Pharmacological properties of 2′-o-methoxyethyl-modified oligonucleotides

Antisense Drug Technology: Principles, Strategies, and Applications, Second Edition

Volumn , Issue , 2007, Pages 273-303

  Bennett, C Frank ^a  

^a ISIS PHARMACEUTICALS   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 85057673208     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Chapter

References (200)

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98. Zinker, B.A., Rondinone, C.M., Trevillyan, J.M., Gum, R.J., Clampit, J.E., Waring, J.F., Xie, N., Wilcox, D., Jacobson, P., Frost, L., Kroeger, P.E., Reilly, R.M., Koterski, S., Opgenorth, T.J., Ullrich, R.G., Crosby, S., Butler, M.M., Murray, S.F., McKay, R.A., Bhanot, S., Monia, B.P., and Jirousek, M.R., PTP1B antisense oligonucleotide lowers PTP1B protein, normalizes blood glucose, and improves insulin senstivity in diabetic mice, Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 99, 11,357, 2002.
99. Siwkowski, A.M., Madge, L.A., Koo, S., McMillan, E.L., Monia, B.P., Pober, J.S., and Baker, B., Effects of antisense oligonucleotide-mediated depletion of tumor necrosis factor 9TNF) receptor 1-associated death domain protein on TNF-induced gene expression, Mol. Pharm., 66, 572, 2004.
100. Watts, L., Manchem, V., Leedom, T., Rivard, A., McKay, R.A., Bao, D., Neroladakis, T., Monia, B.P., Bodenmiller, D., Cao, J., Zhang, H., Cox, A., Jacobs, S., Michael, M., Sloop, K., and Bhanot, S., Reduction of hepatic and adipose tissue glucocorticoid receptor expression with antisense oligonucleotides improves hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia in diabetic rodents without causing systemic glucocorticoid antagonism, Diabetes, 54, 1846, 2005.
101. Sloop, K., Cao, J.-C., Siesky, A., Zhang, H., Bodenmiller, D., Cox, A., Jacobs, S., Moyers, J., Owens, R., Showalter, A., Brenner, M., Raap, A., Gromada, J., Berridge, B., Monteith, D., Porksen, N., McKay, R.A., Monia, B.P., Bhanot, S., Watts, L., and Michael, M., Hepatic and glucagon-like peptide-1-mediated reversal of diabetes by glucagon receptor antisense oligonucleotide inhibitors, J. Clin. Invest., 113, 1571, 2004.
102. Fong, L.G., Ng, J.K., Lammerding, J., Vickers, T.A., Meta, M., Cote, N., Gavino, B., Qiao, X., Chang, S.Y., Young, S.R., Yang, S.H., Stewart, C.L., Lee, R.T., Bennett, C.F., Bergo, M.O., and Young, S.G., Prelamin A and lamin A appear to be dispensible-implications for progeria, J. Clin. Inves., 116, 743, 2006.
103. Fujii, R., Zhu, C., Wen, Y., Marusawa, H., Bailly-Maitre, B., Matsuzawa, S.-i., Zhang, H., Kim, Y., Bennett, C.F., Jiang, W., and Reed, J.C., HBXIP, cellular target of hepatitis B virus oncoprotein, is a regulator of centrosome dynamics and cytokinesis, Cancer Res., 66, 9099, 2006.
104. Dean, N.M. and McKay, R., Inhibition of protein kinase C-alpha expression in mice after systemic administration of phosphorothioate antisense oligodeoxynucleotides, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 91, 11,762, 1994.
105. Reed, C.A., Peralta, E.R., Wenrich, L.M., Wong, C.A., Bennett, C.F., Freier, S., and Lollo, B., Transfection protocol for antisense oligonucleotides affects uniformity of transfection in cell culture and efficiency of mRNA target reduction, Oligonucleotides, 15, 12, 2005.
106. Monia, B.P., Johnston, J.F., Geiger, T., Muller, M. and Fabbro, D., Antitumor activity of a phosphorothioate antisense oligodeoxynucleotide targeted against C-raf kinase, Nat. Med., 2, 668, 1996.
107. Zhang, H., Cook, J., Nickel, J., Yu, R., Stecker, K., Myers, K., and Dean, N.M., Reduction of liver Fas expression by an antisense oligonucleotide protects mice from fulminant hepatitis, Nat. Biotech., 18, 862, 2000.
108. Garay, M., Gaarde, W., Monia, B.P., Nero, P., and Cioffi, C.L., Inhibition of hypoxia/reoxygenationinduced apoptosis by an antisense oligonucleotide targeted to JNK1 in human kidney cells, Biochem. Pharmacol., 59, 1033, 2000.
109. Gysin, S., Lee, S.-H., Dean, N.M., and McMahon, M., Pharmacological inhibition of RAF-MEK-ERK signaling elicits pancreatic cancer cell cycle arrest through induced expression of p27-Kip1., Cancer Res., 65, 4870, 2005.
110. Zuo, Z., Urban, G., Scammell, J.G., Dean, N.M., McLean, T.K., Aragon, I.V., and Honkanen, R.E., Ser/Thr Phosphatase type 5 (PP5) is a negative regulator of glucocorticoid receptor-mediated growth arrest, Biochemistry, 38, 8849, 1999.
111. Cheng, A., Dean, N.M., and Honkanen, R.E., Serine/threonine protein phosphatase type 1gamma 1 is required for the completion of cytokinesis in human A549 lung carcinoma cells, J. Biol. Chem., 275, 1846, 2000.
112. Urban, G., Golden, T., Aragon, I.V., Scammell, J.G., Dean, N.M., and Honkanen, R.E., Identification of an Estrogen-inducible phosphatase (PP5) that converts MCF-7 human breast carcinoma cells into an estrogen-independent phenotype when expressed constitutively, J. Biol. Chem., 276, 27,638, 2001.
113. Ali, A., Zhang, J., Bao, S., Liu, I., Otterness, D., Dean, N.M., Abraham, R.T., and Wang, X.-F., Requirement of protein phosphatase 5 in DNA-damage-induced ATM activation, Genes Dev., 18, 249, 2006.
114. Patel, N.A., Eichler, D.C., Chappell, D.S., Illingworth, P.A., Chalfan, C.E., Yamamoto, M., Dean, N.M., Wyatt, J.R., Mebert, K., Watson, J.E., and Cooper, D.R., The protein kinse C BII exon conferes mRNA instability in the presence of high glucose, J. Biol. Chem., 278, 1149, 2003.
115. Hreniuk, D., Garay, M., Gaarde, W.A., Monia, B.P., McKay, R.A., and Cioffi, C.L., Inhibition of C-jun N-terminal kinase 1, but not c-jun N-terminal kinase 2, suppresses apoptosis induced by ischemia/reoxygenation in rat cardiac myocytes, Mol. Pharm., 59, 867, 2001.
116. Hauck, C.R., Sieg, D.J., Hsia, D.A., Lftus, J.C., Gaarde, W.A., Monia, B.P., and Schlaepfer, D.D., Inhibition of focal adhesion kinase expression or activity disrupts epidermal growth factor-stimulated signaling promoting the migration of invasive human carcinoma cells, Cancer Res., 61, 7079, 2001.
117. McPhillips, F., Mullen, P., Monia, B.P., Ritchie, A.A., Dorr, A.A., Smyth, J.F., and Langdon, S.P., Association of C-raf expression with survival and its targeting with antisense oligonucleotides in ovarian cancer, Brit. J. Cancer, 85, 1753, 2001.
118. Potapova, O., Gorospe, M., Bost, F., Dean, N.M., Gaarde, W.A., Mercola, D., and Holbrook, N.J., C-jun N-terminal kinase is essential for growth of human T98G glioblastoma cells, J. Biol. Chem., 275, 24,767, 2000.
119. Potapova, O., Gorospe, M., Dougherty, R.H., Dean, N.M., Gaarde, W.A. and Holbrook, N.J., Inhibition of c-jun N-terminal kinase 2 expression suppresses growth and induces apoptosis of human tumor cells in a p53-dependent manner, Mol. Cell. Biol., 20, 1713, 2000.
120. Flynn, P., Wong, M., Zavar, M., Dean, N.M., and Stokoe, D., Inhibition of PDK-1 activity causes a reduction in cell proliferation and survival, Curr. Biol., 10, 1439, 2000.
121. Bost, F., McKay, R.A., Bost, M., Potapova, O., Dean, N.M., and Mercola, D., The jun kinase 2 isoform is preferntially required for epidermal growth factor-induced transformation of human A549 lung carcinoma cells, Mol. Cell. Biol., 19, 1938, 1999.
122. Nagata, Y., Lan, K.-H., Zhou, X., Tan, M., Esteva, F.J., Sahin, A.A., Klos, K.S., Li, P., Monia, B.P., Nguyen, N.T., Hortobagyi, G.N., Hung, M.-C., and Yu, D., PTEN activation contributes to tumor inhibition by trastuzumab, and loss of PTEN predicts trastuzumab resistance in patients, Cancer Cell, 6, 117, 2004.
123. Butler, M., McKay, R.A., Popoff, I., Gaarde, W., Witchell, D., Murray, S., Dean, N.M., Bhanot, S., and Monia, B.P., Specific inhibition of PTEN expression reverses hyperglycemia in diabetic mice, Diabetes, 1028, 2002.
124. Clampit, J.E., Meuth, J.L., Smith, H.T., Reilly, R.M., Jirousek, M.R., Trevillyan, J.M., and Rondinone, C.M., Reduction of protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B increases insulin signaling in FAO hepatoma cells, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm., 300, 261, 2003.
125. Mingo-Sion, A.M., Marietta, P.M., Koller, E., Wolf, D.M., and VanDen Berg, C.L., Inhibition of JNK reduces G2/M transit independent of p53, leading to endoreduplication, decreased proliferation, and apoptosis in breast cancer cells, Oncogene, 23, 596, 2004.
126. Choi, Y.S., Zhang, J., Murga, C., Yu, H., Koller, E., Monia, B.P., Gutkind, J.S., and Li, W., PTEN, but not SHIP and SHIP2, suppresses the PI3K/Akt pathway and induces growth inhibition and apoptosis of myeloma cells, Oncogene, 21, 5289, 2002.
127. Taylor, V., Wong, M., Brandts, C.H., Reilly, L., Dean, N.M., Cowsert, L.M., Moodie, S., and Stokoe, D., 5′ phospholipid phosphatase SHIP2 causes protein kinase B inactivation and cell cycle arrest in glioblastoma cells, Mol. Cell Biol., 20, 6860, 2000.
128. Mayer, T.U., Kapoor, T.M., Haggarty, S.J., King, R.W., Schreiber, S.L., and Mitchison, T.J., Small molecule inhibitor of mitotic spindle bipolarity identified in a phenotype-based screen, Science, 286, 971, 1999.
129. Drygin, D., Koo, S., Perera, R.J., Barone, S., and Bennett, C.F., Induction of Toll-like receptors and NALP/PAN/PYPAF family members by modified oligonucleotides in lung epithelial cells, Oligonucleotides, 15, 105, 2005.
130. Yu, R.Z., Geary, R.S., Monteith, D.K., Matson, J.E., Truong, L., Fitchett, J., and Levin, A.A., Tissue disposition of 2′-O-(2-methoxy) ethyl modified antisense oligonucleotides in monkeys, J. Pharm. Sci., 93, 48, 2004.
131. Cossum, P.A., Sasmor, H., Dellinger, D., Truong, L., Cummins, L., Owens, S.R., Markham, P.M., Shea, J.P., and Crooke, S., Disposition of the 14C-labeled phosphorothioate oligonucleotide ISIS 2105 after intravenous administration to rats, J. Pharm. Exp. Ther., 267, 1181, 1993.
132. Yu, R.Z., Zhang, H., Geary, R.S., Graham, M., Masarjian, L., Lemonidis, K., Crooke, R., Dean, N.M., and Levin, A.A., Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of an antisense phosphorothioate oligonucleotide targeting Fas mRNA in mice, J. Pharm. Exp. Ther., 296, 388, 2001.
133. Butler, M., Stecker, K., and Bennett, C.F., Cellular distribution of phosphorothioate oligodeoxynucleotides in normal rodent tissues, Lab. Invest, 77, 379, 1997.
134. Crooke, S.T., Graham, M.J., Zuckerman, J.E., Brooks, D., Conklin, B.S., Cummins, L.L., Greig, M.J., Guinosso, C.J., Kornburst, D., Manoharan, M., Sasmor, H.M., Schleich, T., Tivel, K.L., and Griffey, R.H., Pharmacokinetic properties of several novel oligonucleotide analogs in mice, J. Pharm. Exp. Ther., 277, 923, 1996.
135. Gutierrez-Juarez, R., Pocai, A., Mulas, C., Ono, H., Bhanot, S., Monia, B.P., and Rossetti, L., Critical role of stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 (SCD1) in the onset of diet-induced hepatic insulin resistance, J. Clin. Inves., 116, 1686, 2006.
136. Higuchi, H., Miyoshi, H., Bronik, S.F., Zhang, H., Dean, N.M., and Gores, G.J., Bid antisense attenuates bile acid-induced apoptosis and cholestatic liver injury, J. Pharm. Exp. Ther., 299, 866, 2001.
137. Zhang, H., Taylor, J., Luther, D., Johnston, J., Murray, S., Wyatt, J.R., Watt, A.T., Koo, S., York-Defalco, C., Stecker, K., and Dean, N.M., Antisense oligonucleotide inhibition of Bcl-xL and Bid expression in liver regulates responses in a mouse model of Fas-induced fulminant hepatitis, J. Pharm. Exp. Ther., 307, 24, 2003.
138. Benson, M.D., Kluve-Beckerman, B., Zeldenrust, S.R., Siesky, A., Bodenmiller, D.M., Showalter, A.D., and Sloop, K.W., Targeted suppression of an amyloidogenic transthyretin with antisense oligonucleotides, Muscle Nerve, 33, 609, 2006.
139. Liang, Y., Osborne, M.C., Monia, B.P., Bhanot, S., Gaarde, W.A., Reed, J.C., She, P., Jetton, T.L., and Demarest, K.T., Reduction in glucagon receptor expression by an antisense oligonucleotide ameliorates diabetic syndrome in db/db mice, Diabetes, 53, 410, 2004.
140. Buettner, C., Patel, R., Muse, E.D., Bhanot, S., Monia, B.P., McKay, R.A., Obici, S., and Rossetti, L., Severe impairment in liver insulin signaling fails to alter hepatic insulin action in conscious mice, J. Clin. Inves., 115, 1306, 2005.
141. Savage, D.B., Choi, C.S., Samuel, V.T., Liu, Z.-X., Zhang, D., Wang, A., Zhang, X.M., Cline, G.W., Yu, X.X., Geisler, J.G., Bhanot, S., Monia, B.P., and Shulman, G.I., Reversal of diet-induced hepatic steatosis and hepatic insulin resistance by antisense oligonucleotide inhibitors of acetyl-CoA carboxylase 1 and 2, J. Clin. Inves., 116, 817, 2006.
142. Crooke, R.M., Graham, M.J., Lemonidis, K.M., Whipple, C.P., Koo, S. and Perera, R.J., An apolipoprotein B antisense oligonucleotide lowers LDL cholesterol in hyperlipidemic mice without causing hepatic steatosis, J. Lipid Res., 46, 872, 2005.
143. Bell, T.A., Brown, M., Graham, M.J., Lemonidis, K.M., Crooke, R.M., and Rudel, L.L., Liver-specific inhibition of acyl-coenzyme A: cholesterol acyltransferase 2 with antisense oligonucleotides limits atherosclerosis development in apolipoprotein B100-only low-density lipoprotein receptor-/-mice, Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., In press, 2006.
144. Ueki, K., Kondo, T., Tseng, Y.-H., and Kahn, C.R., Central role of suppressors of cytokine signaling proteins in hepatic steatosis, insulin resistance, and the metabolic syndrome in the mouse, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 101, 10,422, 2004.
145. Tachas, G., Lofthouse, S., Wraight, C.J., Baker, B.F., Sioufi, N.B., Jarres, R.A., Berdeja, A., Rao, A.M., Kerr, L.M., d’Aniello, E.M., and Waters, M.J., A GH receptor antisense oligonucleotide inhibits hepatic GH receptor expression, IGF-1 production and body weight gain in normal mice, J. Endocrinol., 189, 147, 2006.
146. Jiang, G., Li, Z., Liu, F., Ellsworth, K., Dallas-Yang, Q., Wu, M., Ronan, J., Esau, C., Murphy, C., Szalkowski, D., Bergeron, R., Doebber, T., and Zhang, B.B., Prevention of obesity in mice by antisense oligonuclotide inhibitors of stearolyl-CoA desaturase-1, J. Clin. Inves., 115, 1030, 2005.
147. Yu, X., Murray, S.F., Pandey, S.K., Booten, S.L., Bao, D., Song, X.-Z., Kelly, S., Chen, S.F., McKay, R., Monia, B.P., and Bhanot, S., Antisense oligonucleotide reduction of DGAT2 expression improves hepatic steatosis and hyperlipidemia in obese mice., Hepatol., 42, 362, 2005.
148. Samuel, V.T., Choi, C.S., Phillips, T.G., Romanelli, A.J., Geisler, J.G., Bhanot, S., McKay, R., Monia, B., Shutter, J.R., Lindberg, R.A., Shulman, G.I., and Veniant, M.M., Targeting Foxo1 in mice using antisense oligonucleotide improves hepatic and peripheral insulin action, Diabetes, 55, 2042, 2006.
149. Zhang, H. and Dean, N., Unpublished data, 2003.
150. Geary, R.S., Yu, R.Z., Watanabe, T., Henry, S.P., Hardee, G.E., Chappell, A., Matson, J.E., Sasmor, H., Cummins, L., and Levin, A.A., Pharmacokinetics of a tumor necrosis factor-alpha phosphorothioate 2′-O-(2-methoxyethyl) modified antisense oligonucleotide: comparison across species, Drug Metab. Disp., 31, 1419, 2003.
151. Wancewicz, E.V., Watts, L., Bhanot, S., Monia, B.P. and Siwkowski, A. ISIS-370717 is a 12 nucleotide antisense oligonucleotide that promotes depletion of SGLT2 RNA in rodents, First Meeting of the Oligonucleotide Therapeutics Society, New York Academy of Science, New York City, 2005.
152. Muse, E.D., Obici, S., Bhanot, S., Monia, B.P., McKay, R.A., Rajala, M.W., Scherer, P.E., and Rossetti, L., Role of resistin in diet-induced hepatic insulin resistance, J. Clin. Inves., 114, 232, 2004.
153. Yu, R.Z., Su, J.Q., Grundy, J.S., Geary, R.S., Sewell, K.L., Dorr, A., and Levin, A.A., Prediction of clinical responses in a simulated phase III trial of Crohn’s patients administered the antisense phosphorothioate oligonucleotide ISIS 2302: comparison of proposed dosing regimens, Antisense Nucleic Acid Drug Dev., 13, 57, 2003.
154. Scherer, P.E., Adipose tissue: from lipid storage compartment to endocrine organ, Diabetes, 55, 1537, 2006.
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158. Li, X., Thompson, C., Finger, J., Guha, M., Daly, O., Gregory, S.A., and Myers, K., Antisense oligonucleotides targeting RANK and RANKL block bone resorption in a model of PTH-induced hypercalcemia, J. Bone Mineral Res., 18, M238, 2003.
159. Liu, M., Li, M., Wang, Y., Halladay, D., Zeng, Q., Thompson, C., Finger, J., Ma, L., Gregory, S., Bryant, H., Galvin, R., and Myers, K.J., Antisense oligonucleotides targeting mouse RANK and RANKL inhibit hypercalcemia and ovariectomy-induced bone loss, J. Bone Mineral Res., 19, SU332, 2004.
160. Liu, M., Hull, K., Cole, H., Wang, Y., Finger, J., Chio, L., Kulkarni, N., Hoover, J., Galvin, R.S., Ma, Y., Bryant, H.U., and Myers, K.J., Antisense oligonucleotides targeting RANK and RANKL both prevent bone loss, but only RANK ASOs reduce inflammation in a rat model of adjuvant arthritis, J. Bone Mineral Res., 19, SU338, 2004.
161. Myers, K.J., Witchell, D.R., Graham, M.J., Koo, S., Butler, M., and Condon, T.P., Antisense oligonucleotide blockade of alpha 4 integrin prevents and reverses clinical symptoms in murine experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, J. Neuroimmunol., 160, 12, 2003.
162. Lach-Trifilieff, E., McKay, R.A., Monia, B.P., Karras, J.G. and Walker, C., In vitro and in vivo inhibition of interleukin (IL)-5-mediated eosinopoiesis by murine IL-5alpha antisense oligonucleotide, Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol., 24, 116, 2001.
163. Myers, K.J., Murthy, S., Flanigan, A., Witchell, D.R., Butler, M., Murray, S., Siwkowski, A., Goodfellow, D., Madsen, K., and Baker, B., Antisense oligonucleotide blockade of tumor necrosis factor-alpha in two murine models of colitis., J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 304, 411, 2003.
164. Chen, W., Langer, R.M., Janczewska, S., Furian, L., Geary, R., Qu, X., Wang, M., Verani, R., Condon, T., Stecker, K., Bennett, C.F., and Stepkowski, S., Methoxyethyl-modified ICAM-1 antisense phosphorothioate oligonucleotides inhibit allograft rejection, ischemic/reperfusion injury, and cyclosporine-induced nephrotoxicity, Transplantation, 79, 401, 2005.
165. Johnston, B., Chee, A., Issekutz, T.B., Ugarova, T., Fox-Robichaud, A., Kickey, M.J., and Kubes, P., Alpha 4 integrin-dependent leukocyte recruitment does not require VCAM-1 in a chronic model of inflammation., J. Immunol., 164, 3337, 2000.
166. Qu, X., Kirken, R.A., Tian, L., Wang, M.-E., Bennett, C.F., and Stepkowski, S., Selective inhibition of IL-2 gene expression by IL-2 antisense oligonucleotides blocks heart allograft rejection, Transplantation, 72, 915, 2001.
167. Krieg, A.M., Yi, A.-K., Matson, S., Waldschmidt, T.J., Bishop, G.A., Teasdale, R., Koretzky, G.A., and Klinman, D.M., CpG motifs in bacterial DNA trigger direct B-cell activation, Nature, 374, 546, 1995.
168. Senn, J.J., Burel, S., and Henry, S.P., Non-CpG-containing antisense 2′-methoxyethyl oligonucleotides activate a proinflammatory response independent of toll-like receptor 9 or myeloid differentiation factor 88, J. Pharm. Exp. Ther., 314, 972, 2005.
169. Choon, Q., Achenbach, T.V., Borchers, O., Muller, R., and Slater, E.P., In vivo pro-apoptotic and antitumor efficacy of a c-Raf antisense phosphorothioate oligonucleotide: relationship to tumor size, Antisense Nucleic Acid Drug Dev., 12, 11, 2002.
170. Zellweger, T., Miyake, H., Cooper, S., Chi, K., Conklin, B.S., Monia, B.P., and Gleave, M.E., Antitumor activity of antisense oligonucleotides is improved in vitro and in vivo by incorporation of 2′-O-(2-methoxy)ethyl chemistry., J. Pharm. Exp. Ther., 298, 934, 2001.
171. Bertram, J., Peacock, J.W., Fazil, L., Mui, A.L., Chung, S.W., Cox, M.E., Monia, B., Gleave, M.E., and Ong, C.J., Loss of PTEN is associated with progression to androgen independence, Prostate, 66, 895, 2006.
172. Miyake, H., Monia, B.P., and Gleave, M.E., Inhibiton of progression to androgen-independence by combined adjuvant treatment with antisense BCL-XL and antisense Bcl-2 oligonucleotides plus taxol after castration in the Shionogi tumor model, Int. J. Cancer, 86, 855, 2000.
173. Lexpression facilitates chemotherapy-induced leukaemia cell death in SCID/NOD-Hu model, Brit. J. Haemat., 112, 706, 2001.
174. Chiarle, R., Simmons, W.J., Cai, H., Dhall, G., Zamo, A., Raz, R., Karras, J.G., Levy, D.E., and Inghirami, G., Stat3 is required for ALK-mediated lymphomagenesis and provides a possible therapeutic target, Nat. Med., 11, 623, 2005.
175. Li, W.-C., Ye, S.-L., Sun, R.-X., Liu, Y.-K., Tang, Z.-Y., Kim, Y., Karras, J.G., and Zhang, H., Inhibition of growth and metastasis of human hepatocellular carcinoma by antisense oligonucleotide targeting Stat3, Clin. Cancer Res., In press, 2006.
176. Duan, W., Chan, J.H.P., Kelly, M., Crosby, J.R., Choo, H.H., Leung, B.P., Karras, J.C., and Wong, W.S.F., Inhaled p38alpha mitogen-activated protein kinase antisense oligonucleotide attenuates asthma in mice, Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., 171, 571, 2005.
177. Karras, J.G., Crosby, J.R., Guha, M., Tung, D., Miller, D.A., Gaarde, W.A., Geary, R.S., Monia, B.P., and Gregory, S.A., Anti-inflammatory activity of inhaled interleukin-4 receptor-alpha antisense oligonucleotide in mice, Am. J. Resp. Cell Mol. Biol., In press, 2006.
178. Corderio, M.F., Mead, A., Ali, R.R., Alexander, R.A., Murray, S., Chen, C., York-Defalco, C., Dean, N.M., Schultz, G.S., and Khaw, P.T., Novel antisense oligonucleotides targeting TGF-beta inhibit in vivo scarring and improve surgical outcome, Gene Ther., 10, 59, 2003.
179. Danis, R.P., Criswell, M.H., Orge, F., Wancewicz, E.V., Stecker, K., Henry, S.P., and Monia, B.P., Intravitreous anti-raf-1 kinase antisense oligonucleotide as an angioinhibitory agent in porcine preretinal neovascularization., Curr. Eye Res., 26, 45, 2003.
180. Hua, X.-Y., Moore, A., Malkmus, S., Murray, S.F., Dean, N., Yaksh, T.L., and Butler, M., Inhibition of spinal protein kinase Calpha expression by an antisense oligonucleotide attenuates morphine infusion-induced tolerance, Neuroscience, 113, 99, 2002.
181. Barclay, J., Patel, S., Doern, G., Wotherspoon, G., Moffatt, S., Eunson, L., Abdel’al, S., Natt, F., Hall, J., Winter, J., Bevan, S., Wishart, W., Fox, A., and Ganju, P., Functional downregulation of P2X3 receptor subunit in rat sensory neurons reveals a significant role in chronic neuropathic and inflammatory pain, J. Neurosci., 22, 8139, 2002.
182. Butler, M., Hayes, C.S., Chappell, A., Murray, S.F., Yaksh, T.L., and Hua, X.-Y., Spinal distribution and metabolism of 2′-O-(2-methoxyethyl)-modified oligonucleotides after intrathecal administration in rats., Neuroscience, 131, 705, 2005.
183. Smith, R.A., Miller, T.M., Yamanaka, K., Monia, B.P., Condon, T.P., Hung, G., Lobsiger, C.S., Ward, C.M., McAlonis-Downes, M., Wei, H., Wancewicz, E.V., Bennett, C.F., and Cleveland, D.W., Antisense oligonucleotide therapy for neurodegenerative disease, J. Clin. Invest., 116, 2290, 2006.
184. Honore, P., Kage, K., Mikusa, J., Watt, A.T., Johnston, J.F., Wyatt, J.R., Faltynek, C.R., Jarvis, M.F., and Lynch, K., Analgesic profile of intrathecal P2X3 antisense oligonucleotide treatment in chronic inflammatory and neuropathic pain states in rats, Pain, 99, 11, 2002.
185. Adams, M.R., Nikkel, A.L., Donnelly-Roberts, D.L., Watt, A.T., Johnston, J.F., Cowsert, L.M., Butler, M., Kroeger, P.E., Frost, L., Curzon, P., Decker, M.W., and Bitner, R.S., In vitro and in vivo effects of an alpha3 neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor antisense oligonucleotide, Brain Res. Mol. Brain Res., 129, 67, 2004.
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