The role of soy in vegetarian diets

Nutrients

Volumn 2, Issue 8, 2010, Pages 855-888

  Messina, Mark ^a,b   Messina, Virginia ^a,b  

^a LOMA LINDA UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b Nutrition Matters Inc   (United States)

Author keywords

Breast cancer; Cancer; Coronary heart disease; Feminization; Intake; Isoflavones; Osteoporosis; Safety; Soya; Vegetarian

Indexed keywords

DAIDZEIN; DOCOSAHEXAENOIC ACID; EQUOL; ESTROGEN RECEPTOR BETA; GENISTEIN; GLYCITEIN; ICOSAPENTAENOIC ACID; ISOFLAVONE DERIVATIVE; LEVOTHYROXINE SODIUM; LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL; PLACEBO; PROSTATE SPECIFIC ANTIGEN; RALOXIFENE; SOYBEAN PROTEIN; TAMOXIFEN; THYROID PEROXIDASE; ZINC;

ASIAN; BIOAVAILABILITY; BONE DENSITY; BREAST CANCER; CANCER MORTALITY; CANCER PREVENTION; CANCER RISK; CARBOHYDRATE ANALYSIS; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CHRONIC DISEASE; CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE; FAT CONTENT; FEMINIZATION; FOOD COMPOSITION; FOOD DRUG INTERACTION; GLOMERULUS FILTRATION RATE; HEALTH FOOD; HIP FRACTURE; HUMAN; HYPOTHYROIDISM; INFERTILITY; INTESTINE FLORA; LEGUME; MACRONUTRIENT; MINERAL BALANCE; NONHUMAN; NUTRITIONAL VALUE; OSTEOPOROSIS; POSTMENOPAUSE; POSTMENOPAUSE OSTEOPOROSIS; PROSTATE CANCER; PROTEIN CONTENT; REVIEW; RISK REDUCTION; SOYBEAN; SOYBEAN MILK; TUMOR RECURRENCE; VEGETARIAN DIET;

ANIMALIA; GLYCINE MAX;

EID: 79952045559     PISSN: None     EISSN: 20726643     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3390/nu2080855     Document Type: Review

References (262)

1. Rand, W.M.; Pellett, P.L.; Young, V.R. Meta-analysis of nitrogen balance studies for estimating protein requirements in healthy adults. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2003, 77, 109-127.
2. Wu, Z.; Rodgers, R.P.; Marshall, A.G. Characterization of vegetable oils: detailed compositional fingerprints derived from electrospray ionization fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2004, 52, 5322-5328.
3. Messina, M.; Lane, B. Soy protein, soybean isoflavones, and coronary heart disease risk: Where do we stand? Future Lipidology 2007, 2, 55-74.
4. Koh, W.P.; Wu, A.H.; Wang, R.; Ang, L.W.; Heng, D.; Yuan, J.M.; Yu, M.C. Gender-specific associations between soy and risk of hip fracture in the Singapore Chinese Health Study. Am. J. Epidemiol. 2009, 170, 901-909.
5. Zhang, X.; Shu, X.O.; Li, H.; Yang, G.; Li, Q.; Gao, Y.T.; Zheng, W. Prospective cohort study of soy food consumption and risk of bone fracture among postmenopausal women. Arch. Intern. Med. 2005, 165, 1890-1895.
6. Wu, A.H.; Yu, M.C.; Tseng, C.C.; Pike, M.C. Epidemiology of soy exposures and breast cancer risk. Br. J. Cancer 2008, 98, 9-14.
7. Yan, L.; Spitznagel, E.L. Soy consumption and prostate cancer risk in men: a revisit of a meta-analysis. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2009, 89, 1155-1163.
8. Howes, L.G.; Howes, J.B.; Knight, D.C. Isoflavone therapy for menopausal flushes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Maturitas 2006, 55, 203-211.
9. Franke, A.A.; Custer, L.J.; Wang, W.; Shi, C.Y. HPLC analysis of isoflavonoids and other phenolic agents from foods and from human fluids. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 1998, 217, 263-273.
10. Oseni, T.; Patel, R.; Pyle, J.; Jordan, V.C. Selective estrogen receptor modulators and phytoestrogens. Planta Med. 2008, 74, 1656-1665.
11. Patisaul, H.B.; Jefferson, W. The Pros and Cons of Phytoestrogens. Front Neuroendocrinol. 2010, [Epub ahead of print].
12. Messina, M.; Nagata, C.; Wu, A.H. Estimated Asian adult soy protein and isoflavone intakes. Nutr. Cancer 2006, 55, 1-12.
13. Murphy, P.A.; Barua, K.; Hauck, C.C. Solvent extraction selection in the determination of isoflavones in soy foods. J. Chromatogr. B Analyt. Technol. Biomed. Life Sci. 2002, 777, 129-138.
14. Murphy, P.A.; Song, T.; Buseman, G.; Barua, K.; Beecher, G.R.; Trainer, D.; Holden, J. Isoflavones in retail and institutional soy foods. J. Agric. Food Chem. 1999, 47, 2697-2704.
15. Setchell, K.D.; Brown, N.M.; Desai, P.B.; Zimmer-Nechimias, L.; Wolfe, B.; Jakate, A.S.; Creutzinger, V.; Heubi, J.E. Bioavailability, disposition, and dose-response effects of soy isoflavones when consumed by healthy women at physiologically typical dietary intakes. J. Nutr. 2003, 133, 1027-1035.
16. Setchell, K.D.; Faughnan, M.S.; Avades, T.; Zimmer-Nechemias, L.; Brown, N.M.; Wolfe, B.E.; Brashear, W.T.; Desai, P.; Oldfield, M.F.; Botting, N.P.; Cassidy, A. Comparing the pharmacokinetics of daidzein and genistein with the use of 13C-labeled tracers in premenopausal women. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2003, 77, 411-419.
17. Rowland, I.; Faughnan, M.; Hoey, L.; Wahala, K.; Williamson, G.; Cassidy, A. Bioavailability of phyto-oestrogens. Br. J. Nutr. 2003, 89, S45-58.
18. Kuiper, G.G.; Lemmen, J.G.; Carlsson, B.; Corton, J.C.; Safe, S.H.; van der Saag, P.T.; van der Burg, B.; Gustafsson, J.A. Interaction of estrogenic chemicals and phytoestrogens with estrogen receptor beta. Endocrinology 1998, 139, 4252-4263.
19. Pinkerton, J.V.; Goldstein, S.R. Endometrial safety: a key hurdle for selective estrogen receptor modulators in development. Menopause 2010, 17, 642-653.
20. Sarkar, F.H.; Li, Y. Soy isoflavones and cancer prevention. Cancer Invest. 2003, 21, 744-757.
21. Reiter, E.; Beck, V.; Medjakovic, S.; Jungbauer, A. Isoflavones are safe compounds for therapeutical applications-evaluation of in vitro data. Gynecol. Endocrinol. 2009, 25, 554-580.
22. Zhou, J.R.; Gugger, E.T.; Tanaka, T.; Guo, Y.; Blackburn, G.L.; Clinton, S.K. Soybean phytochemicals inhibit the growth of transplantable human prostate carcinoma and tumor angiogenesis in mice. J. Nutr. 1999, 129, 1628-1635.
23. Zhou, J.R.; Yu, L.; Zhong, Y.; Nassr, R.L.; Franke, A.A.; Gaston, S.M.; Blackburn, G.L. Inhibition of orthotopic growth and metastasis of androgen-sensitive human prostate tumors in mice by bioactive soybean components. Prostate 2002, 53, 143-153.
24. Diamanti-Kandarakis, E.; Bourguignon, J.P.; Giudice, L.C.; Hauser, R.; Prins, G.S.; Soto, A.M.; Zoeller, R.T.; Gore, A.C. Endocrine-disrupting chemicals: an Endocrine Society scientific statement. Endocr. Rev. 2009, 30, 293-342.
25. Wiseman, H.; Casey, K.; Bowey, E.A.; Duffy, R.; Davies, M.; Rowland, I.R.; Lloyd, A.S.; Murray, A.; Thompson, R.; Clarke, D.B. Influence of 10 wk of soy consumption on plasma concentrations and excretion of isoflavonoids and on gut microflora metabolism in healthy adults. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2004, 80, 692-699.
26. Atkinson, C.; Frankenfeld, C.L.; Lampe, J.W. Gut bacterial metabolism of the soy isoflavone daidzein: exploring the relevance to human health. Exp. Biol. Med. (Maywood) 2005, 230, 155-170.
27. Setchell, K.D.; Brown, N.M.; Lydeking-Olsen, E. The clinical importance of the metabolite equol-a clue to the effectiveness of soy and its isoflavones. J. Nutr. 2002, 132, 3577-3584.
28. Setchell, K.D.; Cole, S.J. Method of defining equol-producer status and its frequency among vegetarians. J. Nutr. 2006, 136, 2188-2193.
29. Gardana, C.; Canzi, E.; Simonetti, P. The role of diet in the metabolism of daidzein by human faecal microbiota sampled from Italian volunteers. J. Nutr. Biochem. 2009, 20, 940-947.
30. Nagata, C.; Nakamura, K.; Oba, S.; Hayashi, M.; Takeda, N.; Yasuda, K. Association of intakes of fat, dietary fibre, soya isoflavones and alcohol with uterine fibroids in Japanese women. Br. J. Nutr. 2009, 101, 1427-1431.
31. Akhter, M.; Inoue, M.; Kurahashi, N.; Iwasaki, M.; Sasazuki, S.; Tsugane, S. Dietary soy and isoflavone intake and risk of colorectal cancer in the Japan public health center-based prospective study. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 2008, 17, 2128-2135.
32. Nagata, C.; Shimizu, H.; Takami, R.; Hayashi, M.; Takeda, N.; Yasuda, K. Soy product intake is inversely associated with serum homocysteine level in premenopausal Japanese women. J. Nutr. 2003, 133, 797-800.
33. Nagata, C.; Takatsuka, N.; Kawakami, N.; Shimizu, H. Association of diet with the onset of menopause in Japanese women. Am. J. Epidemiol. 2000, 152, 863-867.
34. Nagata, C.; Takatsuka, N.; Kawakami, N.; Shimizu, H. A prospective cohort study of soy product intake and stomach cancer death. Br. J. Cancer 2002, 87, 31-36.
35. Takata, Y.; Maskarinec, G.; Franke, A.; Nagata, C.; Shimizu, H. A comparison of dietary habits among women in Japan and Hawaii. Public Health Nutr. 2004, 7, 319-326.
36. Nagata, C.; Takatsuka, N.; Kurisu, Y.; Shimizu, H. Decreased serum total cholesterol concentration is associated with high intake of soy products in Japanese men and women. J. Nutr. 1998, 128, 209-213.
37. Ho, S.C.; Chan, S.G.; Yip, Y.B.; Chan, C.S.; Woo, J.L.; Sham, A. Change in bone mineral density and its determinants in pre- and perimenopausal Chinese women: the Hong Kong perimenopausal women osteoporosis study. Osteoporos. Int. 2008, 19, 1785-1796.
38. Kim, M.K.; Kim, J.H.; Nam, S.J.; Ryu, S.; Kong, G. Dietary intake of soy protein and tofu in association with breast cancer risk based on a case-control study. Nutr. Cancer 2008, 60, 568-576.
39. Yang, G.; Shu, X.O.; Jin, F.; Zhang, X.; Li, H.L.; Li, Q.; Gao, Y.T.; Zheng, W. Longitudinal study of soy food intake and blood pressure among middle-aged and elderly Chinese women. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2005, 81, 1012-1017.
40. Yang, G.; Shu, X.O.; Li, H.; Chow, W.H.; Cai, H.; Zhang, X.; Gao, Y.T.; Zheng, W. Prospective cohort study of soy food intake and colorectal cancer risk in women. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2009, 89, 577-583.
41. Lee, S.A.; Wen, W.; Xiang, Y.B.; Barnes, S.; Liu, D.; Cai, Q.; Zheng, W.; Shu, X.O. Assessment of Dietary Isoflavone Intake among Middle-Aged Chinese Men. J. Nutr. 2007, 137, 1011-1016.
42. Cui, X.; Dai, Q.; Tseng, M.; Shu, X.O.; Gao, Y.T.; Zheng, W. Dietary patterns and breast cancer risk in the shanghai breast cancer study. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 2007, 16, 1443-1448.
43. Pan, Y.; Anthony, M.; Watson, S.; Clarkson, T.B. Soy phytoestrogens improve radial arm maze performance in ovariectomized retired breeder rats and do not attenuate benefits of 17 beta-estradiol treatment. Menopause 2000, 7, 230-235.
44. Wakai, K.; Egami, I.; Kato, K.; Kawamura, T.; Tamakoshi, A.; Lin, Y.; Nakayama, T.; Wada, M.; Ohno, Y. Dietary intake and sources of isoflavones among Japanese. Nutr. Cancer 1999, 33, 139-145.
45. Somekawa, Y.; Chiguchi, M.; Ishibashi, T.; Aso, T. Soy intake related to menopausal symptoms, serum lipids, and bone mineral density in postmenopausal Japanese women. Obstet. Gynecol. 2001, 97, 109-115.
46. Zhang, X.; Shu, X.O.; Gao, Y.T.; Yang, G.; Li, Q.; Li, H.; Jin, F.; Zheng, W. Soy food consumption is associated with lower risk of coronary heart disease in Chinese women. J. Nutr. 2003, 133, 2874-2878.
47. FDA. 2004Q-0151: Qualified Health Claim (QHC): Soy Protein and Cancer. 15 April 2004. Available online: http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/dockets/04q0151/04q0151.htm (Accessed on 03 August 2004),
48. Jaceldo-Siegl, K.; Fraser, G.E.; Chan, J.; Franke, A.; Sabate, J. Validation of soy protein estimates from a food-frequency questionnaire with repeated 24-h recalls and isoflavonoid excretion in overnight urine in a Western population with a wide range of soy intakes. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2008, 87, 1422-1427.
49. Ritchie, M.R.; Cummings, J.H.; Morton, M.S.; Michael Steel, C.; Bolton-Smith, C.; Riches, A.C. A newly constructed and validated isoflavone database for the assessment of total genistein and daidzein intake. Br. J. Nutr. 2006, 95, 204-213.
50. Clarke, D.B.; Barnes, K.A.; Castle, L.; Rose, M.; Wilson, L.A.; Baxter, M.J.; Price, K.R.; DuPont, M.S. Levels of phytoestrogens, inorganic trace-elements, natural toxicants and nitrate in vegetarian duplicate diets. Food Chem. 2003, 81, 287-300.
51. Rosell, M.S.; Appleby, P.N.; Spencer, E.A.; Key, T.J. Soy intake and blood cholesterol concentrations: a cross-sectional study of 1033 pre- and postmenopausal women in the Oxford arm of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2004, 80, 1391-1396.
52. Waldmann, A.; Koschizke, J.W.; Leitzmann, C.; Hahn, A. Dietary iron intake and iron status of German female vegans: results of the German vegan study. Ann. Nutr. Metab. 2004, 48, 103-108.
53. Frankenfeld, C.L.; Patterson, R.E.; Kalhorn, T.F.; Skor, H.E.; Howald, W.N.; Lampe, J.W. Validation of a soy food frequency questionnaire with plasma concentrations of isoflavones in US adults. J. Am. Diet. Assoc. 2002, 102, 1407-1413.
54. Kirk, P.; Patterson, R.E.; Lampe, J. Development of a soy food frequency questionnaire to estimate isoflavone consumption in US adults. J. Am. Diet. Assoc. 1999, 99, 558-563.
55. Jakobsen, M.U.; O'Reilly, E.J.; Heitmann, B.L.; Pereira, M.A.; Balter, K.; Fraser, G.E.; Goldbourt, U.; Hallmans, G.; Knekt, P.; Liu, S.; Pietinen, P.; Spiegelman, D.; Stevens, J.; Virtamo, J.; Willett, W.C.; Ascherio, A. Major types of dietary fat and risk of coronary heart disease: a pooled analysis of 11 cohort studies. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2009, 89, 1425-1432.
56. Mozaffarian, D.; Micha, R.; Wallace, S. Effects on coronary heart disease of increasing polyunsaturated fat in place of saturated fat: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. PLoS Med. 2010, 7, e1000252.
57. Food labeling: health claims; soy protein and coronary heart disease. Food and Drug Administration, HHS. Final rule. Fed. Regist. 1999, 64, 57700-57733.
58. Harland, J.I.; Haffner, T.A. Systematic review, meta-analysis and regression of randomized controlled trials reporting an association between an intake of circa 25 g soya protein per day and blood cholesterol. Atherosclerosis 2008, 200, 13-27.
59. Anderson, J.W.; Johnstone, B.M.; Cook-Newell, M.E. Meta-analysis of the effects of soy protein intake on serum lipids. N. Engl. J. Med. 1995, 333, 276-282.
60. Sacks, F.M.; Lichtenstein, A.; Van Horn, L.; Harris, W.; Kris-Etherton, P.; Winston, M. Soy protein, isoflavones, and cardiovascular health: an American Heart Association Science Advisory for professionals from the Nutrition Committee. Circulation 2006, 113, 1034-1044.
61. Zhan, S.; Ho, S.C. Meta-analysis of the effects of soy protein containing isoflavones on the lipid profile. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2005, 81, 397-408.
62. Ferdowsian, H.R.; Barnard, N.D. Effects of plant-based diets on plasma lipids. Am. J. Cardiol. 2009, 104, 947-956.
63. Messina, M.; Erdman, J.W., Jr. Need to establish threshold soy protein intake for cholesterol reduction. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2005, 81, 942.
64. Messina, M. Potential public health implications of the hypocholesterolemic effects of soy protein. Nutr 2003, 19, 280-281.
65. Ho, S.C.; Woo, J.L.; Leung, S.S.; Sham, A.L.; Lam, T.H.; Janus, E.D. Intake of soy products is associated with better plasma lipid profiles in the Hong Kong Chinese population. J. Nutr. 2000, 130, 2590-2593.
66. Gardner, C.D.; Messina, M.; Kiazand, A.; Morris, J.L.; Franke, A.A. Effect of two types of soy milk and dairy milk on plasma lipids in hypercholesterolemic adults: a randomized trial. J. Am. Coll. Nutr. 2007, 26, 669-677.
67. Jenkins, D.J.; Kendall, C.W.; Faulkner, D.; Vidgen, E.; Trautwein, E.A.; Parker, T.L.; Marchie, A.; Koumbridis, G.; Lapsley, K.G.; Josse, R.G.; Leiter, L.A.; Connelly, P.W. A dietary portfolio approach to cholesterol reduction: combined effects of plant sterols, vegetable proteins, and viscous fibers in hypercholesterolemia. Metabolism. 2002, 51, 1596-1604.
68. Jenkins, D.J.; Kendall, C.W.; Marchie, A.; Faulkner, D.A.; Wong, J.M.; de Souza, R.; Emam, A.; Parker, T.L.; Vidgen, E.; Lapsley, K.G.; Trautwein, E.A.; Josse, R.G.; Leiter, L.A.; Connelly, P.W. Effects of a dietary portfolio of cholesterol-lowering foods vs. lovastatin on serum lipids and C-reactive protein. JAMA 2003, 290, 502-510.
69. Jenkins, D.J.; Kendall, C.W.; Marchie, A.; Faulkner, D.A.; Wong, J.M.; de Souza, R.; Emam, A.; Parker, T.L.; Vidgen, E.; Trautwein, E.A.; Lapsley, K.G.; Josse, R.G.; Leiter, L.A.; Singer, W.; Connelly, P.W. Direct comparison of a dietary portfolio of cholesterol-lowering foods with a statin in hypercholesterolemic participants. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2005, 81, 380-387.
70. Slavin, M.; Kenworthy, W.; Yu, L.L. Antioxidant properties, phytochemical composition, and antiproliferative activity of Maryland-grown soybeans with colored seed coats. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2009, 57, 11174-11185.
71. Whent, M.; Hao, J.; Slavin, M.; Zhou, M.; Song, J.; Kenworthy, W.; Yu, L.L. Effect of genotype, environment, and their interaction on chemical composition and antioxidant properties of low-linolenic soybeans grown in Maryland. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2009, 57, 10163-10174.
72. Balk, E.M.; Lichtenstein, A.H.; Chung, M.; Kupelnick, B.; Chew, P.; Lau, J. Effects of omega-3 fatty acids on serum markers of cardiovascular disease risk: a systematic review. Atherosclerosis 2006, 189, 19-30.
73. Brouwer, I.A.; Katan, M.B.; Zock, P.L. Dietary alpha-linolenic acid is associated with reduced risk of fatal coronary heart disease, but increased prostate cancer risk: a meta-analysis. J. Nutr. 2004, 134, 919-922.
74. Brenna, J.T.; Salem, N., Jr.; Sinclair, A.J.; Cunnane, S.C. Alpha-Linolenic acid supplementation and conversion to n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in humans. Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids 2009, 80, 85-91.
75. Arterburn, L.M.; Hall, E.B.; Oken, H. Distribution, interconversion, and dose response of n-3 fatty acids in humans. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2006, 83, 1467S-1476S.
76. Dai, J.; Ziegler, T.R.; Bostick, R.M.; Manatunga, A.K.; Jones, D.P.; Goldberg, J.; Miller, A.; Vogt, G.; Wilson, P.W.; Jones, L.; Shallenberger, L.; Vaccarino, V. High habitual dietary {alpha}-linolenic acid intake is associated with decreased plasma soluble interleukin-6 receptor concentrations in male twins. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2010, 92, 177-185.
77. Mangat, I. Do vegetarians have to eat fish for optimal cardiovascular protection? Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2009, 89, 1597S-1601S.
78. Jenkins, D.J.; Sievenpiper, J.L.; Pauly, D.; Sumaila, U.R.; Kendall, C.W.; Mowat, F.M. Are dietary recommendations for the use of fish oils sustainable? CMAJ 2009, 180, 633-637.
79. Arterburn, L.M.; Oken, H.A.; Hoffman, J.P.; Bailey-Hall, E.; Chung, G.; Rom, D.; Hamersley, J.; McCarthy, D. Bioequivalence of Docosahexaenoic acid from different algal oils in capsules and in a DHA-fortified food. Lipids 2007, 42, 1011-1024.
80. Whelan, J. Dietary stearidonic acid is a long chain (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acid with potential health benefits. J. Nutr. 2009, 139, 5-10.
81. Sasazuki, S. Case-control study of nonfatal myocardial infarction in relation to selected foods in Japanese men and women. Jpn. Circ. J. 2001, 65, 200-206.
82. Kokubo, Y.; Iso, H.; Ishihara, J.; Okada, K.; Inoue, M.; Tsugane, S. Association of dietary intake of soy, beans, and isoflavones with risk of cerebral and myocardial infarctions in Japanese populations: the Japan Public Health Center-based (JPHC) study cohort I. Circulation 2007, 116, 2553-2562.
83. Liang, W.; Lee, A.H.; Binns, C.W.; Huang, R.; Hu, D.; Shao, H. Soy consumption reduces risk of ischemic stroke: a case-control study in southern china. Neuroepidemiology 2009, 33, 111-116.
84. Li, S.H.; Liu, X.X.; Bai, Y.Y.; Wang, X.J.; Sun, K.; Chen, J.Z.; Hui, R.T. Effect of oral isoflavone supplementation on vascular endothelial function in postmenopausal women: a metaanalysis of randomized placebo-controlled trials. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2010, 91, 480-486.
85. Messina, M.; Barnes, S. The role of soy products in reducing risk of cancer. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 1991, 83, 541-546.
86. Pisani, P.; Bray, F.; Parkin, D.M. Estimates of the world-wide prevalence of cancer for 25 sites in the adult population. Int. J. Cancer 2002, 97, 72-81.
87. Messina, M. Western soy intake is too low to produce health effects. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2004, 80, 528-529.
88. Travis, R.C.; Allen, N.E.; Appleby, P.N.; Spencer, E.A.; Roddam, A.W.; Key, T.J. A prospective study of vegetarianism and isoflavone intake in relation to breast cancer risk in British women. Int. J. Cancer 2008, 122, 705-710.
89. Kim, K.; Johnson, J.A.; Derendorf, H. Differences in drug pharmacokinetics between East Asians and Caucasians and the role of genetic polymorphisms. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 2004, 44, 1083-1105.
90. Kim, H.; Hall, P.; Smith, M.; Kirk, M.; Prasain, J.K.; Barnes, S.; Grubbs, C. Chemoprevention by grape seed extract and genistein in carcinogen-induced mammary cancer in rats is diet dependent. J. Nutr. 2004, 134, 3445S-3452S.
91. Messina, M.; Wu, A.H. Perspectives on the soy-breast cancer relation. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2009, 89, 1673S-1679S.
92. Messina, M.; Hilakivi-Clarke, L. Early intake appears to be the key to the proposed protective effects of soy intake against breast cancer. Nutr. Cancer 2009, 61, 792-798.
93. Shu, X.O.; Jin, F.; Dai, Q.; Wen, W.; Potter, J.D.; Kushi, L.H.; Ruan, Z.; Gao, Y.T.; Zheng, W. Soyfood intake during adolescence and subsequent risk of breast cancer among Chinese women. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 2001, 10, 483-488.
94. Korde, L.A.; Wu, A.H.; Fears, T.; Nomura, A.M.; West, D.W.; Kolonel, L.; Pike, M.C.; However, R.; Ziegler, R.G. Childhood soy intake and breast cancer risk in Asian American women. Cancer Epidem. Biomarker. Prev. 2009, 18, 1-9.
95. Wu, A.H.; Yu, M.C.; Tseng, C.C.; Stanczyk, F.Z.; Pike, M.C. Dietary patterns and breast cancer risk in Asian American women. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2009, 89, 1145-1154.
96. Lee, S.A.; Shu, X.O.; Li, H.; Yang, G.; Cai, H.; Wen, W.; Ji, B.T.; Gao, J.; Gao, Y.T.; Zheng, W. Adolescent and adult soy food intake and breast cancer risk: results from the Shanghai Women's Health Study. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2009, 89, 1920-1926.
97. Peng, J.H.; Zhang, F.; Zhang, H.X.; Fan, H.Y. Prepubertal octylphenol exposure up-regulate BRCA1 expression, down-regulate ERalpha expression and reduce rat mammary tumorigenesis. Cancer Epidemiol. 2009, 33, 51-55.
98. Lamartiniere, C.A.; Zhao, Y.X.; Fritz, W.A. Genistein: mammary cancer chemoprevention, in vivo mechanisms of action, potential for toxicity and bioavailability in rats. J. Womens Cancer 2000, 2, 11-19.
99. Messina, M.J.; Wood, C.E. Soy isoflavones, estrogen therapy, and breast cancer risk: Analysis and commentary. Nutr. J. 2008, 7, 17.
100. Fraser, G.E. Associations between diet and cancer, ischemic heart disease, and all-cause mortality in non-Hispanic white California Seventh-day Adventists. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1999, 70, 532S-538S.
101. Key, T.J.; Appleby, P.N.; Spencer, E.A.; Travis, R.C.; Allen, N.E.; Thorogood, M.; Mann, J.I. Cancer incidence in British vegetarians. Br. J. Cancer 2009, 101, 192-197.
102. Key, T.J.; Fraser, G.E.; Thorogood, M.; Appleby, P.N.; Beral, V.; Reeves, G.; Burr, M.L.; Chang-Claude, J.; Frentzel-Beyme, R.; Kuzma, J.W.; Mann, J.; McPherson, K. Mortality in vegetarians and nonvegetarians: detailed findings from a collaborative analysis of 5 prospective studies. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1999, 70, 516S-524S.
103. Koh, K.A.; Sesso, H.D.; Paffenbarger, R.S., Jr.; Lee, I.M. Dairy products, calcium and prostate cancer risk. Br. J. Cancer 2006, 95, 1582-1585.
104. Mitrou, P.N.; Albanes, D.; Weinstein, S.J.; Pietinen, P.; Taylor, P.R.; Virtamo, J.; Leitzmann, M.F. A prospective study of dietary calcium, dairy products and prostate cancer risk (Finland). Int. J. Cancer 2007, 120, 2466-2473.
105. Park, S.Y.; Murphy, S.P.; Wilkens, L.R.; Stram, D.O.; Henderson, B.E.; Kolonel, L.N. Calcium, vitamin D, and dairy product intake and prostate cancer risk: the Multiethnic Cohort Study. Am. J. Epidemiol. 2007, 166, 1259-1269.
106. Newmark, H.L.; Heaney, R.P. Dairy products and prostate cancer risk. Nutr. Cancer 2010, 62, 297-299.
107. Crowe, F.L.; Key, T.J.; Allen, N.E.; Appleby, P.N.; Roddam, A.; Overvad, K.; Gronbaek, H.; Tjonneland, A.; Halkjaer, J.; Dossus, L.; Boeing, H.; Kroger, J.; Trichopoulou, A.; Dilis, V.; Trichopoulos, D.; Boutron-Ruault, M.C.; De Lauzon, B.; Clavel-Chapelon, F.; Palli, D.; Berrino, F.; Panico, S.; Tumino, R.; Sacerdote, C.; Bueno-de-Mesquita, H.B.; Vrieling, A.; van Gils, C.H.; Peeters, P.H.; Gram, I.T.; Skeie, G.; Lund, E.; Rodriguez, L.; Jakszyn, P.; Molina-Montes, E.; Tormo, M.J.; Barricarte, A.; Larranaga, N.; Khaw, K.T.; Bingham, S.; Rinaldi, S.; Slimani, N.; Norat, T.; Gallo, V.; Riboli, E.; Kaaks, R. The association between diet and serum concentrations of IGF-I, IGFBP-1, IGFBP-2, and IGFBP-3 in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 2009, 18, 1333-1340.
108. Allen, N.E.; Appleby, P.N.; Davey, G.K.; Kaaks, R.; Rinaldi, S.; Key, T.J. The associations of diet with serum insulin-like growth factor I and its main binding proteins in 292 women meat-eaters, vegetarians, and vegans. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 2002, 11, 1441-1448.
109. Allen, N.E.; Appleby, P.N.; Davey, G.K.; Key, T.J. Hormones and diet: low insulin-like growth factor-I but normal bioavailable androgens in vegan men. Br. J. Cancer 2000, 83, 95-97.
110. Hikosaka, A.; Asamoto, M.; Hokaiwado, N.; Kato, K.; Kuzutani, K.; Kohri, K.; Shirai, T. Inhibitory effects of soy isoflavones on rat prostate carcinogenesis induced by 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP). Carcinogenesis 2004, 25, 381-387.
111. Mentor-Marcel, R.; Lamartiniere, C.A.; Eltoum, I.A.; Greenberg, N.M.; Elgavish, A. Dietary Genistein Improves Survival and Reduces Expression of Osteopontin in the Prostate of Transgenic Mice with Prostatic Adenocarcinoma (TRAMP). J. Nutr. 2005, 135, 989-995.
112. Hwang, Y.W.; Kim, S.Y.; Jee, S.H.; Kim, Y.N.; Nam, C.M. Soy food consumption and risk of prostate cancer: a meta-analysis of observational studies. Nutr. Cancer 2009, 61, 598-606.
113. Xu, L.; Ding, Y.; Catalona, W.J.; Yang, X.J.; Anderson, W.F.; Jovanovic, B.; Wellman, K.; Killmer, J.; Huang, X.; Scheidt, K.A.; Montgomery, R.B.; Bergan, R.C. MEK4 function, genistein treatment, and invasion of human prostate cancer cells. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 2009, 101, 1141-1155.
114. Lakshman, M.; Xu, L.; Ananthanarayanan, V.; Cooper, J.; Takimoto, C.H.; Helenowski, I.; Pelling, J.C.; Bergan, R.C. Dietary genistein inhibits metastasis of human prostate cancer in mice. Cancer Res. 2008, 68, 2024-2032.
115. Stamey, T.A.; Yang, N.; Hay, A.R.; McNeal, J.E.; Freiha, F.S.; Redwine, E. Prostate-specific antigen as a serum marker for adenocarcinoma of the prostate. N. Engl. J. Med. 1987, 317, 909-916.
116. Messina, M.; Kucuk, O.; Lampe, J.W. An overview of the health effects of isoflavones with an emphasis on prostate cancer risk and prostate-specific antigen levels. J. AOAC Int. 2006, 89, 1121-1134.
117. Pendleton, J.M.; Tan, W.W.; Anai, S.; Chang, M.; Hou, W.; Shiverick, K.T.; Rosser, C.J. Phase II Trial of Isoflavone in prostate specific antigen recurrent prostate cancer after previous local therapy. BMC Cancer 2008, 8, 132.
118. Kwan, W.; Duncan, G.; Van Patten, C.; Liu, M.; Lim, J. A phase II trial of a soy beverage for subjects without clinical disease with rising prostate-specific antigen after radical radiation for prostate cancer. Nutr. Cancer 2010, 62, 198-207.
119. Ide, H.; Tokiwa, S.; Sakamaki, K.; Nishio, K.; Isotani, S.; Muto, S.; Hama, T.; Masuda, H.; Horie, S. Combined inhibitory effects of soy isoflavones and curcumin on the production of prostate-specific antigen. Prostate 2010, 70, 1127-1133.
120. Heaney, R.P. Protein intake and the calcium economy. J. Am. Diet. Assoc. 1993, 93, 1259-1260.
121. Schuette, S.A.; Zemel, M.B.; Linkswiler, H.M. Studies on the mechanism of protein-induced hypercalciuria in older men and women. J. Nutr. 1980, 110, 305-315.
122. Abelow, B.J.; Holford, T.R.; Insogna, K.L. Cross-cultural association between dietary animal protein and hip fracture: a hypothesis. Calcif. Tissue Int. 1992, 50, 14-18.
123. Frassetto, L.A.; Todd, K.M.; Morris, R.C., Jr.; Sebastian, A. Worldwide incidence of hip fracture in elderly women: relation to consumption of animal and vegetable foods. J. Gerontol. A. Biol. Sci. Med. Sci. 2000, 55, M585-592.
124. Darling, A.L.; Millward, D.J.; Torgerson, D.J.; Hewitt, C.E.; Lanham-New, S.A. Dietary protein and bone health: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2009, 90, 1674-1692.
125. Meng, X.; Zhu, K.; Devine, A.; Kerr, D.A.; Binns, C.W.; Prince, R.L. A 5-year cohort study of the effects of high protein intake on lean mass and BMC in elderly postmenopausal women. J. Bone Miner. Res. 2009, 24, 1827-1834.
126. Goldfarb, S. Diet and nephrolithiasis. Annu. Rev. Med. 1994, 45, 235-243.
127. Lemann, J., Jr. Relationship between urinary calcium and net acid excretion as determined by dietary protein and potassium: a review. Nephron 1999, 81, 18-25.
128. Barzel, U.S. The skeleton as an ion exchange system: implications for the role of acid-base imbalance in the genesis of osteoporosis. J. Bone Miner. Res. 1995, 10, 1431-1436.
129. WHO/FAO/UNU Expert Consultation; United Nations University. World Health Organization Protein and Amino Acid Requirements in Human Nutrition; World Technical Series 935, Report of a Joint WHO/FAO/UNU Expert Consultation, United Nations University: Geneva, Switzerland, 2007.
130. Breslau, N.A.; Brinkley, L.; Hill, K.D.; Pak, C.Y. Relationship of animal protein-rich diet to kidney stone formation and calcium metabolism. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1988, 66, 140-146.
131. Kaneko, K.; Masaki, U.; Aikyo, M.; Yabuki, K.; Haga, A.; Matoba, C.; Sasaki, H.; Koike, G. Urinary calcium and calcium balance in young women affected by high protein diet of soy protein isolate and adding sulfur-containing amino acids and/or potassium. J. Nutr. Sci. Vitaminol. (Tokyo). 1990, 36, 105-116.
132. Fenton, T.R.; Lyon, A.W.; Eliasziw, M.; Tough, S.C.; Hanley, D.A. Meta-analysis of the effect of the acid-ash hypothesis of osteoporosis on calcium balance. J. Bone Miner. Res. 2009, 24, 1835-1840.
133. Roughead, Z.K.; Hunt, J.R.; Johnson, L.K.; Badger, T.M.; Lykken, G.I. Controlled substitution of soy protein for meat protein: effects on calcium retention, bone, and cardiovascular health indices in postmenopausal women. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2005, 90, 181-189.
134. Wengreen, H.J.; Munger, R.G.; Cutler, D.R.; Corcoran, C.D.; Zhang, J.; Sassano, N.E. Dietary protein intake and risk of osteoporotic hip fracture in elderly residents of Utah. J. Bone Miner. Res. 2004, 19, 537-545.
135. Spence, L.A.; Lipscomb, E.R.; Cadogan, J.; Martin, B.; Wastney, M.E.; Peacock, M.; Weaver, C.M. The effect of soy protein and soy isoflavones on calcium metabolism in postmenopausal women: a randomized crossover study. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2005, 81, 916-922.
136. Brandi, M.L.; Gennari, C. Ipriflavone: new insights into its mechanisms of action on bone remodeling. Calcif. Tissue Int. 1993, 52, 151-152.
137. Atmaca, A.; Kleerekoper, M.; Bayraktar, M.; Kucuk, O. Soy isoflavones in the management of postmenopausal osteoporosis. Menopause 2008, 15, 748-757.
138. Messina, M.; Ho, S.; Alekel, D.L. Skeletal benefits of soy isoflavones: a review of the clinical trial and epidemiologic data. Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab. Care 2004, 7, 649-658.
139. Marini, H.; Bitto, A.; Altavilla, D.; Burnett, B.P.; Polito, F.; Di Stefano, V.; Minutoli, L.; Atteritano, M.; Levy, R.M.; D'Anna, R.; Frisina, N.; Mazzaferro, S.; Cancellieri, F.; Cannata, M.L.; Corrado, F.; Frisina, A.; Adamo, V.; Lubrano, C.; Sansotta, C.; Marini, R.; Adamo, E.B.; Squadrito, F. Breast safety and efficacy of genistein aglycone for postmenopausal bone loss: a follow-up study. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2008, 93, 4787-4796.
140. Brink, E.; Coxam, V.; Robins, S.; Wahala, K.; Cassidy, A.; Branca, F. Long-term consumption of isoflavone-enriched foods does not affect bone mineral density, bone metabolism, or hormonal status in early postmenopausal women: a randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled study. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2008, 87, 761-770.
141. Vupadhyayula, P.M.; Gallagher, J.C.; Templin, T.; Logsdon, S.M.; Smith, L.M. Effects of soy protein isolate on bone mineral density and physical performance indices in postmenopausal women-a 2-year randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Menopause 2009, 16, 320-328.
142. Kenny, A.M.; Mangano, K.M.; Abourizk, R.H.; Bruno, R.S.; Anamani, D.E.; Kleppinger, A.; Walsh, S.J.; Prestwood, K.M.; Kerstetter, J.E. Soy proteins and isoflavones affect bone mineral density in older women: a randomized controlled trial. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2009, 90, 234-242.
143. Alekel, D.L.; Van Loan, M.D.; Koehler, K.J.; Hanson, L.N.; Stewart, J.W.; Hanson, K.B.; Kurzer, M.S.; Peterson, C.T. The soy isoflavones for reducing bone loss (SIRBL) study: a 3-y randomized controlled trial in postmenopausal women. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2010, 91, 218-230.
144. Writing Group for the Women's Health Initiative. Investigators Risks and benefits of estrogen plus progestin in healthy postmenopausal women: principal results From the Women's Health Initiative randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2002, 288, 321-333.
145. Zhao, Y.; Martin, B.R.; Weaver, C.M. Calcium bioavailability of calcium carbonate fortified soymilk is equivalent to cow's milk in young women. J. Nutr. 2005, 135, 2379-2382.
146. Holick, M.F.; Biancuzzo, R.M.; Chen, T.C.; Klein, E.K.; Young, A.; Bibuld, D.; Reitz, R.; Salameh, W.; Ameri, A.; Tannenbaum, A.D. Vitamin D2 is as effective as vitamin D3 in maintaining circulating concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2008, 93, 677-681.
147. Biancuzzo, R.M.; Young, A.; Bibuld, D.; Cai, M.H.; Winter, M.R.; Klein, E.K.; Ameri, A.; Reitz, R.; Salameh, W.; Chen, T.C.; Holick, M.F. Fortification of orange juice with vitamin D(2) or vitamin D(3) is as effective as an oral supplement in maintaining vitamin D status in adults. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2010, 91, 1621-1626.
148. Brenner, B.M.; Meyer, T.W.; Hostetter, T.H. Dietary protein intake and the progressive nature of kidney disease: the role of hemodynamically mediated glomerular injury in the pathogenesis of progressive glomerular sclerosis in aging, renal ablation, and intrinsic renal disease. N. Engl. J. Med. 1982, 307, 652-659.
149. Knight, E.L.; Stampfer, M.J.; Hankinson, S.E.; Spiegelman, D.; Curhan, G.C. The impact of protein intake on renal function decline in women with normal renal function or mild renal insufficiency. Ann. Intern. Med. 2003, 138, 460-467.
150. Kopple, J.D. National kidney foundation K/DOQI clinical practice guidelines for nutrition in chronic renal failure. Am. J. Kidney Dis. 2001, 37, S66-S70.
151. Franz, M.J.; Wheeler, M.L. Nutrition therapy for diabetic nephropathy. Curr. Diab. Rep. 2003, 3, 412-417.
152. Smit, E.; Nieto, F.J.; Crespo, C.J.; Mitchell, P. Estimates of animal and plant protein intake in US adults: results from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-1991. J. Am. Diet. Assoc. 1999, 99, 813-820.
153. Coresh, J.; Selvin, E.; Stevens, L.A.; Manzi, J.; Kusek, J.W.; Eggers, P.; Van Lente, F.; Levey, A.S. Prevalence of chronic kidney disease in the United States. JAMA 2007, 298, 2038-2047.
154. Kontessis, P.; Jones, S.; Dodds, R.; Trevisan, R.; Nosadini, R.; Fioretto, P.; Borsato, M.; Sacerdoti, D.; Viberti, G. Renal, metabolic and hormonal responses to ingestion of animal and vegetable proteins. Kidney Int. 1990, 38, 136-144.
155. D'Amico, G.; Gentile, M.G. Effect of dietary manipulation on the lipid abnormalities and urinary protein loss in nephrotic patients. Miner. Electrolyte Metab. 1992, 18, 203-206.
156. Kontessis, P.A.; Bossinakou, I.; Sarika, L.; Iliopoulou, E.; Papantoniou, A.; Trevisan, R.; Roussi, D.; Stipsanelli, K.; Grigorakis, S.; Souvatzoglou, A. Renal, metabolic, and hormonal responses to proteins of different origin in normotensive, nonproteinuric type I diabetic patients. Diabetes Care 1995, 18, 1233-1240.
157. Guijarro, C.; Keane, W.F. Lipid-induced glomerular injury. Nephron 1994, 67, 1-6.
158. Fried, L.F.; Orchard, T.J.; Kasiske, B.L. Effect of lipid reduction on the progression of renal disease: a meta-analysis. Kidney Int. 2001, 59, 260-269.
159. Anderson, J.W.; Blake, J.E.; Turner, J.; Smith, B.M. Effects of soy protein on renal function and proteinuria in patients with type 2 diabetes. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1998, 68, 1347S-1353S.
160. Soroka, N.; Silverberg, D.S.; Greemland, M.; Birk, Y.; Blum, M.; Peer, G.; Iaina, A. Comparison of a vegetable-based (soya) and an animal-based low-protein diet in predialysis chronic renal failure patients. Nephron 1998, 79, 173-180.
161. Teixeira, S.R.; Tappenden, K.A.; Carson, L.; Jones, R.; Prabhudesai, M.; Marshall, W.P.; Erdman, J.W. Jr. Isolated soy protein consumption reduces urinary albumin excretion and improves the serum lipid profile in men with type 2 diabetes mellitus and nephropathy. J. Nutr. 2004, 134, 1874-1880.
162. Bernstein, A.M.; Treyzon, L.; Li, Z. Are high-protein, vegetable-based diets safe for kidney function? A review of the literature. J. Am. Diet. Assoc. 2007, 107, 644-650.
163. Anderson, J.W. Beneficial effects of soy protein consumption for renal function. Asia Pac. J. Clin. Nutr. 2008, 17, 324-328.
164. Pecis, M.; de Azevedo, M.J.; Gross, J.L. Chicken and fish diet reduces glomerular hyperfiltration in IDDM patients. Diabetes Care 1994, 17, 665-672.
165. Nakamura, H.; Takasawa, M.; Kashara, S.; Tsuda, A.; Momotsu, T.; Ito, S.; Shibata, A. Effects of acute protein loads of different sources on renal function of patients with diabetic nephropathy. Tohoku J. Exp. Med. 1989, 159, 153-162.
166. Kitazato, H.; Fujita, H.; Shimotomai, T.; Kagaya, E.; Narita, T.; Kakei, M.; Ito, S. Effects of chronic intake of vegetable protein added to animal or fish protein on renal hemodynamics. Nephron 2002, 90, 31-36.
167. Chan, A.Y.; Cheng, M.L.; Keil, L.C.; Myers, B.D. Functional response of healthy and diseased glomeruli to a large, protein-rich meal. J. Clin. Invest. 1988, 81, 245-254.
168. D'Amico, G.; Gentile, M.G. Influence of diet on lipid abnormalities in human renal disease. Am. J. Kidney Dis. 1993, 22, 151-157.
169. Barsotti, G.; Navalesi, R.; Giampietro, O.; Ciardella, F.; Morelli, E.; Cupisti, A.; Mantovanelli, A.; Giovannetti, S. Effects of a vegetarian, supplemented diet on renal function, proteinuria, and glucose metabolism in patients with 'overt' diabetic nephropathy and renal insufficiency. Contrib. Nephrol. 1988, 65, 87-94.
170. Azadbakht, L.; Esmaillzadeh, A. Soy-protein consumption and kidney-related biomarkers among type 2 diabetics: a crossover, randomized clinical trial. J. Ren. Nutr. 2009, 19, 479-486.
171. Azadbakht, L.; Atabak, S.; Esmaillzadeh, A. Soy protein intake, cardiorenal indices, and C-reactive protein in type 2 diabetes with nephropathy: a longitudinal randomized clinical trial. Diabetes Care 2008, 31, 648-654.
172. Chen, S.T.; Chen, J.R.; Yang, C.S.; Peng, S.J.; Ferng, S.H. Effect of soya protein on serum lipid profile and lipoprotein concentrations in patients undergoing hypercholesterolaemic haemodialysis. Br. J. Nutr. 2006, 95, 366-371.
173. Chen, S.T.; Ferng, S.H.; Yang, C.S.; Peng, S.J.; Lee, H.R.; Chen, J.R. Variable effects of soy protein on plasma lipids in hyperlipidemic and normolipidemic hemodialysis patients. Am. J. Kidney Dis. 2005, 46, 1099-1106.
174. Fanti, P.; Asmis, R.; Stephenson, T.J.; Sawaya, B.P.; Franke, A.A. Positive effect of dietary soy in ESRD patients with systemic inflammation-correlation between blood levels of the soy isoflavones and the acute-phase reactants. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 2006, 21, 2239-2246.
175. Imani, H.; Tabibi, H.; Atabak, S.; Rahmani, L.; Ahmadinejad, M.; Hedayati, M. Effects of soy consumption on oxidative stress, blood homocysteine, coagulation factors, and phosphorus in peritoneal dialysis patients. J. Ren. Nutr. 2009, 19, 389-395.
176. Cupisti, A.; Ghiadoni, L.; D'Alessandro, C.; Kardasz, I.; Morelli, E.; Panichi, V.; Locati, D.; Morandi, S.; Saba, A.; Barsotti, G.; Taddei, S.; Arnoldi, A.; Salvetti, A. Soy protein diet improves endothelial dysfunction in renal transplant patients. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 2007, 22, 229-234.
177. Tonstad, S.; Butler, T.; Yan, R.; Fraser, G.E. Type of vegetarian diet, body weight, and prevalence of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2009, 32, 791-796.
178. Tolonen, N.E.; Groop, P.-H. Can lipid abnormalities predict renal disease in patients with diabetes? Clin. Lipid 2010, 5, 151-155.
179. Sandberg, A.S. Bioavailability of minerals in legumes. Br. J. Nutr. 2002, 88, S281-S285.
180. Champ, M.M. Non-nutrient bioactive substances of pulses. Br. J. Nutr. 2002, 88, S307-S319.
181. Harland, B.F.; Morris, E.R. Phytate: a good or bad food component? Nutr. Res. 1995, 15, 733-754.
182. Vucenik, I.; Shamsuddin, A.M. Protection against cancer by dietary IP6 and inositol. Nutr. Cancer 2006, 55, 109-125.
183. Hídvégi, M.; Lásztity, R. Phytic acid content of cereals and legumes and interaction with proteins. Periodica polytechnica Chem. Eng 2002, 46, 59-64.
184. Hunt, J.R.; Gallagher, S.K.; Johnson, L.K. Effect of ascorbic acid on apparent iron absorption by women with low iron stores. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1994, 59, 1381-1385.
185. Garcia-Casal, M.N.; Layrisse, M.; Solano, L.; Baron, M.A.; Arguello, F.; Llovera, D.; Ramirez, J.; Leets, I.; Tropper, E. Vitamin A and beta-carotene can improve nonheme iron absorption from rice, wheat and corn by humans. J. Nutr. 1998, 128, 646-650.
186. Macfarlane, B.J.; van der Riet, W.B.; Bothwell, T.H.; Baynes, R.D.; Siegenberg, D.; Schmidt, U.; Tal, A.; Taylor, J.R.; Mayet, F. Effect of traditional oriental soy products on iron absorption. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1990, 51, 873-880.
187. Lynch, S.R.; Husaini, S.; Dassenko, S.A.; Beard, J.L.; Cook, J.D. A soybean product with improved iron bioavailability for humans. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1984, 39, 664.
188. Brune, M.; Rossander-Hulten, L.; Hallberg, L.; Gleerup, A.; Sandberg, A.S. Iron absorption from bread in humans: inhibiting effects of cereal fiber, phytate and inositol phosphates with different numbers of phosphate groups. J. Nutr. 1992, 122, 442-449.
189. Huisheng, Q.; Jilin, Y.; Weiping, Y.; Chaoxu, W.; Ling, Z.; Yalan, W.; Shoyang, Y. The effect of fermented soy food in preventing iron deficiency anemia in children. Acta Nutrimenta Sinica 1989, 11, 295-298.
190. Cook, J.D.; Morck, T.A.; Lynch, S.R. The inhibitory effect of soy products on nonheme iron absorption in man. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1981, 34, 2622-2629.
191. Derman, D.P.; Ballot, D.; Bothwell, T.H.; MacFarlane, B.J.; Baynes, R.D.; MacPhail, A.P.; Gillooly, M.; Bothwell, J.E.; Bezwoda, W.R.; Mayet, F. Factors influencing the absorption of iron from soya-bean protein products. Br. J. Nutr. 1987, 57, 345-353.
192. Lynch, S.R.; Beard, J.L.; Dassenko, S.A.; Cook, J.D. Iron absorption from legumes in humans. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1984, 40, 42-47.
193. Murray-Kolb, L.E.; Welch, R.; Theil, E.C.; Beard, J.L. Women with low iron stores absorb iron from soybeans. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2003, 77, 180-184.
194. Lonnerdal, B. Soybean ferritin: implications for iron status of vegetarians. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2009, 89, 1680S-1685S.
195. Lonnerdal, B.; Bryant, A.; Liu, X.; Theil, E.C. Iron absorption from soybean ferritin in nonanemic women. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2006, 83, 103-107.
196. Beard, J.L.; Burton, J.W.; Theil, E.C. Purified ferritin and soybean meal can be sources of iron for treating iron deficiency in rats. J. Nutr. 1996, 126, 154-160.
197. Hambidge, K.M.; Krebs, N.F. Zinc deficiency: a special challenge. J. Nutr. 2007, 137, 1101-1105.
198. Young, V.R.; Janghorbani, M. Soy protein in human diets in relation to bioavailability of iron and zinc. Cereal Chem. 1981, 58, 12-17.
199. Sandstrom, B.; Cederblad, A. Zinc absorption from composite meals. II. Influence of the main protein source. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1980, 33, 1778-1783.
200. Sandstrom, B.; Kivisto, B.; Cederblad, A. Absorption of zinc from soy protein meals in humans. J. Nutr. 1987, 117, 321-327.
201. Davidsson, L.; Almgren, A.; Sandstrom, B.; Juillerat, M.; Hurrell, R.F. Zinc absorption in adult humans: the effect of protein sources added to liquid test meals. Br. J. Nutr. 1996, 75, 607-613.
202. Lonnerdal, B.; Cederblad, A.; Davidsson, L.; Sandstrom, B. The effect of individual components of soy formula and cows' milk formula on zinc bioavailability. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1984, 40, 1064-1070.
203. Davidsson, L.; Ziegler, E.E.; Kastenmayer, P.; van Dael, P.; Barclay, D. Dephytinisation of soyabean protein isolate with low native phytic acid content has limited impact on mineral and trace element absorption in healthy infants. Br. J. Nutr. 2004, 91, 287-294.
204. Etcheverry, P.; Hawthorne, K.M.; Liang, L.K.; Abrams, S.A.; Griffin, I.J. Effect of beef and soy proteins on the absorption of non-heme iron and inorganic zinc in children. J. Am. Coll. Nutr. 2006, 25, 34-40.
205. Fredlund, K.; Isaksson, M.; Rossander-Hulthen, L.; Almgren, A.; Sandberg, A.S. Absorption of zinc and retention of calcium: dose-dependent inhibition by phytate. J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol. 2006, 20, 49-57.
206. Weaver, C.M.; Plawecki, K.L. Dietary calcium: adequacy of a vegetarian diet. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1994, 59, 1238S-1241S.
207. Heaney, R.P.; Weaver, C.M. Oxalate in vegetables: Effects on calcium absorbability. (Abstract). Exp. Biol. 1997.
208. Weaver, C.M.; Heaney, R.P.; Nickel, K.P.; Packard, P.I. Calcium bioavailability from high oxalate vegetables: Chinese vegetables, sweet potatoes and rhubarb. J. Food Sci. 1997, 63, 524-525.
209. Heaney, R.P.; Weaver, C.M.; Recker, R.R. Calcium absorbability from spinach. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1988, 47, 707-709.
210. Heaney, R.P.; Weaver, C.M.; Fitzsimmons, M.L. Soybean phytate content: effect on calcium absorption. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1991, 53, 745-747.
211. Heaney, R.P.; Dowell, M.S.; Rafferty, K.; Bierman, J. Bioavailability of the calcium in fortified soy imitation milk, with some observations on method. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2000, 71, 1166-1169.
212. Weaver, C.M.; Heaney, R.P.; Connor, L.; Martin, B.R.; Smith, D.L.; Nielsen, E. Bioavailability of calcium from tofu vs. milk in premenopausal women. J. Food Sci. 2002, 68, 3144-3147.
213. Helferich, W.G.; Andrade, J.E.; Hoagland, M.S. Phytoestrogens and breast cancer: a complex story. Inflammopharmacology 2008, 16, 219-226.
214. Reagan-Shaw, S.; Nihal, M.; Ahmad, N. Dose translation from animal to human studies revisited. FASEB J. 2008, 22, 659-661.
215. Allred, C.D.; Allred, K.F.; Ju, Y.H.; Goeppinger, T.S.; Doerge, D.R.; Helferich, W.G. Soy processing influences growth of estrogen-dependent breast cancer tumors. Carcinogenesis 2004, 25, 1649-1657.
216. Conner, P.; Skoog, L.; Soderqvist, G. Breast epithelial proliferation in postmenopausal women evaluated through fine-needle-aspiration cytology. Climacteric 2001, 4, 7-12.
217. Conner, P.; Soderqvist, G.; Skoog, L.; Graser, T.; Walter, F.; Tani, E.; Carlstrom, K.; von Schoultz, B. Breast cell proliferation in postmenopausal women during HRT evaluated through fine needle aspiration cytology. Breast Cancer Res. Treat. 2003, 78, 159-165.
218. Shu, X.O.; Zheng, Y.; Cai, H.; Gu, K.; Chen, Z.; Zheng, W.; Lu, W. Soy food intake and breast cancer survival. JAMA 2009, 302, 2437-2443.
219. Guha, N.; Kwan, M.L.; Quesenberry, C.P., Jr.; Weltzien, E.K.; Castillo, A.L.; Caan, B.J. Soy isoflavones and risk of cancer recurrence in a cohort of breast cancer survivors: the life after cancer epidemiology study. Breast Cancer Res. Treat. 2009, 118, 395-405.
220. Messina, M.; Abrams, D.I.; Hardy, M. Can clinicians now assure their breast cancer patients that soyfoods are safe? Womens Health 2010, 6, 335-338.
221. Pan, L.; Xia, X.; Feng, Y.; Jiang, C.; Huang, Y. Exposure to the phytoestrogen daidzein attenuates apomorphine-induced penile erection concomitant with plasma testosterone level reduction in dose and time-related manner in adult rats. Urology 2007, 70, 613-617.
222. Faqi, A.S.; Johnson, W.D.; Morrissey, R.L.; McCormick, D.L. Reproductive toxicity assessment of chronic dietary exposure to soy isoflavones in male rats. Reprod. Toxicol. 2004, 18, 605-611.
223. Chavarro, J.E.; Toth, T.L.; Sadio, S.M.; Hauser, R. Soy food and isoflavone intake in relation to semen quality parameters among men from an infertility clinic. Hum. Reprod. 2008, 23, 2584-2590.
224. Martinez, J.; Lewi, J.E. An unusual case of gynecomastia associated with soy product consumption. Endocr. Pract. 2008, 14, 415-418.
225. Hamilton-Reeves, J.M.; Vazquez, G.; Duval, S.J.; Phipps, W.R.; Kurzer, M.S.; Messina, M.J. Clinical studies show no effects of soy protein or isoflavones on reproductive hormones in men: results of a meta-analysis. Fertil. Steril. 2009.
226. Messina, M. Soybean isoflavone exposure does not have feminizing effects on men: a critical examination of the clinical evidence. Fertil. Steril. 2010, 93, 2095-2104.
227. Mitchell, J.H.; Cawood, E.; Kinniburgh, D.; Provan, A.; Collins, A.R.; Irvine, D.S. Effect of a phytoestrogen food supplement on reproductive health in normal males. Clin. Sci. (Lond) 2001, 100, 613-618.
228. Beaton, L.K.; McVeigh, B.L.; Dillingham, B.L.; Lampe, J.W.; Duncan, A.M. Soy protein isolates of varying isoflavone content do not adversely affect semen quality in healthy young men. Fertil. Steril. 2009.
229. Messina, M.; Watanabe, S.; Setchell, K.D. Report on the 8th International Symposium on the Role of Soy in Health Promotion and Chronic Disease Prevention and Treatment. J. Nutr. 2009, 139, 796S-802S.
230. Casini, M.L.; Gerli, S.; Unfer, V. An infertile couple suffering from oligospermia by partial sperm maturation arrest: can phytoestrogens play a therapeutic role? A case report study. Gynecol. Endocrinol. 2006, 22, 399-401.
231. Doerge, D.; Chang, H. Inactivation of thyroid peroxidase by soy isoflavones, in vitro and in vivo. J. Chromatogr. B Analyt. Technol. Biomed. Life Sci. 2002, 777, 269.
232. Poirier, L.A.; Doerge, D.R.; Gaylor, D.W.; Miller, M.A.; Lorentzen, R.J.; Casciano, D.A.; Kadlubar, F.F.; Schwetz, B.A. An FDA review of sulfamethazine toxicity. Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 1999, 30, 217-222.
233. Capen, C.C. Mechanistic data and risk assessment of selected toxic end points of the thyroid gland. Toxicol. Pathol. 1997, 25, 39-48.
234. Divi, R.L.; Chang, H.C.; Doerge, D.R. Anti-thyroid isoflavones from soybean: isolation, characterization, and mechanisms of action. Biochem. Pharmacol. 1997, 54, 1087-1096.
235. Messina, M.; Redmond, G. Effects of soy protein and soybean isoflavones on thyroid function in healthy adults and hypothyroid patients: a review of the relevant literature. Thyroid 2006, 16, 249-258.
236. Bosland, M.C.; Zeleniuch-Jacquotte, A.; Melamed, J.; Macias, V.; Kajdacsy-Balla, A.; Schmoll, J.; Meserve-Watanabe, H.; Enk, E. Design and accrual of a randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial with soy protein isolate in men at high risk for PSA failure after radical prostatectomy. Presented at the American Urological Association Annual Meeting, Chicago, IL, USA, 25-30 April 2009; Abstract 1861.
237. Sharma, P.; Wisniewski, A.; Braga-Basaria, M.; Xu, X.; Yep, M.; Denmeade, S.; Dobs, A.S.; DeWeese, T.; Carducci, M.; Basaria, S. Lack of an effect of high dose isoflavones in men with prostate cancer undergoing androgen deprivation therapy. J. Urol. 2009, 182, 2265-2272.
238. Ryan-Borchers, T.; Boon, C.; Park, J.S.; McGuire, M.; Fournier, L.; Beerman, K. Effects of dietary and supplemental forms of isoflavones on thyroid function in healthy postmenopausal women. Top. Clin. Nutr. 2008, 23, 13-22.
239. Bitto, A.; Polito, F.; Atteritano, M.; Altavilla, D.; Mazzaferro, S.; Marini, H.; Adamo, E.B.; D'Anna, R.; Granese, R.; Corrado, F.; Russo, S.; Minutoli, L.; Squadrito, F. Genistein aglycone does not affect thyroid function: results from a three-year, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2010, 95, 3067-3072.
240. Conrad, S.C.; Chiu, H.; Silverman, B.L. Soy formula complicates management of congenital hypothyroidism. Arch. Dis. Child. 2004, 89, 37-40.
241. Liwanpo, L.; Hershman, J.M. Conditions and drugs interfering with thyroxine absorption. Best Pract. Res. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2009, 23, 781-792.
242. Villar, H.C.; Saconato, H.; Valente, O.; Atallah, A.N. Thyroid hormone replacement for subclinical hypothyroidism. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2007, 3, CD003419.
243. Aoki, Y.; Belin, R.M.; Clickner, R.; Jeffries, R.; Phillips, L.; Mahaffey, K.R. Serum TSH and total T4 in the United States population and their association with participant characteristics: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES 1999-2002). Thyroid 2007, 17, 1211-1223.
244. Caldwell, K.L.; Miller, G.A.; Wang, R.Y.; Jain, R.B.; Jones, R.L. Iodine status of the U.S. population, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003-2004. Thyroid 2008, 18, 1207-1214.
245. Delange, F.; de Benoist, B.; Burgi, H. Determining median urinary iodine concentration that indicates adequate iodine intake at population level. Bull. World Health Organ. 2002, 80, 633-636.
246. Perrine, C.G.; Herrick, K.; Serdula, M.K.; Sullivan, K.M. Some subgroups of reproductive age women in the United States may be at risk for iodine deficiency. J. Nutr. 2010, 140, 1489-1494.
247. Remer, T.; Neubert, A.; Manz, F. Increased risk of iodine deficiency with vegetarian nutrition [see comments]. Br. J. Nutr. 1999, 81, 45-49.
248. Draper, A.; Lewis, J.; Malhotra, N.; Wheeler, E. The energy and nutrient intakes of different types of vegetarian: a case for supplements? Br. J. Nutr. 1993, 69, 3-19.
249. Abdulla, M.; Andersson, I.; Asp, N.G.; Berthelsen, K.; Birkhed, D.; Dencker, I.; Johansson, C.G.; Jagerstad, M.; Kolar, K.; Nair, B.M.; Nilsson-Ehle, P.; Norden, A.; Rassner, S.; Akesson, B.; Ockerman, P.A. Nutrient intake and health status of vegans. Chemical analyses of diets using the duplicate portion sampling technique. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1981, 34, 2464-2477.
250. Krajcovicova-Kudlackova, M.; Buckova, K.; Klimes, I.; Sebokova, E. Iodine deficiency in vegetarians and vegans. Ann. Nutr. Metab. 2003, 47, 183-185.
251. Waldmann, A.; Koschizke, J.W.; Leitzmann, C.; Hahn, A. Dietary intakes and lifestyle factors of a vegan population in Germany: results from the German Vegan Study. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 2003, 57, 947-955.
252. Hu, Y.; Ge, C.; Yuan, W.; Zhu, R.; Zhang, W.; Du, L.; Xue, J. Characterization of fermented black soybean natto inoculated with Bacillus natto during fermentation. J. Sci. Food Agric. 2010, 90, 1194-1202.
253. Fan, J.; Zhang, Y.; Chang, X.; Saito, M.; Li, Z. Changes in the radical scavenging activity of bacterial-type douchi, a traditional fermented soybean product, during the primary fermentation process. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 2009, 73, 2749-2753.
254. Kurahashi, N.; Inoue, M.; Iwasaki, M.; Tanaka, Y.; Mizokami, M.; Tsugane, S. Isoflavone consumption and subsequent risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in a population-based prospective cohort of Japanese men and women. Int. J. Cancer 2009, 124, 1644-1649.
255. Suarez, F.L.; Springfield, J.; Furne, J.K.; Lohrmann, T.T.; Kerr, P.S.; Levitt, M.D. Gas production in human ingesting a soybean flour derived from beans naturally low in oligosaccharides. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1999, 69, 135-139.
256. Feng, S.; Saw, C.L.; Lee, Y.K.; Huang, D. Novel process of fermenting black soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] yogurt with dramatically reduced flatulence-causing oligosaccharides but enriched soy phytoalexins. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2008, 56, 10078-10084.
257. Messina, M.J. Legumes and soybeans: overview of their nutritional profiles and health effects. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1999, 70, 439S-450S.
258. Guenther, P.M.; Dodd, K.W.; Reedy, J.; Krebs-Smith, S.M. Most Americans eat much less than recommended amounts of fruits and vegetables. J. Am. Diet. Assoc. 2006, 106, 1371-1379.
259. Phillips, R.D. Starchy legumes in human nutrition, health and culture. Plant Foods Hum. Nutr. 1993, 44, 195-211.
260. Leterme, P. Recommendations by health organizations for pulse consumption. Br. J. Nutr. 2002, 88, S239-S242.
261. Haddad, E.H.; Tanzman, J.S. What do vegetarians in the United States eat? Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2003, 78, 626S-632S.
262. Vierk, K.A.; Koehler, K.M.; Fein, S.B.; Street, D.A. Prevalence of self-reported food allergy in American adults and use of food labels. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 2007, 119, 1504-1510.