Inflammasome and atherogenesis

Current Pharmaceutical Design

Volumn 20, Issue 1, 2014, Pages 108-124

  Lu, Xinjie ^a   Kakkar, Vijay ^a  

^a THROMBOSIS RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Atherosclerosis; Atherosgenesis; Autophagy; Caspase; Inflammasome

Indexed keywords

CASPASE 10; CASPASE 2; CASPASE 5; CASPASE 8; CASPASE RECRUITMENT DOMAIN PROTEIN 15; CASPASE RECRUITMENT DOMAIN PROTEIN 4; CRYOPYRIN; FAS ANTIGEN; FAS ASSOCIATED DEATH DOMAIN PROTEIN; IMIQUIMOD; INFLAMMASOME; INTERLEUKIN 1BETA CONVERTING ENZYME; NUCLEOTIDE BINDING OLIGOMERIZATION DOMAIN LIKE RECEPTOR; PROTEIN ZO1; REDUCED NICOTINAMIDE ADENINE DINUCLEOTIDE PHOSPHATE OXIDASE 2; RETINOIC ACID INDUCIBLE PROTEIN I; STEROL REGULATORY ELEMENT BINDING PROTEIN 2; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR RECEPTOR ASSOCIATED DEATH DOMAIN PROTEIN; CELL RECEPTOR;

ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY; ARTICLE; ATHEROGENESIS; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; AUTOPHAGY; HUMAN; MACROPHAGE; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN STRUCTURE; STATIC ELECTRICITY; CHEMICAL STRUCTURE; CHEMISTRY; IMMUNOLOGY; METABOLISM; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PHYSIOLOGY; REVIEW;

ATHEROSCLEROSIS; AUTOPHAGY; HUMANS; INFLAMMASOMES; MACROPHAGES; MODELS, MOLECULAR; MOLECULAR STRUCTURE; RECEPTORS, CYTOPLASMIC AND NUCLEAR;

EID: 84907028666     PISSN: 13816128     EISSN: 18734286     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2174/13816128113199990586     Document Type: Article

References (177)

1. Martinon F, Burns K, Tschopp J. The inflammasome: A molecular platform triggering activation of inflammatory caspases and processing of proIL-beta. Mol Cell 2002; 10: 417-26.
2. Martinon F, Mayor A, Tschopp J. The inflammasomes: Guardians of the body. Annu Rev Immunol 2009; 27: 229-65.
3. Lamkanfi M, Kanneganti TD, Van Damme P, et al. Targeted peptidecentric proteomics reveals caspase-7 as a substrate of the caspase-1 inflammasomes. Mol Cell Proteomics 2008; 7: 2350-63.
4. Gurcel L, Abrami L, Girardin S, Tschopp J, van der Goot FG. Caspase-1 activation of lipid metabolic pathways in response to bacterial pore-forming toxins promotes cell survival. Cell 2006; 126: 1135-45.
5. Keller M, Rüegg A, Werner S, Beer HD. Active caspase-1 is a regulator of unconventional protein secretion. Cell 2008; 132: 818-31.
6. Qu Y, Misaghi S, Izrael-Tomasevic A, et al. Phosphorylation of NLRC4 is critical for inflammasome activation. Nature 2012; 490: 539-42.
7. Lightfield KL, Persson J, Trinidad NJ, et al. Differential requirements for NAIP5 in activation of the NLRC4 inflammasome. Infect Immun 2011; 79: 1606-14.
8. Halff EF, Diebolder CA, Versteeg M, Schouten A, Brondijk TH, Huizinga EG. Formation and structure of a NAIP5-NLRC4 inflammasome induced by direct interactions with conserved N-and C-terminal regions of flagellin. J Biol Chem 2012; 287: 38460-72.
9. Hansson GK. & Hermansson A. The immune system in atherosclerosis. Nat Immunol 2011; 12: 204-12.
10. Libby P, Ridker PM, Hansson GK. Progress and challenges in translating the biology of atherosclerosis. Nature 2011; 473: 317-25.
11. Weber C, Noels H. Atherosclerosis: Current pathogenesis and therapeutic options. Nat Med 2011; 17: 1410-22.
12. Chen G, Shaw MH, Kim YG, Nuñez G. NOD-like receptors: Role in innate immunity and inflammatory disease. Annu Rev Pathol. 2009; 4: 365-98.
13. Liu T, Rojas A, Ye Y, Godzik A. Homology modeling provides insights into the binding mode of the PAAD/DAPIN/pyrin domain, a fourth member of the CARD/DD/DED domain family. Protein Sci. 2003; 12: 1872-81.
14. Marchler-Bauer A, Zheng C, Chitsaz F, et al. CDD: Conserved domains and protein three-dimensional structure. Nucleic Acids Res. 2013; 41: D348-52.
15. Weber CH, Vincenz C. The death domain superfamily: A tale of two interfaces? Trends Biochem Sci 2001; 26: 475-81.
16. Boldin MP, Varfolomeev EE, Pancer Z, Mett IL, Camonis JH, Wallach D. A novel protein that interacts with the death domain of Fas/APO1 contains a sequence motif related to the death domain. J Biol Chem 1995; 270: 7795-8.
17. Chinnaiyan AM, O'Rourke K, Tewari M, Dixit VM. FADD, a novel death domain-containing protein, interacts with the death domain of Fas and initiates apoptosis. Cell 1995; 81: 505-12.
18. Thomas LR, Johnson RL, Reed JC, Thorburn A. The C-terminal tails of tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) and Fas receptors have opposing functions in Fasassociated death domain (FADD) recruitment and can regulate agonist-specific mechanisms of receptor activation. J Biol Chem 2004; 279: 52479-86.
19. Wang L, Yang JK, Kabaleeswaran V, et al. The Fas-FADD death domain complex structure reveals the basis of DISC assembly and disease mutations. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2010; 17: 1324-9.
20. Scott FL, Stec B, Pop C, et al. The Fas-FADD death domain complex structure unravels signalling by receptor clustering. Nature 2009; 457: 1019-22.
21. Thomas LR, Henson A, Reed JC, Salsbury FR, Thorburn A. Direct binding of Fas-associated death domain (FADD) to the tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand receptor DR5 is regulated by the death effector domain of FADD. J Biol Chem 2004; 279: 32780-5.
22. Carrington PE, Sandu C, Wei Y, et al. The structure of FADD and its mode of interaction with procaspase-8. Mol Cell 2006; 22: 599-610.
23. Condorelli G, Vigliotta G, Cafieri A, et al. PED/PEA-15: An antiapoptotic molecule that regulates FAS/TNFR1-induced apoptosis. Oncogene 1999; 18: 4409-15.
24. Renganathan H, Vaidyanathan H, Knapinska A, Ramos JW. Phosphorylation of PEA-15 switches its binding specificity from ERK/MAPK to FADD. Biochem J 2005; 390: 729-35
25. Alcivar A, Hu S, Tang J, Yang X. DEDD and DEDD2 associate with caspase-8/10 and signal cell death. Oncogene 2003; 22: 291-7.
26. Eberstadt M, Huang B, Chen Z, et al. NMR structure and mutagenesis of the FADD (Mort1) death-effector domain. Nature 1998; 392: 941-5.
27. Ashkenazi A, Dixit VM. Apoptosis control by death and decoy receptors. Curr Opin Cell Biol 1999; 11: 255-60.
28. Proell M, Riedl SJ, Fritz JH, Rojas AM, Schwarzenbacher R. The Nod-like receptor (NLR) family: A tale of similarities and differences. PLoS One 2008; 3: E2119.
29. Steimle V, Otten LA, Zufferey M, Mach B. "Complementation cloning of an MHC class II transactivator mutated in hereditary MHC class II deficiency or bare lymphocyte syndrome". Cell 1993; 75: 135-46.
30. Raval A, Howcroft TK, Weissman JD, et al. Transcriptional coactivator, CIITA, is an acetyltransferase that bypasses a promoter requirement for TAF(II)250. Mol Cell 2001; 7: 105-15.
31. Ting JP, Lovering RC, Alnemri ES, et al. The NLR gene family: A standard nomenclature. Immunity 2008; 28: 285-7.
32. Faustin B, Lartigue L, Bruey JM, et al. Reconstituted NALP1 inflammasome reveals two-step mechanism of caspase-1 activation. Mol Cell 2007; 25: 713-24.
33. Yu X, Acehan D, Ménétret JF, et al. A structure of the human apoptosome at 12.8 A resolution provides insights into this cell death platform. Structure 2005; 13: 1725-35.
34. Acehan D, Jiang X, Morgan DG, Heuser JE, Wang X, Akey CW. Three-dimensional structure of the apoptosome. Implications for assembly, procaspase-9 binding, and activation. Mol Cell 2002; 9: 423-32.
35. Yuan S, Yu X, Topf M, et al. Structure of the Drosophila apoptosome at 6.9 Å resolution. Structure 1022; 19: 128-40.
36. Qi S, Pang Y, Hu Q, et al. Crystal structure of the Caenorhabditis elegans apoptosome reveals an octameric assembly of CED-4. Cell 2010; 41: 446-57.
37. Yu X, Wang L, Acehan D, Wang X, Akey CW. Three-dimensional structure of a double apoptosome formed by the Drosophila Apaf-1 related killer. J. Mol. Biol. 2006; 355: 577-89.
38. Steinberg D, Witztum JL. Oxidized low-density lipoprotein and atherosclerosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2010; 30: 2311-6.
39. Moore KJ, Tabas I. Macrophages in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Cell 2011; 145: 341-55.
40. Adlbrecht C, Hoetzenecker K, Posch M, et al. Elevated levels of interleukin-1beta-converting enzyme and caspase-cleaved cytokeratin-18 in acute myocardial infarction. Eur J Clin Invest 2007; 37: 372-80.
41. Duewell P, Kono H, Rayner KJ, et al. NLRP3 inflammasomes are required for atherogenesis and activated by cholesterol crystals. Nature 2010; 464: 1357-61.
42. Mariathasan S, Newton K, Monack D, et al. Differential activation of the inflammasome by caspase-1 adaptors ASC and Ipaf. Nature 2004; 430: 213-8.
43. Elinav E, Strowig T, Henao-Mejia J, Flavell RA. Regulation of the Antimicrobial Response by NLR Proteins. Immunity 2011; 34: 665-79.
44. Davis BK, Wen H, Ting JP. The inflammasome NLRs in immunity, inflammation, and associated diseases. Annu Rev Immunol 2011; 29: 707-35.
45. Dowling JK, O'Neill LA. Biochemical regulation of the inflammasome. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2012; 47: 424-43.
46. Martinon F, Gaide O, Pétrilli V, Mayor A, Tschopp J. NALP inflammasomes: A central role in innate immunity. Semin Immunopathol 2007; 29: 213-29.
47. Hoffman HM, Brydges SD. Genetic and molecular basis of inflammasome-mediated disease. J Biol Chem 2011; 286: 10889-96.
48. Kummer JA, Broekhuizen R, Everett H, et al. Inflammasome components NALP 1 and 3 show distinct but separate expression profiles in human tissues suggesting a site-specific role in the inflammatory response. J Histochem Cytochem 2007; 55: 443-52.
49. Contassot E, Beer HD, French LE. Interleukin-1, inflammasomes, autoinflammation and the skin. Swiss Med Wkly 2012; 142: W13590
50. Franchi L, Warner N, Viani K & Nunez G. Function of Nod-like receptors in microbial recognition and host defense. Immunol Rev 2009; 227: 106-18.
51. Fortin CF, Ear T, McDonald PP. Autocrine role of endogenous interleukin-18 on inflammatory cytokine generation by human neutrophils. FASEB J 2009; 23: 194-203
52. Blankenberg S, Tiret L, Bickel C, Peetz D, Cambien F, Meyer J, Rupprecht HJ. Interleukin-18 is a strong predictor of cardiovascular death in stable and unstable angina. Circulation 2002; 106: 24-30.
53. Blankenberg S, Luc G, Ducimetière P, et al. Interleukin-18 and the risk of coronary heart disease in European men: The prospective epidemiological study of myocardial infarction (prime). Circulation 2003; 108: 2453-59.
54. Lina Badimon, Interleukin-18: A potent pro-inflammatory cytokine in atherosclerosis: EXPERT'S PERSPECTIVE. Cardiovasc Res 2012; 96: 172-5.
55. Galea J, Armstrong J, Gadsdon P, Holden H, Francis SE, Holt CM. Interleukin-1 beta in coronary arteries of patients with ischemic heart disease. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 1996; 16: 1000-6.
56. Frostegård J, Ulfgren AK, Nyberg P, et al. Cytokine expression in advanced human atherosclerotic plaques: Dominance of proinflammatory (Th1) and macrophage-stimulating cytokines. Atherosclerosis 1999; 145: 33-43.
57. Kirii H, Niwa T, Yamada Y, et al. Lack of interleukin-1_decreases the severity of atherosclerosis in ApoE-deficient mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2003; 23: 656-60.
58. Rajamäki K, Lappalainen J, Oörni K, et al. Cholesterol crystals activate the NLRP3 inflammasome in human macrophages: A novel link between cholesterol metabolism and inflammation. PLOS ONE 2010; 5: E11765.
59. Petrilli V, Mayor A, Tardivel A, Tschopp J. Gout-associated uric acid crystals activate the NALP3 inflammasome. Nature 2006; 440: 237-41.
60. Egan DF, Shackelford DB, Mihaylova MM, et al. Phosphorylation of ULK1 (hATG1) by AMP-activated protein kinase connects energy sensing to mitophagy. Science 2011; 331: 456-61.
61. Huang MT, Taxman DJ, Holley-Guthrie EA, et al. Critical role of apoptotic speck protein containing a caspase recruitment domain (ASC) and NLRP3 in causing necrosis and ASC speck formation induced by Porphyromonas gingivalis in human cells. J Immunol 2009; 182: 2395-404.
62. Yajima N, Takahashi M, Morimoto H, et al. Critical role of bone marrow apoptosis-associated speck-like protein, an inflammasome adaptor molecule, in neointimal formation after vascular injury in mice. Circulation 2008; 117: 3079-87.
63. Elhage R, Jawien J, Rudling M, et al. Reduced atherosclerosis in interleukin-18 deficient apolipoprotein E-knockout mice. Cardiovasc Res 2003; 59: 234-40.
64. Devlin CM, Kuriakose G, Hirsch E, Tabas I. Genetic alterations of IL-1 receptor antagonist in mice affect plasma cholesterol level and foam cell lesion size. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2002; 99: 6280-5.
65. Shin MS, Kang Y, Lee N, et al. U1-small nuclear ribonucleoprotein activates the NLRP3 inflammasome in human monocytes. J Immunol 2012; 188: 4769-77.
66. Zhang C, Boini KM, Xia M, et al. Activation of Nod-Like Receptor Protein 3 Inflammasomes Turns on Podocyte Injury and Glomerular Sclerosis in Hyperhomocysteinemia. Hypertension 2012; 60: 154-62.
67. Wen C, Yang X, Yan Z, et al. Nalp3 inflammasome is activated and required for vascular smooth muscle cell calcification. Int J Cardiol 2013; doi:pii: S0167-5273(13)00271-4.
68. Allison MA, Criqui MH, Wright CM. Patterns and risk factors for systemic calcified atherosclerosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2004; 24: 331-6.
69. Sata M, Maejima Y, Adachi F, et al. A mouse model of vascular injury that induces rapid onset of medial cell apoptosis followed by reproducible neointimal hyperplasia. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2000; 32: 2097-104.
70. Isoda K, Shiigai M, Ishigami N, et al. Deficiency of interleukin-1 receptor antagonist promotes neointimal formation after injury. Circulation 2003; 108: 516-8
71. Maffia P, Grassia G, Di Meglio P, et al. Neutralization of interleukin-18 inhibits neointimal formation in a rat model of vascular injury. Circulation 2006; 114: 430-7.
72. Yokoyama C, Wang X, Briggs MR, et al. SREBP-1, a basic-helixloop-helix-leucine zipper protein that controls transcription of the low density lipoprotein receptor gene. Cell 1993; 75: 187-97.
73. Turner EC, Kinsella BT. Regulation of the human prostacyclin receptor gene by the cholesterol-responsive SREBP1. J Lipid Res 2012; 53: 2390-404.
74. Bengoechea-Alonso MT, Ericsson J. A phosphorylation cascade controls the degradation of active SREBP1. J Biol Chem 2009; 284: 5885-95.
75. Horie T, Ono K, Horiguchi M, et al. MicroRNA-33 encoded by an intron of sterol regulatory element-binding protein 2 (Srebp2) regulates HDL in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2010; 107: 17321-6.
76. Brown MS, Goldstein JL. A proteolytic pathway that controls the cholesterol content of membranes, cells, and blood. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1999; 96: 11041-8.
77. Hastings NE, Simmers MB, McDonald OG, Wamhoff BR, Blackman BR. Atherosclerosis-prone hemodynamics differentially regulates endothelial and smooth muscle cell phenotypes and promotes pro-inflammatory priming. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2007; 293: C1824-33.
78. Xiao H, Lu M, Lin TY, et al. Srebp2 activation of nlrp3 nflammasome in endothelium mediates hemodynamic-induced atherosclerosis susceptibility. Circulation 2013;128: Doi: 10.1161
79. Poyet JL, Srinivasula SM, Tnani M, Razmara M, Fernandes-Alnemri T, Alnemri ES. Identification of Ipaf, a human caspase-1-activating protein related to Apaf-1. J Biol Chem 2001; 276: 28309-13.
80. Hu Z, Yan C, Liu P, et al. Crystal structure of NLRC4 reveals its autoinhibition mechanism. Science 2013; 341: 172-5.
81. Diez E, Lee SH, Gauthier S, et al. Birc1e is the gene within the Lgn1 locus associated with resistance to Legionella pneumophila. Nat Genet 2003; 33: 55-60.
82. Vinzing M, Eitel J, Lippmann J, et al. NAIP and Ipaf control Legionella pneumophila replication in human cells. J Immunol 2008; 180: 6808-15.
83. Zamboni DS, Kobayashi KS, Kohlsdorf T, et al. The Birc1e cytosolic pattern-recognition receptor contributes to the detection and control of Legionella pneumophila infection. Nat Immunol 2006; 7: 318-25
84. Hersh D, Monack DM, Smith MR, Ghori N, Falkow S, Zychlinsky A. The Salmonella invasin SipB induces macrophage apoptosis by binding to caspase-1. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1999; 96: 2396-401.
85. Schroder K, Tschopp J. The inflammasomes. Cell 2010; 140: 821-32.
86. Suzuki T, Franchi L, Toma C, et al. Differential regulation of caspase-1 activation, pyroptosis, and autophagy via Ipaf and ASC in Shigella-infected macrophages. PLoS Pathog 2007; 3: E111.
87. Sutterwala FS, Mijares LA, Li L, Ogura Y, Kazmierczak BI, Flavell RA. 2007. Immune recognition ofPseudomonas aeruginosa mediated by the IPAF/NLRC4 inflammasome. J Exp Med 2007; 204: 3235-45.
88. Bauernfeind FG, Horvath G, Stutz A, et al. Cutting edge: NFkappaB activating pattern recognition and cytokine receptors license NLRP3 inflammasome activation by regulating NLRP expression. J Immunol 2009; 183: 7-38.
89. Mao K, Chen S, Chen M, et al. Cell Research 2013; 23: 201-12.
90. Zhou R, Yazdi AS, Menu P, Tschopp J. A role for mitochondria in NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Nature 2011; 469: 221-5.
91. Nakahira K, Haspel JA, Rathinam VA, et al. Autophagy proteins regulate innate immune responses by inhibiting the release of mitochondrial DNA mediated by the NALP3 inflammasome. Nat Immunol 2011; 12: 222-30.
92. Burnstock G. Pathophysiology and therapeutic potential of purinergic signaling. Pharmacol Rev 2006; 58: 58-86.
93. Ferrari D, Pizzirani C, Adinolfi E, et al. The p2x7 receptor: A key player in il-1 processing and release. J Immunol 2006;176: 3877-83.
94. Kahlenberg JM, Lundberg KC, Kertesy SB, Qu Y, Dubyak GR. Potentiation of caspase-1 activation by the P2X7 receptor is dependent on TLR signals and requires NF-kappaB-driven protein synthesis. Immunol 2001; 175: 7611-22.
95. Kanneganti TD, Lamkanfi M, Kim YG, et al. Pannexin-1-mediated recognition of bacterial molecules activates the cryopyrin inflammasome independent of Toll-like receptor signaling. Immunity 2007; 26: 433-43.
96. Pelegrin P, Barroso-Gutierrez C, Surprenant A. P2X7 receptor differentially couples to distinct release pathways for IL-1beta in mouse macrophage. J Immunol 2008; 180: 7147-57.
97. Pelegrin, P. and Surprenant, A. Pannexin-1 mediates large pore formation and interleukin-1beta release by the ATP-gated P2X7 receptor. EMBO J 2006; 25: 5071-82.
98. Marina-García N, Franchi L, Kim YG, et al. Pannexin-1-mediated intracellular delivery of muramyl dipeptide induces caspase-1 activation via cryopyrin/NLRP3 independently of Nod2. J. Immunol 2008; 180: 4050-7.
99. Dostert C, Pétrilli V, Van Bruggen R, Steele C, Mossman BT, Tschopp J. Innate immune activation through Nalp3 inflammasome sensing of asbestos and silica. Science 2008; 320: 674-7.
100. Hornung V, Bauernfeind F, Halle A, et al. Sillic crystals and aluminum salts activate, the NALP3 inflammasome through phagosomal destabilization. Nat Immunol 2008; 9: 847-56.
101. Cassel SL, Eisenbarth SC, Iyer SS, et al. The Nalp3 inflammasome is essential for the development of silicosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008; 105: 9035-9040.
102. Bauernfeind F, Bartok E, Rieger A, Franchi L, Núñez G, Hornung V. Cutting edge: Reactive oxygen species inhibitors block priming, but not activation, of the NLRP3 inflammasome. J Immunol. 2011; 187: 613-7.
103. Hornung V, Ablasser A, Charrel-Dennis M, et al. AIM2 recognizes cytosolic dsDNA and forms a caspase-1-activating inflammasome with ASC. Nature. 2009; 458: 514-8.
104. Fernandes-Alnemri T, Yu JW, Datta P, Wu J, Alnemri ES. AIM2 activates the inflammasome and cell death in response to cytoplasmic DNA. Nature 2009; 458: 509-13.
105. Fernandes-Alnemri T, Yu JW, Juliana C, et al. The AIM2 inflammasome is critical for innate immunity to Francisella tularensis. Nat Immunol 2010; 11: 385-93.
106. Libby P. Inflammation in atherosclerosis. Nature 2002; 420: 868-74.
107. Osterud B, Bjorklid E. Role of monocytes in atherogenesis. Physiol Rev 2003; 83: 1069-112.
108. Liao X, Sluimer JC, Wang Y, et al. Macrophage autophagy plays a protective role in advanced atherosclerosis. Cell Metab 2012; 15: 545-53.
109. Lin NY, Beyer C, Gießl A, et al. Autophagy regulates TNF_-mediated joint destruction in experimental arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2013; 72: 761-8.
110. Razani B, Feng C, Coleman T, et al. Autophagy links inflammasomes to atherosclerotic progression. Cell Metab 2012; 15: 34-544.
111. Lawrence T, Bebien M, Liu GY, Nizet V, Karin M. IKKalpha limits macrophage NF-kappaB activation and contributes to the resolution of inflammation. Nature 2005; 434: 1138-43.
112. Brand K, Page S, Rogler G, et al. Activated transcription factor nuclear factor-kappa B is present in the atherosclerotic lesion. J Clin Invest 1996; 97: 1715-22.
113. Mullick AE, Tobias PS, Curtiss LK. Modulation of atherosclerosis in mice by Toll-like receptor 2 J Clin Invest 2005; 115: 3149-56.
114. Mullick AE, Tobias PS, Curtiss LK. Toll-like receptors and atherosclerosis: Key contributors in disease and health? Immunol Res 2006; 34:193-209.
115. Hoebe K, Georgel P, Rutschmann S, et al. CD36 is a sensor of diacylglycerides. Nature 2005; 433: 523-7.
116. Stuart LM, Deng J, Silver JM, et al. Response to Staphylococcus aureus requires CD36-mediated phagocytosis triggered by the COOH-terminal cytoplasmic domain. J. Cell Biol 2005; 170: 477-85.
117. Stewart CR, Stuart LM, Wilkinson K, et al. CD36 ligands promote sterile inflammation through assembly of a Toll-like receptor 4 and 6 heterodimer. Nat Immunol 2010; 11: 155-61.
118. Björkbacka H, Kunjathoor VV, Moore KJ, et al. Reduced atherosclerosis in MyD88-null mice links elevated serum cholesterol levels to activation of innate immunity signaling pathways. Nat Med 2004; 10: 416-21.
119. Ferreira V, van Dijk KW, Groen AK, et al. Macrophage-specific inhibition of NF-kappaB activation reduces foam-cell formation. Atherosclerosis 2007; 192: 283-90.
120. Yesner LM, Huh HY, Pearce SF, Silverstein RL. Regulation of monocyte CD36 and thrombospondin-1 expression by soluble mediators. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1996; 16: 1019-25.
121. Saitoh T, Fujita N, Jang MH, et al. Loss of the autophagy protein Atg16L1 enhances endotoxin-induced IL-1beta production. Nature 2008; 456: 264-8.
122. Cadwell K, Liu JY, Brown SL, et al. A key role for autophagy and the autophagy gene Atg16l1 in mouse and human intestinal Paneth cells. Nature 2008; 456: 259-63.
123. Mizushima N, Noda T, Yoshimori T, et al. A protein conjugation system essential for autophagy. Nature 1998; 395: 395-8.
124. Pyo JO, Jang MH, Kwon YK, et al. Essential roles of Atg5 and FADD in autophagic cell death: Dissection of autophagic cell death into vacuole formation and cell death. J Biol Chem 2005; 280: 20722-9.
125. Agis-Balboa RC, Arcos-Diaz D, Wittnam J, et al. A hippocampal insulin-growth factor 2 pathway regulates the extinction of fear memories. EMBO J 2011; 30: 4701-11.
126. Boya P, Reggiori F, Codogno P. Emerging regulation and functions of autophagy. Nat Cell Biol 2013; 15: 713-20.
127. Small DM. George Lyman Duff memorial lecture. Progression and regression of atherosclerotic lesions. Insights from lipid physical biochemistry. Arteriosclerosis 1988; 8: 103-29.
128. Halle A, Hornung V, Petzold GC, et al. The NALP3 inflammasome is involved in the innate immune response to amyloid-β. Nat Immunol 2008; 9: 857-65.
129. Wen H, Gris D, Lei Y, et al. Fatty acid-induced NLRP3-ASC inflammasome activation interferes with insulin signaling. Nat Immunol 2011; 12: 408-15.
130. Harris J, Hartman M, Roche C, et al. Autophagy controls IL-1beta secretion by targeting pro-IL-1beta for degradation. J Biol Chem 2011; 286: 9587-97.
131. Masters SL, Latz E, O'Neill LA. The inflammasome in atherosclerosis and type 2 diabetes. Sci Transl Med 2011; 3: 81-17. doi: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3001902
132. Bromme D, Bonneau PR, Lachance P, et al. Functional expression of human cathepsin S in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: Purification and characterization of the recombinant enzyme. J Biol Chem 1993; 268: 4832-8.
133. Dehrmann FM, Coetzer TH, Pike RN, Dennison C. Mature cathepsin L is substantially active in the ionic milieu of the extracellular medium. Arch Biochem Biophys 1995; 324: 93-8.
134. Garnero P, Borel O, Byrjalsen I, et al. The collagenolytic activity of cathepsin K is unique among mammalian proteinases. J Biol Chem 1998; 273: 32347-52.
135. Sukhova GK, Shi GP, Simon DI, Chapman HA, Libby P. Expression of the elastolytic cathepsins S and K in human atheroma and regulation of their production in smooth muscle cells. J Clin Invest 1998; 102: 576-83.
136. Jerome WG. Advanced atherosclerotic foam cell formation has features of an acquired lysosomal storage disorder. Rejuvenation Res 2006; 9: 245-55.
137. Brown AJ, Mander EL, Gelissen IC, Kritharides L, Dean RT, Jessup W. Cholesterol and oxysterol metabolism and subcellular distribution in macrophage foam cells. Accumulation of oxidized esters in lysosomes. J Lipid Res 2000; 41: 226-37.
138. Dhaliwal BS, Steinbrecher UP. Cholesterol delivered to macrophages by oxidized low density lipoprotein is sequestered in lysosomes and fails to efflux normally. J Lipid 2000; 1658-65.
139. Griffin EE, Ullery JC, Cox BE, Jerome WG. Aggregated LDL and lipid dispersions induce lysosomal cholesteryl ester accumulation in macrophage foam cells. J Lipid Res 2005; 46: 2052-60.
140. Yancey PG, Jerome WG. Lysosomal cholesterol derived from mildly oxidized low density lipoprotein is resistant to efflux. J Lipid Res 2001; 42: 317-27.
141. Yancey PG, Jerome WG, Yu H, et al. Severely altered cholesterol homeostasis in macrophages lacking apoE and SR-BI. J Lipid Res 2007; 48: 1140-9.
142. Cuchel M, Lund-Katz S, dela Llera-Moya M, et al. Pathways by which reconstituted high-density lipoprotein mobilizes free cholesterol from whole body and from macrophages. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2010; 30: 526-32.
143. Yvan-Charvet L, Pagler T, Gautier EL, et al. ATP-binding cassette transporters and HDL suppress hematopoietic stem cell proliferation. Science 2010; 328: 1689-93.
144. Lavigne MC, Grimsby JL, Eppihimer MJ. Antirestenotic mechanisms of everolimus on human coronary artery smooth muscle cells: Inhibition of human coronary artery smooth muscle cell proliferation, but not migration. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2012; 59: 165-74.
145. Baetta R, Granata A, Canavesi M, et al. Everolimus inhibits monocyte/macrophage migration in vitro and their accumulation in carotid lesions of cholesterol-fed rabbits. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2009; 328: 419-25.
146. Mathis AS, Jin S, Friedman GS, Peng F, Carl SM, Knipp GT The pharmacodynamic effects of sirolimus and sirolimuscalcineurin inhibitor combinations on macrophage scavenger and nuclear hormone receptors. J Pharm Sci 2007; 96: 209-22.
147. Ma KL, Varghese Z, Ku Y, et al. Sirolimus inhibits endogenous cholesterol synthesis induced by inflammatory stress in human vascular smooth muscle cells. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2010; 298: H1646-H1651.
148. Martinet W, De Meyer I, Verheye S, Schrijvers DM, Timmermans JP, De Meyer GR. Drug-induced macrophage autophagy in atherosclerosis: For better or worse? Basic Res Cardiol. 2013; 108: 321. doi: 10.1007/s00395-012-0321-1.
149. De Meyer I, Martinet W, Schrijvers DM, Timmermans J-P, Bult H, De Meyer GRY. Toll-like receptor 7 stimulation by imiquimod induces macrophage autophagy and inflammation in atherosclerotic plaques. Basic Res Cardiol 2012; 107: 269.
150. El-Khoury JB, Moore KJ, Means TK, et al. CD36 mediates the innate host response to_-amyloid. J Exp Med 2003; 197: 1657-66.
151. Febbraio M, Podrez EA, Smith JD, et al. Targeted disruption of the class B scavenger receptor CD36 protects against atherosclerotic lesion development in mice. J Clin Invest 2000; 105: 1049-56.
152. Moore KJ, Kunjathoor VV, Koehn SL, et al. Loss of receptormediated lipid uptake via scavenger receptor A or CD36 pathways does not ameliorate atherosclerosis in hyperlipidemic mice. J Clin Invest 2005; 115: 2192-201.
153. Sheedy FJ, Grebe A, Rayner KJ, et al. CD36 coordinates NLRP3 inflammasome activation by facilitating intracellular nucleation of soluble ligands into particulate ligands in sterile inflammation. Nat Immunol 2013; 14: 812-20.
154. Xu JF, Washko GR, Nakahira K, et al. COPDGene Investigators. Statins and pulmonary fibrosis: The potential role of NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2012; 185: 547-56.
155. Lippai D, Bala S, Petrasek J, et al. Alcohol-induced IL-1βin the brain is mediated by NLRP3/ASC inflammasome activation that amplifies neuroinflammation. J Leukoc Biol 2013; 94: 171-82.
156. Guan K, Zheng Z, Song T, et al. MAVS Regulates Apoptotic Cell Death by Decreasing K48-linked Ubiquitination of VDAC1. Mol Cell Biol 2013 Jun 10.
157. Franchi L, Kamada N, Nakamura Y, et al. NLRC4-driven production of IL-1_discriminates between pathogenic and commensal bacteria and promotes host intestinal defense. Nat Immunol 2012; 13: 449-56.
158. Rathinam VA, Jiang Z, Waggoner SN, et al. The AIM2 inflammasome is essential for host defense against cytosolic bacteria and DNA viruses. Nat Immunol 2010; 11: 395-402.
159. Lamkanfi M, Kanneganti TD, Franchi L, Núñez G. Caspase-1 inflammasomes in infection and inflammation. J Leukoc Biol 2007; 82: 220-5.
160. Usui F, Shirasuna K, Kimura H, et al. Critical role of caspase-1 in vascular inflammation and development of atherosclerosis in Western diet-fed apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2012; 425: 162-8.
161. Ceballos-Olvera I, Sahoo M, Miller MA, Del Barrio L, Re F. Inflammasome-dependent pyroptosis and IL-18 protect against Burkholderia pseudomallei lung infection while IL-1_is deleterious. PLoS Pathog 2011; 7: E1002452.
162. Couillin I, Vasseur V, Charron S, et al. IL-1R1/MyD88 signaling is critical for elastase-induced lung inflammation and emphysema. J Immunol 2009; 183: 8195-202.
163. Zhou R, Tardivel A, Thorens B, Choi I, Tschopp J. Thioredoxininteracting protein links oxidative stress to inflammasome activation. Nat Immunol 2010; 11: 136-40
164. Xie G, Welte T, Wang J, et al. A West Nile virus NS4B-P38G mutant strain induces adaptive immunity via TLR7-MyD88-dependent and independent signaling pathways. Vaccine 2013; doi:pii: S0264-410X(13)00903-1. 10.1016
165. Zhong Z, Zhai Y, Liang S, et al. TRPM2 links oxidative stress to NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Nat Commun 2013; 4: 1611.
166. Vitale A, Lucherini OM, Galeazzi M, Frediani B, Cantarini L. Long-term clinical course of patients carrying the Q703K mutation in the NLRP3 gene: A case series. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2012; 30: 943-6.
167. Cuisset L, Jeru I, Dumont B, et al. Mutations in the autoinflammatory cryopyrin associated periodic syndrome gene: Epidemiological study and lessons from eight years of genetic analysis in France. Ann Rheum Dis 2011; 70: 495-9.
168. Vezzani A, Balosso S, Maroso M, Zardoni D, Noé F, Ravizza T. ICE/caspase 1 inhibitors and IL-1beta receptor antagonists as potential therapeutics in epilepsy. Curr Opin Investig Drugs 2010; 11: 43-50
169. Magawa T, Nishikomori R, Takada H, et al. Safety and efficacy of canakinumab in Japanese patients with phenotypes of cryopyrinassociated periodic syndrome as established in the first open-label, phase-3 pivotal study (24-week results). Clin Exp Rheumatol 2013; 31: 302-9.
170. Balow JE Jr, Ryan JG, Chae JJ, et al. Microarray-based gene expression profiling in patients with cryopyrin-associated periodic syndromes defines a disease-related signature and IL-1-responsive transcripts. Ann Rheum Dis 2013; 2: 1064-70.
171. Kamari Y, Werman-Venkert R, Shaish A, et al. Differential role and tissue specificity of interleukin-1_gene expression in atherogenesis and lipid metabolism. Atherosclerosis 2007; 195: 31-8.
172. Clarke MC, Talib S, Figg NL, Bennett MR. Vascular smooth muscle cell apoptosis induces interleukin-1-directed inflammation: Effects of hyperlipidemia-mediated inhibition of phagocytosis. Circ Res 2010; 106: 363-72.
173. Heinhuis B, Popa CD, van Tits BL, et al. Towards a role of interleukin-32 in atherosclerosis. Cytokine 2013; doi:pii: S1043-4666(13)00219-6.
174. Ordovas-Montanes JM, Ordovas JM. Cholesterol, Inflammasomes, and Atherogenesis. Curr Cardiovasc Risk Rep 2012; 6: 45-52.
175. Liu HQ, Zhang XY, Edfeldt K, et al. NOD2-Mediated Innate Immune Signaling Regulates the Eicosanoids in Atherosclerosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2013 Jul 18. [Epub ahead of print]
176. Roberts RL, Van Rij AM, Phillips LV, et al. Interaction of the inflammasome genes CARD8 and NLRP3 in abdominal aortic aneurysms. Atherosclerosis 2011; 218: 123-6.
177. Kandimalla ER, Bhagat L, Wang D, et al. Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of novel antagonist compounds of Toll-like receptors 7, 8 and 9. Nucleic Acids Res 2013; 41: 3947-61.