Solid Lipid Nanoparticles in Drug Delivery: Opportunities and Challenges

Emerging Nanotechnologies for Diagnostics, Drug Delivery and Medical Devices

Volumn , Issue , 2017, Pages 291-330

  Deshpande, Ameya ^a   Mohamed, Majrad ^a   Daftardar, Saloni B ^a   Patel, Meghavi ^a   Boddu, Sai H S ^a   Nesamony, Jerry ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TOLEDO   (United States)

Author keywords

Anticancer carriers; Diagnostics; Homogenization; PEG coated SLNs; Production; Solid lipid nanoparticles; Stability

Indexed keywords

EID: 85054200242     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-323-42978-8.00012-7     Document Type: Chapter

References (168)

1. Di L., Fish P.V., Mano T. Bridging solubility between drug discovery and development. Drug Discov Today 2012, 17:486-495.
2. Amidon G.L., Lennernäs H., Shah V.P., Crison J.R. A theoretical basis for a biopharmaceutic drug classification: the correlation of in vitro drug product dissolution and in vivo bioavailability. Pharm Res 1995, 12:413-420.
3. Mehnert W., Mäder K. Solid lipid nanoparticles: production, characterization and applications. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2001, 47:165-196.
4. Parhi R., Suresh P. Preparation and characterization of solid lipid nanoparticles-a review. Curr Drug Discov Technol 2012, 9:2-16.
5. Muèller R.H., Maèder K., Gohla S. Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) for controlled drug delivery-a review of the state of the art. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2000, 50:161-177.
6. Pathak K., Keshri L., Shah M. Lipid nanocarriers: influence of lipids on product development and pharmacokinetics. Crit Rev Ther Drug Carr Syst 2011, 28.
7. Lakkadwala S., Nguyen S., Lawrence J., Nauli S.M., Nesamony J. Physico-chemical characterisation, cytotoxic activity, and biocompatibility studies of tamoxifen-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles prepared via a temperature-modulated solidification method. J Microencapsul September 1, 2014, 31(6):590-599.
8. Shah R., Eldridge D., Palombo E., Harding I. Composition and structure. Lipid nanoparticles: production, characterization and stability 2015, 11-22. Springer.
9. Svilenov H., Tzachev C. Solid lipid nanoparticles-a promising drug delivery system. Nanomedicine 2014, 187-237. One Central Press, Manchester.
10. Eldem T., Speiser P., Hincal A. Optimization of spray-dried and-congealed lipid micropellets and characterization of their surface morphology by scanning electron microscopy. Pharm Res 1991, 8:47-54.
11. Speiser P. Lipidnanopellets als Trägersystem für Arzneimittel zur peroralen Anwendung, European Patent EP, 167825; 1990.
12. Domb AJ, Maniar M. Lipospheres for controlled delivery of substances, in, EP Patent 0,502,119; 1996.
13. Lucks S, Müller R. Medication vehicles made of solid lipid particles (solid lipid nanospheres-SLN), in, EP Patent 0,605,497; 1999.
14. zur Mühlen A., Schwarz C., Mehnert W. Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) for controlled drug delivery-drug release and release mechanism. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 1998, 45:149-155.
15. Ahlin P., Kristl J., Smid-Korbar J. Optimization of procedure parameters and physical stability of solid lipid nanoparticles in dispersions. Acta Pharm 1998, 48:259-267.
16. Schwarz C., Mehnert W., Müller R. Influence of production parameters of solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) on the suitability for intravenous injection. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 1994, 40:24S.
17. Friedrich I., Müller-Goymann C. Characterization of solidified reverse micellar solutions (SRMS) and production development of SRMS-based nanosuspensions. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2003, 56:111-119.
18. Sjöström B., Bergenståhl B. Preparation of submicron drug particles in lecithin-stabilized o/w emulsions I. Model studies of the precipitation of cholesteryl acetate. Int J Pharm 1992, 88:53-62.
19. Siekmann B., Westesen K. Investigations on solid lipid nanoparticles prepared by precipitation in o/w emulsions. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 1996, 42:104-109.
20. Garcia-Fuentes M., Torres D., Alonso M. Design of lipid nanoparticles for the oral delivery of hydrophilic macromolecules. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2003, 27:159-168.
21. Yassin A.E.B., Anwer M.K., Mowafy H.A., El-Bagory I.M., Bayomi M.A., Alsarra I.A. Optimization of 5-flurouracil solid-lipid nanoparticles: a preliminary study to treat colon cancer. Int J Med Sci 2010, 7:398.
22. Sjöström B., Bergenståhl B., Kronberg B. A method for the preparation of submicron particles of sparingly water-soluble drugs by precipitation in oil-in-water emulsions. II: influence of the emulsifier, the solvent, and the drug substance. J Pharm Sci 1993, 82:584-589.
23. Sjöstrom B., Kronberg B., Carlfors J. A method for the preparation of submicron particles of sparingly water-soluble drugs by precipitation in oil-in-water emulsions. I: influence of emulsification and surfactant concentration. J Pharm Sci 1993, 82:579-583.
24. Fessi C., Devissaguet J.P., Puisieux F., Thies C. Process for the preparation of dispersible colloidal systems of a substance in the form of nanoparticles 1992, [Google Patents].
25. Hu F., Yuan H., Zhang H., Fang M. Preparation of solid lipid nanoparticles with clobetasol propionate by a novel solvent diffusion method in aqueous system and physicochemical characterization. Int J Pharm 2002, 239:121-128.
26. Dubes A., Parrot-Lopez H., Abdelwahed W., Degobert G., Fessi H., Shahgaldian P., Coleman A.W. Scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy imaging of solid lipid nanoparticles derived from amphiphilic cyclodextrins. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2003, 55:279-282.
27. Schubert M., Müller-Goymann C. Solvent injection as a new approach for manufacturing lipid nanoparticles-evaluation of the method and process parameters. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2003, 55:125-131.
28. Quintanar-Guerrero D., Allemann E., Fessi H., Doelker E. Pseudolatex preparation using a novel emulsion-diffusion process involving direct displacement of partially water-miscible solvents by distillation. Int J Pharm 1999, 188:155-164.
29. Trotta M., Debernardi F., Caputo O. Preparation of solid lipid nanoparticles by a solvent emulsification-diffusion technique. Int J Pharm 2003, 257:153-160.
30. Shahgaldian P., Gualbert J., Assa K., Coleman A.W. A study of the freeze-drying conditions of calixarene based solid lipid nanoparticles. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2003, 55:181-184.
31. Shahgaldian P., Quattrocchi L., Gualbert J., Coleman A.W., Goreloff P. AFM imaging of calixarene based solid lipid nanoparticles in gel matrices. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2003, 55:107-113.
32. Cavalli R., Gasco M., Morel S. Behaviour of timolol incorporated in lipospheres in the presence of a series of phosphate esters. STP Pharma Sci 1992, 2:514-518.
33. Gasco M., Morel S., Carpignano R. Optimization of the incorporation of deoxycorticosterone acetate in lipospheres. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 1992, 38:7-10.
34. Cavalli R., Caputo O., Gasco M.R. Solid lipospheres of doxorubicin and idarubicin. Int J Pharm 1993, 89:R9-R12.
35. Cavalli R., Morel S., Gasco M., Chetoni P. Preparation and evaluation in vitro of colloidal lipospheres containing pilocarpine as ion pair. Int J Pharm 1995, 117:243-246.
36. Morel S., Ugazio E., Cavalli R., Gasco M.R. Thymopentin in solid lipid nanoparticles. Int J Pharm 1996, 132:259-261.
37. Cavalli R., Caputo O., Carlotti M.E., Trotta M., Scarnecchia C., Gasco M.R. Sterilization and freeze-drying of drug-free and drug-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles. Int J Pharm 1997, 148:47-54.
38. Cavalli R., Caputo O., Gasco M.R. Preparation and characterization of solid lipid nanospheres containing paclitaxel. Eur J Pharm Sci 2000, 10:305-309.
39. Jenning V., Schäfer-Korting M., Gohla S. Vitamin A-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles for topical use: drug release properties. J Control Release 2000, 66:115-126.
40. Lukowski G., Pflegel P. Electron diffraction of solid lipid nanoparticles loaded with aciclovir. Pharmazie 1997, 52:642-643.
41. Schwarz C., Freitas C., Mehnert W., Muller R. Sterilization and physical stability of drug-free and etomidate-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles. Proc Int Symp Control Release Bioact Mater 1995, 766-767.
42. Penkler L.J., Müller R.H., Runge S.A., Ravelli V. Pharmaceutical cyclosporin formulation with improved biopharmaceutical properties, improved physical quality and greater stability, and method for producing said formulation 2003, [Google Patents].
43. Heiati H., Tawashi R., Phillips N. Drug retention and stability of solid lipid nanoparticles containing azidothymidine palmitate after autoclaving, storage and lyophilization. J Microencapsul 1998, 15:173-184.
44. Westesen K., Bunjes H., Koch M. Physicochemical characterization of lipid nanoparticles and evaluation of their drug loading capacity and sustained release potential. J Control Release 1997, 48:223-236.
45. Yang S.C., Lu L.F., Cai Y., Zhu J.B., Liang B.W., Yang C.Z. Body distribution in mice of intravenously injected camptothecin solid lipid nanoparticles and targeting effect on brain. J Control Release 1999, 59:299-307.
46. Demirel M., Yazan Y., Müller R., Kilic F., Bozan B. Formulation and in vitro-in vivo evaluation of piribedil solid lipid micro-and nanoparticles. J Microencapsul 2001, 18:359-371.
47. Jenning V., Mäder K., Gohla S.H. Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) based on binary mixtures of liquid and solid lipids: a 1 H-NMR study. Int J Pharm 2000, 205:15-21.
48. Westesen K., Siekmann B., Koch M.H. Investigations on the physical state of lipid nanoparticles by synchrotron radiation X-ray diffraction. Int J Pharm 1993, 93:189-199.
49. Bunjes H., Westesen K., Koch M.H. Crystallization tendency and polymorphic transitions in triglyceride nanoparticles. Int J Pharm 1996, 129:159-173.
50. Jenning V., Thünemann A.F., Gohla S.H. Characterisation of a novel solid lipid nanoparticle carrier system based on binary mixtures of liquid and solid lipids. Int J Pharm 2000, 199:167-177.
51. Shah R., Eldridge D., Palombo E., Harding I. Lipid nanoparticles: production, characterization and stability 2015, Springer.
52. Üner M., Yener G. Importance of solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) in various administration routes and future perspectives. Int J Nanomedicine 2007, 2:289.
53. Müller R.H., Radtke M., Wissing S.A. Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) and nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) in cosmetic and dermatological preparations. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2002, 54:S131-S155.
54. Cho H.-J., Park J.W., Yoon I.-S., Kim D.-D. Surface-modified solid lipid nanoparticles for oral delivery of docetaxel: enhanced intestinal absorption and lymphatic uptake. Int J Nanomedicine 2014, 9:495.
55. Sarmento B., Martins S., Ferreira D., Souto E.B. Oral insulin delivery by means of solid lipid nanoparticles. Int J Nanomedicine 2007, 2:743.
56. Padhye S., Nagarsenker M.S. Simvastatin solid lipid nanoparticles for oral delivery: formulation development and in vivo evaluation. Indian J Pharm Sci 2013, 75:591.
57. Sangsen Y., Likhitwitayawuid K., Sritularak B., Wiwattanawongsa K., Wiwattanapatapee R. Novel solid lipid nanoparticles for oral delivery of oxyresveratrol: effect of the formulation parameters on the physicochemical properties and in vitro release. Int J Med Pharm Sci Eng 2013, 7:506-513.
58. Yang S., Zhu J., Lu Y., Liang B., Yang C. Body distribution of camptothecin solid lipid nanoparticles after oral administration. Pharm Res 1999, 16:751-757.
59. Zara G.P., Cavalli R., Bargoni A., Fundarò A., Vighetto D., Gasco M.R. Intravenous administration to rabbits of non-stealth and stealth doxorubicin-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles at increasing concentrations of stealth agent: pharmacokinetics and distribution of doxorubicin in brain and other tissues. J Drug Target 2002, 10:327-335.
60. Manjunath K., Venkateswarlu V. Pharmacokinetics, tissue distribution and bioavailability of clozapine solid lipid nanoparticles after intravenous and intraduodenal administration. J Control Release 2005, 107:215-228.
61. Wise D.L. Handbook of pharmaceutical controlled release technology 2000, CRC Press.
62. Zhang J., Purdon C.H., Smith E.W. Solid lipid nanoparticles for topical drug delivery. Am J Drug Deliv 2006, 4:215-220.
63. Lippacher A., Müller R., Mäder K. Liquid and semisolid SLN dispersions for topical application: rheological characterization. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2004, 58:561-567.
64. Varshosaz J., Ghaffari S., Mirshojaei S., Jafarian A., Atyabi F., Kobarfard F., Azarmi S. Biodistribution of amikacin solid lipid nanoparticles after pulmonary delivery. BioMed Res Int 2013, 2013.
65. Paranjpe M., Finke J., Richter C., Gothsch T., Kwade A., Büttgenbach S., Müller-Goymann C. Physicochemical characterization of sildenafil-loaded solid lipid nanoparticle dispersions (SLN) for pulmonary application. Int J Pharm 2014, 476:41-49.
66. Nair R., Arunkumar K., Vishnu Priya K., Sevukarajan M. Recent advances in solid lipid nanoparticle based drug delivery systems. J Biomed Sci Res 2011, 3:368-384.
67. Sznitowska M., Gajewska M., Janicki S., Radwanska A., Lukowski G. Bioavailability of diazepam from aqueous-organic solution, submicron emulsion and solid lipid nanoparticles after rectal administration in rabbits. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2001, 52:159-163.
68. Cavalli R., Gasco M.R., Chetoni P., Burgalassi S., Saettone M.F. Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) as ocular delivery system for tobramycin. Int J Pharm 2002, 238:241-245.
69. YuDA T., Maruyama K., Iwatsuru M. Prolongation of liposome circulation time by various derivatives of polyethyleneglycols. Biol Pharm Bull 1996, 19:1347-1351.
70. Zhang Y., Zhang J. Surface modification of monodisperse magnetite nanoparticles for improved intracellular uptake to breast cancer cells. J Colloid Interface Sci 2005, 283:352-357.
71. Kashanian S., Rostami E. PEG-stearate coated solid lipid nanoparticles as levothyroxine carriers for oral administration. J Nanoparticle Res 2014, 16:1-10.
72. Joshi M.D., Müller R.H. Lipid nanoparticles for parenteral delivery of actives. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2009, 71:161-172.
73. Wong H.L., Bendayan R., Rauth A.M., Li Y., Wu X.Y. Chemotherapy with anticancer drugs encapsulated in solid lipid nanoparticles. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2007, 59:491-504.
74. Shenoy V., Vijay I., Murthy R. Tumour targeting: biological factors and formulation advances in injectable lipid nanoparticles. J Pharm Pharmacol 2005, 57:411-421.
75. Lowenthal R.M., Eaton K. Toxicity of chemotherapy. Hematol/Oncol Clin N Am 1996, 10:967-990.
76. Krishna R., Mayer L.D. Multidrug resistance (MDR) in cancer: mechanisms, reversal using modulators of MDR and the role of MDR modulators in influencing the pharmacokinetics of anticancer drugs. Eur J Pharm Sci 2000, 11:265-283.
77. Matsumura Y., Maeda H. A new concept for macromolecular therapeutics in cancer chemotherapy: mechanism of tumoritropic accumulation of proteins and the antitumor agent SMANCS. Cancer Res 1986, 46:6387-6392.
78. Iyer A.K., Khaled G., Fang J., Maeda H. Exploiting the enhanced permeability and retention effect for tumor targeting. Drug Discov Today 2006, 11:812-818.
79. Chen D.-B., Yang T.-Z., Lu W.-L., Zhang Q. In vitro and in vivo study of two types of long-circulating solid lipid nanoparticles containing paclitaxel. Chem Pharm Bull 2001, 49:1444-1447.
80. Lee M.-K., Lim S.-J., Kim C.-K. Preparation, characterization and in vitro cytotoxicity of paclitaxel-loaded sterically stabilized solid lipid nanoparticles. Biomaterials 2007, 28:2137-2146.
81. Fontana G., Maniscalco L., Schillaci D., Cavallaro G., Giammona G. Solid lipid nanoparticles containing tamoxifen characterization and in vitro antitumoral activity. Drug Deliv 2005, 12:385-392.
82. Shaji J., Jain V. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci 2010, 2:8-17.
83. Béduneau A., Saulnier P., Benoit J.-P. Active targeting of brain tumors using nanocarriers. Biomaterials 2007, 28:4947-4967.
84. Rohit B., Pal K.I. A method to prepare solid lipid nanoparticles with improved entrapment efficiency of hydrophilic drugs,. Curr Nanosci 2013, 9:211-220.
85. Shah M., Agrawal Y., Garala K., Ramkishan A. Solid lipid nanoparticles of a water soluble drug, ciprofloxacin hydrochloride. Indian J Pharm Sci 2012, 74:434.
86. Liu D., Chen L., Jiang S., Zhu S., Qian Y., Wang F., Li R., Xu Q. Formulation and characterization of hydrophilic drug diclofenac sodium-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles based on phospholipid complexes technology. J Liposome Res 2014, 24:17-26.
87. Freitas C., Müller R.H. Correlation between long-term stability of solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) and crystallinity of the lipid phase. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 1999, 47:125-132.
88. Wissing S.A., Kayser O., Müller R.H. Solid lipid nanoparticles for parenteral drug delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2004, 56:1257-1272.
89. Freitas C., Müller R.H. Effect of light and temperature on zeta potential and physical stability in solid lipid nanoparticle (SLN) dispersions. Int J Pharm 1998, 168:221-229.
90. Kakkar V., Singh S., Singla D., Kaur I.P. Exploring solid lipid nanoparticles to enhance the oral bioavailability of curcumin. Mol Nutr Food Res 2011, 55:495-503.
91. Shahgaldian P., Da Silva E., Coleman A.W., Rather B., Zaworotko M.J. Para-acyl-calix-arene based solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs): a detailed study of preparation and stability parameters. Int J Pharm 2003, 253:23-38.
92. Westesen K. Novel lipid-based colloidal dispersions as potential drug administration systems - expectations and reality. Colloid Polym Sci 2000, 278:608-618.
93. Shegokar R., Singh K.K., Müller R.H. Production & stability of stavudine solid lipid nanoparticles-from lab to industrial scale. Int J Pharm 2011, 416:461-470.
94. Tsai M.-J., Huang Y.-B., Wu P.-C., Fu Y.-S., Kao Y.-R., Fang J.-Y., Tsai Y.-H. Oral apomorphine delivery from solid lipid nanoparticles with different monostearate emulsifiers: pharmacokinetic and behavioral evaluations. J Pharm Sci 2011, 100:547-557.
95. Paliwal R., Rai S., Vaidya B., Khatri K., Goyal A.K., Mishra N., Mehta A., Vyas S.P. Effect of lipid core material on characteristics of solid lipid nanoparticles designed for oral lymphatic delivery. Nanomedicine Nanotechnol Biol Med 2009, 5:184-191.
96. Radomska-Soukharev A. Stability of lipid excipients in solid lipid nanoparticles. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2007, 59:411-418.
97. Freitas C., Müller R.H. Spray-drying of solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN). Eur J Pharm Biopharm 1998, 46:145-151.
98. Solmaz G., Jaleh V., Afrooz S., Fatemeh A. Stability and antimicrobial effect of amikacin-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles. Int J Nanomedicine 2010, 6.
99. Kramer T., Kremer D.M., Pikal M.J., Petre W.J., Shalaev E.Y., Gatlin L.A. A procedure to optimize scale-up for the primary drying phase of lyophilization,. J Pharm Sci 2009, 98:307-318.
100. Torchilin V.P. Nanoparticulates as drug carriers 2006, Imperial College Press.
101. Crowe L.M., Womersley C., Crowe J.H., Reid D., Appel L., Rudolph A. Prevention of fusion and leakage in freeze-dried liposomes by carbohydrates. Biochim Biophys Acta Biomembr 1986, 861:131-140.
102. Bensouda Y., Cavé G., Seiller M., Puisieux F. Freeze-drying of emulsions-influence of congealing on granulometry research of a cryoprotective agent. Pharm Acta Helvetiae 1989, 64:40-44.
103. Madden T.D., Bally M.B., Hope M.J., Cullis P.R., Schieren H.P., Janoff A.S. Protection of large unilamellar vesicles by trehalose during dehydration: retention of vesicle contents. Biochim Biophys Acta 1985, 817:67-74.
104. Strauss G., Schurtenberger P., Hauser H. The interaction of saccharides with lipid bilayer vesicles: stabilization during freeze-thawing and freeze-drying,. Biochim Biophys Acta 1986, 858:169-180.
105. Hauser H., Strauss G. Stabilization of small, unilamellar phospholipid vesicles by sucrose during freezing and dehydration. Adv Exp Med Biol 1988, 238:71-80.
106. Vemuri S., Yu C.-D., Degroot J.S., Wangsatornthnakun V., Venkataram S. Effect of sugars on freeze-thaw and lyophilization of liposomes. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 1991, 17:327-348.
107. Shulkin P.M., Seltzer S.E., Davis M.A., Adams D.F. Lyophilized liposomes: a new method for long-term vesicular storage. J Microencapsul 1984, 1:73-80.
108. Ghaffari S., Varshosaz J., Saadat A., Atyabi F., Ghaffari S., Varshosaz J., Saadat A., Atyabi F. Stability and antimicrobial effect of amikacin-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles. Int J Nanomedicine 2011, 6:35.
109. Westesen K., Siekmann B. Investigation of the gel formation of phospholipid-stabilized solid lipid nanoparticles. Int J Pharm 1997, 151:35-45.
110. Helgason T., Awad T., Kristbergsson K., McClements D.J., Weiss J. Influence of polymorphic transformations on gelation of tripalmitin solid lipid nanoparticle suspensions. J Am Oil Chemists Soc 2008, 85:501-511.
111. Martin A.N., Swarbrick J., Cammarata A. Physical pharmacy: physical chemical principles in the pharmaceutical sciences 1983, Lea & Febiger.
112. Lippacher A., Müller R.H., Mäder K. Investigation on the viscoelastic properties of lipid based colloidal drug carriers. Int J Pharm 2000, 196:227-230.
113. Bunjes H., Koch M.H.J., Westesen K. Effect of particle size on colloidal solid triglycerides. Langmuir 2000, 16:5234-5241.
114. Westesen K., Bunjes H. Do nanoparticles prepared from lipids solid at room temperature always possess a solid lipid matrix?. Int J Pharm 1995, 115:129-131.
115. Heurtault B., Saulnier P., Pech B., Proust J.-E., Benoit J.-P. Physico-chemical stability of colloidal lipid particles. Biomaterials 2003, 24:4283-4300.
116. Eldem T., Speiser P., Altorfer H. Polymorphic behavior of sprayed lipid micropellets and its evaluation by differential scanning calorimetry and scanning electron microscopy. Pharm Res 1991, 8:178-184.
117. Jenning V., Gysler A., Schäfer-Korting M., Gohla S.H. Vitamin A loaded solid lipid nanoparticles for topical use: occlusive properties and drug targeting to the upper skin. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2000, 49:211-218.
118. Unruh T., Bunjes H., Westesen K., Koch M.H. Observation of size-dependent melting in lipid nanoparticles. J Phys Chem B 1999, 103:10373-10377.
119. Tadros T.F. Applied surfactants: principles and applications 2006, John Wiley & Sons.
120. McClements D.J. Food emulsions: principles, practices, and techniques 2015, CRC Press.
121. Kulshreshtha A.K., Singh O.N., Wall G.M. Pharmaceutical suspensions, from formulation development to manufacturing 2010, Springer, New York.
122. Grit M., Crommelin D.J.A. Chemical stability of liposomes: implications for their physical stability. Chem Phys Lipids 1993, 64:3-18.
123. Zuidam N.J., Gouw H.K., Barenholz Y., Crommelin D.J. Physical (in) stability of liposomes upon chemical hydrolysis: the role of lysophospholipids and fatty acids. Biochim Biophys Acta 1995, 1240:101-110.
124. Zuidam N.J., Crommelin D.J.A. Differential scanning calorimetric analysis of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine-liposomes upon hydrolysis. Int J Pharm 1995, 126:209-217.
125. Kreuter J. Colloidal drug delivery systems 1994, CRC Press.
126. Mehta R.C., Head L.F., Hazrati A.M., Parr M., Rapp R., DeLuca P. Fat emulsion particle-size distribution in total nutrient admixtures. Am J Health-Syst Pharm 1992, 49:2749-2755.
127. Puntis J., Wilkins K., Ball P., Rushton D., Booth I. Hazards of parenteral treatment: do particles count?. Arch Dis Child 1992, 67:1475-1477.
128. Müller R., Maassen S., Schwarz C. Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) as potential carrier for human use: interaction with human granulocytes. J Control Release 1997, 47:261-269.
129. Blunk T., Hochstrasser D.F., Sanchez J.C., Müller B.W., Müller R.H. Colloidal carriers for intravenous drug targeting: plasma protein adsorption patterns on surface-modified latex particles evaluated by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 1993, 14:1382-1387.
130. Müller R., Maaben S., Weyhers H., Mehnert W. Phagocytic uptake and cytotoxicity of solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) sterically stabilized with poloxamine 908 and poloxamer 407. J Drug Target 1996, 4:161-170.
131. Illum L., Davis S., Müller R., Mak E., West P. The organ distribution and circulation time of intravenously injected colloidal carriers sterically stabilized with a blockcopolymer-poloxamine 908. Life Sci 1987, 40:367-374.
132. Rudt S., Müller R. In vitro uptake of polystyrene latex particles and parenteral fat emulsions by human granulocytes. Int J Pharm 1993, 99:1-6.
133. Muller R., Olbrich C. Solid lipid nanoparticles: phagocytic uptake, in vitro cytotoxicity and in vitro biodegradation. Drugs Made Ger 1999, 42:49-53.
134. Prabhu P., Patravale V. The upcoming field of theranostic nanomedicine: an overview,. J Biomed Nanotechnol 2012, 8:859-882.
135. Schroeder A., Heller D.A., Winslow M.M., Dahlman J.E., Pratt G.W., Langer R., Jacks T., Anderson D.G. Treating metastatic cancer with nanotechnology. Nat Rev Cancer 2012, 12:39-50.
136. McCarroll J., Teo J., Boyer C., Goldstein D., Kavallaris M., Phillips P. Potential applications of nanotechnology for the diagnosis and treatment of pancreatic cancer. Front Physiol 2014, 5:2.
137. de Barros A.L.B., Soares D.C.F. Theranostic nanoparticles: imaging and therapy combined. J Mol Pharm Org Process Res 2014, 10.4172/2329-9053.1000e113.
138. Muthu M.S., Leong D.T., Mei L., Feng S.-S. Nanotheranostics - application and further development of nanomedicine strategies for advanced theranostics. Theranostics 2014, 4:660-677.
139. Ferrari M. Cancer nanotechnology: opportunities and challenges. Nat Rev Cancer 2005, 5:161-171.
140. Muthu M.S., Singh S. Targeted nanomedicines: effective treatment modalities for cancer, AIDS and brain disorders. Nanomedicine 2009, 4:105-118.
141. Zhao J., Mi Y., Feng S.-S. siRNA-based nanomedicine. Nanomedicine 2013, 8:859-862.
142. Mei L., Zhang Z., Zhao L., Huang L., Yang X.-L., Tang J., Feng S.-S. Pharmaceutical nanotechnology for oral delivery of anticancer drugs. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2013, 65:880-890.
143. Lammers T., Aime S., Hennink W.E., Storm G., Kiessling F. Theranostic nanomedicine. Acc Chem Res 2011, 44:1029-1038.
144. Ma X., Zhao Y., Liang X.-J. Theranostic nanoparticles engineered for clinic and pharmaceutics. Acc Chem Res 2011, 44:1114-1122.
145. Ahmed N., Fessi H., Elaissari A. Theranostic applications of nanoparticles in cancer. Drug Discov Today 2012, 17:928-934.
146. Shuhendler A.J., Prasad P., Leung M., Rauth A.M., DaCosta R.S., Wu X.Y. A novel solid lipid nanoparticle formulation for active targeting to tumor αvβ3 integrin receptors reveals cyclic RGD as a double-edged sword,. Adv Healthc Mater 2012, 1:600-608.
147. Albuquerque J., Moura C.C., Sarmento B., Reis S. Solid lipid nanoparticles: a potential multifunctional approach towards rheumatoid arthritis theranostics. Molecules 2015, 20:11103-11118.
148. Bae K.H., Lee J.Y., Lee S.H., Park T.G., Nam Y.S. Optically traceable solid lipid nanoparticles loaded with siRNA and paclitaxel for synergistic chemotherapy with in situ imaging. Adv Healthc Mater 2013, 2:576-584.
149. Borgstrom B. Importance of phospholipids, pancreatic phospholipase A2, and fatty acid for the digestion of dietary fat. Gastroenterology 1980, 78:954-962.
150. Borgström B., Donnér J. The polar interactions between pancreatic lipase, colipase and the triglyceride substrate. FEBS Lett 1977, 83:23-26.
151. Olbrich C., Müller R. Enzymatic degradation of SLN-effect of surfactant and surfactant mixtures. Int J Pharm 1999, 180:31-39.
152. Saupe A., Rades T. Solid lipid nanoparticles. Nanocarrier technologies 2006, 41-50. Springer.
153. Ekambaram P., Sathali A.A.H., Priyanka K. Solid lipid nanoparticles: a review. Sci Rev Chem Commun 2012, 2:80-102.
154. Domb A.J. Long acting injectable oxytetracycline-liposphere formulations. Int J Pharm 1995, 124:271-278.
155. Heiati H., Tawashi R., Shivers R.R., Phillips N.C. Solid lipid nanoparticles as drug carriers. I. Incorporation and retention of the lipophilic prodrug 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine palmitate. Int J Pharm 1997, 146:123-131.
156. Müller R.H., Rühl D., Runge S.A. Biodegradation of solid lipid nanoparticles as a function of lipase incubation time. Int J Pharm 1996, 144:115-121.
157. Almeida A.J., Runge S., Müller R.H. Peptide-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN): influence of production parameters. Int J Pharm 1997, 149:255-265.
158. Siekmann B., Westesen K. Submicron-sized parenteral carrier systems based on solid lipids. Pharm Pharmacol Lett 1992, 1:123-126.
159. Cavalli R., Peira E., Caputo O., Gasco M.R. Solid lipid nanoparticles as carriers of hydrocortisone and progesterone complexes with ?-cyclodextrins. Int J Pharm 1999, 182:59-69.
160. Müller R.H., Rühl D., Runge S., Schulze-Forster K., Mehnert W. Cytotoxicity of solid lipid nanoparticles as a function of the lipid matrix and the surfactant. Pharm Res 1997, 14:458-462.
161. Zur Mühlen A., Zur Mühlen E., Niehus H., Mehnert W. Atomic force microscopy studies of solid lipid nanoparticles. Pharm Res 1996, 13:1411-1416.
162. Pardeike J., Weber S., Haber T., Wagner J., Zarfl H., Plank H., Zimmer A. Development of an itraconazole-loaded nanostructured lipid carrier (NLC) formulation for pulmonary application. Int J Pharm 2011, 419:329-338.
163. Cavalli R., Caputo O., Marengo E., Pattarino F., Gasco M. The effect of the components of microemulsions on both size and crystalline structure of solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) containing a series of model molecules. Pharmazie 1998, 53:392-396.
164. Cavalli R., Marengo E., Rodriguez L., Gasco M.R. Effects of some experimental factors on the production process of solid lipid nanoparticles. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 1996, 42:110-115.
165. Li Y.-Z., Sun X., Gong T., Liu J., Zuo J., Zhang Z.-R. Inhalable microparticles as carriers for pulmonary delivery of thymopentin-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles. Pharm Res 2010, 27:1977-1986.
166. Liu J., Gong T., Fu H., Wang C., Wang X., Chen Q., Zhang Q., He Q., Zhang Z. Solid lipid nanoparticles for pulmonary delivery of insulin. Int J Pharm 2008, 356:333-344.
167. Chattopadhyay P., Shekunov B.Y., Yim D., Cipolla D., Boyd B., Farr S. Production of solid lipid nanoparticle suspensions using supercritical fluid extraction of emulsions (SFEE) for pulmonary delivery using the AERx system. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2007, 59:444-453.
168. Rudolph C., Schillinger U., Ortiz A., Tabatt K., Plank C., Müller R.H., Rosenecker J. Application of novel solid lipid nanoparticle (SLN)-gene vector formulations based on a dimeric HIV-1 TAT-peptide in vitro and in vivo. Pharm Res 2004, 21:1662-1669.