Solid lipid nanoparticles and nanostructured lipid carriers: A review emphasizing on particle structure and drug release

European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics

Volumn 133, Issue , 2018, Pages 285-308

  Gordillo Galeano, Aldemar ^a   Mora Huertas, Claudia Elizabeth ^a  

^a UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE COLOMBIA   (Colombia)

Author keywords

Colloidal carrier; Drug encapsulation; Drug location; Lipid nanoparticles

Indexed keywords

LIPID; NANOCARRIER; NANOMATERIAL; SOLID LIPID NANOPARTICLE; DRUG CARRIER; EXCIPIENT; NANOPARTICLE;

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION; CHEMICAL STRUCTURE; CRYSTALLIZATION; DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM; DRUG FORMULATION; DRUG RELEASE; DRUG STRUCTURE; LIPOPHILICITY; MELTING POINT; NANOENCAPSULATION; NANOTECHNOLOGY; PARAELECTRIC SPECTROSCOPY; PARTICLE SIZE; PROTON NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE; RAMAN SPECTROMETRY; REVIEW; SPECTROFLUOROMETRY; SPECTROSCOPY; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; ZETA POTENTIAL; CHEMISTRY; MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY; PROCEDURES;

CHEMISTRY, PHARMACEUTICAL; DRUG CARRIERS; DRUG COMPOUNDING; DRUG LIBERATION; EXCIPIENTS; LIPIDS; NANOPARTICLES;

EID: 85056180233     PISSN: 09396411     EISSN: 18733441     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2018.10.017     Document Type: Review

References (294)

1. Fahy, E., Subramaniam, S., Murphy, R.C., Nishijima, M., Raetz, C.R.H., Shimizu, T., Spener, F., van Meer, G., Wakelam, M.J.O., Dennis, E.A., Update of the LIPID MAPS comprehensive classification system for lipids. J. Lipid Res. 50:Suppl (2009), S9–S14, 10.1194/jlr.R800095-JLR200.
2. Rosiaux, Y., Jannin, V., Hughes, S., Marchaud, D., Solid lipid excipients – matrix agents for sustained drug delivery. J. Control. Release 188 (2014), 18–30, 10.1016/j.jconrel.2014.06.004.
3. Müller, R.H., Mäder, K., Gohla, S.H., Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) for controlled drug delivery a review of the state of the art. Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm. 50 (2000), 161–177, 10.1016/S0939-6411(00)00087-4.
4. Eldem, T., Speiser, P., Hincal, A., Optimization of spray-dried and congealed lipid micropellets and characterization of their surface morphology by scanning electron microscopy. Pharm. Res. 8 (1991), 47–54, 10.1023/A:1015874121860.
5. M.R. Gasco, Method for producing solid lipid microspheres having a narrow size distribution. U.S. Patent No. 5,250,236, 1993.
6. S. Lucks, R.H. Müller, Medication vehicles made of solid lipid particles (solid lipid nanospheres-SLN), WO 93/05768, 1993.
7. R.H. Müller, K. Mäder, A. Lippacher, V. Jenning, Fest-flüssig (halbfeste) lipidpartikel (nano-compartiment-carrier-NCC) und verfahren zur herstellung hochkonzentrierter lipidpartkel. Germany Patent DE19945203A1, 1999.
8. Joshi, M.D., Müller, R.H., Lipid nanoparticles for parenteral delivery of actives. Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm. 71 (2009), 161–172, 10.1016/j.ejpb.2008.09.003.
9. Pardeike, J., Hommoss, A., Müller, R.H., Lipid nanoparticles (SLN, NLC) in cosmetic and pharmaceutical dermal products. Int. J. Pharm. 366 (2009), 170–184, 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2008.10.003.
10. Mehnert, W., Mäder, K., Solid lipid nanoparticles. producción, characterization and applications. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 64 (2012), 83–101, 10.1016/j.addr.2012.09.021.
11. zur Mühlen, A., Schwarz, C., Mehnert, W., Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) for controlled drug delivery-drug release and release mechanism. Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm. 45 (1998), 149–155, 10.1016/S0939-6411(97)00150-1.
12. Ghasemiyeh, P., Mohammadi-Samani, S., Solid lipid nanoparticles and nanostructured lipid carriers as novel drug delivery systems: applications, advantages and disadvantages. Res. Pharm. Sci. 13 (2018), 288–303, 10.4103/1735-5362.235156.
13. Westesen, K., Bunjes, H., Koch, M.H.J., Physicochemical characterization of lipid nanoparticles and evaluation of their drug loading capacity and sustained release potential. J. Control. Release 48 (1997), 223–236, 10.1016/S0168-3659(97)00046-1.
14. Weber, S., Zimmer, A., Pardeike, J., Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) and nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) for pulmonary application: a review of the state of the art. Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm. 86 (2014), 7–22, 10.1016/j.ejpb.2013.08.013.
15. Jenning, V., Thünemann, A.F., Gohla, S.H., Characterisation of a novel solid lipid nanoparticle carrier system based on binary mixtures of liquid and solid lipids. Int. J. Pharm. 199 (2000), 167–177, 10.1016/S0378-5173(00)00378-1.
16. Müller, R.H., Petersen, R.D., Hommoss, A., Pardeike, J., Nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) in cosmetic dermal products. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 59 (2007), 522–530, 10.1016/j.addr.2007.04.012.
17. Gasco, M.R., Lipid nanoparticles: perspectives and challenges. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 59 (2007), 377–378, 10.1016/j.addr.2007.05.004.
18. Bunjes, H., Lipid nanoparticles for the delivery of poorly water-soluble drugs. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 62 (2010), 1637–1645, 10.1111/j.2042-7158.2010.01024.x.
19. Kim, J.K., Park, J.S., Kim, C.K., Development of a binary lipid nanoparticles formulation of itraconazole for parenteral administration and controlled release. Int. J. Pharm. 383 (2010), 209–215, 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2009.09.008.
20. Lee, M.K., Lim, S.J., Kim, C.K., Preparation, characterization and in vitro cytotoxicity of paclitaxel-loaded sterically stabilized solid lipid nanoparticles. Biomaterials 28 (2007), 2137–2146, 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2007.01.014.
21. Yuan, H., Chen, J., Du, Y.Z., Hu, F.Q., Zeng, S., Zhao, H.L., Studies on oral absorption of stearic acid SLN by a novel fluorometric method. Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces 58 (2007), 157–164, 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2007.03.002.
22. Pilcer, G., Amighi, K., Formulation strategy and use of excipients in pulmonary drug delivery. Int. J. Pharm. 392 (2010), 1–19, 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2010.03.017.
23. Attama, A.A., Reichl, S., Müller-Goymann, C.C., Diclofenac sodium delivery to the eye: in vitro evaluation of novel solid lipid nanoparticle formulation using human cornea construct. Int. J. Pharm. 355 (2008), 307–313, 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2007.12.007.
24. Gastaldi, L., Battaglia, L., Peira, E., Chirio, D., Muntoni, E., Solazzi, I., Gallarate, M., Dosio, F., Solid lipid nanoparticles as vehicles of drugs to the brain: current state of the art. Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm. 87 (2014), 433–444, 10.1016/j.ejpb.2014.05.004.
25. Yasir, M., Vir, U., Sara, S., Sara, U.V.S., Solid lipid nanoparticles for nose to brain delivery of haloperidol: in vitro drug release and pharmacokinetics evaluation. Acta Pharm. Sin. B 4 (2014), 454–463, 10.1016/j.apsb.2014.10.005.
26. Khosa, A., Reddi, S., Saha, R.N., Nanostructured lipid carriers for site-specific drug delivery. Biomed. Pharmacother. 103 (2018), 598–613, 10.1016/J.BIOPHA.2018.04.055.
27. Radaic, A., Barbosa, L.R.S., Jaime, C., Kapila, Y.L., Pessine, F.B.T., de Jesus, M.B., How lipid cores affect lipid nanoparticles as drug and gene delivery systems. Adv. Biomembr. Lipid Self-Assembly, 2016, 1–42, 10.1016/bs.abl.2016.04.001.
28. Saeidpour, S., Lohan, S.B., Solik, A., Paul, V., Bodmeier, R., Zoubari, G., Bittl, R., Meinke, M.C., Teutloff, C., Drug distribution in nanostructured lipid particles. Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm. 110 (2017), 19–23, 10.1016/j.ejpb.2016.10.008.
29. Boreham, A., Volz, P., Peters, D., Keck, C.M., Alexiev, U., Determination of nanostructures and drug distribution in lipid nanoparticles by single molecule microscopy. Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm. 110 (2017), 31–38, 10.1016/j.ejpb.2016.10.020.
30. Wasutrasawat, P., Al-Obaidi, H., Gaisford, S., Lawrence, M.J., Warisnoicharoen, W., Drug solubilisation in lipid nanoparticles containing high melting point triglycerides. Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm. 85 (2013), 365–371, 10.1016/j.ejpb.2013.04.020.
31. Martins, S., Tho, I., Souto, E.B., Ferreira, D., Brandl, M., Multivariate design for the evaluation of lipid and surfactant composition effect for optimisation of lipid nanoparticles. Eur. J. Pharm. Sci. 45 (2012), 613–623, 10.1016/j.ejps.2011.12.015.
32. Vivek, K., Reddy, H., Murthy, R.S.R., Investigations of the effect of the lipid matrix on drug entrapment, in vitro release, and physical stability of olanzapine-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles. AAPS PharmSciTech, 8, 2007, E83, 10.1208/pt0804083.
33. Domb, A.J., Long acting injectable oxytetracycline-liposphere formulations. Int. J. Pharm. 124 (1995), 271–278, 10.1016/0378-5173(95)00098-4.
34. Lim, S.J., Kim, C., Formulation parameters determining the physicochemical characteristics of solid lipid nanoparticles loaded with all-trans retinoic acid. Int. J. Pharm. 243 (2002), 135–146, 10.1016/S0378-5173(02)00269-7.
35. Akanda, M.H., Rai, R., Slipper, I.J., Chowdhry, B.Z., Lamprou, D., Getti, G., Douroumis, D., Delivery of retinoic acid to LNCap human prostate cancer cells using solid lipid nanoparticles. Int. J. Pharm. 493 (2015), 161–171, 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.07.042.
36. Bunjes, H., Westesen, K., Koch, M.H.J., Crystallization tendency and polymorphic transitions in triglyceride nanoparticles. Int. J. Pharm. 129 (1996), 159–173, 10.1016/0378-5173(95)04286-5.
37. Heiati, H., Tawashi, R., Phillips, N.C., Drug retention and stability of solid lipid nanoparticles containing azidothymidine palmitate after autoclaving, storage and lyophilization. J. Microencapsul. 15 (1998), 173–184, 10.3109/02652049809006847.
38. Schwarz, C., Mehnert, W., Freeze-drying of drug-free and drug-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN). Int. J. Pharm. 157 (1997), 171–179, 10.1016/S0378-5173(97)00222-6.
39. Olbrich, C., Kayser, O., Müller, R.H., Lipase degradation of Dynasan 114 and 116 solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) – effect of surfactants, storage time and crystallinity. Int. J. Pharm. 237 (2002), 119–128, 10.1016/S0378-5173(02)00035-2.
40. Rao, M.P., Manjunath, K., Bhagawati, S.T., Thippeswamy, B.S., Bixin loaded solid lipid nanoparticles for enhanced hepatoprotection. Preparation, characterisation and in vivo evaluation. Int. J. Pharm. 473 (2014), 485–492, 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2014.07.027.
41. Venkateswarlu, V., Manjunath, K., Preparation, characterization and in vitro release kinetics of clozapine solid lipid nanoparticles. J. Control. Release 95 (2004), 627–638, 10.1016/j.jconrel.2004.01.005.
42. Xu, Z., Chen, L., Gu, W., Gao, Y., Lin, L., Zhang, Z., Xi, Y., Li, Y., The performance of docetaxel-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles targeted to hepatocellular carcinoma. Biomaterials 30 (2009), 226–232, 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2008.09.014.
43. Kuo, Y.-C., Chung, C.Y., Solid lipid nanoparticles comprising internal Compritol 888 ATO, tripalmitin and cacao butter for encapsulating and releasing stavudine, delavirdine and saquinavir. Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces 88 (2011), 682–690, 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2011.07.060.
44. Salminen, H., Helgason, T., Aulbach, S., Kristinsson, B., Kristbergsson, K., Weiss, J., Influence of co-surfactants on crystallization and stability of solid lipid nanoparticles. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 426 (2014), 256–263, 10.1016/j.jcis.2014.04.009.
45. Salminen, H., Gömmel, C., Leuenberger, B.H., Weiss, J., Influence of encapsulated functional lipids on crystal structure and chemical stability in solid lipid nanoparticles: towards bioactive-based design of delivery systems. Food Chem. 190 (2016), 928–937, 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.06.054.
46. Severino, P., Pinho, S.C., Souto, E.B., Santana, M.H.A., Polymorphism, crystallinity and hydrophilic-lipophilic balance of stearic acid and stearic acid-capric/caprylic triglyceride matrices for production of stable nanoparticles. Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces 86 (2011), 125–130, 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2011.03.029.
47. Lombardi Borgia, S., Regehly, M., Sivaramakrishnan, R., Mehnert, W., Korting, H.C., Danker, K., Röder, B., Kramer, K.D., Schäfer-Korting, M., Lipid nanoparticles for skin penetration enhancement – Correlation to drug localization within the particle matrix as determined by fluorescence and parelectric spectroscopy. J. Control. Release 110 (2005), 151–163, 10.1016/j.jconrel.2005.09.045.
48. Pardeike, J., Weber, S., Haber, T., Wagner, J., Zarfl, H.P., Plank, H., Zimmer, A., Development of an Itraconazole-loaded nanostructured lipid carrier (NLC) formulation for pulmonary application. Int. J. Pharm. 419 (2011), 329–338, 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2011.07.040.
49. Tan, S.W., Billa, N., Lipid effects on expulsion rate of amphotericin B from solid lipid nanoparticles. AAPS PharmSciTech 15 (2014), 287–295, 10.1208/s12249-013-0056-9.
50. Tiwari, R., Pathak, K., Nanostructured lipid carrier versus solid lipid nanoparticles of simvastatin: comparative analysis of characteristics, pharmacokinetics and tissue uptake. Int. J. Pharm. 415 (2011), 232–243, 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2011.05.044.
51. Battaglia, L., Gallarate, M., Cavalli, R., Trotta, M., Solid lipid nanoparticles produced through a coacervation method. J. Microencapsul. 27 (2010), 78–85, 10.3109/02652040903031279.
52. Kumar, R., Yasir, M., Saraf, S.A., Gaur, P.K., Kumar, Y., Singh, A.P., Glyceryl monostearate based nanoparticles of mefenamic acid: fabrication and in vitro characterization. Drug Invent. Today 5 (2013), 246–250, 10.1016/j.dit.2013.06.011.
53. Paliwal, R., Paliwal, S.R., Agrawal, G.P., Vyas, S.P., Biomimetic solid lipid nanoparticles for oral bioavailability enhancement of low molecular weight heparin and its lipid conjugates: in vitro and in vivo evaluation. Mol. Pharm., 1314–1321, 2011, 10.1021/mp200109m.
54. Yang, Y., Corona, A., Schubert, B., Reeder, R., Henson, M.A., The effect of oil type on the aggregation stability of nanostructured lipid carriers. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 418 (2014), 261–272, 10.1016/j.jcis.2013.12.024.
55. Cavalli, R., Caputo, O., Eugenia, M., Trotta, M., Scarnecchia, C., Gasco, M.R., Sterilization and freeze-drying of drug-free and drug-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles. Int. J. Pharm. 148 (1997), 47–54, 10.1016/S0378-5173(96)04822-3.
56. Chirio, D., Gallarate, M., Peira, E., Battaglia, L., Serpe, L., Trotta, M., Formulation of curcumin-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles produced by fatty acids coacervation technique. J. Microencapsul. 28 (2011), 537–548, 10.3109/02652048.2011.590615.
57. Das, S., Ng, W.K., Tan, R.B.H., Are nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) better than solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs): development, characterizations and comparative evaluations of clotrimazole-loaded SLNs and NLCs?. Eur. J. Pharm. Sci. 47 (2012), 139–151, 10.1016/j.ejps.2012.05.010.
58. Trotta, M., Debernardi, F., Caputo, O., Preparation of solid lipid nanoparticles by a solvent emulsification-diffusion technique. Int. J. Pharm. 257 (2003), 153–160, 10.1016/S0378-5173(03)00135-2.
59. Andrade, L.M., Fátima Reis, C., Maione-Silva, L., Anjos, J.L.V., Alonso, A., Serpa, R.C., Marreto, R.N., Lima, E.M., Taveira, S.F., Impact of lipid dynamic behavior on physical stability, in vitro release and skin permeation of genistein-loaded lipid nanoparticles. Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm. 88 (2014), 40–47, 10.1016/j.ejpb.2014.04.015.
60. Quintanar-Guerrero, D., Tamayo-Esquivel, D., Ganem-Quintanar, A., Allémann, E., Doelker, E., Adaptation and optimization of the emulsification-diffusion technique to prepare lipidic nanospheres. Eur. J. Pharm. Sci. 26 (2005), 211–218, 10.1016/j.ejps.2005.06.001.
61. Vandita, K., Shashi, B., Santosh, K.G., Pal, K.I., Enhanced apoptotic effect of curcumin loaded solid lipid nanoparticles. Mol. Pharm. 9 (2012), 3411–3421, 10.1021/mp300209k.
62. Vitorino, C., Carvalho, F.A., Almeida, A.J., Sousa, J.J., Pais, A.A., The size of solid lipid nanoparticles: an interpretation from experimental design. Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces 84 (2011), 117–130, 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2010.12.024.
63. Zambrano-Zaragoza, M.L., Mercado-Silva, E., Ramirez-Zamorano, P., Cornejo-Villegas, M.A., Gutiérrez-Cortez, E., Quintanar-Guerrero, D., Use of solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) in edible coatings to increase guava (Psidium guajava L.) shelf-life. Food Res. Int. 51 (2013), 946–953, 10.1016/j.foodres.2013.02.012.
64. Soares, S., Fonte, P., Costa, A., Andrade, J., Seabra, V., Ferreira, D., Reis, S., Sarmento, B., Effect of freeze-drying, cryoprotectants and storage conditions on the stability of secondary structure of insulin-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles. Int. J. Pharm. 456 (2013), 370–381, 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2013.08.076.
65. Torrecilla, J., del Pozo-Rodríguez, A., Apaolaza, P.S., Solinís, M.Á., Rodríguez-Gascón, A., Solid lipid nanoparticles as non-viral vector for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C by RNA interference. Int. J. Pharm. 479 (2015), 181–188, 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2014.12.047.
66. Westesen, K., Siekmann, B., Koch, M.H.J., Investigations on the physical state of lipid nanoparticles by synchrotron radiation X-ray diffraction. Int. J. Pharm. 93 (1993), 189–199, 10.1016/0378-5173(93)90177-H.
67. Schubert, M.A., Solvent injection as a new approach for manufacturing lipid nanoparticles – evaluation of the method and process parameters. Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm. 55 (2003), 125–131, 10.1016/S0939-6411(02)00130-3.
68. Khalil, R.M., Abd-Elbary, A., Kassem, M.A., Ghorab, M.M., Basha, M., Nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) versus solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) for topical delivery of meloxicam. Pharm. Dev. Technol., 2013 (accessed November 5, 2015).
69. Garcia-Fuentes, M., Alonso, M.J., Torres, D., Design and characterization of a new drug nanocarrier made from solid-liquid lipid mixtures. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 285 (2005), 590–598, 10.1016/j.jcis.2004.10.012.
70. Kovačević, A.B., Savić, S.D., Vuleta, G.M., Müller, R.H., Keck, C.M., Polyhydroxy surfactants for the formulation of lipid nanoparticles (SLN and NLC): effects on size, physical stability and particle matrix structure. Int. J. Pharm. 406 (2011), 163–172, 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2010.12.036.
71. Sanna, V., Caria, G., Mariani, A., Effect of lipid nanoparticles containing fatty alcohols having different chain length on the ex vivo skin permeability of econazole nitrate. Powder Technol. 201 (2010), 32–36, 10.1016/j.powtec.2010.02.035.
72. Siddiqui, A., Gupta, V., Liu, Y.Y., Nazzal, S., Doxorubicin and MBO-asGCS oligonucleotide loaded lipid nanoparticles overcome multidrug resistance in adriamycin resistant ovarian cancer cells (NCI/ADR-RES). Int. J. Pharm. 431 (2012), 222–229, 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2012.04.050.
73. Xue, H.Y., Wong, H.L., Tailoring nanostructured solid-lipid carriers for time-controlled intracellular siRNA kinetics to sustain RNAi-mediated chemosensitization. Biomaterials 32 (2011), 2662–2672, 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2010.12.029.
74. Farboud, E.S., Nasrollahi, S.A., Tabbakhi, Z., Novel formulation and evaluation of a Q10-loaded solid lipid nanoparticle cream: in vitro and in vivo studies. Int. J. Nanomed. 6 (2011), 611–617, 10.2147/IJN.S16815.
75. Kovačević, A.B., Müller, R.H., Savić, S.D., Vuleta, G.M., Keck, C.M., Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) stabilized with polyhydroxy surfactants: preparation, characterization and physical stability investigation. Colloids Surf. A Physicochem. Eng. Asp. 444 (2014), 15–25, 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2013.12.023.
76. Kheradmandnia, S., Vasheghani-Farahani, E., Nosrati, M., Atyabi, F., Preparation and characterization of ketoprofen-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles made from beeswax and carnauba wax. Nanomedicine 6 (2010), 753–759, 10.1016/j.nano.2010.06.003.
77. Zhang, J., Smith, E., Percutaneous permeation of betamethasone 17-valerate incorporated in lipid nanoparticles. J. Pharm. Sci. 100 (2011), 896–903, 10.1002/jps.22329.
78. Lacerda, S.P., Cerize, N.N.P., Ré, M.I., Preparation and characterization of carnauba wax nanostructured lipid carriers containing benzophenone-3. Int. J. Cosmet. Sci. 33 (2011), 312–321, 10.1111/j.1468-2494.2010.00626.x.
79. Leonardi, A., Bucolo, C., Romano, G.L., Platania, C.B.M., Drago, F., Puglisi, G., Pignatello, R., Influence of different surfactants on the technological properties and in vivo ocular tolerability of lipid nanoparticles. Int. J. Pharm. 470 (2014), 133–140, 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2014.04.061.
80. Kumar, S., Randhawa, J.K., High melting lipid based approach for drug delivery: solid lipid nanoparticles. Mater. Sci. Eng. C 33 (2013), 1842–1852, 10.1016/j.msec.2013.01.037.
81. Solans, C., Izquierdo, P., Nolla, J., Azemar, N., Garcia-Celma, M., Nano-emulsions. Curr. Opin. Colloid Interface Sci. 10 (2005), 102–110, 10.1016/j.cocis.2005.06.004.
82. Solans, C., Solé, I., Nano-emulsions: formation by low-energy methods. Curr. Opin. Colloid Interface Sci. 17 (2012), 246–254, 10.1016/j.cocis.2012.07.003.
83. Helgason, T., Awad, T.S., Kristbergsson, K., McClements, D.J., Weiss, J., Effect of surfactant surface coverage on formation of solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN). J. Colloid Interface Sci. 334 (2009), 75–81, 10.1016/j.jcis.2009.03.012.
84. Charoenputtakun, P., Li, S.K., Ngawhirunpat, T., Iontophoretic delivery of lipophilic and hydrophilic drugs from lipid nanoparticles across human skin. Int. J. Pharm. 495 (2015), 318–328, 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.08.094.
85. Howard, M.D., Lu, X., Rinehart, J.J., Jay, M., Dziubla, T.D., Physicochemical characterization of nanotemplate engineered solid lipid nanoparticles. Langmuir 27 (2011), 1964–1971, 10.1021/la104262k.
86. Nafee, N., Husari, A., Maurer, C.K., Lu, C., de Rossi, C., Steinbach, A., Hartmann, R.W., Lehr, C.-M., Schneider, M., Antibiotic-free nanotherapeutics: ultra-small, mucus-penetrating solid lipid nanoparticles enhance the pulmonary delivery and anti-virulence efficacy of novel quorum sensing inhibitors. J. Control. Release 192 (2014), 131–140, 10.1016/j.jconrel.2014.06.055.
87. Weyenberg, W., Filev, P., Van den Plas, D., Vandervoort, J., De Smet, K., Sollie, P., Ludwig, A., Cytotoxicity of submicron emulsions and solid lipid nanoparticles for dermal application. Int. J. Pharm. 337 (2007), 291–298, 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2006.12.045.
88. Almeida, A.J., Runge, S., Müller, R.H., Peptide-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN): influence of production parameters. Int. J. Pharm. 149 (1997), 255–265, 10.1016/S0378-5173(97)04885-0.
89. Schöler, N., Olbrich, C., Tabatt, K., Müller, R.H., Hahn, H., Liesenfeld, O., Surfactant, but not the size of solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) influences viability and cytokine production of macrophages. Int. J. Pharm. 221 (2001), 57–67, 10.1016/S0378-5173(01)00660-3.
90. Souto, E.B., Anselmi, C., Centini, M., Müller, R.H., Preparation and characterization of n-dodecyl-ferulate-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN). Int. J. Pharm. 295 (2005), 261–268, 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2005.02.005.
91. Westesen, K., Bunjes, H., Do nanoparticles prepared from lipids solid at room temperature always possess a solid lipid matrix?. Int. J. Pharm. 115 (1995), 129–131, 10.1016/0378-5173(94)00347-8.
92. Clares, B., Calpena, A.C., Parra, A., Abrego, G., Alvarado, H., Fangueiro, J.F., Souto, E.B., Nanoemulsions (NEs), liposomes (LPs) and solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) for retinyl palmitate: effect on skin permeation. Int. J. Pharm. 473 (2014), 591–598, 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2014.08.001.
93. Tan, S.W., Billa, N., Roberts, C.R., Burley, J.C., Surfactant effects on the physical characteristics of Amphotericin B-containing nanostructured lipid carriers. Colloids Surf. A Physicochem. Eng. Asp. 372 (2010), 73–79, 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2010.09.030.
94. Almeida, A.J., Souto, E.B., Solid lipid nanoparticles as a drug delivery system for peptides and proteins. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 59 (2007), 478–490, 10.1016/j.addr.2007.04.007.
95. Bunjes, H., Steiniger, F., Richter, W., Visualizing the structure of triglyceride nanoparticles in different crystal modifications. Langmuir 23 (2007), 4005–4011, 10.1021/la062904p.
96. Schoenitz, M., Joseph, S., Nitz, A., Bunjes, H., Scholl, S., Controlled polymorphic transformation of continuously crystallized solid lipid nanoparticles in a microstructured device: a feasibility study. Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm. 86 (2013), 324–331, 10.1016/j.ejpb.2013.08.009.
97. Siddiqui, A., Alayoubi, A., Nazzal, S., The effect of emulsifying wax on the physical properties of CTAB-based solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN). Pharm. Dev. Technol. 19 (2014), 125–128, 10.3109/10837450.2012.751401.
98. Varshosaz, J., Minayian, M., Moazen, E., Enhancement of oral bioavailability of pentoxifylline by solid lipid nanoparticles. J. Liposome Res. 20 (2010), 115–123, 10.3109/08982100903161456.
99. Wang, D., Wang, X., Li, X., Ye, L., Preparation and characterization of solid lipid nanoparticles loaded with frankincense and myrrh oil. PDA J. Pharm. Sci. Technol. 62 (2012), 56–65, 10.2147/IJN.S30085.
100. Mukherjee, S., Ray, S., Thakur, R.S., Solid lipid nanoparticles: a modern formulation approach in drug delivery system. Indian J. Pharm. Sci. 71 (2009), 349–358, 10.4103/0250-474X.57282.
101. Rosenblatt, K.M., Bunjes, H., Poly(vinyl alcohol) as emulsifier stabilizes solid triglyceride drug carrier nanoparticles in the α-modification. Mol. Pharm. 6 (2009), 105–120, 10.1021/mp8000759.
102. Mojahedian, M.M., Daneshamouz, S., Samani, S.M., Zargaran, A., A novel method to produce solid lipid nanoparticles using n-butanol as an additional co-surfactant according to the o/w microemulsion quenching technique. Chem. Phys. Lipids 174 (2013), 32–38, 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2013.05.001.
103. Kalaycioglu, G.D., Aydogan, N., Preparation and investigation of solid lipid nanoparticles for drug delivery. Colloids Surf. A Physicochem. Eng. Asp. 510 (2016), 77–86, 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2016.06.034.
104. Fadda, P., Monduzzi, M., Caboi, F., Piras, S., Lazzari, P., Solid lipid nanoparticle preparation by a warm microemulsion based process: influence of microemulsion microstructure. Int. J. Pharm. 446 (2013), 166–175, 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2013.02.027.
105. Khurana, S., Bedi, P.M.S., Jain, N.K., Preparation and evaluation of solid lipid nanoparticles based nanogel for dermal delivery of meloxicam. Chem. Phys. Lipids. 175–176 (2013), 65–72, 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2013.07.010.
106. Liu, D., Jiang, S., Shen, H., Qin, S., Liu, J., Zhang, Q., Li, R., Xu, Q., Diclofenac sodium-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles prepared by emulsion/solvent evaporation method. J. Nanopart. Res. 13 (2011), 2375–2386, 10.1007/s11051-010-9998-y.
107. Luo, Y., Teng, Z., Li, Y., Wang, Q., Solid lipid nanoparticles for oral drug delivery: chitosan coating improves stability, controlled delivery, mucoadhesion and cellular uptake. Carbohydr. Polym. 122 (2015), 221–229, 10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.12.084.
108. Hu, F.Q., Hong, Y., Yuan, H., Preparation and characterization of solid lipid nanoparticles containing peptide. Int. J. Pharm. 273 (2004), 29–35, 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2003.12.016.
109. Varshosaz, J., Eskandari, S., Tabbakhian, M., Freeze-drying of nanostructure lipid carriers by different carbohydrate polymers used as cryoprotectants. Carbohydr. Polym. 88 (2012), 1157–1163, 10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.01.051.
110. Vaghasiya, H., Kumar, A., Sawant, K., Development of solid lipid nanoparticles based controlled release system for topical delivery of terbinafine hydrochloride. Eur. J. Pharm. Sci. 49 (2013), 311–322, 10.1016/j.ejps.2013.03.013.
111. Kupetz, E., Bunjes, H., Lipid nanoparticles: drug localization is substance-specific and achievable load depends on the size and physical state of the particles. J. Control. Release 189 (2014), 54–64, 10.1016/j.jconrel.2014.06.007.
112. Obeidat, W.M., Schwabe, K., Müller, R.H., Keck, C.M., Preservation of nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC). Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm. 76 (2010), 56–67, 10.1016/j.ejpb.2010.05.001.
113. Geszke-Moritz, M., Moritz, M., Solid lipid nanoparticles as attractive drug vehicles: composition, properties and therapeutic strategies. Mater. Sci. Eng. C 68 (2016), 982–994, 10.1016/j.msec.2016.05.119.
114. Casadei, M.A., Cerreto, F., Cesa, S., Giannuzzo, M., Feeney, M., Marianecci, C., Paolicelli, P., Solid lipid nanoparticles incorporated in dextran hydrogels: a new drug delivery system for oral formulations. Int. J. Pharm. 325 (2006), 140–146, 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2006.06.012.
115. Chantaburanan, T., Teeranachaideekul, V., Chantasart, D., Jintapattanakit, A., Junyaprasert, V.B., Effect of binary solid lipid matrix of wax and triglyceride on lipid crystallinity, drug-lipid interaction and drug release of ibuprofen-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) for dermal delivery. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 504 (2017), 247–256, 10.1016/j.jcis.2017.05.038.
116. Abdelbary, G., Fahmy, R.H., Diazepam-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles: design and characterization. AAPS PharmSciTech 10 (2009), 211–219, 10.1208/s12249-009-9197-2.
117. Sznitowska, M., Gajewska, M., Janicki, S., Radwanska, A., Lukowski, G., Bioavailability of diazepam from aqueous-organic solution, submicron emulsion and solid lipid nanoparticles after rectal administration in rabbits. Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm. 52 (2001), 159–163, 10.1016/S0939-6411(01)00157-6.
118. Shah, B., Khunt, D., Bhatt, H., Misra, M., Padh, H., Application of quality by design approach for intranasal delivery of rivastigmine loaded solid lipid nanoparticles: effect on formulation and characterization parameters. Eur. J. Pharm. Sci. 78 (2015), 54–66, 10.1016/j.ejps.2015.07.002.
119. Bunjes, H., Drechsler, M., Koch, M.H.J., Westesen, K., Incorporation of the model drug ubidecarenone into solid lipid nanoparticles. Pharm. Res. 18 (2001), 287–293, 10.1023/A:1011042627714.
120. Siekmann, B., Westesen, K., Thermoanalysis of the recrystallization process of melt-homogenized glyceride nanoparticles. Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces 3 (1994), 159–175, 10.1016/0927-7765(94)80063-4.
121. Wissing, S.A., Müller, R.H., Manthei, L., Mayer, C., Structural characterization of Q10-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles by NMR spectroscopy. Pharm. Res. 21 (2004), 400–405.
122. Baek, J.-S., Cho, C.-W., Controlled release and reversal of multidrug resistance by co-encapsulation of paclitaxel and verapamil in solid lipid nanoparticles. Int. J. Pharm. 478 (2015), 617–624, 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2014.12.018.
123. Liu, J., Gong, T., Fu, H., Wang, C., Wang, X., Chen, Q., Zhang, Q., He, Q., Zhang, Z., Solid lipid nanoparticles for pulmonary delivery of insulin. Int. J. Pharm. 356 (2008), 333–344, 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2008.01.008.
124. Nik, A.M., Langmaid, S., Wright, A.J., Nonionic surfactant and interfacial structure impact crystallinity and stability of β-carotene loaded lipid nanodispersions. J. Agric. Food Chem. 60 (2012), 4126–4135, 10.1021/jf204810m.
125. Helgason, T., Awad, T.S., Kristbergsson, K., Decker, E.A., McClements, D.J., Weiss, J., Impact of surfactant properties on oxidative stability of β-carotene encapsulated within solid lipid nanoparticles. J. Agric. Food Chem. 57 (2009), 8033–8040, 10.1021/jf901682m.
126. Zhang, L., Hayes, D.G., Chen, G., Zhong, Q., Transparent dispersions of milk-fat-based nanostructured lipid carriers for delivery of β-carotene. J. Agric. Food Chem. 61 (2013), 9435–9443, 10.1021/jf403512c.
127. Yi, J., Lam, T.I., Yokoyama, W., Cheng, L.W., Zhong, F., Cellular uptake of β-carotene from protein stabilized solid lipid nanoparticles prepared by homogenization-evaporation method. J. Agric. Food Chem. 62 (2014), 1096–1104, 10.1021/jf404073c.
128. Qian, C., Decker, E.A., Xiao, H., McClements, D.J., Impact of lipid nanoparticle physical state on particle aggregation and β-carotene degradation: potential limitations of solid lipid nanoparticles. Food Res. Int. 52 (2013), 342–349, 10.1016/j.foodres.2013.03.035.
129. Fathi, M., Varshosaz, J., Mohebbi, M., Shahidi, F., Hesperetin-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles and nanostructure lipid carriers for food fortification: preparation, characterization, and modeling. Food Bioprocess Technol. 6 (2013), 1464–1475, 10.1007/s11947-012-0845-2.
130. Aditya, N.P., Shim, M., Lee, I., Lee, Y., Im, M.H., Ko, S., Curcumin and genistein coloaded nanostructured lipid carriers: in vitro digestion and antiprostate cancer activity. J. Agric. Food Chem. 61 (2013), 1878–1883, 10.1021/jf305143k.
131. Mazuryk, J., Deptuła, T., Polchi, A., Gapiński, J., Giovagnoli, S., Magini, A., Emiliani, C., Kohlbrecher, J., Patkowski, A., Rapamycin-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles: morphology and impact of the drug loading on the phase transition between lipid polymorphs. Colloids Surf. A Physicochem. Eng. Asp. 502 (2016), 54–65, 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2016.05.017.
132. Büyükköroğlu, G., Şenel, B., Gezgin, S., Dinh, T., The simultaneous delivery of paclitaxel and Herceptin® using solid lipid nanoparticles: in vitro evaluation. J. Drug Deliv. Sci. Technol. 35 (2016), 98–105, 10.1016/j.jddst.2016.06.010.
133. Urbán-Morlán, Z., Ganem-Rondero, A., Melgoza-Contreras, L.M., Escobar-Chávez, J.J., Nava-Arzaluz, M.G., Quintanar-Guerrero, D., Preparation and characterization of solid lipid nanoparticles containing cyclosporine by the emulsification-diffusion method. Int. J. Nanomed. 5 (2010), 611–620, 10.2147/IJN.S12125.
134. Müller, R.H., Runge, S.A., Ravelli, V., Thünemann, A.F., Mehnert, W., Souto, E.B., Cyclosporine-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN®): drug–lipid physicochemical interactions and characterization of drug incorporation. Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm. 68 (2008), 535–544, 10.1016/j.ejpb.2007.07.006.
135. Oliveira, M.S., Mussi, S.V., Gomes, D.A., Yoshida, M.I., Frezard, F., Carregal, V.M., Ferreira, L.A.M., α-Tocopherol succinate improves encapsulation and anticancer activity of doxorubicin loaded in solid lipid nanoparticles. Colloids Surf. B. Biointerfaces 140 (2016), 246–253, 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2015.12.019.
136. Miao, J., Du, Y.Z., Yuan, H., Zhang, X., Hu, F.Q., Drug resistance reversal activity of anticancer drug loaded solid lipid nanoparticles in multi-drug resistant cancer cells. Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces 110 (2013), 74–80, 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2013.03.037.
137. Wang, Y., Zhang, H., Hao, J., Li, B., Li, M., Xiuwen, W., Wang, Y., Zhang, H., Hao, J., Li, B., Li, M., Xiuwen, W., Lung cancer combination therapy: co-delivery of paclitaxel and doxorubicin by nanostructured lipid carriers for synergistic effect. Drug Deliv., 7544, 2016, 10.3109/10717544.2015.1055619.
138. Miglietta, A., Cavalli, R., Bocca, C., Gabriel, L., Rosa Gasco, M., Cellular uptake and cytotoxicity of solid lipid nanospheres (SLN) incorporating doxorubicin or paclitaxel. Int. J. Pharm. 210 (2000), 61–67, 10.1016/S0378-5173(00)00562-7.
139. Videira, M., Almeida, A.J., Fabra, À., Preclinical evaluation of a pulmonary delivered paclitaxel-loaded lipid nanocarrier antitumor effect. Nanomed. Nanotechnol. Biol. Med. 8 (2012), 1208–1215, 10.1016/j.nano.2011.12.007.
140. Yang, X., Li, Y., Li, M., Zhang, L., Feng, L., Zhang, N., Hyaluronic acid-coated nanostructured lipid carriers for targeting paclitaxel to cancer. Cancer Lett. 334 (2013), 338–345, 10.1016/j.canlet.2012.07.002.
141. Yuan, H., Miao, J., Du, Y.-Z., You, J., Hu, F.-Q., Zeng, S., Cellular uptake of solid lipid nanoparticles and cytotoxicity of encapsulated paclitaxel in A549 cancer cells. Int. J. Pharm. 348 (2008), 137–145, 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2007.07.012.
142. Xu, W., Lee, M.-K., Development and evaluation of lipid nanoparticles for paclitaxel delivery: a comparison between solid lipid nanoparticles and nanostructured lipid carriers. J. Pharm. Investig. 45 (2015), 675–680, 10.1007/s40005-015-0224-x.
143. Yu, Y.H., Kim, E., Park, D.E., Shim, G., Lee, S., Kim, Y.B., Kim, C.-W., Oh, Y.-K., Cationic solid lipid nanoparticles for co-delivery of paclitaxel and siRNA. Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm. 80 (2012), 268–273, 10.1016/j.ejpb.2011.11.002.
144. Miao, J., Du, Y., Yuan, H., Zhang, X., Li, Q., Rao, Y., Zhao, M., Hu, F., Improved cytotoxicity of paclitaxel loaded in nanosized lipid carriers by intracellular delivery. J. Nanopart. Res., 17, 2015, 10, 10.1007/s11051-014-2852-x.
145. Baek, J.-S., Shin, S.-C., Cho, C.-W., Effect of lipid on physicochemical properties of solid lipid nanoparticle of paclitaxel. J. Pharm. Investig. 42 (2012), 279–283, 10.1007/s40005-012-0038-z.
146. Chirio, D., Gallarate, M., Peira, E., Battaglia, L., Muntoni, E., Riganti, C., Biasibetti, E., Capucchio, M.T., Valazza, A., Panciani, P., Lanotte, M., Annovazzi, L., Caldera, V., Mellai, M., Filice, G., Corona, S., Schiffer, D., Positive-charged solid lipid nanoparticles as paclitaxel drug delivery system in glioblastoma treatment. Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm. 88 (2014), 746–758, 10.1016/j.ejpb.2014.10.017.
147. Olerile, L.D., Liu, Y., Zhang, B., Wang, T., Mu, S., Zhang, J., Selotlegeng, L., Zhang, N., Near-infrared mediated quantum dots and paclitaxel co-loaded nanostructured lipid carriers for cancer theragnostic. Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces 150 (2017), 121–130, 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2016.11.032.
148. Büyükköroğlu, G., Şenel, B., Başaran, E., Yenilmez, E., Yazan, Y., Preparation and in vitro evaluation of vaginal formulations including siRNA and paclitaxel-loaded SLNs for cervical cancer. Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm. 109 (2016), 174–183, 10.1016/j.ejpb.2016.10.017.
149. Dong, X., Mattingly, C.A., Tseng, M., Cho, M., Adams, V.R., Mumper, R.J., Development of new lipid-based paclitaxel nanoparticles using sequential simplex optimization. Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm. 72 (2009), 9–17, 10.1016/j.ejpb.2008.11.012.
150. Tosta, F.V., Andrade, L.M., Mendes, L.P., Anjos, J.L.V., Alonso, A., Marreto, R.N., Lima, E.M., Taveira, S.F., Paclitaxel-loaded lipid nanoparticles for topical application: the influence of oil content on lipid dynamic behavior, stability, and drug skin penetration. J. Nanopart. Res. 16 (2014), 1–12, 10.1007/s11051-014-2782-7.
151. Li, R., Eun, J.S., Lee, M.-K., Pharmacokinetics and biodistribution of paclitaxel loaded in pegylated solid lipid nanoparticles after intravenous administration. Arch. Pharm. Res. 34 (2011), 331–337, 10.1007/s12272-011-0220-2.
152. Fang, G., Tang, B., Chao, Y., Xu, H.H., Gou, J., Zhang, Y., Xu, H.H., Tang, X., Cysteine-functionalized nanostructured lipid carriers for oral delivery of docetaxel: a permeability and pharmacokinetic study. Mol. Pharm. 12 (2015), 2384–2395, 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.5b00081.
153. Videira, M.A., Arranja, A.G., Gouveia, L.F., Experimental design towards an optimal lipid nanosystem: a new opportunity for paclitaxel-based therapeutics. Eur. J. Pharm. Sci. 49 (2013), 302–310, 10.1016/j.ejps.2013.03.005.
154. Baek, J.-S., Kim, B.-S., Puri, A., Kumar, K., Cho, C.-W., Stability of paclitaxel-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles in the presence of 2-hydoxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin. Arch. Pharm. Res. 39 (2016), 785–793, 10.1007/s12272-016-0753-5.
155. Kim, J.H., Kim, Y., Bae, K.H., Park, T.G., Lee, J.H., Park, K., Tumor-targeted delivery of paclitaxel using low density lipoprotein-mimetic solid lipid nanoparticles. Mol. Pharm. 12 (2015), 1230–1241, 10.1021/mp500737y.
156. Mosallaei, N., Jaafari, M.R., Hanafi-Bojd, M.Y., Golmohammadzadeh, S., Malaekeh-Nikouei, B., Docetaxel-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles: preparation, characterization, in vitro, and in vivo evaluations. J. Pharm. Sci. 102 (2013), 1994–2004, 10.1002/jps.23522.
157. Baek, J.-S., Cho, C.W., Comparison of solid lipid nanoparticles for encapsulating paclitaxel or docetaxel. J. Pharm. Investig. 45 (2015), 625–631, 10.1007/s40005-015-0182-3.
158. Yasir, M., Sara, U.V.S., Preparation and optimization of haloperidol loaded solid lipid nanoparticles by Box-Behnken design. J. Pharm. Res. 7 (2013), 551–558, 10.1016/j.jopr.2013.05.022.
159. Montenegro, L., Sarpietro, M.G., Ottimo, S., Puglisi, G., Castelli, F., Differential scanning calorimetry studies on sunscreen loaded solid lipid nanoparticles prepared by the phase inversion temperature method. Int. J. Pharm. 415 (2011), 301–306, 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2011.05.076.
160. De Souza, A.L.R., Andreani, T., Nunes, F.M., Cassimiro, D.L., De Almeida, A.E., Ribeiro, C.A., Sarmento, V.H.V., Gremião, M.P.D., Silva, A.M., Souto, E.B., Loading of praziquantel in the crystal lattice of solid lipid nanoparticles: studies by DSC and SAXS. J. Therm. Anal. Calorim. 108 (2012), 353–360, 10.1007/s10973-011-1871-4.
161. Kumar, N., Goindi, S., Saini, B., Bansal, G., Thermal characterization and compatibility studies of itraconazole and excipients for development of solid lipid nanoparticles. J. Therm. Anal. Calorim. 115 (2014), 2375–2383, 10.1007/s10973-013-3237-6.
162. Souto, E.B., Wissing, S.A., Barbosa, C.M., Müller, R.H., Development of a controlled release formulation based on SLN and NLC for topical clotrimazole delivery. Int. J. Pharm. 278 (2004), 71–77, 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2004.02.032.
163. Islan, G.A., Tornello, P.C., Abraham, G.A., Duran, N., Castro, G.R., Smart lipid nanoparticles containing levofloxacin and DNase for lung delivery. Design and characterization. Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces 143 (2016), 168–176, 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2016.03.040.
164. Fazly Bazzaz, B.S., Khameneh, B., Zarei, H., Golmohammadzadeh, S., Antibacterial efficacy of rifampin loaded solid lipid nanoparticles against Staphylococcus epidermidis biofilm. Microb. Pathog. 93 (2016), 137–144, 10.1016/j.micpath.2015.11.031.
165. Negi, J.S., Chattopadhyay, P., Sharma, A.K., Ram, V., Development and evaluation of glyceryl behenate based solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) using hot self-nanoemulsification (SNE) technique. Arch. Pharm. Res. 37 (2014), 361–370, 10.1007/s12272-013-0154-y.
166. Shegokar, R., Singh, K.K., Müller, R.H., Production & stability of stavudine solid lipid nanoparticles – from lab to industrial scale. Int. J. Pharm. 416 (2011), 461–470, 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2010.08.014.
167. Nahak, P., Karmakar, G., Chettri, P., Roy, B., Guha, P., Besra, S.E., Soren, A., Bykov, A.G., Akentiev, A.V., Noskov, B.A., Panda, A.K., Influence of lipid core material on physicochemical characteristics of an ursolic acid-loaded nanostructured lipid carrier: an attempt to enhance anticancer activity. Langmuir 32 (2016), 9816–9825, 10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b02402.
168. Pandita, D., Kumar, S., Poonia, N., Lather, V., Solid lipid nanoparticles enhance oral bioavailability of resveratrol, a natural polyphenol. Food Res. Int. 62 (2014), 1165–1174, 10.1016/j.foodres.2014.05.059.
169. Jose, S., Anju, S.S., Cinu, T.A., Aleykutty, N.A., Thomas, S., Souto, E.B., In vivo pharmacokinetics and biodistribution of resveratrol-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles for brain delivery. Int. J. Pharm. 474 (2014), 6–13, 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2014.08.003.
170. Fang, J.Y., Fang, C.L., Liu, C.H., Su, Y.H., Lipid nanoparticles as vehicles for topical psoralen delivery: Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) versus nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC). Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm. 70 (2008), 633–640, 10.1016/j.ejpb.2008.05.008.
171. Vighi, E., Ruozi, B., Montanari, M., Battini, R., Leo, E., Re-dispersible cationic solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) freeze-dried without cryoprotectors: characterization and ability to bind the pEGFP-plasmid. Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm. 67 (2007), 320–328, 10.1016/j.ejpb.2007.02.006.
172. Jain, A.K., Jain, A., Garg, N.K., Agarwal, A., Jain, A., Jain, S.A., Tyagi, R.K., Jain, R.K., Agrawal, H., Agrawal, G.P., Adapalene loaded solid lipid nanoparticles gel: an effective approach for acne treatment. Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces 121 (2014), 222–229, 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2014.05.041.
173. Torrecilla, J., Pozo-rodríguez, A., Solinís, M.A., Solid lipid nanoparticles for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C by RNA interference. Int. J. Pharm. 479 (2000), 1–2, 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2014.12.047.
174. Lobovkina, T., Jacobson, G.B., Gonzalez-Gonzalez, E., Hickerson, R.P., Leake, D., Kaspar, R.L., Contag, C.H., Zare, R.N., In vivo sustained release of siRNA from solid lipid nanoparticles. ACS Nano 5 (2011), 9977–9983, 10.1021/nn203745n.
175. Carrillo, C., Sánchez-Hernández, N., García-Montoya, E., Pérez-Lozano, P., Suñé-Negre, J.M., Ticó, J.R., Suñé, C., Miñarro, M., DNA delivery via cationic solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs). Eur. J. Pharm. Sci. 49 (2013), 157–165, 10.1016/j.ejps.2013.02.011.
176. Shidhaye, S.S., Vaidya, R., Sutar, S., Patwardhan, A., Kadam, V.J., Solid lipid nanoparticles and nanostructured lipid carriers – innovative generations of solid lipid carriers. Curr. Drug Deliv. 5 (2008), 324–331.
177. Silva, A.C., González-Mira, E., García, M.L., Egea, M.A., Fonseca, J., Silva, R., Santos, D., Souto, E.B., Ferreira, D., Preparation, characterization and biocompatibility studies on risperidone-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN): high pressure homogenization versus ultrasound. Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces 86 (2011), 158–165, 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2011.03.035.
178. Friedrich, I., Müller-Goymann, C., Characterization of solidified reverse micellar solutions (SRMS) and production development of SRMS-based nanosuspensions. Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm. 56 (2003), 111–119, 10.1016/S0939-6411(03)00043-2.
179. Leong, T.S.H., Wooster, T.J., Kentish, S.E., Ashokkumar, M., Minimising oil droplet size using ultrasonic emulsification. Ultrason. Sonochem. 16 (2009), 721–727, 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2009.02.008.
180. Li, Z., Yu, L., Zheng, L., Geng, F., Studies on crystallinity state of puerarin loaded solid lipid nanoparticles prepared by double emulsion method. J. Therm. Anal. Calorim. 99 (2010), 689–693, 10.1007/s10973-009-0127-z.
181. Izquierdo, P., Esquena, J., Tadros, T.F., Dederen, C., Garcia, M.J., Azemar, N., Solans, C., Formation and stability of nano-emulsions prepared using the phase inversion temperature method. Langmuir 18 (2002), 26–30, 10.1021/la010808c.
182. Charcosset, C., El-Harati, A., Fessi, H., Preparation of solid lipid nanoparticles using a membrane contactor. J. Control. Release 108 (2005), 112–120, 10.1016/j.jconrel.2005.07.023.
183. Moinard-Chécot, D., Chevalier, Y., Briançon, S., Beney, L., Fessi, H., Mechanism of nanocapsules formation by the emulsion-diffusion process. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 317 (2008), 458–468, 10.1016/j.jcis.2007.09.081.
184. Mora-Huertas, C.E., Fessi, H., Elaissari, A., Influence of process and formulation parameters on the formation of submicron particles by solvent displacement and emulsification-diffusion methods critical comparison. Adv. Colloid Interface Sci. 163 (2011), 90–122, 10.1016/j.cis.2011.02.005.
185. Tamjidi, F., Shahedi, M., Varshosaz, J., Nasirpour, A., Nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC): a potential delivery system for bioactive food molecules. Innov. Food Sci. Emerg. Technol. 19 (2013), 29–43, 10.1016/j.ifset.2013.03.002.
186. Seetapan, N., Bejrapha, P., Srinuanchai, W., Ruktanonchai, U.R., Rheological and morphological characterizations on physical stability of gamma-oryzanol-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs). Micron 41 (2010), 51–58, 10.1016/j.micron.2009.08.003.
187. Lin, X., Li, X., Zheng, L., Yu, L., Zhang, Q., Liu, W., Preparation and characterization of monocaprate nanostructured lipid carriers. Colloids Surf. A Physicochem. Eng. Asp. 311 (2007), 106–111, 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2007.06.003.
188. Anantachaisilp, S., Smith, S.M., Treetong, A., Pratontep, S., Puttipipatkhachorn, S., Ruktanonchai, U.R., Chemical and structural investigation of lipid nanoparticles: drug-lipid interaction and molecular distribution. Nanotechnology, 21, 2010, 125102, 10.1088/0957-4484/21/12/125102.
189. Jores, K., Mehnert, W., Mäder, K., Physicochemical investigations on solid lipid nanoparticles and on oil-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles: a nuclear magnetic resonance and electron spin resonance study. Pharm. Res. 20 (2003), 1274–1283, 10.1023/A:1025065418309.
190. Jores, K., Mehnert, W., Drechsler, M., Bunjes, H., Johann, C., Mäder, K., Investigations on the structure of solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) and oil-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles by photon correlation spectroscopy, field-flow fractionation and transmission electron microscopy. J. Control. Release 95 (2004), 217–227, 10.1016/j.jconrel.2003.11.012.
191. Delgado, A.V., González-Caballero, F., Hunter, R.J., Koopal, L.K., Lyklema, J., Measurement and interpretation of electrokinetic phenomena (IUPAC technical report). Pure Appl. Chem. 77 (2005), 1753–1805, 10.1351/pac200577101753.
192. ASTM International, E2865-12. Standard, Guide for “Measurement of electrophoretic mobility and zeta potential of nanosized biological materials”. ASTM, 2015, 1–7, 10.1520/E2865-12.2.
193. Gaumet, M., Vargas, A., Gurny, R., Delie, F., Nanoparticles for drug delivery: the need for precision in reporting particle size parameters. Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm. 69 (2008), 1–9, 10.1016/j.ejpb.2007.08.001.
194. Bhattacharjee, S., DLS and zeta potential – what they are and what they are not?. J. Control. Release 235 (2016), 337–351, 10.1016/j.jconrel.2016.06.017.
195. Fischer, K., Schmidt, M., Pitfalls and novel applications of particle sizing by dynamic light scattering. Biomaterials 98 (2016), 79–91, 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2016.05.003.
196. Ban, C., Lim, S., Chang, P.-S.S., Choi, Y.J., Enhancing the stability of lipid nanoparticle systems by sonication during the cooling step and controlling the liquid oil content. J. Agric. Food Chem. 62 (2014), 11557–11567, 10.1021/jf503489v.
197. Gao, S., McClements, D.J., Formation and stability of solid lipid nanoparticles fabricated using phase inversion temperature method. Colloids Surf. A Physicochem. Eng. Asp. 499 (2016), 79–87, 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2016.03.065.
198. Klang, V., Matsko, N.B., Valenta, C., Hofer, F., Electron microscopy of nanoemulsions: an essential tool for characterisation and stability assessment. Micron 43 (2012), 85–103, 10.1016/j.micron.2011.07.014.
199. Kuntsche, J., Horst, J.C., Bunjes, H., Cryogenic transmission electron microscopy (cryo-TEM) for studying the morphology of colloidal drug delivery systems. Int. J. Pharm. 417 (2011), 120–137, 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2011.02.001.
200. zur Mühlen, A., zur Mühlen, E., Niehus, H., Mehnert, W., Atomic force microscopy studies of solid lipid nanoparticles. Pharm. Res. 13 (1996), 1411–1416, 10.1023/A:1016042504830.
201. Saupe, A., Gordon, K.C., Rades, T., Structural investigations on nanoemulsions, solid lipid nanoparticles and nanostructured lipid carriers by cryo-field emission scanning electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy. Int. J. Pharm. 314 (2006), 56–62, 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2006.01.022.
202. Illing, A., Unruh, T., Investigation on the flow behavior of dispersions of solid triglyceride nanoparticles. Int. J. Pharm. 284 (2004), 123–131, 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2004.07.017.
203. Sjöström, B., Kaplun, A., Talmon, Y., Cabane, B., Structures of nanoparticles prepared from oil-in-water emulsions. Pharm. Res. 12 (1995), 39–48, 10.1023/A:1016278302046.
204. Heurtault, B., Saulnier, P., Pech, B., Proust, J.E., Benoît, J.P., Physico-chemical stability of colloidal lipid particles. Biomaterials 24 (2003), 4283–4300, 10.1016/S0142-9612(03)00331-4.
205. Lukowski, G., Kasbohm, J., Pflegel, P., Illing, A., Wulff, H., Crystallographic investigation of cetylpalmitate solid lipid nanoparticles. Int. J. Pharm. 196 (2000), 201–205, 10.1016/S0378-5173(99)00421-4.
206. Bunjes, H., Koch, M.H.J., Westesen, K., Effect of particle size on colloidal solid triglycerides. Langmuir 16 (2000), 5234–5241, 10.1021/la990856l.
207. Noack, A., Hause, G., Mäder, K., Physicochemical characterization of curcuminoid-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles. Int. J. Pharm. 423 (2012), 440–451, 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2011.12.011.
208. Bunjes, H., Koch, M.H.J., Westesen, K., Influence of emulsifiers on the crystallization of solid lipid nanoparticles. J. Pharm. Sci. 92 (2003), 1509–1520, 10.1002/jps.10413.
209. Gehrer, S., Schmiele, M., Westermann, M., Steiniger, F., Unruh, T., Liquid crystalline phase formation in suspensions of solid trimyristin nanoparticles. J. Phys. Chem. B 118 (2014), 11387–11396, 10.1021/jp506787v.
210. Crucho, C.I.C., Barros, M.T., Polymeric nanoparticles: a study on the preparation variables and characterization methods. Mater. Sci. Eng. C 80 (2017), 771–784, 10.1016/j.msec.2017.06.004.
211. Bunjes, H., Structural properties of solid lipid based colloidal drug delivery systems. Curr. Opin. Colloid Interface Sci. 16 (2011), 405–411, 10.1016/j.cocis.2011.06.007.
212. Garcia-Fuentes, M., Torres, D., Martín-Pastor, M., Alonso, M.J., Application of NMR spectroscopy to the characterization of PEG-stabilized lipid nanoparticles. Langmuir 20 (2004), 8839–8845, 10.1021/la049505j.
213. Heiati, H., Phillips, N.C., Tawashi, R., Evidence for phospholipid bilayer formation in solid lipid nanoparticles formulated with phospholipid and triglyceride. Pharm. Res. 13 (1996), 1406–1410, 10.1023/A:1016090420759.
214. Schubert, M.A., Schicke, B.C., Müller-Goymann, C.C., Thermal analysis of the crystallization and melting behavior of lipid matrices and lipid nanoparticles containing high amounts of lecithin. Int. J. Pharm. 298 (2005), 242–254, 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2005.04.014.
215. Bunjes, H., Unruh, T., Characterization of lipid nanoparticles by differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray and neutron scattering. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 59 (2007), 379–402, 10.1016/j.addr.2007.04.013.
216. Da Dong, Y., Boyd, B.J., Applications of X-ray scattering in pharmaceutical science. Int. J. Pharm. 417 (2011), 101–111, 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2011.01.022.
217. Okuda, S., McClements, D.J., Decker, E.A., Impact of lipid physical state on the oxidation of methyl linolenate in oil-in-water emulsions. J. Agric. Food Chem. 53 (2005), 9624–9628, 10.1021/jf0518960.
218. Wang, J.J., Liu, K.S., Sung, K.C., Tsai, C.Y., Fang, J.Y., Lipid nanoparticles with different oil/fatty ester ratios as carriers of buprenorphine and its prodrugs for injection. Eur. J. Pharm. Sci. 38 (2009), 138–146, 10.1016/j.ejps.2009.06.008.
219. Sonoda, T., Takata, Y., Ueno, S., Sato, K., Effects of emulsifiers on crystallization behavior of lipid crystals in nanometer-size oil-in-water emulsion droplets. Cryst. Growth Des. 6 (2006), 306–312, 10.1021/cg050045h.
220. Metin, S., Hartel, R.W., Crystallization of fats and oils. Shahidi, F., (eds.) Bailey's Ind. Oil Fat Prod., sixth ed., 2005, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey, 45–76, 10.1002/047167849X.bio021.
221. Sato, K., Ueno, S., Polymorphism in fats and oils. Shahidi, F., (eds.) Bailey's Ind. Oil Fat Prod., sixth ed., 2005, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey, 77–120, 10.1002/047167849X.bio020.
222. Ribeiro, A.P.B., Masuchi, M.H., Miyasaki, E.K., Domingues, M.A.F., Stroppa, V.L.Z., de Oliveira, G.M., Kieckbusch, T.G., Paula, A., Ribeiro, B., Masuchi, M.H., Miyasaki, E.K., Crystallization modifiers in lipid systems. J. Food Sci. Technol. 52 (2015), 3925–3946, 10.1007/s13197-014-1587-0.
223. Hagemann, J.W., Rothfus, J.A., Polymorphism and transformation energetics of saturated monoacid triglycerides from differential scanning calorimetry and theoretical modeling. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 60 (1983), 1123–1131, 10.1007/BF02671340.
224. Sato, K., Crystallization behaviour of fats and lipids — a review. Chem. Eng. Sci. 56 (2001), 2255–2265, 10.1016/S0009-2509(00)00458-9.
225. Marangoni, A.G., Acevedo, N., Maleky, F., Co, E., Peyronel, F., Mazzanti, G., Quinn, B., Pink, D., Structure and functionality of edible fats. Soft Matter. 8 (2012), 1275–1300, 10.1039/C1SM06234D.
226. Lawler, P., Dimick, P., Crystallization and polymorphism of fats. Akoh, C.C., Min, D.B., (eds.) Food Lipids. Chem. Nutr. Biotechnol., second ed., 2002, CRC Press, 275–300, 10.1201/9780203908815.ch9.
227. Tran, T., Rousseau, D., Influence of shear on fat crystallization. Food Res. Int. 81 (2016), 157–162, 10.1016/j.foodres.2015.12.022.
228. Fontenele, D.M.A., Bandan, R.A.P.B., Guenter, K.T., Gioielli, L.A., Grimaldi, R., Cardoso, L.P., Guaraldo, G.L.A., Advances in lipids crystallization technology. Adv. Top. Cryst., 2015, InTech, 105–132, 10.5772/59767.
229. Foubert, I., Vanhoutte, B., Dewettinck, K., Temperature and concentration dependent effect of partial glycerides on milk fat crystallization. Eur. J. Lipid Sci. Technol. 106 (2004), 531–539, 10.1002/ejlt.200400979.
230. Palanuwech, J., Coupland, J.N., Effect of surfactant type on the stability of oil-in-water emulsions to dispersed phase crystallization. Colloids Surf. A Physicochem. Eng. Asp. 223 (2003), 251–262, 10.1016/S0927-7757(03)00169-9.
231. Douaire, M., di Bari, V., Norton, J.E., Sullo, A., Lillford, P., Norton, I.T., Fat crystallisation at oil–water interfaces. Adv. Colloid Interface Sci. 203 (2014), 1–10, 10.1016/j.cis.2013.10.022.
232. Bunjes, H., Koch, M.H.J., Saturated phospholipids promote crystallization but slow down polymorphic transitions in triglyceride nanoparticles. J. Control. Release 107 (2005), 229–243, 10.1016/j.jconrel.2005.06.004.
233. Zhao, S., Yang, X., Garamus, V.M., Handge, U.A., Bérengère, L., Zhao, L., Salamon, G., Willumeit, R., Zou, A., Fan, S., Mixture of nonionic/ionic surfactants for the formulation of nanostructured lipid carriers: effects on physical properties. Langmuir 30 (2014), 6920–6928, 10.1021/la501141m.
234. Freitas, C., Müller, R.H., Correlation between long-term stability of solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) and crystallinity of the lipid phase. Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm. 47 (1999), 125–132, 10.1016/S0939-6411(98)00074-5.
235. Bricarello, D.A., Pan, Y., Nitin, N., Interactions between the lipid core and the phospholipid interface in emulsions and solid lipid nanoparticles. Food Biophys. 10 (2015), 466–473, 10.1007/s11483-015-9413-4.
236. Cavalli, R., Caputo, O., Gasco, M.R., Solid lipospheres of doxorubicin and idarubicin. Int. J. Pharm., 89, 1993, 10.1016/0378-5173(93)90313-5.
237. Westesen, K., Siekmann, B., Investigation of the gel formation of phospholipid-stabilized solid lipid nanoparticles. Int. J. Pharm. 151 (1997), 35–45.
238. Dong, Y., Ng, W.K., Shen, S., Kim, S., Tan, R.B.H., Solid lipid nanoparticles: continuous and potential large-scale nanoprecipitation production in static mixers. Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces 94 (2012), 68–72, 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2012.01.018.
239. Saupe, A., Wissing, S.A., Lenk, A., Schmidt, C., Müller, R.H., Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) and nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) – structural investigations on two different carrier systems. Biomed. Mater. Eng. 15 (2005), 393–402 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16179760.
240. Beloqui, A., Solinís, M.Á., Rodríguez-Gascón, A., Almeida, A.J., Préat, V., Nanostructured lipid carriers: promising drug delivery systems for future clinics. Nanomedicine 12 (2016), 143–161, 10.1016/j.nano.2015.09.004.
241. Montenegro, L., Lai, F., Offerta, A., Sarpietro, M.G., Micicchè, L., Maccioni, A.M., Valenti, D., Fadda, A.M., From nanoemulsions to nanostructured lipid carriers: a relevant development in dermal delivery of drugs and cosmetics. J. Drug Deliv. Sci. Technol. 32 (2015), 100–112, 10.1016/j.jddst.2015.10.003.
242. Li, Q., Cai, T., Huang, Y., Xia, X., Cole, S., Cai, Y., A review of the structure, preparation, and application of NLCs, PNPs, and PLNs. Nanomaterials, 7, 2017, 122, 10.3390/nano7060122.
243. Ganesan, P., Narayanasamy, D., Lipid nanoparticles: different preparation techniques, characterization, hurdles, and strategies for the production of solid lipid nanoparticles and nanostructured lipid carriers for oral drug delivery. Sustain. Chem. Pharm. 6 (2017), 37–56, 10.1016/j.scp.2017.07.002.
244. TM ) based on binary mixtures of liquid and solid lipids: a 1H-NMR study. Int. J. Pharm. 205 (2000), 15–21, 10.1016/S0378-5173(00)00462-2.
245. Dan, N., Compound release from nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs). J. Food Eng. 171 (2016), 37–43, 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2015.10.005.
246. Nelson, D.D., Pan, Y., Tikekar, R.V., Dan, N., Nitin, N., Compound stability in nanoparticles: the effect of solid phase fraction on diffusion of degradation agents into nanostructured lipid carriers. Langmuir 33 (2017), 14115–14122, 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b03407.
247. Dan, N., Nanostructured lipid carriers: effect of solid phase fraction and distribution on the release of encapsulated materials. Langmuir 30 (2014), 13809–13814, 10.1021/la5030197.
248. Teeranachaideekul, V., Boonme, P., Souto, E.B., Müller, R.H., Junyaprasert, V.B., Influence of oil content on physicochemical properties and skin distribution of Nile red-loaded NLC. J. Control. Release 128 (2008), 134–141, 10.1016/j.jconrel.2008.02.011.
249. Bunjes, H., Characterization of solid lipid nano-and microparticles. Nastruzzi, C., (eds.) Lipospheres Drug Targets Deliv., 2004, CRC Press, 41–66, 10.1201/9780203505281.ch3.
250. Rahman, Z., Zidan, A.S., Khan, M.A., Non-destructive methods of characterization of risperidone solid lipid nanoparticles. Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm. 76 (2010), 127–137, 10.1016/j.ejpb.2010.05.003.
251. Milsmann, J., Oehlke, K., Greiner, R., Steffen-Heins, A., Fate of edible solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) in surfactant stabilized o/w emulsions. Part 2: release and partitioning behavior of lipophilic probes from SLN into different phases of o/w emulsions. Colloids Surf. A Physicochem. Eng. Asp., 2017, 1, 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2017.05.050.
252. Long, C., Zhang, L., Qian, Y., Mesoscale simulation of drug molecules distribution in the matrix of solid lipid microparticles (SLM). Chem. Eng. J. 119 (2006), 99–106, 10.1016/j.cej.2006.03.031.
253. Ahlin, P., Kristl, J., Pečar, S., Štrancar, J., Šentjurc, M., The effect of lipophilicity of spin-labeled compounds on their distribution in solid lipid nanoparticle dispersions studied by electron paramagnetic resonance. J. Pharm. Sci. 92 (2003), 58–66, 10.1002/jps.10277.
254. Ahlin, P., Kristl, J., Šentjurc, M., Štrancar, J., Pečar, S., Influence of spin probe structure on its distribution in SLN dispersions. Int. J. Pharm. 196 (2000), 241–244, 10.1016/S0378-5173(99)00431-7.
255. Berton-Carabin, C.C., Coupland, J.N., Elias, R.J., Effect of the lipophilicity of model ingredients on their location and reactivity in emulsions and solid lipid nanoparticles. Colloids Surf. A Physicochem. Eng. Asp. 431 (2013), 9–17, 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2013.04.016.
256. Yucel, U., Elias, R.J., Coupland, J.N., Effect of liquid oil on the distribution and reactivity of a hydrophobic solute in solid lipid nanoparticles. JAOCS, J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 90 (2013), 819–824, 10.1007/s11746-013-2228-x.
257. Sivaramakrishnan, R., Nakamura, C., Mehnert, W., Korting, H.C., Kramer, K.D., Schäfer-Korting, M., Glucocorticoid entrapment into lipid carriers – characterisation by parelectric spectroscopy and influence on dermal uptake. J. Control. Release 97 (2004), 493–502, 10.1016/j.jconrel.2004.04.001.
258. Sivaramakrishnan, R., Kankate, L., Niehus, H., Kramer, K.D., Parelectric spectroscopy of drug-carrier-systems—distribution of carrier masses or activation energies. Biophys. Chem. 114 (2005), 221–228, 10.1016/j.bpc.2004.12.007.
259. Pan, Y., Tikekar, R.V., Nitin, N., Distribution of a model bioactive within solid lipid nanoparticles and nanostructured lipid carriers influences its loading efficiency and oxidative stability. Int. J. Pharm. 511 (2016), 322–330, 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2016.07.019.
260. Davis, S., Haldipur, J., Zhao, Y., Dan, N., Pan, Y., Nitin, N., Tikekar, R.V., Effect of distribution of solid and liquid lipid domains on transport of free radicals in nanostructured lipid carriers. LWT – Food Sci. Technol. 64 (2015), 14–17, 10.1016/j.lwt.2015.05.013.
261. Tikekar, R.V., Nitin, N., Distribution of encapsulated materials in colloidal particles and its impact on oxidative stability of encapsulated materials. Langmuir 28 (2012), 9233–9243, 10.1021/la301435k.
262. Haag, S.F., Chen, M., Peters, D., Keck, C.M., Taskoparan, B., Fahr, A., Teutloff, C., Bittl, R., Lademann, J., Schäfer-Korting, M., Meinke, M.C., Nanostructured lipid carriers as nitroxide depot system measured by electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy. Int. J. Pharm. 421 (2011), 364–369, 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2011.10.009.
263. Finke, J.H., Richter, C., Gothsch, T., Kwade, A., Büttgenbach, S., Müller-Goymann, C.C., Coumarin 6 as a fluorescent model drug: how to identify properties of lipid colloidal drug delivery systems via fluorescence spectroscopy?. Eur. J. Lipid Sci. Technol. 116 (2014), 1234–1246, 10.1002/ejlt.201300413.
264. Jores, K., Haberland, A., Wartewig, S., Mäder, K., Mehnert, W., Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) and oil-loaded SLN studied by spectrofluorometry and raman spectroscopy. Pharm. Res. 22 (2005), 1887–1897, 10.1007/s11095-005-7148-5.
265. Zoubari, G., Staufenbiel, S., Volz, P., Alexiev, U., Bodmeier, R., Effect of drug solubility and lipid carrier on drug release from lipid nanoparticles for dermal delivery. Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm. 110 (2017), 39–46, 10.1016/j.ejpb.2016.10.021.
266. Guo, T., Zhang, Y., Zhao, J., Zhu, C., Feng, N., Nanostructured lipid carriers for percutaneous administration of alkaloids isolated from Aconitum sinomontanum. J. Nanobiotechnol. 13 (2015), 1–14, 10.1186/s12951-015-0107-3.
267. Hu, F.Q., Jiang, S.P., Du, Y.Z., Yuan, H., Ye, Y.Q., Zeng, S., Preparation and characteristics of monostearin nanostructured lipid carriers. Int. J. Pharm. 314 (2006), 83–89, 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2006.01.040.
268. Shen, J., Sun, M., Ping, Q., Ying, Z., Liu, W., Incorporation of liquid lipid in lipid nanoparticles for ocular drug delivery enhancement. Nanotechnology, 21, 2010, 025101, 10.1088/0957-4484/21/2/025101.
269. Hu, F.Q., Jiang, S.P., Du, Y.Z., Yuan, H., Ye, Y.Q., Zeng, S., Preparation and characterization of stearic acid nanostructured lipid carriers by solvent diffusion method in an aqueous system. Colloids Surf. B. Biointerfaces 45 (2005), 167–173, 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2005.08.005.
270. Zheng, M., Falkeborg, M., Zheng, Y., Yang, T., Xu, X., Formulation and characterization of nanostructured lipid carriers containing a mixed lipids core. Colloids Surf. A Physicochem. Eng. Asp. 430 (2013), 76–84, 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2013.03.070.
271. Garg, A., Singh, S., Enhancement in antifungal activity of eugenol in immunosuppressed rats through lipid nanocarriers. Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces 87 (2011), 280–288, 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2011.05.030.
272. Shah, R.M., Malherbe, F., Eldridge, D., Palombo, E.A., Harding, I.H., Physicochemical characterization of solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) prepared by a novel microemulsion technique. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 428 (2014), 286–294, 10.1016/j.jcis.2014.04.057.
273. Shah, M., Pathak, K., Development and statistical optimization of solid lipid nanoparticles of simvastatin by using 2(3) full-factorial design. AAPS PharmSciTech 11 (2010), 489–496, 10.1208/s12249-010-9414-z.
274. Deshpande, A., Mohamed, M., Daftardar, S.B., Patel, M., Boddu, S.H.S., Nesamony, J., Chapter 12 – solid lipid nanoparticles in drug delivery: opportunities and challenges. Emerg. Nanotechnologies Diagnostics, Drug Deliv. Med. Devices, 2017, 291–330, 10.1016/B978-0-323-42978-8.00012-7.
275. Shah, R.M., Bryant, G., Taylor, M., Eldridge, D.S., Palombo, E.A., Harding, I.H., Structure of solid lipid nanoparticles produced by a microwave-assisted microemulsion technique. RSC Adv. 6 (2016), 36803–36810, 10.1039/C6RA02020H.
276. Stage, T.B., Bergmann, T.K., Kroetz, D.L., Clinical pharmacokinetics of paclitaxel monotherapy: an updated literature review. Clin. Pharmacokinet., 2017, 1–13, 10.1007/s40262-017-0563-z.
277. Aditya, N.P.P., Macedo, A.S., Doktorovova, S., Souto, E.B., Kim, S., Chang, P.-S., Ko, S., Development and evaluation of lipid nanocarriers for quercetin delivery: a comparative study of solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN), nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC), and lipid nanoemulsions (LNE). LWT – Food Sci. Technol. 59 (2014), 115–121, 10.1016/j.lwt.2014.04.058.
278. Güney, G., Kutlu, H.M., Genç, L., Preparation and characterization of ascorbic acid loaded solid lipid nanoparticles and investigation of their apoptotic effects. Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces 121 (2014), 270–280, 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2014.05.008.
279. Shi, S., Han, L., Deng, L., Zhang, Y., Shen, H., Gong, T., Zhang, Z., Sun, X., Dual drugs (microRNA-34a and paclitaxel)-loaded functional solid lipid nanoparticles for synergistic cancer cell suppression. J. Control. Release 194 (2014), 228–237, 10.1016/j.jconrel.2014.09.005.
280. Banerjee, I., De, K., Mukherjee, D., Dey, G., Chattopadhyay, S., Mukherjee, M., Mandal, M., Bandyopadhyay, A.K., Gupta, A., Ganguly, S., Misra, M., Paclitaxel-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles modified with Tyr-3-octreotide for enhanced anti-angiogenic and anti-glioma therapy. Acta Biomater. 38 (2016), 69–81, 10.1016/j.actbio.2016.04.026.
281. Müller, R.H., Rühl, D., Runge, S.A., Biodegradation of solid lipid nanoparticles as a function of lipase incubation time. Int. J. Pharm. 144 (1996), 115–121, 10.1016/S0378-5173(96)04731-X.
282. Olbrich, C., Müller, R.H., Enzymatic degradation of SLN—effect of surfactant and surfactant mixtures. Int. J. Pharm. 180 (1999), 31–39, 10.1016/S0378-5173(98)00404-9.
283. Schöler, N., Hahn, H., Müller, R.H., Liesenfeld, O., Effect of lipid matrix and size of solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) on the viability and cytokine production of macrophages. Int. J. Pharm. 231 (2002), 167–176, 10.1016/S0378-5173(01)00882-1.
284. Müller, R.H., Maassen, S., Schwarz, C., Mehnert, W., Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) as potential carrier for human use: interaction with human granulocytes. J. Control. Release 47 (1997), 261–269, 10.1016/S0168-3659(97)01653-2.
285. Doktorovova, S., Souto, E.B., Silva, A.M., Nanotoxicology applied to solid lipid nanoparticles and nanostructured lipid carriers – a systematic review of in vitro data. Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm. 87 (2014), 1–18, 10.1016/j.ejpb.2014.02.005.
286. Mendes, L.P., Delgado, J.M.F., Costa, A.D.A., Vieira, M.S., Benfica, P.L., Lima, E.M., Valadares, M.C., Biodegradable nanoparticles designed for drug delivery: the number of nanoparticles impacts on cytotoxicity. Toxicol. Vitr. 29 (2015), 1268–1274, 10.1016/j.tiv.2014.12.021.
287. Etheridge, M.L., Campbell, S.A., Erdman, A.G., Haynes, C.L., Wolf, S.M., McCullough, J., The big picture on nanomedicine: the state of investigational and approved nanomedicine products. Nanomedicine 9 (2013), 1–14, 10.1016/j.nano.2012.05.013.
288. de Jonge, N., Ross, F.M., Electron microscopy of specimens in liquid. Nat. Nanotechnol. 6 (2011), 695–704, 10.1038/nnano.2011.161.
289. Keskin, S., Besztejan, S., Kassier, G., Manz, S., Bücker, R., Riekeberg, S., Trieu, H.K., Rentmeister, A., Miller, R.J.D., Visualization of multimerization and self-assembly of DNA-functionalized gold nanoparticles using in-liquid transmission electron microscopy. J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 6 (2015), 4487–4492, 10.1021/acs.jpclett.5b02075.
290. Ross, F.M., Opportunities and challenges in liquid cell electron microscopy. Science (80-.), 350, 2015, aaa9886, 10.1126/science.aaa9886.
291. Proetto, M.T., Rush, A.M., Chien, M.P., Abellan Baeza, P., Patterson, J.P., Thompson, M.P., Olson, N.H., Moore, C.E., Rheingold, A.L., Andolina, C., Millstone, J., Howell, S.B., Browning, N.D., Evans, J.E., Gianneschi, N.C., Dynamics of soft nanomaterials captured by transmission electron microscopy in liquid water. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 136 (2014), 1162–1165, 10.1021/ja408513m.
292. Hathout, R.M., Metwally, A.A., Towards better modelling of drug-loading in solid lipid nanoparticles: molecular dynamics, docking experiments and Gaussian Processes machine learning. Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm. 108 (2016), 262–268, 10.1016/j.ejpb.2016.07.019.
293. Huynh, L., Neale, C., Pomès, R., Allen, C., Computational approaches to the rational design of nanoemulsions, polymeric micelles, and dendrimers for drug delivery. Nanomed. Nanotechnol. Biol. Med. 8 (2012), 20–36, 10.1016/j.nano.2011.05.006.
294. Metwally, A.A., Hathout, R.M., Computer-assisted drug formulation design: novel approach in drug delivery. Mol. Pharm. 12 (2015), 2800–2810, 10.1021/mp500740d.