stacy T, Talebian L, Lind E, et al. 2002. Runx1 expression marks long-term repopulating hematopoietic stem cells in the midgestation mouse embryo. Immunity 16:661-72
227. Varnum-Finney B, Xu L, Brashem-Stein C, Nourigat C, Flowers D, et al. 2000. Pluripotent, cytokine-dependent, hematopoietic stem cells are immortalized by constitutive Notch1 signaling. Nat. Med. 6:1278-81
228. Sikes ML, Gomez RJ, Song J, Oltz E. 1998. A developmental stage-specific promoter directs germline transcription of DβJβ gene segments in precursor T lymphocytes. J. Immunol. 161:1399-405
229. Reizis B, Leder P. 2002. Direct induction of T lymphocyte-specific gene expression by the mammalian Notch signaling pathway. Genes Dev. 16:295-300
230. Allen JM, Forbush KA, Perlmutter RM. 1992. Functional dissection of the lck proximal promoter. Mol. Cell. Biol. 12:2758-68
231. McCracken S, Leung S, Bosselut R, Ghysdael J, Miyamoto NG. 1994. Myb and Ets related transcription factors are required for activity of the human lck type I promoter. Oncogene 9:3609-15
232. Wang Q-F, Lauring J, Schlissel MS. 2000. c-Myb binds to a sequence in the proximal region of the RAG-2 promoter and is essential for promoter activity in T-lineage cells. Mol. Cell. Biol. 20:9203-11
233. Tomita K, Hattori M, Nakamura E, Nakanishi S, Minato N, Kageyama R. 1999. The bHLH gene Hes1 is essential for expansion of early T cell precursors. Genes Dev. 13:1203-10
234. Kawamoto H, Ohmura K, Fujimoto S, Lu M, Ikawa T, Katsura Y. 2003. Extensive proliferation of T cell lineage-restricted progenitors in the thymus: an essential process for clonal expression of diverse T cell receptor beta chains. Eur. J. Immunol. 33:606-15
235. Shen HQ, Lu M, Ikawa T, Masuda K, Ohmura K, et al. 2003. T/NK bipotent progenitors in the thymus retain the potential to generate dendritic cells. J. Immunol. 171:3401-6
236. Petrie HT. 2003. Cell migration and the control of post-natal T-cell lymphopoiesis in the thymus. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 3:859-66
237. Rothenberg EV. 2000. Stepwise specification of lymphocyte developmental lineages. Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev. 10:370-79
238. Wu L, Li C-L, Shortman K. 1996. Thymic dendritic cell precursors: relationship to the T lymphocyte lineage and phenotype of the dendritic cell progeny. J. Exp. Med. 184:903-11
239. Spits H, Blom B, Jaleco AC, Weijer K, Verschuren MC, et al. 1998. Early stages in the development of human T, natural killer and thymic dendritic cells. Immunol. Rev. 165:75-86
240. Ikawa T, Kawamoto H, Fujimoto S, Katsura Y. 1999. Commitment of common T/natural killer (NK) progenitors to unipotent T and NK progenitors in the murine fetal thymus revealed by a single progenitor assay. J. Exp. Med. 190:1617-25
241. Michie AM, Carlyle JR, Schmitt TM, Ljutic B, Cho SK, et al. 2000. Clonal characterization of a bipotent T cell and NK cell progenitor in the mouse fetal thymus. J. Immunol. 164:1730-33
242. Lee C-K, Kim JK, Kim Y, Lee MK, Kim K, et al. 2001. Generation of macrophages from early T progenitors in vitro. J. Immunol. 166:5964-69
243. Ohishi K, Varnum-Finney B, Serda RE, Anasetti C, Bernstein ID. 2001. The Notch ligand, Delta-1, inhibits the differentiation of monocytes into macrophages but permits their differentiation into dendritic cells. Blood 98:1402-7
244. Corcoran L, Ferrero I, Vremec D, Lucas K, Waithman J, et al. 2003. The lymphoid past of mouse plasmacytoid cells and thymic dendritic cells. J. Immunol. 170:4926-32
245. King AG, Kondo M, Scherer DC, Weissman IL. 2002. Lineage infidelity in myeloid cells with TCR gene rearrangement: a latent developmental potential of proT cells revealed by ectopic cytokine receptor signaling. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99:4508-13
246. Iwasaki-Arai J, Iwasaki H, Miyamoto T, Watanabe S, Akashi K. 2003. Enforced Granulocyte/Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor signals do not support lymphopoiesis, but instruct lymphoid to myelomonocytic lineage conversion. J. Exp. Med. 197:1311-22
247. Rekhtman N, Radparvar F, Evans T, Skoultchi A. 1999. Direct interaction of hematopoietic transcription factors PU.1 and GATA-1: functional antagonism in erythroid cells. Genes Dev. 13:1398-411
248. Zhang P, Behre G, Pan J, Iwama A, Wara-Aswapati N, et al. 1999. Negative cross-talk between hematopoietic regulators: GATA proteins repress PU.1. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96:8705-10
249. Nerlov C, Querfurth E, Kulessa H, Graf T. 2000. GATA-1 interacts with the myeloid PU.1 transcription factor and represses PU.1-dependent transcription. Blood 95:2543-51
250. Izon DJ, Aster JC, He Y, Weng A, Karnell FG, et al. 2002. Deltex1 redirects lymphoid progenitors to the B cell lineage by antagonizing Notch1. Immunity 16:231-43
251. Nie L, Xu M, Vladimirova A, Sun X-H. 2003. Notch-induced E2A ubiquitination and degradation are controlled by MAP kinase activities. EMBO J. 22:5780-92
252. Davidson EH, McClay DR, Hood L. 2003. Regulatory gene networks and the properties of the developmental process. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 100:1475-80
253. Hacker C, Kirsch RD, Ju X-S, Hieronymus T, Gust TC, et al. 2003. Transcriptional profiling identifies Id2 function in dendritic cell development. Nat. Immunol. 4:380-86
254. Ishiguro A, Spirin KS, Shiohara M, Tobler A, Gombart AF, et al. 1996. Id2 expression increases with differentiation of human myeloid cells. Blood 87:5225-31
255. Cooper CL, Brady G, Bilia F, Iscove NN, Quesenberry PJ. 1997. Expression of the Id family helix-loop-helix regulators during growth and development in the hematopoietic system. Blood 89:3155-65
256. Mao C, Ray-Gallet D, Tavitian A, Moreau-Gachelin F. 1996. Differential phosphorylations of Spi-B and Spi-1 transcription factors. Oncogene 12:863-73
257. Rieske P, Pongubala JM. 2001. AKT induces transcriptional activity of PU.1 through phosphorylation-mediated modifications within its transactivation domain. J. Biol. Chem. 276:8460-68
258. Wang J-M, Lai M-Z, Yang-Yen H-F. 2003. Interleukin-3 stimulation of mcl-1 gene transcription involves activation of the PU.1 transcription factor through a p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase-dependent pathway. Mol. Cell. Biol. 23:1896-909
259. phox expression in human monocytes via protein kinase C-dependent phosphorylation of PU.1. J. Immunol. 172:4941-47
260. 2-terminal kinase-independent coactivator of the PU.1 transcription factor. J. Biol. Chem. 274:4939-46
261. Yokota Y, Mori S. 2002. Role of Id family proteins in growth control. J. Cell. Physiol 190:21-28
262. Durum SK, Lee C, Geiman TM, Murphy WJ, Muegge K. 1998. CD16 cross-linking blocks rearrangement of the TCRβ locus and development of αβ T cells and induces development of NK cells from thymic progenitors. J. Immunol. 161:3325-29
263. Gadina M, Sudarshan C, Visconti R, Zhou YJ, Gu H, et al. 2000. The docking molecule gab2 is induced by lymphocyte activation and is involved in signaling by interleukin-2 and interleukin-15 but not other common γ chain-using cytokines. J. Biol. Chem. 275:26959-66
264. Kovanen PE, Rosenwald A, Fu J, Hurt EM, Lam LT, et al. 2003. Analysis of γc-family cytokine target genes. Identification of dual-specificity phosphatase 5 (DUSP5) as a regulator of mitogen-activated protein kinase activity in interleukin-2 signaling. J. Biol. Chem. 278:5205-13
265. Rosmaraki EE, Douagi I, Roth C, Colucci F, Cumano A, Di Santo JP. 2001. Identification of committed NK cell progenitors in adult murine bone marrow. Eur. J. Immunol. 31:1900-9
266. Schmitt TM, De Footer RF, Gronski MA, Cho SK, Ohashi PS, Zúñiga-Pflücker JC. 2004. Induction of T cell development and establishment of T cell competence from embryonic stem cells differentiated in vitro. Nat. Immunol. 5:410-17