Prospective of 68Ga-Radiopharmaceutical development

Theranostics

Volumn 4, Issue 1, 2014, Pages 47-80

  Velikyan, Irina ^a,b  

^a UPPSALA UNIVERSITY   (Sweden)

^b UPPSALA UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Sweden)

Author keywords

68Ga; Conjugation chemistry; Coordination chemistry; Positron emission tomography; Radiochemistry

Indexed keywords

ANTISENSE OLIGONUCLEOTIDE; BIOLOGICAL MARKER; CARBON 11; CHEMOKINE RECEPTOR CXCR; CHOLECYSTOKININ RECEPTOR; COPPER 64; EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR; FLUORODEOXYGLUCOSE F 18; G PROTEIN COUPLED RECEPTOR; GALLIUM 67; GALLIUM 68; GASTRIN RELEASING PEPTIDE RECEPTOR; GLUCAGON LIKE PEPTIDE 1 RECEPTOR; INDIUM 111; IODINE 131; LUTETIUM 177; MEDRONATE TECHNETIUM TC 99M; NANOCOLL TC 99M; PASIREOTIDE TETRAXETAN GALLIUM GA 68; PENTETREOTIDE; PENTETREOTIDE IN 111; RADIOPHARMACEUTICAL AGENT; SOMATOSTATIN RECEPTOR; TECHNETIUM 99M; YTTRIUM 90; DIAGNOSTIC AGENT; GALLIUM;

ANGIOGENESIS; AUTOMATION; BONE METASTASIS; CELL PROLIFERATION; COMPUTER ASSISTED EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY; COMPUTER PROGRAM; COST CONTROL; COST EFFECTIVENESS ANALYSIS; DRUG COST; DRUG DESIGN; DRUG DISTRIBUTION; DRUG HALF LIFE; DRUG RESEARCH; DRUG STRUCTURE; DRUG TARGETING; GLYCOLYSIS; HEART MUSCLE PERFUSION; HUMAN; HYPOXIA; IMAGE ANALYSIS; ISOTOPE LABELING; LUNG CANCER; LUNG VENTILATION; MOLECULAR IMAGING; NEUROENDOCRINE TUMOR; NONHUMAN; NUCLEAR MEDICINE; OSTEOMYELITIS; POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY; PROSPECTIVE STUDY; REIMBURSEMENT; REVIEW; SINGLE PHOTON EMISSION COMPUTER TOMOGRAPHY; STRUCTURE ANALYSIS; ANIMAL; CHEMISTRY; CONJUGATION CHEMISTRY.; COORDINATION CHEMISTRY; DRUG DEVELOPMENT; METHODOLOGY; RADIOCHEMISTRY;

68GA; CONJUGATION CHEMISTRY.; COORDINATION CHEMISTRY; POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY; RADIOCHEMISTRY;

ANIMALS; DRUG DISCOVERY; GALLIUM RADIOISOTOPES; HUMANS; POSITRON-EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY; RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS;

EID: 84896740058     PISSN: None     EISSN: 18387640     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.7150/thno.7447     Document Type: Review

References (338)

1. Rahmim A, Zaidi H. PET versus SPECT: strengths, limitations and challenges. Nucl Med Commun. 2008; 29: 193-207.
2. 68Ga]Ga-based imaging agents: chemistry and diversity. Med Chem. 2011; 7: 338-72.
3. Baum RP, Roesch F. Theranostics, Gallium-68, and other radionuclides: Springer; 2013.
4. Velikyan I. Molecular imaging and radiotherapy: theranostics for personalized patient management. Theranostics. 2012; 2: 424-6.
5. Rosch F, Baum RP. Generator-based PET radiopharmaceuticals for molecular imaging of tumours: on the way to THERANOSTICS. Dalton Trans. 2011; 40: 6104-11.
6. Baum RP, Kulkarni HR, Carreras C. Peptides and receptors in image-guided therapy: theranostics for neuroendocrine neoplasms. Semin Nucl Med. 2012; 42: 190-207.
7. Baum RP, Kulkarni HR. Theranostics: from molecular imaging using Ga-68 labeled tracers and PET/CT to personalized radionuclide therapy-the Bad Berka experience. Theranostics. 2012; 2: 437-47.
8. Hicks RJ, Hofman MS. Is there still a role for SPECT-CT in oncology in the PET-CT era. NAT REV CLIN ONCOL. 2012; 9: 712-20.
9. Delbeke D, Segall GM. Status of and Trends in Nuclear Medicine in the United States. J NUCL MED. 2011; 52: 24S-8S.
10. Chopra A, Shan L, Eckelman WC, Leung K, Latterner M, Bryant SH, et al. Molecular imaging and contrast agent database (MICAD): Evolution and progress. Mol Imaging Biol. 2012; 14: 4-13.
11. Hicks RJ. Should positron emission tomography/computed tomography be the first rather than the last test performed in the assessment of cancer? Cancer Imaging. 2012; 12: 315-23.
12. Czernin J, Weber WA. Issues and controversies in nuclear medicine. Introduction. J Nucl Med. 2011; 52 Suppl 2: 1S-2S.
13. Treglia G, Castaldi P, Rindi G, Giordano A, Rufini V. Diagnostic performance of Gallium-68 somatostatin receptor PET and PET/CT in patients with thoracic and gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumours: A meta-analysis. Endocrine. 2012; 42: 80-7.
14. Öberg K. Gallium-68 somatostatin receptor PET/CT: Is it time to replace 111Indium DTPA octreotide for patients with neuroendocrine tumors? Endocrine. 2012; 42: 3-4.
15. Schreiter NF, Brenner W, Nogami M, Buchert R, Huppertz A, Pape UF, et al. Cost comparison of 111In-DTPA-octreotide scintigraphy and 68Ga-DOTATOC PET/CT for staging enteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumours. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2012; 39: 72-82.
16. Buck AK, Herrmann K, Schreyogg J. PET/CT for staging lung cancer: costly or cost-saving? Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2011; 38: 799-801.
17. Manus MPM, Hicks RJ. How can we tell if PET imaging for cancer is cost effective? The Lancet Oncology. 2010; 11: 711-2.
18. Yang Y, Czernin J. Contribution of Imaging to Cancer Care Costs. J Nucl Med. 2011; 52: 86S-92S.
19. Higgins LJ, Pomper MG. The evolution of imaging in cancer: current state and future challenges. Seminars in oncology. 2011; 38: 3-15.
20. Gemmel F, Van den Wyngaert H, Love C, Welling MM, Gemmel P, Palestro CJ. Prosthetic joint infections: radionuclide state-of-the-art imaging. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2012; 39: 892-909.
21. Sorensen J. How Does the Patient Benefit from Clinical PET? Theranostics. 2012; 2: 427-36.
22. Rice SL, Roney CA, Daumar P, Lewis JS. The next generation of positron emission tomography radiopharmaceuticals in oncology. Semin Nucl Med. 2011; 41: 265-82.
23. Wahl RL, Herman JM, Ford E. The Promise and Pitfalls of Positron Emission Tomography and Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography Molecular Imaging-Guided Radiation Therapy. Semin Radiat Oncol. 2011; 21: 88-100.
24. Velikyan I, Sundin A, Eriksson B, Lundqvist H, Sorensen J, Bergstrom M, et al. In vivo binding of [68Ga]-DOTATOC to somatostatin receptors in neuroendocrine tumours--impact of peptide mass. Nucl Med Biol. 2010; 37: 265-75.
25. Velikyan I, Beyer GJ, Bergstrom-Pettermann E, Johansen P, Bergstrom M, Langstrom B. The importance of high specific radioactivity in the performance of (68)Ga-labeled peptide. Nucl Med Biol. 2008; 35: 529-36.
26. Sauter AW, Wehrl HF, Kolb A, Judenhofer MS, Pichler BJ. Combined PET/MRI: one step further in multimodality imaging. Trends in molecular medicine. 2010; 16: 508-15.
27. Wehrl HF, Sauter AW, Judenhofer MS, Pichler BJ. Combined PET/MR imaging--technology and applications. Tech Canc Res Treat. 2010; 9: 5-20.
28. Prieto E, Domínguez-Prado I, García-Velloso MJ, Peñuelas I, Richter JA, Martí-Climent JM. Impact of time-of-flight and point-spread-function in SUV quantification for oncological PET. Clin Nuc Med. 2013; 38: 103-9.
29. Schreiter NF, Nogami M, Steffen I, Pape UF, Hamm B, Brenner W, et al. Evaluation of the potential of PET-MRI fusion for detection of liver metastases in patients with neuroendocrine tumours. European Radiology. 2012; 22: 458-67.
30. Thorwarth D, Henke G, Muller AC, Reimold M, Beyer T, Boss A, et al. Simultaneous 68Ga-DOTATOC-PET/MRI for IMRT treatment planning for meningioma: first experience. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2011; 81: 277-83.
31. Hesse B, Vinberg N, Berthelsen AK, Ballinger JR. Adverse events in nuclear medicine-cause for concern? Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2012; 39: 782-5.
32. Coenen HH, Elsinga PH, Iwata R, Kilbourn MR, Pillai MRA, Rajan MGR, et al. Fluorine-18 radiopharmaceuticals beyond [18F]FDG for use in oncology and neurosciences. Nucl Med Biol. 2010; 37: 727-40.
33. McBride WJ, D'Souza CA, Sharkey RM, Karacay H, Rossi EA, Chang CH, et al. Improved 18F labeling of peptides with a fluoride-aluminum-chelate complex. Bioconjug Chem. 2010; 21: 1331-40.
34. Lodi F, Malizia C, Castellucci P, Cicoria G, Fanti S, Boschi S. Synthesis of oncological [ 11C]radiopharmaceuticals for clinical PET. Nucl Med Biol. 2012; 39: 447-60.
35. Hofman MS, Kong G, Neels OC, Eu P, Hong E, Hicks RJ. High management impact of Ga-68 DOTATATE (GaTate) PET/CT for imaging neuroendocrine and other somatostatin expressing tumours. Journal of medical imaging and radiation oncology. 2012; 56: 40-7.
36. Jacobsson H, Larsson P, Jonsson C, Jussing E, Gryback P. Normal uptake of 68Ga-DOTA-TOC by the pancreas uncinate process mimicking malignancy at somatostatin receptor PET. Clin Nucl Med. 2012; 37: 362-5.
37. Eberlein U, Lassmann M. Dosimetry of [(68)Ga]-labeled compounds. Appl Radiat Isot. 2012; 76: 70-4.
38. Pettinato C, Sarnelli A, Di Donna M, Civollani S, Nanni C, Montini G, et al. (68)Ga-DOTANOC: biodistribution and dosimetry in patients affected by neuroendocrine tumors. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2008; 35: 72-9.
39. Friedman M, Ståhl S. Engineered affinity proteins for tumour-targeting applications. Biotechnol Appl Biochem. 2009; 53: 1-29.
40. Baum RP, Prasad V, Muller D, Schuchardt C, Orlova A, Wennborg A, et al. Molecular Imaging of HER2-Expressing Malignant Tumors in Breast Cancer Patients Using Synthetic 111In-or 68Ga-Labeled Affibody Molecules. J Nucl Med. 2010; 51: 892-7.
41. Al-Nahhas A, Fanti S. Radiolabelled peptides in diagnosis and therapy: an introduction. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2012; 39 Suppl 1: S1-3.
42. Decristoforo C, Pickett RD, Verbruggen A. Feasibility and availability of (6)(8)Ga-labelled peptides. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2012; 39 Suppl 1: S31-40.
43. Koopmans KP, Glaudemans AW. Rationale for the use of radiolabelled peptides in diagnosis and therapy. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2012; 39 Suppl 1: S4-10.
44. Maecke HR, Reubi JC. Somatostatin receptors as targets for nuclear medicine imaging and radionuclide treatment. J Nucl Med. 2011; 52: 841-4.
45. Schottelius M, Wester HJ. Molecular imaging targeting peptide receptors. Methods. 2009; 48: 161-77.
46. Reubi JC. Old and new peptide receptor targets in cancer: future directions. Recent Results Cancer Res. 2013; 194: 567-76.
47. Laverman P, Sosabowski JK, Boerman OC, Oyen WJ. Radiolabelled peptides for oncological diagnosis. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2012; 39 Suppl 1: S78-92.
48. Aloj L, Aurilio M, Rinaldi V, D'Ambrosio L, Tesauro D, Peitl PK, et al. Comparison of the binding and internalization properties of 12 DOTA-coupled and (1)(1)(1)In-labelled CCK2/gastrin receptor binding peptides: a collaborative project under COST Action BM0607. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2011; 38: 1417-25.
49. Ambrosini V, Fani M, Fanti S, Forrer F, Maecke HR. Radiopeptide imaging and therapy in Europe. J Nucl Med. 2011; 52 Suppl 2: 42S-55S.
50. Roosenburg S, Laverman P, van Delft FL, Boerman OC. Radiolabeled CCK/gastrin peptides for imaging and therapy of CCK2 receptor-expressing tumors. Amino Acids. 2011; 41: 1049-58.
51. Erchegyi J, Cescato R, Waser B, Rivier JE, Reubi JC. N-imidazolebenzyl-histidine substitution in somatostatin and in its octapeptide analogue modulates receptor selectivity and function. J Med Chem. 2011; 54: 5981-7.
52. Decristoforo C, Peñuelas I. Towards a harmonized radiopharmaceutical regulatory framework in Europe? Quarterly Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging. 2009; 53: 394-401.
53. Lappin G, Kuhnz W, Jochemsen R, Kneer J, Chaudhary A, Oosterhuis B, et al. Use of microdosing to predict pharmacokinetics at the therapeutic dose: Experience with 5 drugs. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 2006; 80: 203-15.
54. Garner RC, Lappin G. The phase 0 microdosing concept. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 2006; 61: 367-70.
55. Bergstrom M, Grahnen A, Langstrom B. Positron emission tomography microdosing: a new concept with application in tracer and early clinical drug development. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2003; 59: 357-66.
56. Marchetti S, Schellens JHM. The impact of FDA and EMEA guidelines on drug development in relation to Phase 0 trials. British Journal of Cancer. 2007; 97: 577-81.
57. Mills G. The exploratory IND. Journal of nuclear medicine : official publication, Society of Nuclear Medicine. 2008; 49: 45N-7N.
58. Verbruggen A, Coenen HH, Deverre JR, Guilloteau D, Langstrom B, Salvadori PA, et al. Guideline to regulations for radiopharmaceuticals in early phase clinical trials in the EU. European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging. 2008; 35: 2144-51.
59. Norenberg JP, Petry NA, Schwarz S. Operation of a radiopharmacy for a clinical trial. Seminars in Nuclear Medicine. 2010; 40: 347-56.
60. European pharmacopoeia commission. Production and compounding of radiopharmaceutical preparations. Strasbourg. 2011.
61. Elsinga P, Todde S, Penuelas I, Meyer G, Farstad B, Faivre-Chauvet A, et al. Guidance on current good radiopharmacy practice (cGRPP) for the small-scale preparation of radiopharmaceuticals. European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging. 2010; 37: 1049-62.
62. Virgolini I, Ambrosini V, Bomanji JB, Baum RP, Fanti S, Gabriel M, et al. Procedure guidelines for PET/CT tumour imaging with 68Ga-DOTA-conjugated peptides: 68Ga-DOTA-TOC, 68Ga-DOTA-NOC, 68Ga-DOTA-TATE. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2010; 37: 2004-10.
63. Janson ET, Sorbye H, Welin S, Federspiel B, Gronbaek H, Hellman P, et al. Nordic Guidelines 2010 for diagnosis and treatment of gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumours. Acta Oncologica. 2010; 49: 740-56.
64. European Directorate for the Quality of Medicines Pharmeuropa. Gallium (68Ga)edotreotide injection. European Directorate for the Quality of Medicines Pharmeuropa. 2011; 23: 310-23.
65. Velikyan I, Gunnar A, Sörensen J, Estrada S. Organ biodistribution of Germanium-68 in rat in the presence and absence of [68Ga]Ga-DOTA-TOC for the extrapolation to the human organ and whole-body radiation dosimetry. American journal of nuclear medicine and molecular imaging. 2013; 3: 154.
66. Boellaard R, O'Doherty MJ, Chiti A, Krause BJ. Reply to: FDG PET and PET/CT: EANM procedure guideline for tumour PET imaging. European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging. 2010; 37: 1432-3.
67. Boellaard R, O'Doherty MJ, Weber WA, Mottaghy FM, Lonsdale MN, Stroobants SG, et al. FDG PET and PET/CT: EANM procedure guidelines for tumour PET imaging: version 1.0. European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging. 2010; 37: 181-200.
68. Wahl RL, Jacene H, Kasamon Y, Lodge MA. From RECIST to PERCIST: Evolving considerations for PET response criteria in solid tumors. Journal of Nuclear Medicine. 2009; 50: 122S-50S.
69. Dondi M, Kashyap R, Paez D, Pascual T, Zaknun J, Bastos FM, et al. Trends in Nuclear Medicine in Developing Countries. Journal of Nuclear Medicine. 2011; 52: 16S-23S.
70. Ware RE, Hicks RJ. Doing more harm than good? Do systematic reviews of PET by health technology assessment agencies provide an appraisal of the evidence that is closer to the truth than the primary data supporting its use? Journal of Nuclear Medicine. 2011; 52: 64S-73S.
71. Graham MM, Menda Y. Radiopeptide Imaging and Therapy in the United States. Journal of Nuclear Medicine. 2011; 52: 56S-63S.
72. Decristoforo C, Knopp R, von Guggenberg E, Rupprich M, Dreger T, Hess A, et al. A fully automated synthesis for the preparation of 68Ga-labelled peptides. Nucl Med Commun. 2007; 28: 870-5.
73. Azhdarinia A, Yang DJ, Chao C, Mourtada F. Infrared-based module for the synthesis of 68Ga-labeled radiotracers. Nucl Med Biol. 2007; 34: 121-7.
74. Cagnolini A, Chen J, Ramos K, Skedzielewski TM, Lantry LE, Nunn AD, et al. Automated synthesis, characterization and biological evaluation of [(68)Ga]Ga-AMBA, and the synthesis and characterization of (nat)Ga-AMBA and [(67)Ga]Ga-AMBA. Appl Radiat Isot. 2010; 68: 2285-92.
75. Bauwens M, Chekol R, Vanbilloen H, Bormans G, Verbruggen A. Optimal buffer choice of the radiosynthesis of Ga-68-Dotatoc for clinical application. Nuclear Medicine Communications. 2010; 31: 753-8.
76. Meyer GJ, Macke H, Schuhmacher J, Knapp WH, Hofmann M. 68Ga-labelled DOTA-derivatised peptide ligands. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2004; 31: 1097-104.
77. Rizzello A, Di Pierro D, Lodi F, Trespidi S, Cicoria G, Pancaldi D, et al. Synthesis and quality control of Ga-68 citrate for routine clinical PET. Nuclear Medicine Communications. 2009; 30: 542-5.
78. Di Pierro D, Rizzello A, Cicoria G, Lodi F, Marengo M, Pancaldi D, et al. Radiolabelling, quality control and radiochemical purity assessment of the Octreotide analogue 68Ga DOTA NOC. Applied radiation and isotopes : including data, instrumentation and methods for use in agriculture, industry and medicine. 2008; 66: 1091-6.
79. Ocak M, Antretter M, Knopp R, Kunkel F, Petrik M, Bergisadi N, et al. Full automation of (68)Ga labelling of DOTA-peptides including cation exchange prepurification. Applied radiation and isotopes : including data, instrumentation and methods for use in agriculture, industry and medicine. 2010; 68: 297-302.
80. Pohle K, Notni J, Bussemer J, Kessler H, Schwaiger M, Beer AJ. 68Ga-NODAGA-RGD is a suitable substitute for (18)F-Galacto-RGD and can be produced with high specific activity in a cGMP/GRP compliant automated process. Nucl Med Biol. 2012; 39: 777-84.
81. Boschi S, Malizia C, Lodi F. Overview and perspectives on automation strategies in 68Ga radiopharmaceutical preparations. Recent Results Cancer Res. 2012; 194: 17-31.
82. Lin M, Ranganathan D, Mori T, Hagooly A, Rossin R, Welch MJ, et al. Long-term evaluation of TiO2-based 68Ge/68Ga generators and optimized automation of [68Ga]DOTATOC radiosynthesis. Appl Radiat Isot. 2012; 70: 2539-44.
83. Petrik M, Knetsch PA, Knopp R, Imperato G, Ocak M, von Guggenberg E, et al. Radiolabelling of peptides for PET, SPECT and therapeutic applications using a fully automated disposable cassette system. Nucl Med Commun. 2011; 32: 887-95.
84. Gebhardt P, Opfermann T, Saluz HP. Computer controlled Ga-68 milking and concentration system. Applied Radiation and Isotopes. 2010; 68: 1057-9.
85. De Decker M, Turner JH. Automated module radiolabeling of peptides and antibodies with gallium-68, lutetium-177 and iodine-131. Cancer Biotherapy & Radiopharmaceuticals. 2012; 27: 72-6.
86. Kumar V, Boddeti DK, Evans SG, Roesch F, Howman-Giles R. Potential use of Ga-68-apo-transferrin as a PET imaging agent for detecting Staphylococcus aureus infection. Nuclear Medicine and Biology. 2011; 38: 393-8.
87. Velikyan I, Berhane T, Khan T, Borges J, Sorensen J. One pot preparation of Ga-68-labelled macroaggregated albumin for PET-imaging of acute pulmonary embolism and myocardial perfusion quantification. European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging. 2012; 39: S410-S1.
88. Maus S, Buchholz H-G, Ament S, Brochhausen C, Bausbacher N, Schreckenberger M. Labelling of commercially available human serum albumin kits with 68Ga as surrogates for 99mTc-MAA microspheres. Appl Radiat Isot. 2011; 69: 171-5.
89. Mathias CJ, Green MA. A convenient route to Ga-68 Ga-MAA for use as a particulate PET perfusion tracer. Applied Radiation and Isotopes. 2008; 66: 1910-2.
90. Richter T, Bergmann R, Pietzsch J, Kozle I, Hofheinz F, Schiller E, et al. Effects of posture on regional pulmonary blood flow in rats as measured by PET. Journal of Applied Physiology. 2010; 108: 422-9.
91. Borges JB, Velikyan I, Långström B, Sörensen J, Ulin J, Maripuu E, et al. Ventilation distribution studies comparing Technegas and Gallgas using 68GaCl3 as the label. The journal of nuclear medicine. 2011; 52: 206-9.
92. Hofman MS, Beauregard JM, Barber TW, Neels OC, Eu P, Hicks RJ. 68Ga PET/CT ventilation-perfusion imaging for pulmonary embolism: a pilot study with comparison to conventional scintigraphy. Journal of nuclear medicine: official publication, Society of Nuclear Medicine. 2011; 52: 1513-9.
93. Roesch F, Filosofov DV. Production, radiochemical processing and quality evaluation of Ge-68 suitable for production of a 68Ge/68Ga generator. Int. Atomic Energy Agency. 2010.
94. Chakravarty R, Shukla R, Ram R, Tyagi AK, Dash A, Venkatesh M. Development of a nano-zirconia based 68Ge/68Ga generator for biomedical applications. Nucl Med Biol. 2011; 38: 575-83.
95. Le VS. 68Ga generator integrated system: Elution-purification-concentration integration. 2013; :43-75.
96. Rösch F. 68Ge/68Ga Generators: Past, present, and future. 2013;: 3-16.
97. Shehata MM, Scholten B, Spahn I, Qaim SM, Coenen HH. Radiochemical studies relevant to the separation of 68Ga and 68Ge. Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry. 2011; 288: 887-93.
98. de Blois E, Chan HS, Naidoo C, Prince D, Krenning EP, Breeman WAP. Characteristics of SnO2-based Ge-68/Ga-68 generator and aspects of radiolabelling DOTA-peptides. Applied Radiation and Isotopes. 2011; 69: 308-15.
99. Velikyan I, Beyer GJ, Langstrom B. Microwave-supported preparation of 68Ga-bioconjugates with high specific radioactivity. Bioconjugate Chem. 2004; 15: 554-60.
100. Velikyan I. The Diversity of 68Ga-Based Imaging Agents. Recent Results Cancer Res. 2013; 194: 101-31.
101. Zhernosekov KP, Filosofov DV, Baum RP, Aschoff P, Bihl H, Razbash AA, et al. Processing of Generator-Produced 68Ga for Medical Application. Journal of Nuclear Medicine. 2007; 48: 1741-8.
102. Petrik M, Schuessele A, Perkhofer S, Lass-Florl C, Becker D, Decristoforo C. Microbial challenge tests on nonradioactive TiO2-based 68Ge/68Ga generator columns. Nuclear Medicine Communications. 2012; 33: 819-23.
103. Velikyan I, Xu H, Nair M, Hall H. Robust labeling and comparative preclinical characterization of DOTA-TOC and DOTA-TATE. Nucl Med Biol. 2012; 39: 628-59.
104. Sen K, Wolterbeek HT, Breeman WAP. Speciation of no-carrier-added 68Ga prior to its labeling for PET imaging. Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry. 2012; 291: 683-7.
105. Kotzerke J, Andreeff M, Wunderlich G. PET aerosol lung scintigraphy using Galligas. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2010; 37: 175-7.
106. Zoller F, Riss PJ, Montforts FP, Rosch F. Efficient post-processing of aqueous generator eluates facilitates Ga-68-labelling under anhydrous conditions. Radiochimica Acta. 2010; 98: 157-60.
107. Petrik M, Ocak M, Rupprich M, Decristoforo C. Impurity in (68)Ga-peptide preparation using processed generator eluate. Journal of nuclear medicine : official publication, Society of Nuclear Medicine. 2010; 51: 495; author reply -6.
108. Schultz MK, Mueller D, Baum RP, Leonard Watkins G, Breeman WAP. A new automated NaCl based robust method for routine production of gallium-68 labeled peptides. Applied Radiation and Isotopes. 2012.
109. Ballinger JR. Short-and long-term responses to molybdenum-99 shortages in nuclear medicine. Br J Radiol. 2010; 83: 899-901.
110. Bartholoma MD, Louie AS, Valliant JF, Zubieta J. Technetium and gallium derived radiopharmaceuticals: comparing and contrasting the chemistry of two important radiometals for the molecular imaging era. Chem Rev. 2010; 110: 2903-20.
111. Breeman WA, de Jong M, de Blois E, Bernard BF, Konijnenberg M, Krenning EP. Radiolabelling DOTA-peptides with (68)Ga. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2005; 32: 478-85.
112. Bartholomä MD. Recent developments in the design of bifunctional chelators for metal-based radiopharmaceuticals used in Positron Emission Tomography. Inorganica Chimica Acta. 2012; 389: 36-51.
113. Velikyan I, Maecke H, Langstrom B. Convenient preparation of 68Ga-based PET-radiopharmaceuticals at room temperature. Bioconjug Chem. 2008; 19: 569-73.
114. Chaves S, Mendonca AC, Marques SM, Prata MI, Santos AC, Martins AF, et al. A gallium complex with a new tripodal tris-hydroxypyridinone for potential nuclear diagnostic imaging: solution and in vivo studies of 67Ga-labeled species. J Inorg Biochem. 2011; 105: 31-8.
115. Berry DJ, Ma Y, Ballinger JR, Tavare R, Koers A, Sunassee K, et al. Efficient bifunctional gallium-68 chelators for positron emission tomography: tris(hydroxypyridinone) ligands. Chem Commun (Camb). 2011; 47: 7068-70.
116. Boros E, Ferreira CL, Cawthray JF, Price EW, Patrick BO, Wester DW, et al. Acyclic Chelate with Ideal Properties for Ga-68 PET Imaging Agent Elaboration. Journal of the American Chemical Society. 2010; 132: 15726-33.
117. Eder M, Krivoshein AV, Backer M, Backer JM, Haberkorn U, Eisenhut M. ScVEGF-PEG-HBED-CC and scVEGF-PEG-NOTA conjugates: comparison of easy-to-label recombinant proteins for [68Ga]PET imaging of VEGF receptors in angiogenic vasculature. Nucl Med Biol. 2010; 37: 405-12.
118. Boros E, Ferreira CL, Yapp DT, Gill RK, Price EW, Adam MJ, et al. RGD conjugates of the H2dedpa scaffold: synthesis, labeling and imaging with 68Ga. Nucl Med Biol. 2012; 39: 785-94.
119. Riss PJ, Kroll C, Nagel V, Rosch F. NODAPA-OH and NODAPA-(NCS)n: synthesis, 68Ga-radiolabelling and in vitro characterisation of novel versatile bifunctional chelators for molecular imaging. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2008; 18: 5364-7.
120. Jeong JM, Hong MK, Chang YS, Lee YS, Kim YJ, Cheon GJ, et al. Preparation of a promising angiogenesis PET imaging agent: Ga-68-labeled c(RGDyK)-isothiocyanatobenzyl-1,4,7-triazacyclononane-1,4,7-triacetic acid and feasibility studies in mice. J Nucl Med. 2008; 49: 830-6.
121. Morfin JF, Toth E. Kinetics of Ga(NOTA) Formation from Weak Ga-Citrate Complexes. Inorganic Chemistry. 2011; 50: 10371-8.
122. Notni J, Hermann P, Havlickova J, Kotek J, Kubicek V, Plutnar J, et al. A triazacyclononane-based bifunctional phosphinate ligand for the preparation of multimeric 68Ga tracers for positron emission tomography. Chemistry. 2010; 16: 7174-85.
123. Notni J, Simecek J, Hermann P, Wester HJ. TRAP, a Powerful and Versatile Framework for Gallium-68 Radiopharmaceuticals. Chemistry-a European Journal. 2011; 17: 14718-22.
124. Simecek J, Zemek O, Hermann P, Wester HJ, Notni J. A monoreactive bifunctional triazacyclononane phosphinate chelator with high selectivity for gallium-68. ChemMedChem. 2012; 7: 1375-8.
125. Simecek J, Hermann P, Wester HJ, Notni J. How is (68) Ga Labeling of Macrocyclic Chelators Influenced by Metal Ion Contaminants in (68) Ge/(68) Ga Generator Eluates. ChemMedChem. 2012.
126. Simecek J, Schulz M, Notni J, Plutnar J, Kubicek V, Havlickova J, et al. Complexation of metal ions with TRAP (1,4,7-triazacyclononane phosphinic acid) ligands and 1,4,7-triazacyclononane-1,4,7-triacetic acid: phosphinate-containing ligands as unique chelators for trivalent gallium. Inorg Chem. 2012; 51: 577-90.
127. Kubícek V, Havlícková J, Kotek J, Tircsó G, Hermann P, Tóth E, et al. Gallium(III) complexes of DOTA and DOTA-Monoamide: Kinetic and thermodynamic studies. Inorganic Chemistry. 2010; 49: 10960-9.
128. Ferreira CL, Lamsa E, Woods M, Duan Y, Fernando P, Bensimon C, et al. Evaluation of Bifunctional Chelates for the Development of Gallium-Based Radiopharmaceuticals. Bioconjugate Chemistry. 2010; 21: 531-6.
129. Azad BB, Cho CF, Lewis JD, Luyt LG. Synthesis, radiometal labeling and in vitro evaluation of a targeted PPIX derivative. Appl Radiat Isot. 2012; 70: 505-11.
130. Zoller F, Riss PJ, Montforts FP, Kelleher DK, Eppard E, Rosch F. Radiolabelling and preliminary evaluation of (68)Ga-tetrapyrrole derivatives as potential tracers for PET. Nuclear Medicine and Biology. 2012.
131. Ma MT, Neels OC, Denoyer D, Roselt P, Karas JA, Scanlon DB, et al. Gallium-68 complex of a macrobicyclic cage amine chelator tethered to two integrin-targeting peptides for diagnostic tumor imaging. Bioconjug Chem. 2011; 22: 2093-103.
132. Mindt TL, Jungi V, Wyss S, Friedli A, Pla G, Novak-Hofer I, et al. Modification of different IgG1 antibodies via glutamine and lysine using bacterial and human tissue transglutaminase. Bioconjugate Chemistry. 2008; 19: 271-8.
133. Tanaka K, Masuyama T, Hasegawa K, Tahara T, Mizuma H, Wada Y, et al. A submicrogram-scale protocol for biomolecule-based PET imaging by rapid 6 pi-azaelectrocyclization: Visualization of sialic acid dependent circulatory residence of glycoproteins. Angewandte Chemie-International Edition. 2008; 47: 102-5.
134. Knor S, Modlinger A, Poethko T, Schottelius M, Wester HJ, Kessler H. Synthesis of novel 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclodecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid (DOTA) derivatives for chemoselective attachment to unprotected polyfunctionalized compounds. Chemistry-a European Journal. 2007; 13: 6082-90.
135. Dijkgraaf I, Rijnders AY, Soede A, Dechesne AC, van Esse GW, Brouwer AJ, et al. Synthesis of DOTA-conjugated multivalent cyclic-RGD peptide dendrimers via 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition and their biological evaluation: implications for tumor targeting and tumor imaging purposes. Org Biomol Chem. 2007; 5: 935-44.
136. Tanaka K, Fukase K, Katsumura S. Exploring a unique reactivity of 6-azaelectrocyclization to enzyme inhibition, natural products synthesis, and molecular imaging: An approach to chemical biology by synthetic chemists. Synlett. 2011: 2115-39.
137. Mindt TL, Müller C, Stuker F, Salazar JF, Hohn A, Mueggler T, et al. A "click chemistry" approach to the efficient synthesis of multiple imaging probes derived from a single precursor. Bioconjugate Chemistry. 2009; 20: 1940-9.
138. Yim CB, van der Wildt B, Dijkgraaf I, Joosten L, Eek A, Versluis C, et al. Spacer effects on in vivo properties of DOTA-conjugated dimeric [Tyr3]octreotate peptides synthesized by a "Cu(I)-click" and "sulfo-click" ligation method. Chembiochem. 2011; 12: 750-60.
139. Baumhover NJ, Martin ME, Parameswarappa SG, Kloepping KC, O'Dorisio MS, Pigge FC, et al. Improved synthesis and biological evaluation of chelator-modified alpha-MSH analogs prepared by copper-free click chemistry. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2011; 21: 5757-61.
140. Riss PJ, Burchardt C, Zimny MJ, Peters J, Roesch F. A concise synthesis procedure to furnish multi-gram amounts of hexadentate, bivalent DO2A-based chelators. RSC Advances. 2012; 2: 7156-60.
141. Dimitrakopoulou-Strauss A, Georgoulias V, Eisenhut M, Herth F, Koukouraki S, Macke HR, et al. Quantitative assessment of SSTR2 expression in patients with non-small cell lung cancer using Ga-68-DOTATOC PET and comparison with F-18-FDG PET. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2006; 33: 823-30.
142. Dimitrakopoulou-Strauss A, Hohenberger P, Haberkorn U, Macke HR, Eisenhut M, Strauss LG. Ga-68-Labeled bombesin studies in patients with gastrointestinal stromal tumors: Comparison with F-18-FDG. J Nucl Med. 2007; 48: 1245-50.
143. Sancho V, Di Florio A, Moody TW, Jensen RT. Bombesin receptor-mediated imaging and cytotoxicity: review and current status. Current drug delivery. 2011; 8: 79-134.
144. Fellner M, Baum RP, Kubicek V, Hermann P, Lukes I, Prasad V, et al. PET/CT imaging of osteoblastic bone metastases with Ga-68-bisphosphonates: first human study. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2010; 37: 834.
145. Afshar-Oromieh A, Haberkorn U, Eder M, Eisenhut M, Zechmann CM. [68Ga]Gallium-labelled PSMA ligand as superior PET tracer for the diagnosis of prostate cancer: comparison with 18F-FECH. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2012; 39: 1085-6.
146. Al-Nahhas A. Nuclear medicine imaging of neuroendocrine tumours. Clin Med. 2012; 12: 377-80.
147. Ambrosini V, Nicolini S, Caroli P, Nanni C, Massaro A, Marzola MC, et al. PET/CT imaging in different types of lung cancer: an overview. European journal of radiology. 2012; 81: 988-1001.
148. Ambrosini V, Campana D, Tomassetti P, Fanti S. (6)(8)Ga-labelled peptides for diagnosis of gastroenteropancreatic NET. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2012; 39 Suppl 1: S52-60.
149. Oberg KE, Reubi JC, Kwekkeboom DJ, Krenning EP. Role of somatostatins in gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumor development and therapy. Gastroenterology. 2010; 139: 742-53, 53 e1.
150. Oberg K. Molecular Imaging Radiotherapy: Theranostics for Personalized Patient Management of Neuroendocrine Tumors (NETs). Theranostics. 2012; 2: 448-58.
151. Erchegyi J, Grace CR, Samant M, Cescato R, Piccand V, Riek R, et al. Ring size of somatostatin analogues (ODT-8) modulates receptor selectivity and binding affinity. J Med Chem. 2008; 51: 2668-75.
152. Grace CR, Erchegyi J, Samant M, Cescato R, Piccand V, Riek R, et al. Ring size in octreotide amide modulates differently agonist versus antagonist binding affinity and selectivity. J Med Chem. 2008; 51: 2676-81.
153. Grace CR, Erchegyi J, Reubi JC, Rivier JE, Riek R. Three-dimensional consensus structure of sst2-selective somatostatin (SRIF) antagonists by NMR. Biopolymers. 2008; 89: 1077-87.
154. Cescato R, Erchegyi J, Waser B, Piccand V, Maecke HR, Rivier JE, et al. Design and in vitro characterization of highly sst2-selective somatostatin antagonists suitable for radiotargeting. J Med Chem. 2008; 51: 4030-7.
155. Fani M, Mueller A, Tamma ML, Nicolas G, Rink HR, Cescato R, et al. Radiolabeled bicyclic somatostatin-based analogs: a novel class of potential radiotracers for SPECT/PET of neuroendocrine tumors. J Nucl Med. 2010; 51: 1771-9.
156. Cescato R, Waser B, Fani M, Reubi JC. Evaluation of 177Lu-DOTA-sst2 antagonist versus 177Lu-DOTA-sst2 agonist binding in human cancers in vitro. J Nucl Med. 2011; 52: 1886-90.
157. Fani M, Del Pozzo L, Abiraj K, Mansi R, Tamma ML, Cescato R, et al. PET of somatostatin receptor-positive tumors using 64Cu-and 68Ga-somatostatin antagonists: the chelate makes the difference. J Nucl Med. 2011; 52: 1110-8.
158. Fani M, Braun F, Waser B, Beetschen K, Cescato R, Erchegyi J, et al. Unexpected sensitivity of sst2 antagonists to N-terminal radiometal modifications. J Nucl Med. 2012; 53: 1481-9.
159. Wild D, Fani M, Behe M, Brink I, Rivier JE, Reubi JC, et al. First clinical evidence that imaging with somatostatin receptor antagonists is feasible. J Nucl Med. 2011; 52: 1412-7.
160. Zhang H, Moroz MA, Serganova I, Ku T, Huang R, Vider J, et al. Imaging expression of the human somatostatin receptor subtype-2 reporter gene with 68Ga-DOTATOC. J Nucl Med. 2011; 52: 123-31.
161. Reubi JC, Schär J-C, Waser B, Wenger S, Heppeler A, Schmitt JS, et al. Affinity profiles for human somatostatin receptor subtypes SST1-SST5 of somatostatin radiotracers selected for scintigraphic and radiotherapeutic use. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2000; 27: 273-82.
162. Poeppel TD, Binse I, Petersenn S, Lahner H, Schott M, Antoch G, et al. 68Ga-DOTATOC versus 68Ga-DOTATATE PET/CT in functional imaging of neuroendocrine tumors. J Nucl Med. 2011; 52: 1864-70.
163. Hanin FX, Pauwels S, Bol A, Breeman W, de Jong M, Jamar F. Tumor uptake of 68Ga-DOTA-Tyr3-octreotate: animal PET studies of tumor flow and acute somatostatin receptor modulation in the CA20948 rat model. Nucl Med Biol. 2010; 37: 157-65.
164. Hanin FX, Pauwels S, Bol A, Melis M, Breeman W, De Jong M, et al. Effect of interferon-a treatment on [68Ga-DOTA,Tyr3,Thre8] octreotide uptake in CA20948 tumors: A small-animal PET study. Journal of Nuclear Medicine. 2011; 52: 580-5.
165. Cotugno G, Aurilio M, Annunziata P, Capalbo A, Faella A, Rinaldi V, et al. Noninvasive Repetitive Imaging of Somatostatin Receptor 2 Gene Transfer with Positron Emission Tomography. Hum Gene Ther. 2011.
166. Tan EH, Goh SW. Exploring new frontiers in molecular imaging: Emergence of Ga PET/CT. World J Radiol. 2010; 2: 55-67.
167. Naji M, A AL-N. (6)(8)Ga-labelled peptides in the management of neuroectodermal tumours. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2012; 39 Suppl 1: S61-7.
168. Kabasakal L, Demirci E, Ocak M, Decristoforo C, Araman A, Ozsoy Y, et al. Comparison of (68)Ga-DOTATATE and (68)Ga-DOTANOC PET/CT imaging in the same patient group with neuroendocrine tumours. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2012.
169. Traub-Weidinger T, Von Guggenberg E, Dobrozemsky G, Kendler D, Eisterer W, Bale R, et al. Preliminary experience with Ga-68-DOTA-lanreotide positron emission tomography. Q J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2010; 54: 52-60.
170. Gehler B, Paulsen F, Oksuz MO, Hauser TK, Eschmann SM, Bares R, et al. [68Ga]-DOTATOC-PET/CT for meningioma IMRT treatment planning. Radiat Oncol. 2009; 4: 56.
171. Milker-Zabel S, Zabel-du Bois A, Henze M, Huber P, Schulz-Ertner D, Hoess A, et al. Improved target volume definition for fractionated stereotactic radiotherapy in patients with intracranial meningiomas by correlation of CT, MRI, and [68Ga]-DOTATOC-PET. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2006; 65: 222-7.
172. Gabriel M, Andergassen U, Putzer D, Kroiss A, Waitz D, Von Guggenberg E, et al. Individualized peptide-related-radionuclide-therapy concept using different radiolabelled somatostatin analogs in advanced cancer patients. Q J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2010; 54: 92-9.
173. Putzer D, Gabriel M, Kendler D, Henninger B, Knoflach M, Kroiss A, et al. Comparison of (68)Ga-DOTA-Tyr(3)-octreotide and (18)F-fluoro-L-dihydroxyphenylalanine positron emission tomography in neuroendocrine tumor patients. Q J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2010; 54: 68-75.
174. Win Z, Al-Nahhas A, Towey D, Todd JF, Rubello D, Lewington V, et al. 68Ga-DOTATATE PET in neuroectodermal tumours: first experience. Nucl Med Commun. 2007; 28: 359-63.
175. Modlin IM, Oberg K, Chung DC, Jensen RT, de Herder WW, Thakker RV, et al. Gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumours. Lancet Oncol. 2008; 9: 61-72.
176. Beauregard JM, Hofman MS, Kong G, Hicks RJ. The tumour sink effect on the biodistribution of 68Ga-DOTA-octreotate: implications for peptide receptor radionuclide therapy. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2012; 39: 50-6.
177. Maecke HR, Hofmann M, Haberkorn U. (68)Ga-labeled peptides in tumor imaging. J Nucl Med. 2005; 46 Suppl 1: 172S-8S.
178. Prasad V, Baum RP. Biodistribution of the Ga-68 labeled somatostatin analogue DOTA-NOC in patients with neuroendocrine tumors: characterization of uptake in normal organs and tumor lesions. Q J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2010; 54: 61-7.
179. Ambrosini V, Nanni C, Zompatori M, Campana D, Tomassetti P, Castellucci P, et al. Ga-68-DOTA-NOC PET/CT in comparison with CT for the detection of bone metastasis in patients with neuroendocrine tumours. European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging. 2010; 37: 722-7.
180. Haug AR, Auernhammer CJ, Wangler B, Schmidt GP, Uebleis C, Goke B, et al. 68Ga-DOTATATE PET/CT for the early prediction of response to somatostatin receptor-mediated radionuclide therapy in patients with well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumors. Journal of nuclear medicine 2010; 51: 1349-56.
181. Frilling A, Sotiropoulos GC, Radtke A, Malago M, Bockisch A, Kuehl H, et al. The impact of 68Ga-DOTATOC positron emission tomography/computed tomography on the multimodal management of patients with neuroendocrine tumors. Ann Surg. 2010; 252: 850-6.
182. Versari A, Camellini L, Carlinfante G, Frasoldati A, Nicoli F, Grassi E, et al. Ga-68 DOTATOC PET, endoscopic ultrasonography, and multidetector CT in the diagnosis of duodenopancreatic neuroendocrine tumors: a single-centre retrospective study. Clin Nucl Med. 2010; 35: 321-8.
183. Van Riet J, Rattat D, Verbruggen A, Mortelmans L, Mottaghy FM. Ga-68 DOTATOC PET/CT changed the therapeutic course of a patient with the sudden onset of vision problems. Clin Nucl Med. 2009; 34: 27-8.
184. Froeling V, Elgeti F, Maurer MH, Scheurig-Muenkler C, Beck A, Kroencke TJ, et al. Impact of Ga-68 DOTATOC PET/CT on the diagnosis and treatment of patients with multiple endocrine neoplasia. Ann Nucl Med. 2012; 26: 738-43.
185. Ambrosini V, Campana D, Nanni C, Cambioli S, Tomassetti P, Rubello D, et al. Is (6)(8)Ga-DOTA-NOC PET/CT indicated in patients with clinical, biochemical or radiological suspicion of neuroendocrine tumour? Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2012; 39: 1278-83.
186. Nicolini S, Ambrosini V, Fantini L, Fanti S. 68Ga DOTANOC PET/CT detects medullary thyroid cancer relapse at bone level. Clin Nucl Med. 2012; 37: 591-2.
187. Ambrosini V, Campana D, Allegri V, Opocher G, Fanti S. 68Ga-DOTA-NOC PET/CT detects somatostatin receptors expression in von hippel-lindau cerebellar disease. Clin Nucl Med. 2011; 36: 64-5.
188. Zanoni L, Lopci E, Ambrosini V, Boschi S, Fanti S. Alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma with neuroendocrine differentiation detected by Ga-68 DOTA-NOC PET/CT: a case report. Clin Nucl Med. 2011; 36: 915-8.
189. Naswa N, Kumar A, Sharma P, Bal C, Malhotra A, Kumar R. Imaging carotid body chemodectomas with (6)(8)Ga-DOTA-NOC PET-CT. Br J Radiol. 2012; 85: 1140-5.
190. Ambrosini V, Zompatori M, De Luca F, Antonia DE, Allegri V, Nanni C, et al. 68Ga-DOTANOC PET/CT Allows Somatostatin Receptor Imaging in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis: Preliminary Results. J Nucl Med. 2010; 51: 1950-5.
191. Lincke T, Singer J, Kluge R, Sabri O, Paschke R. Relative quantification of indium-111 pentetreotide and gallium-68 DOTATOC uptake in the thyroid gland and association with thyroid pathologies. Thyroid. 2009; 19: 381-9.
192. Luboldt W, Zophel K, Wunderlich G, Abramyuk A, Luboldt HJ, Kotzerke J. Visualization of somatostatin receptors in prostate cancer and its bone metastases with Ga-68-DOTATOC PET/CT. Mol Imaging Biol. 2010; 12: 78-84.
193. Sainz-Esteban A, Prasad V, Baum RP. Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumor With Involvement of the Inferior Mesenteric Vein Diagnosed by Ga-68 DOTA-TATE PET/CT. Clin Nucl Med. 2010; 35: 40-1.
194. Lim TC, Tan EH, Zaheer S. Use of Ga-68 DOTATATE PET/CT to Confirm Portal Vein Tumor Thrombosis in a Patient With Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumor. Clin Nucl Med. 2011; 36: 498-9.
195. Boss A, Bisdas S, Kolb A, Hofmann M, Ernemann U, Claussen CD, et al. Hybrid PET/MRI of Intracranial Masses: Initial Experiences and Comparison to PET/CT. J Nucl Med. 2010; 51: 1198-205.
196. Conry BG, Papathanasiou ND, Prakash V, Kayani I, Caplin M, Mahmood S, et al. Comparison of Ga-68-DOTATATE and F-18-fluorodeoxyglucose PET/CT in the detection of recurrent medullary thyroid carcinoma. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2010; 37: 49-57.
197. Rominger A, Saam T, Vogl E, Ubleis C, la Fougere C, Forster S, et al. In Vivo Imaging of Macrophage Activity in the Coronary Arteries Using 68Ga-DOTATATE PET/CT: Correlation with Coronary Calcium Burden and Risk Factors. J Nucl Med. 2010; 51: 193-7.
198. Gambini JP, Quagliata A, Finozzi R, Serra P, Lago G, Gaudiano J, et al. Tc-99mand Ga-68-labeled somatostatin analogues in the evaluation of Hurthle cell thyroid cancer. Clin Nucl Med. 2011; 36: 803-4.
199. Shastry M, Kayani I, Wild D, Caplin M, Visvikis D, Gacinovic S, et al. Distribution pattern of Ga-68-DOTATATE in disease-free patients. Nucl Med Comm. 2010; 31: 1025-32.
200. Al-Ibraheem A, Bundschuh RA, Notni J, Buck A, Winter A, Wester HJ, et al. Focal uptake of 68Ga-DOTATOC in the pancreas: pathological or physiological correlate in patients with neuroendocrine tumours? Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2011; 38: 2005-13.
201. Castellucci P, Pou Ucha J, Fuccio C, Rubello D, Ambrosini V, Montini GC, et al. Incidence of increased 68Ga-DOTANOC uptake in the pancreatic head in a large series of extrapancreatic NET patients studied with sequential PET/CT. J Nucl Med. 2011; 52: 886-90.
202. Krausz Y, Rubinstein R, Appelbaum L, Mishani E, Orevi M, Fraenkel M, et al. Ga-68 DOTA-NOC uptake in the pancreas: pathological and physiological patterns. Clin Nucl Med. 2012; 37: 57-62
203. Lincke T, Orschekowski G, Singer J, Sabri O, Paschke R. Increased Gallium-68 DOTATOC Uptake in Normal Thyroid Glands. Hormone and Metabolic Research. 2011; 43: 282-6.
204. Lips N, Deroose CM, Bielen D, Bossuyt P, Mortelmans L. Wandering spleen on a 68Ga-DOTATOC-PET/CT scan. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2011; 38: 982.
205. Campana D, Ambrosini V, Pezzilli R, Fanti S, Labate AMM, Santini D, et al. Standardized uptake values of 68Ga-DOTANOC PET: a promising prognostic tool in neuroendocrine tumors. J Nucl Med. 2010; 51: 353-9.
206. Boy C, Heusner TA, Poeppel TD, Redmann-Bischofs A, Unger N, Jentzen W, et al. 68Ga-DOTATOC PET/CT and somatostatin receptor (sst1-sst5) expression in normal human tissue: correlation of sst2 mRNA and SUVmax. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2011; 38: 1224-36.
207. Haug AR, Rominger A, Mustafa M, Auernhammer C, Goke B, Schmidt GP, et al. Treatment with octreotide does not reduce tumor uptake of (68)Ga-DOTATATE as measured by PET/CT in patients with neuroendocrine tumors. J Nucl Med. 2011; 52: 1679-83.
208. Sainz-Esteban A, Prasad V, Schuchardt C, Zachert C, Carril JM, Baum RP. Comparison of sequential planar 177Lu-DOTA-TATE dosimetry scans with 68Ga-DOTA-TATE PET/CT images in patients with metastasized neuroendocrine tumours undergoing peptide receptor radionuclide therapy. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2012; 39: 501-11.
209. Srirajaskanthan R, Kayani I, Quigley AM, Soh J, Caplin ME, Bomanji J. The role of 68Ga-DOTATATE PET in patients with neuroendocrine tumors and negative or equivocal findings on 111In-DTPA-Octreotide scintigraphy. J Nucl Med. 2010; 51: 875-82.
210. Kayani I, Bomanji JB, Groves A, Conway G, Gacinovic S, Win T, et al. Functional imaging of neuroendocrine tumors with combined PET/CT using 68Ga-DOTATATE (DOTA-DPhe1,Tyr3-octreotate) and 18F-FDG. Cancer. 2008; 112: 2447-55.
211. Ambrosini V, Tomassetti P, Castellucci P, Campana D, Montini G, Rubello D, et al. Comparison between 68Ga-DOTA-NOC and 18F-DOPA PET for the detection of gastro-entero-pancreatic and lung neuro-endocrine tumours. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2008; 35: 1431-8.
212. Kroiss A, Putzer D, Uprimny C, Decristoforo C, Gabriel M, Santner W, et al. Functional imaging in phaeochromocytoma and neuroblastoma with 68Ga-DOTA-Tyr 3-octreotide positron emission tomography and 123I-metaiodobenzylguanidine. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2011; 38: 865-73.
213. Naji M, Zhao C, Welsh SJ, Meades R, Win Z, Ferrarese A, et al. 68Ga-DOTA-TATE PET vs. 123I-MIBG in identifying malignant neural crest tumours. Mol Imaging Biol. 2011; 13: 769-75.
214. Putzer D, Gabriel M, Henninger B, Kendler D, Uprimny C, Dobrozemsky G, et al. Bone metastases in patients with neuroendocrine tumor: 68Ga-DOTA-Tyr3-Octreotide PET in comparison to CT and bone scintigraphy. J Nucl Med. 2009; 50: 1214-21.
215. Kaemmerer D, Prasad V, Daffner W, Haugvik SP, Senftleben S, Baum RP, et al. Radioguided surgery in neuroendocrine tumors using Ga-68-labeled somatostatin analogs: a pilot study. Clin Nucl Med. 2012; 37: 142-7.
216. Signore A, Glaudemans AWJM. The molecular imaging approach to image infections and inflammation by nuclear medicine techniques. Annals of Nuclear Medicine. 2011; 25: 681-700.
217. Zhang HW, Schuhmacher J, Waser B, Wild D, Eisenhut M, Reubi JC, et al. DOTA-PESIN, a DOTA-conjugated bombesin derivative designed for the imaging and targeted radionuclide treatment of bombesin receptor-positive tumours. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2007; 34: 1198-208.
218. Baum RP, Prasad V, Frischknecht M, Maecke H, Reubi J. Bombesin receptor imaging in various tumors: First results of Ga-68 AMBA PET/CT. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2007; 34: S193-S.
219. Koumarianou E, Loktionova NS, Fellner M, Roesch F, Thews O, Pawlak D, et al. Sc-44-DOTA-BN 2-14 NH2 in comparison to Ga-68-DOTA-BN 2-14 NH2 in pre-clinical investigation. Is Sc-44 a potential radionuclide for PET? Appl Radiat Isot. 2012; 70: 2669-76.
220. Schuhmacher J, Zhang H, Doll J, Macke HR, Matys R, Hauser H, et al. GRP Receptor-Targeted PET of a Rat Pancreas Carcinoma Xenograft in Nude Mice with a 68Ga-Labeled Bombesin(6-14) Analog. J Nucl Med. 2005; 46: 691-9.
221. Dimitrakopoulou-Strauss A, Seiz M, Tuettenberg J, Schmieder K, Eisenhut M, Haberkorn U, et al. Pharmacokinetic studies of 68Ga-labeled bombesin ( 68Ga-BZH3) and F-18 FDG PET in patients with recurrent gliomas and comparison to grading: Preliminary results. Clin Nucl Med. 2011; 36: 101-8.
222. Hofmann M, Machtens S, Stief C, Langer F, Boerner AR, Maecke H, et al. Feasibility of Ga-68-DOTABOM PET in prostate carcinoma patients. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2004; 31: S253-S.
223. Schroeder RP, van Weerden WM, Krenning EP, Bangma CH, Berndsen S, Grievink-de Ligt CH, et al. Gastrin-releasing peptide receptor-based targeting using bombesin analogues is superior to metabolism-based targeting using choline for in vivo imaging of human prostate cancer xenografts. European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging. 2011; 38: 1257-66.
224. Mansi R, Wang X, Forrer F, Waser B, Cescato R, Graham K, et al. Development of a potent DOTA-conjugated bombesin antagonist for targeting GRPr-positive tumours. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2011; 38: 97-107.
225. Abiraj K, Mansi R, Tamma ML, Fani M, Forrer F, Nicolas G, et al. Bombesin antagonist-based radioligands for translational nuclear imaging of gastrin-releasing peptide receptor-positive tumors. J Nucl Med. 2011; 52: 1970-8.
226. Varasteh Z, Velikyan I, Lindegerg G, Sorensen J, Larhed M, Tolmachev V, et al. Synthesis and characterization of a high affinity NOTA-conjugated bombesin antagonist for GRPR-targeted tumor imaging. European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging. 2012; 39: S240-S.
227. Liu ZF, Yan YJ, Liu SL, Wang F, Chen XY. F-18, Cu-64, and Ga-68 Labeled RGD-Bombesin Heterodimeric Peptides for PET Imaging of Breast Cancer. Bioconjugate Chemistry. 2009; 20: 1016-25.
228. Liu Z, Niu G, Wang F, Chen X. (68)Ga-labeled NOTA-RGD-BBN peptide for dual integrin and GRPR-targeted tumor imaging. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2009; 36: 1483-94.
229. Brom M, Oyen WJ, Joosten L, Gotthardt M, Boerman OC. 68Ga-labelled exendin-3, a new agent for the detection of insulinomas with PET. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2010; 37: 1345-55.
230. Wild D, Wicki A, Mansi R, Behe M, Keil B, Bernhardt P, et al. Exendin-4-Based Radiopharmaceuticals for Glucagonlike Peptide-1 Receptor PET/CT and SPECT/CT. J Nucl Med. 2010; 51: 1059-67.
231. Selvaraju R, Velikyan I, Johansson L, Wu Z, Todorov I, Shively J, et al. In vivo imaging of the Glucagon Like Peptide-1 receptor in pancreas by 68Ga-DO3A-exendin-4. Journal of Nuclear Medicine. 2013.
232. Brom M, Joosten L, Laverman P, Oyen WJG, Béhé M, Gotthardt M, et al. Preclinical evaluation of 68Ga-DOTA-minigastrin for the detection of cholecystokinin-2/gastrin receptor-positive tumors. Molecular Imaging. 2011; 10: 144-52.
233. von Guggenberg E, Rangger C, Sosabowski J, Laverman P, Reubi JC, Virgolini IJ, et al. Preclinical evaluation of radiolabeled DOTA-derivatized cyclic minigastrin analogs for targeting cholecystokinin receptor expressing malignancies. Mol Imaging Biol. 2012; 14: 366-75.
234. Gourni E, Demmer O, Schottelius M, D'Alessandria C, Schulz S, Dijkgraaf I, et al. PET of CXCR4 expression by a (68)Ga-labeled highly specific targeted contrast agent. J Nucl Med. 2011; 52: 1803-10.
235. Demmer O, Dijkgraaf I, Schumacher U, Marinelli L, Cosconati S, Gourni E, et al. Design, synthesis, and functionalization of dimeric peptides targeting chemokine receptor CXCR4. J Med Chem. 2011; 54: 7648-62.
236. Demmer O, Gourni E, Schumacher U, Kessler H, Wester HJ. PET imaging of CXCR4 receptors in cancer by a new optimized ligand. ChemMedChem. 2011; 6: 1789-91.
237. Hennrich U, Seyler L, Schafer M, Bauder-Wust U, Eisenhut M, Semmler W, et al. Synthesis and in vitro evaluation of 68Ga-DOTA-4-FBn-TN14003, a novel tracer for the imaging of CXCR4 expression. Bioorg Med Chem. 2012; 20: 1502-10.
238. Froidevaux S, Calame-Christe M, Schuhmacher J, Tanner H, Saffrich R, Henze M, et al. A Gallium-Labeled DOTA-{alpha}-Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone Analog for PET Imaging of Melanoma Metastases. J Nucl Med. 2004; 45: 116-23.
239. Cantorias MV, Figueroa SD, Quinn TP, Lever JR, Hoffman TJ, Watkinson LD, et al. Development of high-specific-activity Ga-68-labeled DOTA-rhenium-cyclized alpha-MSH peptide analog to target MC1 receptors overexpressed by melanoma tumors. Nucl Med Biol. 2009; 36: 505-13.
240. Wei L, Miao Y, Gallazzi F, Quinn TP, Welch MJ, Vavere AL, et al. Gallium-68-labeled DOTA-rhenium-cyclized alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone analog for imaging of malignant melanoma. Nucl Med Biol. 2007; 34: 945-53.
241. Guo H, Gallazzi F, Miao Y. Gallium-67-labeled lactam bridge-cyclized alpha-MSH peptides with enhanced melanoma uptake and reduced renal uptake. Bioconjugate Chem. 2012; 23: 1341-8.
242. Kim HJ, Kim DY, Park JH, Yang SD, Hur MG, Min JJ, et al. Synthesis and evaluation of a novel 68Ga-labeled DOTA-benzamide derivative for malignant melanoma imaging. Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters. 2012; 22: 5288-92.
243. Schottelius M, Berger S, Poethko T, Schwaiger M, Wester HJ. Development of novel Ga-68-and F-18-labeled GnRH-I analogues with high GnRHR-targeting efficiency. Bioconjugate Chem. 2008; 19: 1256-68.
244. Demmer O, Dijkgraaf I, Schottelius M, Wester HJ, Kessler H. Introduction of functional groups into peptides via N-alkylation. Organic Letters. 2008; 10: 2015-8.
245. Maschauer S, Einsiedel J, Hocke C, Hubner H, Kuwert T, Gmeiner P, et al. Synthesis of a Ga-68-Labeled Peptoid-Peptide Hybrid for Imaging of Neurotensin Receptor Expression in Vivo. Acs Medicinal Chemistry Letters. 2010; 1: 224-8.
246. Velikyan I, Sundberg AL, Lindhe O, Hoglund AU, Eriksson O, Werner E, et al. Preparation and evaluation of (68)Ga-DOTA-hEGF for visualization of EGFR expression in malignant tumors. J Nucl Med. 2005; 46: 1881-8.
247. Tolmachev V, Velikyan I, Sandstrom M, Orlova A. A HER2-binding Affibody molecule labelled with 68Ga for PET imaging: direct in vivo comparison with the 111In-labelled analogue. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2010; 37: 1356-67.
248. Velikyan I. Synthesis, Characterization and Application of 68Ga-Labelled Macromolecules; http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-5876 [Doctorate thesis]. Uppsala: Uppsala University; 2005.
249. Kramer-Marek G, Shenoy N, Seidel J, Griffiths GL, Choyke P, Capala J. 68Ga-DOTA-affibody molecule for in vivo assessment of HER2/neu expression with PET. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2011; 38: 1967-76.
250. Ren G, Zhang R, Liu Z, Webster JM, Miao Z, Gambhir SS, et al. A 2-Helix Small Protein Labeled with 68Ga for PET Imaging of HER2 Expression. J Nucl Med. 2009; 50: 1492-9.
251. Smith-Jones PM, Solit DB, Akhurst T, Afroze F, Rosen N, Larson SM. Imaging the pharmacodynamics of HER2 degradation in response to Hsp90 inhibitors. Nat Biotechnol. 2004; 22: 701-6.
252. Theeraladanon C, Takahashi N, Shiina M, Hamada K, Takada Y, Endo H, et al. Rational Approach to the Synthesis, Evaluation, and 68Ga Labeling of a Novel 4-Anilinoquinoline Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Inhibitor as a New Imaging Agent That Selectively Targets the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Tyrosine Kinase. Cancer Biother Radio. 2010; 25: 479-85.
253. Sandstrom K, Haylock AK, Velikyan I, Spiegelberg D, Kareem H, Tolmachev V, et al. Improved Tumor-to-Organ Ratios of a Novel (67)Ga-Human Epidermal Growth Factor Radionuclide Conjugate with Preadministered Antiepidermal Growth Factor Receptor Affibody Molecules. Cancer Biother Radio. 2011; 26: 593-601.
254. Smith-Jones PM, Solit D, Afroze F, Rosen N, Larson SM. Early Tumor Response to Hsp90 Therapy Using HER2 PET: Comparison with 18F-FDG PET. J Nucl Med. 2006; 47: 793-6.
255. Vosjan MJ, Perk LR, Roovers RC, Visser GW, Stigter-van Walsum M, van Bergen En Henegouwen PM, et al. Facile labelling of an anti-epidermal growth factor receptor Nanobody with (68)Ga via a novel bifunctional desferal chelate for immuno-PET. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2011.
256. Hong H, Sun J, Cai W. Radionuclide-based cancer imaging targeting the carcinoembryonic antigen. Biomark Insights. 2008; 3: 435-51.
257. Eder M, Knackmuss S, Le Gall F, Reusch U, Rybin V, Little M, et al. 68Ga-labelled recombinant antibody variants for immuno-PET imaging of solid tumours. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2010; 37: 1397-407.
258. Sharkey RM, Cardillo TM, Rossi EA, Chang CH, Karacay H, McBride WJ, et al. Signal amplification in molecular imaging by pretargeting a multivalent, bispecific antibody. Nature medicine. 2005; 11: 1250-5.
259. Goldenberg DM, Sharkey RM. Novel radiolabeled antibody conjugates. Oncogene. 2007; 26: 3734-44.
260. Goldenberg DM, Rossi EA, Sharkey RM, McBride WJ, Chang CH. Multifunctional antibodies by the Dock-and-Lock method for improved cancer imaging and therapy by pretargeting. J Nucl Med. 2008; 49: 158-63.
261. Goldenberg DM, Chang CH, Rossi EA, et al. Pretargeted molecular imaging and radioimmunotherapy. Theranostics. 2012; 2: 523-40.
262. Schoffelen R, Sharkey RM, Goldenberg DM, Franssen G, McBride WJ, Rossi EA, et al. Pretargeted immuno-positron emission tomography imaging of carcinoembryonic antigen-expressing tumors with a bispecific antibody and a 68Ga-and 18F-labeled hapten peptide in mice with human tumor xenografts. Mol Cancer Ther. 2010; 9: 1019-27.
263. Karacay H, Sharkey RM, McBride WJ, Rossi EA, Chang CH, Goldenberg DM. Optimization of hapten-peptide labeling for pretargeted immunoPET of bispecific antibody using generator-produced 68Ga. Journal of nuclear medicine. 2011; 52: 555-9.
264. Hall H, Velikyan I, Blom E, Ulin J, Monazzam A, Pahlman L, et al. In vitro autoradiography of carcinoembryonic antigen in tissue from patients with colorectal cancer using multifunctional antibody TF2 and (67/68Ga)-labeled haptens by pretargeting. Am J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2012; 2: 141-50.
265. Eriksson O, Carlsson F, Blom E, Sundin A, Langstrom B, Korsgren O, et al. Preclinical evaluation of a 68Ga-labeled biotin analogue for applications in islet transplantation. Nucl Med Biol. 2012; 39: 415-21.
266. Blom E, Langstrom B, Velikyan I. (68)Ga-Labeling of Biotin Analogues and their Characterization. Bioconjug Chem. 2009; 20: 1146-51.
267. Dijkgraaf I, Boerman OC. Radionuclide imaging of tumor angiogenesis. Cancer Biother Radiopharm. 2009; 24: 637-47.
268. Velikyan I, Långström B, Bergström M, Lindhe ö. 68Ga-labeled peptide-based radiopharmaceuticals. USA: WO/2008/026040; 2008.
269. Decristoforo C, Hernandez Gonzalez I, Carlsen J, Rupprich M, Huisman M, Virgolini I, et al. 68Ga-and 111In-labelled DOTA-RGD peptides for imaging of alphavbeta3 integrin expression. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2008; 35: 1507-15.
270. Haukkala J, Laitinen I, Luoto P, Iveson P, Wilson I, Karlsen H, et al. (68)Ga-DOTA-RGD peptide: biodistribution and binding into atherosclerotic plaques in mice. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2009; 36: 2058.
271. Dumont RA, Deininger F, Haubner R, Maecke HR, Weber WA, Fani M. Novel (64)Cu-and (68)Ga-labeled RGD conjugates show improved PET imaging of alpha(nu)beta(3) integrin expression and facile radiosynthesis. J Nucl Med. 2011; 52: 1276-84.
272. Knetsch PA, Petrik M, Griessinger CM, Rangger C, Fani M, Kesenheimer C, et al. [68Ga]NODAGA-RGD for imaging alphavbeta3 integrin expression. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2011; 38: 1303-12.
273. Ferreira CL, Yapp DT, Mandel D, Gill RK, Boros E, Wong MQ, et al. (68)Ga Small Peptide Imaging: Comparison of NOTA and PCTA. Bioconjug Chem. 2012; 23: 2239-46.
274. Blom E, Velikyan I, Estrada S, Hall H, Muhammad T, Ding C, et al. (68)Ga-Labeling of RGD peptides and biodistribution. Int J Clin Exp Med. 2012; 5: 165-72.
275. Li ZB, Chen K, Chen X. (68)Ga-labeled multimeric RGD peptides for microPET imaging of integrin alpha(v)beta (3) expression. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2008; 35: 1100-8.
276. Dijkgraaf I, Yim CB, Franssen GM, Schuit RC, Luurtsema G, Liu S, et al. PET imaging of alphavbeta integrin expression in tumours with Ga-labelled mono-, di-and tetrameric RGD peptides. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2011; 38: 128-37.
277. Singh AN, Liu W, Hao GY, Kumar A, Gupta A, Oz OK, et al. Multivalent Bifunctional Chelator Scaffolds for Gallium-68 Based Positron Emission Tomography Imaging Probe Design: Signal Amplification via Multivalency. Bioconjugate Chem. 2011; 22: 1650-62.
278. Liu Z, Niu G, Shi J, Liu S, Wang F, Chen X. (68)Ga-labeled cyclic RGD dimers with Gly3 and PEG4 linkers: promising agents for tumor integrin alphavbeta3 PET imaging. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2009; 36: 947-57.
279. Backer MV, Levashova Z, Levenson R, Blankenberg FG, Backer JM. Cysteine-containing fusion tag for site-specific conjugation of therapeutic and imaging agents to targeting proteins. Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, NJ. 2008; 494: 275-94.
280. Backer MV, Backer JM. Imaging key biomarkers of tumor angiogenesis. Theranostics. 2012; 2: 502-15.
281. Blom E, Velikyan I, Monazzam A, Razifar P, Nair M, Razifar P, et al. Synthesis and characterization of scVEGF-PEG-[68Ga]NOTA and scVEGF-PEG-[68Ga]DOTA PET tracers. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm. 2011; 54: 685-92.
282. Ujula T, Huttunen M, Luoto P, Perakyla H, Simpura I, Wilson I, et al. Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 Targeting Peptides: Syntheses, Ga-68-labeling, and Preliminary Evaluation in a Rat Melanoma Xenograft Model. Bioconjugate Chem. 2010; 21: 1612-21.
283. Azhdarinia A, Wilganowski N, Robinson H, Ghosh P, Kwon S, Lazard ZW, et al. Characterization of chemical, radiochemical and optical properties of a dual-labeled MMP-9 targeting peptide. Bioorg Med Chem. 2011; 19: 3769-76.
284. Suzuki K, Satake M, Suwada J, Oshikiri S, Ashino H, Dozono H, et al. Synthesis and evaluation of a novel (68)Ga-chelate-conjugated bisphosphonate as a bone-seeking agent for PET imaging. Nuclear Medicine and Biology. 2011; 38: 1011-8.
285. Ogawa K, Takai K, Kanbara H, Kiwada T, Kitamura Y, Shiba K, et al. Preparation and evaluation of a radiogallium complex-conjugated bisphosphonate as a bone scintigraphy agent. Nuclear Medicine and Biology. 2011; 38: 631-6.
286. Fellner M, Biesalski B, Bausbacher N, Kubícek V, Hermann P, Rösch F, et al. 68Ga-BPAMD: PET-imaging of bone metastases with a generator based positron emitter. Nuclear Medicine and Biology. 2012; 39: 993-9.
287. Fellner M, Riss P, Loktionova N, Zhernosekov K, Thews O, Geraldes CFGC, et al. Comparison of different phosphorus-containing ligands complexing 68Ga for PET-imaging of bone metabolism. Radiochimica Acta. 2011; 99: 43-51.
288. Toegel S, Wadsak W, Mien LK, Viernstein H, Kluger R, Eidherr H, et al. Preparation and pre-vivo evaluation of no-carrier-added, carrier-added and cross-complexed Ga-68 -EDTMP formulations. European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics. 2008; 68: 406-12.
289. Mitterhauser M, Toegel S, Wadsak W, Lanzenberger RR, Mien LK, Kuntner C, et al. Pre vivo, ex vivo and in vivo evaluations of Ga-68 -EDTMP. Nuclear Medicine and Biology. 2007; 34: 391-7.
290. Hoigebazar L, Jeong JM, Hong MK, Young JK, Lee JY, Shetty D, et al. Synthesis of Ga-68-labeled DOTA-nitroimidazole derivatives and their feasibilities as hypoxia imaging PET tracers. Bioorg Med Chem. 2011; 19: 2176-81.
291. Hoigebazar L, Jeong JM, Choi SY, Choi JY, Shetty D, Lee YS, et al. Synthesis and characterization of nitroimidazole derivatives for 68Ga-labeling and testing in tumor xenografted mice. J Med Chem. 2010; 53: 6378-85.
292. Mukai T, Suwada J, Sano K, Okada M, Yamamoto F, Maeda M. Design of Ga-DOTA-based bifunctional radiopharmaceuticals: Two functional moieties can be conjugated to radiogallium-DOTA without reducing the complex stability. Bioorg Med Chem. 2009; 17: 4285-9.
293. Fernandez S, Dematteis S, Giglio J, Cerecetto H, Rey A. Synthesis, in vitro and in vivo characterization of two novel (68)Ga-labelled 5-nitroimidazole derivatives as potential agents for imaging hypoxia. Nucl Med Biol. 2012.
294. Shetty D, Jeong JM, Ju CH, Lee YS, Jeong SY, Choi JY, et al. Synthesis of novel 68Ga-labeled amino acid derivatives for positron emission tomography of cancer cells. Nucl Med Biol. 2010; 37: 893-902.
295. Shetty D, Jeong JM, Ju CH, Kim YJ, Lee JY, Lee YS, et al. Synthesis and evaluation of macrocyclic amino acid derivatives for tumor imaging by gallium-68 positron emission tomography. Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry. 2010; 18: 7338-47.
296. Burchardt C, Riss PJ, Zoller F, Maschauer S, Prante O, Kuwert T, et al. Ga-68 Ga-DO(2)A-(OBu-L-tyr)(2): Synthesis, Ga-68-radiolabeling and in vitro studies of a novel Ga-68-DO(2)A-tyrosine conjugate as potential tumor tracer for PET. Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters. 2009; 19: 3498-501.
297. Yang Z, Xiong C, Zhang R, Zhu H, Li C. Synthesis and evaluation of (68)Ga-labeled DOTA-2-deoxy-D-glucosamine as a potential radiotracer in muPET imaging. Am J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2012; 2: 499-507.
298. Jain R, Dandekar P, Patravale V. Diagnostic nanocarriers for sentinel lymph node imaging. J Control Release. 2009; 138: 90-102.
299. Choi JY, Jeong JM, Yoo BC, Kim K, Kim Y, Yang BY, et al. Development of Ga-68-labeled mannosylated human serum albumin (MSA) as a lymph node imaging agent for positron emission tomography. Nucl Med Biol. 2011; 38: 371-9.
300. Lee YK, Jeong JM, Hoigebazar L, Yang BY, Lee YS, Lee BC, et al. Nanoparticles modified by encapsulation of ligands with a long alkyl chain to affect multispecific and multimodal imaging. J Nucl Med. 2012; 53: 1462-70.
301. Hong H, Zhang Y, Engle JW, Nayak TR, Theuer CP, Nickles RJ, et al. In vivo targeting and positron emission tomography imaging of tumor vasculature with (66)Ga-labeled nano-graphene. Biomaterials. 2012; 33: 4147-56.
302. Hwang DW, Ko HY, Lee JH, Kang H, Ryu SH, Song IC, et al. A Nucleolin-Targeted Multimodal Nanoparticle Imaging Probe for Tracking Cancer Cells Using an Aptamer. J Nucl Med. 2010; 51: 98-105.
303. Ndiege N, Raidoo R, Schultz MK, Larsen S. Preparation of a Versatile Bifunctional Zeolite for Targeted Imaging Applications. Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids. 2011.
304. de Sa A, Prata MIM, Geraldes C, Andre JP. Triaza-based amphiphilic chelators: Synthetic route, in vitro characterization and in vivo studies of their Ga(III) and Al(III) chelates. Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry. 2010; 104: 1051-62.
305. Fontes A, Prata MIM, Geraldes C, Andre JP. Ga(III) chelates of amphiphilic DOTA-based ligands: synthetic route and in vitro and in vivo studies. Nucl Med Biol. 2011; 38: 363-70.
306. Fani M, Wang X, Nicolas G, Medina C, Raynal I, Port M, et al. Development of new folate-based PET radiotracers: preclinical evaluation of Ga-DOTA-folate conjugates. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2011; 38: 108-19.
307. Fani M, Tamma ML, Nicolas GP, Lasri E, Medina C, Raynal I, et al. In vivo imaging of folate receptor positive tumor xenografts using novel 68Ga-NODAGA-folate conjugates. Molecular pharmaceutics. 2012; 9: 1136-45.
308. Persson M, Madsen J, Ostergaard S, Ploug M, Kjaer A. 68Ga-labeling and in vivo evaluation of a uPAR binding DOTA-and NODAGA-conjugated peptide for PET imaging of invasive cancers. Nucl Med Biol. 2012; 39: 560-9.
309. Thews O, Dillenburg W, Fellner M, Buchholz HG, Bausbacher N, Schreckenberger M, et al. Activation of P-glycoprotein (Pgp)-mediated drug efflux by extracellular acidosis: in vivo imaging with Ga-68-labelled PET tracer. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2010; 37: 1935-42.
310. Fellner M, Dillenburg W, Buchholz HG, Bausbacher N, Schreckenberger M, Renz F, et al. Assessing p-glycoprotein (Pgp) activity in vivo utilizing 68Ga-Schiff base complexes. Mol Imaging Biol. 2011; 13: 985-94.
311. Bauwens M, De Saint-Hubert M, Devos E, Deckers N, Reutelingsperger C, Mortelmans L, et al. Site-specific Ga-68-labeled Annexin A5 as a PET imaging agent for apoptosis. Nucl Med Biol. 2011; 38: 381-92.
312. Banerjee SR, Pullambhatla M, Byun Y, Nimmagadda S, Green G, Fox JJ, et al. Ga-68-Labeled Inhibitors of Prostate-Specific Membrane Antigen (PSMA) for Imaging Prostate Cancer. J Med Chem. 2010; 53: 5333-41.
313. Eder M, Schafer M, Bauder-Wust U, Hull WE, Wangler C, Mier W, et al. 68Ga-complex lipophilicity and the targeting property of a urea-based PSMA inhibitor for PET imaging. Bioconjug Chem. 2012; 23: 688-97.
314. Afshar-Oromieh A, Malcher A, Eder M, Eisenhut M, Linhart HG, Hadaschik BA, et al. PET imaging with a [(68)Ga]gallium-labelled PSMA ligand for the diagnosis of prostate cancer: biodistribution in humans and first evaluation of tumour lesions. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2012; 39: 1085-6.
315. Lendvai G, Estrada S, Bergstrom M. Radiolabelled oligonucleotides for imaging of gene expression with PET. Curr Med Chem. 2009; 16: 4445-61.
316. Lendvai G, Monazzam A, Velikyan I, Eriksson B, Josephsson R, Langstrom B, et al. Non-Hybridization Saturable Mechanisms Play a Role in the Uptake of (68)Ga-Labeled LNA-DNA Mixmer Antisense Oligonucleotides in Rats. Oligonucleotides. 2009; 19: 223-32.
317. Lendvai G, Velikyan I, Bergstrom M, Estrada S, Laryea D, Valila M, et al. Biodistribution of 68Ga-labelled phosphodiester, phosphorothioate, and 2'-O-methyl phosphodiester oligonucleotides in normal rats. Eur J Pharm Sci. 2005; 26: 26-38.
318. Lendvai G, Velikyan I, Estrada S, Eriksson B, Langstrom B, Bergstrom M. Biodistribution of (68)Ga-Labeled LNA-DNA Mixmer Antisense Oligonucleotides for Rat Chromogranin-A. Oligonucleotides. 2008; 18: 33-49.
319. Roivainen A, Tolvanen T, Salomaki S, Lendvai G, Velikyan I, Numminen P, et al. 68Ga-labeled oligonucleotides for in vivo imaging with PET. J Nucl Med. 2004; 45: 347-55.
320. Velikyan I, Lendvai G, Valila M, Roivainen A, Yngve U, Bergstrom M, et al. Microwave accelerated 68Ga-labelling of oligonucleotides. Journal of Labelled Compounds & Radiopharmaceuticals. 2004; 47: 79-89.
321. Kiviniemi A, Makela J, Makila J, Saanijoki T, Liljenback H, Poijarvi-Virta P, et al. Solid-supported NOTA and DOTA chelators useful for the synthesis of 3'-radiometalated oligonucleotides. Bioconjugate Chemistry. 2012; 23: 1981-8.
322. Plossl K, Chandra R, Qua WC, Lieberman BP, Kung MP, Zhou R, et al. A novel gallium bisaminothiolate complex as a myocardial perfusion imaging agent. Nuclear Medicine and Biology. 2008; 35: 83-90.
323. Yang BY, Jeong JM, Kim YJ, Choi JY, Lee YS, Lee DS, et al. Formulation of 68Ga BAPEN kit for myocardial positron emission tomography imaging and biodistribution study. Nucl Med Biol. 2010; 37: 149-55.
324. Hsiao YM, Mathias CJ, Wey SP, Fanwick PE, Green MA. Synthesis and biodistribution of lipophilic and monocationic gallium radiopharmaceuticals derived from N,N '-bis(3-aminopropyl)-N,N '-dimethylethylenediamine: potential agents for PET myocardial imaging with Ga-68. Nuclear Medicine and Biology. 2009; 36: 39-45.
325. Tarkia M, Saraste A, Saanijoki T, Oikonen V, Vahasilta T, Strandberg M, et al. Evaluation of 68Ga-labeled tracers for PET imaging of myocardial perfusion in pigs. Nucl Med Biol. 2012; 39: 715-23.
326. Wunderlich G, Schiller E, Bergmann R, Pietzsch H-J. Comparison of the stability of Y-90-, Lu-177-and Ga-68-labeled human serum albumin microspheres (DOTA-HSAM). Nuclear Medicine and Biology. 2010; 37: 861-7.
327. Schiller E, Bergmann R, Pietzsch J, Noll B, Sterger A, Johannsen B, et al. Yttrium-86-labelled human serum albumin microspheres: relation of surface structure with in vivo stability. Nucl Med Biol. 2008; 35: 227-32.
328. Prinsen K, Li JJ, Vanbilloen H, Vermaelen P, Devos E, Mortelmans L, et al. Development and evaluation of a Ga-68 labeled pamoic acid derivative for in vivo visualization of necrosis using positron emission tomography. Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry. 2010; 18: 5274-81.
329. Lankinen P, Maekinen TJ, Poeyhoenen TA, Virsu P, Salomaeki S, Hakanen AJ, et al. Ga-68-DOTAVAP-P1 PET imaging capable of demonstrating the phase of inflammation in healing bones and the progress of infection in osteomyelitic bones. European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging. 2008; 35: 352-64.
330. Autio A, Ujula T, Luoto P, Salomaki S, Jalkanen S, Roivainen A. PET imaging of inflammation and adenocarcinoma xenografts using vascular adhesion protein 1 targeting peptide 68Ga-DOTAVAP-P1: comparison with 18F-FDG. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2010; 37: 1918-25.
331. Silvola J, Autio A, Luoto P, Jalkanen S, Roivainen A. Preliminary evaluation of novel 68Ga-DOTAVAP-PEG-P2 peptide targeting vascular adhesion protein-1. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging. 2010; 30: 75-8.
332. Ujula T, Salomaki S, Virsu P, Lankinen P, Makinen TJ, Autio A, et al. Synthesis, Ga-68 labeling and preliminary evaluation of DOTA peptide binding vascular adhesion protein-1: a potential PET imaging agent for diagnosing osteomyelitis. Nuclear Medicine and Biology. 2009; 36: 631-41.
333. Autio A, Henttinen T, Sipila HJ, Jalkanen S, Roivainen A. Mini-PEG spacering of VAP-1-targeting 68Ga-DOTAVAP-P1 peptide improves PET imaging of inflammation. EJNMMI Res. 2011; 1: 10.
334. Aalto K, Autio A, Kiss EA, Elima K, Nymalm Y, Veres TZ, et al. Siglec-9 is a novel leukocyte ligand for vascular adhesion protein-1 and can be used in PET imaging of inflammation and cancer. Blood. 2011; 118: 3725-33.
335. Petrik M, Haas H, Dobrozemsky G, Lass-Florl C, Helbok A, Blatzer M, et al. 68Ga-Siderophores for PET Imaging of Invasive Pulmonary Aspergillosis: Proof of Principle. J Nucl Med. 2010; 51: 639-45.
336. Petrik M, Haas H, Schrettl M, Helbok A, Blatzer M, Decristoforo C. In vitro and in vivo evaluation of selected 68Ga-siderophores for infection imaging. Nucl Med Biol. 2012; 39: 361-9.
337. Petrik M, Franssen GM, Haas H, Laverman P, Hortnagl C, Schrettl M, et al. Preclinical evaluation of two 68Ga-siderophores as potential radiopharmaceuticals for Aspergillus fumigatus infection imaging. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2012; 39: 1175-83.
338. Nanni C, Errani C, Boriani L, Fantini L, Ambrosini V, Boschi S, et al.68Ga-Citrate PET/CT for Evaluating Patients with Infections of the Bone: Preliminary Results. J Nucl Med. 2010; 51: 1932-6.