The role of GABAA receptors in the acute and chronic effects of ethanol: A decade of progress

Psychopharmacology

Volumn 205, Issue 4, 2009, Pages 529-564

  Kumar, Sandeep ^a   Porcu, Patrizia ^a   Werner, David F ^a   Matthews, Douglas B ^b   Diaz Granados, Jaime L ^b   Helfand, Rebecca S ^b   Morrow, A Leslie ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b BAYLOR UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Alcohol; GABAA receptor; Neuroactive steroids; Protein kinase C

Indexed keywords

4 AMINOBUTYRIC ACID; 4 AMINOBUTYRIC ACID A RECEPTOR; ALCOHOL; BENZODIAZEPINE; CYCLIC AMP DEPENDENT PROTEIN KINASE; DIAZEPAM; FLUMAZENIL; NEUROSTEROID; NEUROTRANSMITTER; PROTEIN KINASE C; PROTEIN KINASE FYN; PROTEIN SUBUNIT; PROTEIN TYROSINE KINASE;

4 AMINOBUTYRIC ACID RELEASE; ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION; ALCOHOL INTOXICATION; ALCOHOL TOLERANCE; ALCOHOL WITHDRAWAL; ALCOHOLISM; BEHAVIOR CHANGE; BRAIN REGION; CELLULAR DISTRIBUTION; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM; DEPHOSPHORYLATION; ENDOCYTOSIS; HORMONE RELEASE; HUMAN; HYPERALGESIA; JUVENILE; LONG TERM EXPOSURE; NERVE CELL; NERVE CELL INHIBITION; NEUROTRANSMISSION; NEUROTRANSMITTER RELEASE; NONHUMAN; PRESYNAPTIC NERVE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; PROTEIN FUNCTION; PROTEIN LOCALIZATION; PROTEIN PHOSPHORYLATION; PROTEIN PROCESSING; PROTEIN PROTEIN INTERACTION; PROTEIN TRANSPORT; REVIEW; SEIZURE; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION;

ADOLESCENT; ADOLESCENT BEHAVIOR; ANIMALS; BEHAVIOR, ANIMAL; BRAIN; DRUG TOLERANCE; ETHANOL; GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID; HUMANS; MICE; MODELS, BIOLOGICAL; NEURAL INHIBITION; NEURONS; RECEPTORS, GABA-A; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; SYNAPTIC TRANSMISSION;

EID: 68149119005     PISSN: 00333158     EISSN: 14322072     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s00213-009-1562-z     Document Type: Review

References (379)

1. 123I]iomazenil Am J Psychiatry 155 1550 1555
2. SK Acheson R Richardson HS Swartzwelder 1999 Developmental changes in seizure susceptibility during ethanol withdrawal Alcohol 18 23 26
3. SK Acheson EL Ross HS Swartzwelder 2001 Age-independent and dose-response effects of ethanol on spatial memory in rats Alcohol 23 167 175
4. A Agrawal HJ Edenberg T Foroud LJ Bierut G Dunne AL Hinrichs JI Nurnberger R Crowe S Kuperman MA Schuckit H Begleiter B Porjesz DM Dick 2006 Association of GABRA2 with drug dependence in the collaborative study of the genetics of alcoholism sample Behav Genet 36 640 650 (Pubitemid 44188079)
5. AM Allan RA Harris 1987 Acute and chronic ethanol treatments alter GABA receptor-operated chloride channels Pharmacol Biochem Behav 27 665 670
6. A receptors Alcohol Clin Exp Res 31 1061 1070
7. B receptors J Neurosci 24 10679 10686
8. A receptor benzodiazepine binding site Curr Drug Targets CNS Neurol Disord 2 213 232
9. AL Atkins NR Rustay JC Crabbe 2000 Anxiety and sensitivity to ethanol and pentobarbital in alcohol withdrawal seizure-prone and withdrawal seizure-resistant mice Alcohol Clin Exp Res 24 1743 1749
10. ML Barbaccia D Affricano M Trabucchi RH Purdy G Colombo R Agabio GL Gessa 1999 Ethanol markedly increases "GABAergic" neurosteroids in alcohol-preferring rats Eur J Pharmacol 384 R1 R2
11. LO Bauer J Covault O Harel S Das J Gelernter R Anton HR Kranzler 2007 Variation in GABRA2 predicts drinking behavior in project MATCH subjects Alcohol Clin Exp Res 31 1780 1787
12. HC Becker LM Veatch 2002 Effects of lorazepam treatment for multiple ethanol withdrawals in mice Alcohol Clin Exp Res 26 371 380
13. HC Becker JL Diaz-Granados RT Weathersby 1997 Repeated ethanol withdrawal experience increases the severity and duration of subsequent withdrawal seizures in mice Alcohol 14 319 326
14. RL Bell ZA Rodd HJ Sable JA Schultz CC Hsu L Lumeng JM Murphy WJ [tmp] McBride 2006 Daily patterns of ethanol drinking in peri-adolescent and adult alcohol-preferring (P) rats Pharmacol Biochem Behav 83 35 46
15. Y Ben-Ari 2002 Excitatory actions of gaba during development: the nature of the nurture Nat Rev Neurosci 3 728 739 (Pubitemid 135706678)
16. E Bencsits V Ebert V Tretter W Sieghart 1999 A significant part of native gamma-aminobutyric AcidA receptors containing alpha4 subunits do not contain gamma or delta subunits J Biol Chem 274 19613 19616
17. A α1-containing receptors in the discriminative stimulus effects of ethanol Neuropsychopharmacology 30 747 757
18. J Besheer AA Cox CW Hodge 2003 Coregulation of ethanol discrimination by the nucleus accumbens and amygdala Alcohol Clin Exp Res 27 450 456
19. Biggio G, Purdy RH (2001) Neurosteroids and brain function (International Review of Neurobiology, vol 46) Academic Press, New York
20. A receptors reduces actions of alcohol and other drugs J Pharmacol Exp Ther 304 30 36
21. A receptor α1 and β2 subunit null mutant mice: behavioral responses to ethanol J Pharmacol Exp Ther 305 854 863
22. SL Boehm 2nd L Peden AW Jennings N Kojima RA Harris YA Blednov 2004 Over-expression of the fyn-kinase gene reduces hypnotic sensitivity to ethanol in mice Neurosci Lett 372 6 11
23. SL Boehm 2nd I Ponomarev AW Jennings PJ Whiting TW Rosahl EM Garrett YA Blednov RA Harris 2004 γ-Aminobutyric acid A receptor subunit mutant mice: new perspectives on alcohol actions Biochem Pharmacol 68 1581 1602
24. A receptor subunits J Pharmacol Exp Ther 309 1154 1159
25. A receptor subunit selectivity of alcohol actions Adv Pharmacol 54 171 203
26. CM Borghese SI Storustovu B Ebert MB Herd D Belelli JJ Lambert G Marshall KA Wafford RA Harris 2006 The δ subunit of γ-aminobutyric acid type A receptors does not confer sensitivity to low concentrations of ethanol J Pharmacol Exp Ther 316 1360 1368
27. A receptor α1 subunit with near-normal apparent affinity for GABA: characterization in heterologous systems and production of knockin mice J Pharmacol Exp Ther 319 208 218
28. GG Borlikova J Le Merrer DN Stephens 2006 Previous experience of ethanol withdrawal increases withdrawal-induced c-fos expression in limbic areas, but not withdrawal-induced anxiety and prevents withdrawal-induced elevations in plasma corticosterone Psychopharmacology (Berl) 185 188 200
29. A receptor subunit J Pharmacol Exp Ther 323 684 691
30. A receptors in cerebellar granule neurons by ethanol: a review of genetic and electrophysiological studies Alcohol 41 187 199
31. BJ Bowers EH Owen AC Collins A Abeliovich S Tonegawa JM Wehner 1999 Decreased ethanol sensitivity and tolerance development in gamma-protein kinase C null mutant mice is dependent on genetic background Alcohol Clin Exp Res 23 387 397
32. BJ Bowers KJ Elliott JM Wehner 2001 Differential sensitivity to the anxiolytic effects of ethanol and flunitrazepam in PKCgamma null mutant mice Pharmacol Biochem Behav 69 99 110
33. A receptor phosphorylation and functional modulation in cortical neurons by a protein kinase C-dependent pathway J Biol Chem 275 38856 38862
34. SM Brasser NE Spear 2002 Physiological and behavioral effects of acute ethanol hangover in juvenile, adolescent, and adult rats Behav Neurosci 116 305 320
35. SG Brickley V Revilla SG Cull-Candy W Wisden M Farrant 2001 Adaptive regulation of neuronal excitability by a voltage-independent potassium conductance Nature 409 88 92
36. A receptors Br J Pharmacol 136 965 974
37. A receptor surface expression Eur J Neurosci 13 1320 1328
38. K Buchner E Adamec ML Beermann RA Nixon 1999 Isoform-specific translocation of protein kinase C following glutamate administration in primary hippocampal neurons Brain Res Mol Brain Res 64 222 235
39. A receptor-operated chloride channels. II. Chronic effects of ethanol J Pharmacol Exp Ther 253 713 719
40. A receptor subunit mRNAs: relationship to genetic differences in ethanol withdrawal seizure severity J Neurochem 57 1452 1455
41. KJ Buck H Heim RA Harris 1991 Reversal of alcohol dependence and tolerance by a single administration of flumazenil J Pharmacol Exp Ther 257 984 989
42. A receptor β subunit mRNA expression in the human alcoholic brain Neurochem Int 45 1011 1020
43. A receptor β isoform protein expression in human alcoholic brain: interaction with genotype Neurochem Int 49 557 567
44. A receptors Mol Pharmacol 63 53 64
45. E Cagetti G Pinna A Guidotti K Baicy RW Olsen 2004 Chronic intermittent ethanol (CIE) administration in rats decreases levels of neurosteroids in hippocampus, accompanied by altered behavioral responses to neurosteroids and memory function Neuropharmacology 46 570 579
46. A/benzodiazepine receptor polypeptides from the surface of chick cortical neurons J Biol Chem 269 1548 1553
47. M Carta M Mameli CF Valenzuela 2004 Alcohol enhances GABAergic transmission to cerebellar granule cells via an increase in Golgi cell excitability J Neurosci 24 3746 3751
48. A receptors of rat cerebellum granule cells in culture Neurosci Lett 414 273 276
49. A receptor α4 subunits mediate extrasynaptic inhibition in thalamus and dentate gyrus and the action of gaboxadol Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 103 15230 15235
50. A receptor alpha 4 subunit knockout mice Alcohol Clin Exp Res 32 10 18
51. A receptor α1 and α5 subunits in the ventral tegmental area and hippocampus J Neurochem 68 121 127
52. A receptor function J Neurochem 100 279 294
53. A receptors modulate ethanol induced conditioned place preference and taste aversion in mice Psychopharmacology 144 363 372
54. JA Chester FO Risinger CL Cunningham 1998 Ethanol reward and aversion in mice bred for sensitivity to ethanol withdrawal Alcohol Clin Exp Res 22 468 473
55. DS Choi W Wei JK Deitchman VN Kharazia HM Lesscher T [tmp] McMahon D Wang ZH Qi W Sieghart C Zhang KM Shokat I Mody RO Messing 2008 Protein kinase Cdelta regulates ethanol intoxication and enhancement of GABA-stimulated tonic current J Neurosci 28 11890 11899
56. G Colombo R Agabio C Lobina A Loche R Reali GL Gessa 1998 High sensitivity to gamma-hydroxybutyric acid in ethanol-preferring sP rats Alcohol Alcohol 33 121 125 (Pubitemid 28161887)
57. G Colombo R Agabio MA Carai C Lobina M Pani R Reali G Vacca GL Gessa 2000 Different sensitivity to ethanol in alcohol-preferring sP and -nonpreferring sNP rats Alcohol Clin Exp Res 24 1603 1608
58. CN Connolly JT Kittler P Thomas JM Uren NJ Brandon TG Smart SJ Moss 1999 Cell surface stability of gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptors: dependence on protein kinase C activity and subunit composition J Biol Chem 274 36565 36572
59. A α5 benzodiazepine inverse agonist antagonizes the neurobehavioral actions of alcohol Alcohol Clin Exp Res 29 1390 1401
60. L Costa L Bauer 1997 Quantitative electroencephalographic differences associated with alcohol, cocaine, heroin and dual-substance dependence Drug Alcohol Depend 46 87 93
61. J Covault J Gelernter V Hesselbrock M Nellissery HR Kranzler 2004 Allelic and haplotypic association of GABRA2 with alcohol dependence Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 129 104 109
62. J Covault J Gelernter K Jensen R Anton HR Kranzler 2008 Markers in the 5-region of GABRG1 associate to alcohol dependence and are in linkage disequilibrium with markers in the adjacent GABRA2 gene Neuropsychopharmacology 33 837 848
63. DS Cowley PP Roy-Byrne A Radant DW Hommer DJ Greenblatt PP Vitaliano C Godon 1994 Eye movement effects of diazepam in sons of alcoholic fathers and male control subjects Alcohol Clin Exp Res 18 324 332
64. JC Crabbe A Kosobud 1986 Sensitivity and tolerance to ethanol in mice bred to be genetically prone or resistant to ethanol withdrawal seizures J Pharmacol Exp Ther 239 327 333 (Pubitemid 17183152)
65. JC Crabbe TJ Phillips RA Harris MA Arends GF Koob 2006 Alcohol-related genes: contributions from studies with genetically engineered mice Addict Biol 11 195 269
66. Crews F, Morrow AL, Criswell H, Breese G (1996) Effects of ethanol on ion channels. In: Bradley RJ, Harris RA (eds) International review of neurobiology, vol 39. Academic, New York, pp 283-367
67. FT Crews R Bechara LA Brown DM Guidot P Mandrekar S Oak L Qin G Szabo M Wheeler JY Zou 2006 Cytokines and alcohol Alcohol Clin Exp Res 30 720 730
68. HE Criswell GR Breese 2005 A conceptualization of integrated actions of ethanol contributing to its GABAmimetic profile: a commentary Neuropsychopharmacology 30 1407 1425
69. HE Criswell Z Ming MK Kelm GR Breese 2008 Brain regional differences in the effect of ethanol on GABA release from presynaptic terminals J Pharmacol Exp Ther 326 596 603
70. M Davidson W Chen PA Wilce 1999 Behavioral analysis of PTZ-kindled rats after acute and chronic ethanol treatments Pharmacol Biochem Behav 64 7 13
71. A/α1 receptor agonists and antagonists: effects on species-typical and heightened aggressive behavior after alcohol self-administration in mice Psychopharmacology (Berl) 172 255 263
72. P De Witte A Dahchour E Quertemont 1994 Acute and chronic alcohol injections increase taurine in the nucleus accumbens Alcohol Alcohol Suppl 2 229 233
73. LL Devaud FD Smith DR Grayson AL Morrow 1995 Chronic ethanol consumption differentially alters the expression of γ-aminobutyric acid type A receptor subunit mRNAs in rat cerebral cortex: competitive, quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction analysis Mol Pharmacol 48 861 868
74. A receptors to neuroactive steroids in rats during ethanol withdrawal J Pharmacol Exp Ther 278 510 517
75. A receptor subunit peptide levels in rat cortex during chronic ethanol consumption and withdrawal J Neurochem 69 126 130
76. A receptors in rats Brain Res 796 222 230
77. I Diamond AS Gordon 1994 The role of adenosine in mediating cellular and molecular responses to ethanol EXS 71 175 183
78. JL Diaz-Granados DL Graham 2007 The effects of continuous and intermittent ethanol exposure in adolescence on the aversive properties of ethanol during adulthood Alcohol Clin Exp Res 12 2020 2027
79. DM Dick HJ Edenberg X Xuei A Goate S Kuperman M Schuckit R Crowe TL Smith B Porjesz H Begleiter T Foroud 2004 Association of GABRG3 with alcohol dependence Alcohol Clin Exp Res 28 4 9
80. A receptor genes on chromosome 5 with alcoholism in the collaborative study on the genetics of alcoholism sample Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 132B 24 28
81. DM Dick J Plunkett LF Wetherill X Xuei A Goate V Hesselbrock M Schuckit R Crowe HJ Edenberg T Foroud 2006 Association between GABRA1 and drinking behaviors in the collaborative study on the genetics of alcoholism sample Alcohol Clin Exp Res 30 1101 1110 (Pubitemid 43892898)
82. A receptors facilitates performance of a conditioned emotional response, and abolishes anxiolytic effects of benzodiazepines and barbiturates Pharmacol Biochem Behav 90 1 8
83. PR Dodd GJ Thomas CG Harper JJ Kril 1992 Amino acid neurotransmitter receptor changes in cerebral cortex in alcoholism: effect of cirrhosis of the liver J Neurochem 59 1506 1515
84. PR Dodd 1995 Benzodiazepine binding sites in alcoholic cirrhotics: evidence for gender differences Metab Brain Dis 10 93 104
85. PR Dodd PF Foley ST Buckley AL Eckert DJ Innes 2004 Genes and gene expression in the brain of the alcoholic Addict Behav 29 1295 1309
86. PR Dodd ST Buckley AL Eckert PF Foley DJ Innes 2006 Genes and gene expression in the brains of human alcoholics Ann N Y Acad Sci 1074 104 115
87. TL Doremus SC Brunell EI Varlinskaya LP Spear 2003 Anxiogenic effects during withdrawal from acute ethanol in adolescent and adult rats Pharmacol Biochem Behav 75 411 418
88. TL Doremus SC Brunell P Rajendran LP Spear 2005 Factors influencing elevated ethanol consumption in adolescent relative to adult rats Alcohol Clin Exp Res 29 1796 1808
89. T Drgon C D'Addario GR Uhl 2006 Linkage disequilibrium, haplotype and association studies of a chromosome 4 GABA receptor gene cluster: candidate gene variants for addictions Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 141B 854 860
90. A receptor, are associated with alcohol dependence and with brain oscillations Am J Hum Genet 74 705 714
91. A receptors in the development of alcoholism Pharmacol Biochem Behav 90 95 104
92. MA Enoch L Schwartz B Albaugh M Virkkunen D Goldman 2006 Dimensional anxiety mediates linkage of GABRA2 haplotypes with alcoholism Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 141B 599 607
93. M Ericson AR Haythornthwaite PW Yeh HH Yeh 2003 Brain-derived neurotrophic factor mitigates chronic ethanol-induced attenuation of gamma-aminobutyric acid responses in cultured cerebellar granule cells J Neurosci Res 73 722 730
94. S Etoh A Baba H Iwata 1991 NMDA induces protein kinase C translocation in hippocampal slices of immature rat brain Neurosci Lett 126 119 122
95. A receptors Nat Rev Neurosci 6 215 229
96. C Fehr T Sander A Tadic KP Lenzen I Anghelescu C Klawe N Dahmen LG Schmidt A Szegedi 2006 Confirmation of association of the GABRA2 gene with alcohol dependence by subtype-specific analysis Psychiatr Genet 16 9 17
97. A receptor channels through activation of anchored protein kinase C in prefrontal cortical neurons J Neurosci 21 6502 6511
98. SE File S Pellow 1986 Intrinsic actions of the benzodiazepine receptor antagonist Ro 15-1788 Psychopharmacology (Berl) 88 1 11
99. EW Fish S Faccidomo JF DeBold KA Miczek 2001 Alcohol, allopregnanolone and aggression in mice Psychopharmacology 153 473 483
100. A receptor-mediated inhibition in dentate gyrus changes from adolescence to adulthood J Neurophysiol 97 3806 3811
101. A receptor currents in neostriatal neurons through a PKA/DARPP-32/PP1 signaling cascade J Neurophysiol 83 2996 3004
102. A receptors in basolateral amygdala J Pharmacol Exp Ther 311 1071 1079
103. A receptors, and ethanol dependence Psychopharmacology 186 267 280
104. G Freund WEJ Ballinger 1988 Decrease of benzodiazepine receptors in frontal cortex of alcoholics Alcohol 5 275 282 (Pubitemid 19263830)
105. A receptor subtypes during postnatal development: an immunohistochemical study J Neurosci 14 5302 5324
106. CA Frye KR Van Keuren MS Erskine 1996 Behavioral effects of 3α-androstanediol 1. Modulation of sexual receptivity and promotion of GABA-stimulated chloride flux Behav Brain Res 79 109 118
107. KI Gabriel CL Cunningham DA Finn 2004 Allopregnanolone does not influence ethanol-induced conditioned place preference in DBA/2J mice Psychopharmacology (Berl) 176 50 56
108. R Galindo CF Valenzuela 2006 Immature hippocampal neuronal networks do not develop tolerance to the excitatory actions of ethanol Alcohol 40 111 118
109. EJ Gallaher SE Gionet 1988 Initial sensitivity and tolerance to ethanol in mice genetically selected for diazepam sensitivity Alcohol Clin Exp Res 12 77 80
110. EJ Gallaher GE Jones JK Belknap JC Crabbe 1996 Identification of genetic markers for initial sensitivity and rapid tolerance to ethanol-induced ataxia using quantitative trait locus analysis in BXD recombinant inbred mice J Pharmacol Exp Ther 277 604 612
111. MB Gatch 1999 Effects of benzodiazepines on acute and chronic ethanol-induced nociception in rats Alcohol Clin Exp Res 23 1736 1743
112. S Gilman RA Koeppe K Adams D Johnson-Greene L Junck KJ Kluin J Brunberg S Martorello M Lohman 1996 Positron emission tomographic studies of cerebral benzodiazepine-receptor binding in chronic alcoholics Ann Neurol 40 163 171
113. A receptor subunit partnership with high sensitivity to ethanol Nat Neurosci 10 40 48
114. DL Graham JL Diaz-Granados 2006 Periadolescent exposure to ethanol and diazepam alters the aversive properties of ethanol in adult mice Pharmacol Biochem Behav 84 406 414
115. KA Grant 1999 Strategies for understanding the pharmacological effects of ethanol with drug discrimination procedures Pharmacol Biochem Behav 64 261 267
116. KA Grant A Azarov CA Bowen S Mirkis RH Purdy 1996 Ethanol-like discriminative stimulus effects of the neurosteroid 3α-hydroxy-5α- pregnan-20-one in female Macaca fascicularis monkeys Psychopharmacology 124 340 346
117. KA Grant CM Helms LS Rogers RH Purdy 2008 Neuroactive steroid stereospecificity of ethanol-like discriminative stimulus effects in monkeys J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 326 354 361
118. KA Grant X Leng HL Green KT Szeliga LS Rogers SW Gonzales 2008 Drinking typography established by scheduled induction predicts chronic heavy drinking in a monkey model of ethanol self-administration Alcohol Clin Exp Res 32 1824 1838
119. A receptors in the acute and chronic effects of ethanol Psychopharmacology 139 2 19
120. A receptor subunits in rat cortex in a region-specific manner Alcohol Clin Exp Res 24 1137 1144
121. 36Cl-flux following chronic ethanol treatment Neuroscience 105 547 552
122. A receptor subunit expression changes in the rat cerebellum and cerebral cortex during aging Brain Res 45 59 70 (Pubitemid 27182225)
123. A receptor activity Nat Neurosci 8 339 345
124. A receptors Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 103 8546 8551
125. RA Harris SJ [tmp] McQuilkin R Paylor A Abeliovich S Tonegawa JM Wehner 1995 Mutant mice lacking the gamma isoform of protein kinase C show decreased behavioral actions of ethanol and altered function of gamma-aminobutyrate type A receptors Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 92 3658 3662
126. A receptor α1 subtype in the ventral pallidum regulates alcohol-seeking behaviors J Neurosci 22 3765 3775
127. HM Haughey LA Ray P Finan R Villanueva M Niculescu KE Hutchison 2008 Human γ-aminobutyric acid A receptor α2 gene moderates the acute effects of alcohol and brain mRNA expression Genes Brain Behav 7 447 454
128. K Hefner A Holmes 2007 Ontogeny of fear-, anxiety- and depression-related behavior across adolescence in C57BL/6J mice Behav Brain Res 176 210 215
129. CM Helms LS Rogers CA Waters KA Grant 2008 Zolpidem generalization and antagonism in male and female cynomolgus monkeys trained to discriminate 1.0 or 2.0 g/kg ethanol Alcohol Clin Exp Res 32 1197 1206
130. A subunit mRNAs in prefrontal fields of cynomolgus monkeys Alcohol Clin Exp Res 30 1978 1985
131. A receptors, anesthetics and anticonvulsants in brain development CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets 7 211 224
132. A receptor endocytosis is dynamin-mediated and dependent on a dileucine AP2 adaptin-binding motif within the β2 subunit of the receptor J Biol Chem 278 24046 24052
133. K Hirani RT Khisti CT Chopde 2002 Behavioral action of ethanol in Porsolt's forced swim test: modulation by 3α-hydroxy-5α-pregnan-20- one Neuropharmacology 43 1339 1350
134. K Hirani AN Sharma NS Jain RR Ugale CT Chopde 2005 Evaluation of GABAergic neuroactive steroid 3α-hydroxy-5α-pregnane-20-one as a neurobiological substrate for the anti-anxiety effect of ethanol in rats Psychopharmacology 180 267 278
135. A receptors in specific limbic brain regions Psychopharmacology 139 95 107
136. A receptor modulators and alcohol in mice lacking PKCε Nat Neurosci 2 997 1002
137. A receptor function in retinal amacrine cells J Neurophysiol 88 1766 1776
138. C Hollstedt O Olsson U Rydberg 1977 The effect of alcohol on the developing organism. Genetical, teratological and physiological aspects Med Biol 55 1 14
139. Holtzman SG (1990) Discriminative stimulus effects of drugs: relationship to potential for abuse. In: Adler MW, Cowan A (eds) Modern methods in pharmacology. Testing and evaluation of drugs of abuse, vol 6. Wiley-Liss, New York, pp 193-210
140. GE Homanics C Ferguson JJ Quinlan J Daggett K Snyder C Lagenaur ZP Mi XH WAng DR Grayson LL Firestone 1997 Gene knockout of the α6 subunit of the γ-aminobutyric acid type A receptor: lack of effect of responses to ethanol, pentobarbital, and general anesthetics Mol Pharmacol 51 588 596
141. A receptor alpha 6 subunit null allele mice and in inbred C57BL/6J and strain 129/SvJ mice Alcohol Clin Exp Res 22 259 265
142. GE Homanics NL Harrison JJ Quinlan MD Krasowski CEM Rick AL de Blas AK Mehta F Kist RM Mihalek JJ Aul LL Firestone 1999 Normal electrophysiological and behavioral responses to ethanol in mice lacking the long splice variant of the γ2 subunit of the γ-aminobutyrate type A receptor Neuropharmacology 38 253 265
143. GE Homanics JJ Quinlan LL Firestone 1999 Pharmacologic and behavioral responses of inbred C57BL/6J and strain 129/SvJ mouse lines Pharmacol Biochem Behav 63 21 26
144. A receptor produces synaptic and behavorial abnormalities in the mouse Genes Brain Behav 4 10 19
145. A receptor γ2 subunit is associated with genetic susceptibility to ethanol-induced motor incoordination and hypothermia, conditioned taste aversion, and withdrawal in BXD/Ty recombinant inbred mice Alcohol Clin Exp Res 24 1327 1334
146. FC Hsu R Waldeck DS Faber SS Smith 2003 Neurosteroid effects on GABAergic synaptic plasticity in hippocampus J Neurophysiol 89 1929 1940
147. X Hu G Oroszi J Chun TL Smith D Goldman MA Schuckit 2005 An expanded evaluation of the relationship of four alleles to the level of response to alcohol and the alcoholism risk Alcohol Clin Exp Res 29 8 16
148. RQ Huang GH Dillon 1998 Maintenance of recombinant type A gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor function: role of protein tyrosine phosphorylation and calcineurin J Pharmacol Exp Ther 286 243 255
149. C Ittiwut J Listman A Mutirangura R Malison J Covault HR Kranzler A Sughondhabirom N Thavichachart J Gelernter 2008 Interpopulation linkage disequilibrium patterns of GABRA2 and GABRG1 genes at the GABA cluster locus on human chromosome 4 Genomics 91 61 69
150. A receptor α1, α6, β2 and β3 subunits in cultured mouse cerebellar granule cells influence of cAMP-activated signalling J Neurochem 80 317 327
151. A α6 Pro385Ser substitution and benzodiazepine sensitivity Am J Psychiatry 156 1447 1449
152. SA Jenkins DD Simmons 2006 GABAergic neurons in the lateral superior olive of the hamster are distinguished by differential expression of gad isoforms during development Brain Res 1111 12 25
153. A receptors in the thalamus J Pharmacol Exp Ther 326 475 482
154. F Jia M Yue D Chandra A Keramidas PA Goldstein GE Homanics NL Harrison 2008 Taurine is a potent activator of extrasynaptic GABA(A) receptors in the thalamus J Neurosci 28 106 115
155. 6 subunit gene inactivation inhibits δ subunit expression J Neurosci 17 1350 1362 (Pubitemid 27073736)
156. A alpha1 subunit null mutant mice Neuropsychopharmacology 32 137 152
157. A receptor β3 subunit FASEB J 17 250 252
158. H Kalant AE LeBlanc RJ Gibbins 1971 Tolerance to, and dependence on, some non-opiate psychotropic drugs Pharmacol Rev 23 135 191
159. RM Kaminski H Marini W Kim MA Rogawski 2005 Anticonvulsant activity of androsterone and etiocholanolone Epilepsia 46 819 827
160. A receptors J Pharmacol Exp Ther 317 694 703
161. A receptor alpha 1 and gamma 2 subunits in human temporal lobe, hippocampus and basal ganglia: an implication for consideration on age-related epilepsy Epilepsy Res 71 47 53
162. A receptor-mediated inhibition in rat hippocampus after chronic intermittent ethanol treatment Brain Res 709 221 228
163. A receptors. J Biol Chem 284:7889-7896
164. A receptor subunit mRNAs in ethanol-naive withdrawal seizure resistant (WSR) vs. withdrawal seizure prone (WSP) mouse brain Brain Res Mol Brain Res 25 200 208
165. A receptor is modulated by protein kinase C via multiple phosphorylation sites J Biol Chem 267 25660 25663
166. SJ Kelly DJ Bonthius JR West 1987 Developmental changes in alcohol pharmacokinetics in rats Alcohol Clin Exp Res 11 281 286
167. RT Khisti MJ VanDoren TK O'Buckley AL Morrow 2003 Neuroactive steroid 3α-hydroxy-5α-pregnan-20-one modulates ethanol-induced loss of righting reflex in rats Brain Res 980 255 265
168. RT Khisti MJ VanDoren DB Matthews AL Morrow 2004 Ethanol-induced elevation of 3alpha-hydroxy-5alpha-pregnan-20-one does not modulate motor incoordination in rats Alcohol Clin Exp Res 28 1249 1256
169. RT Khisti KN Boyd S Kumar AL Morrow 2005 Systemic ethanol administration elevates deoxycorticosterone levels and chronic ethanol exposure attenuates this response Brain Res. 1049 104 111
170. F Kiefer H Jahn M Schick K Wiedemann 2002 Alcohol intake, tumour necrosis, factor-α, leptin and craving: factors of a possibly vicious circle? Alcohol Alcohol 37 401 404
171. JH Kim S Lee J Chow J Lau A Tsang J Choi SM Griffiths 2008 Prevalence and the factors associated with binge drinking, alcohol abuse, and alcohol dependence: a population-based study of Chinese adults in Hong Kong Alcohol Alcohol 43 360 370
172. A receptors regulates the efficacy of inhibitory synaptic transmission Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 102 14871 14876
173. A receptor γ2 subunit Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 105 3616 3621
174. AY Korneyev E Costa A Guidotti 1993 During anesthetic-induced activation of hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis, blood borne steroids fail to contribute to the anesthetic effect Neuroendocrinology 57 559 565
175. A receptor subtypes? The current evidence is ambiguous Alcohol 41 163 176
176. A receptor α1 subunit knockout mice J Pharmacol Exp Ther 302 1037 1045
177. A receptor α1 subunit deletion alters receptor subtype assembly, pharmacological and behavioral responses to benzodiazepines and zolpidem Neuropharmacology 43 685 694
178. A receptor α1 subunit-containing receptors alters responses to ethanol and other anesthetics J Pharmacol Exp Ther 305 600 607
179. A receptor function by protein kinase C phosphorylation Neuron 12 1081 1095
180. A receptors containing α1 and α4 subunits in the cerebral cortex: selective effects of chronic ethanol consumption J Neurochem 82 110 117
181. A receptors in cerebral cortex J Neurochem 86 700 708
182. A receptors: genomic and nongenomic mechanisms Pharmacol Ther 101 211 226
183. A receptors by PKC and protein phosphatase activity Psychopharmacology 183 241 247
184. S Kumar BM Lane AL Morrow 2006 Differential effects of systemic ethanol administration on PKCε, γ and β isoform expression, translocation to membranes and target phosphorylation: reversal by chronic ethanol exposure J Pharmacol Exp Ther 319 1366 1375
185. A α1 subunit receptor surface expression Alcohol Clin Exp Res 32 21A Supplement to vol. 32
186. DL Kurtz RB Stewart M Zweifel TK Li JC Froehlich 1996 Genetic differences in tolerance and sensitization to the sedative/hypnotic effects of alcohol Pharmacol Biochem Behav 53 585 591
187. CC Lai TI Kuo HH Lin 2007 The role of protein kinase A in acute ethanol-induced neurobehavioral actions in rats Anesth Analg 105 89 96
188. FE Lancaster TD Brown KL Coker JA Elliott SB Wren 1996 Sex differences in alcohol preference and drinking patterns emerge during early postpubertal period in Sprague-Dawley rats Alcohol Clin Exp Res 20 1043 1049
189. C Land NE Spear 2004 Ethanol impairs memory of a single discrimination in adolescent rats at doses that leave adult memory unaffected Neurobiol Learn Mem 81 75 81
190. J Lappalainen E Krupitsky M Remizov S Pchelina A Taraskina E Zvartau LK Somberg J Covault HR Kranzler JH Krystal J Gelernter 2005 Association between alcoholism and γ-amino butyric acid α2 receptor subtype in a Russian population Alcohol Clin Exp Res 29 493 498
191. A receptor subunit mRNAs in the rat brain. III. Embryonic and postnatal development J Neurosci 12 4151 4172
192. G Laviola S Macri S Morley-Fletcher W Adriani 2003 Risk-taking behavior in adolescent mice: psychobiological determinants and early epigenetic influence Neurosci Biobehav Rev 27 19 31
193. AD Le JM Khanna H Kalant F Grossi 1986 Tolerance to and cross-tolerance among ethanol, pentobarbital and chlordiazepoxide Pharmacol Biochem Behav 24 93 98 (Pubitemid 16180062)
194. S Lee ED Schmidt FJ Tilders C Rivier 2001 Effect of repeated exposure to alcohol on the response of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis of the rat: I. Role of changes in hypothalamic neuronal activity Alcohol Clin Exp Res 25 98 105 (Pubitemid 32147699)
195. A receptor: role of desensitization Mol Pharmacol 41 1116 1123
196. A receptor in human alcoholic brain Brain Res 751 102 112
197. A receptor alpha-subunit proteins in human chronic alcoholics J Neurochem 78 424 434
198. A receptors on CA1 hippocampal neurons is consistent with subunit changes in a model of alcohol withdrawal and dependence J Pharmacol Exp Ther 310 1234 1245
199. A receptors J Neurosci 26 1749 1758
200. A receptor plasticity after ethanol intoxication J Neurosci 27 12367 12377
201. A receptor α4 subunit deletion on synaptic and extrasynaptic currents in mouse dentate granule cells Alcohol Clin Exp Res 32 19 26
202. WY Lim CW Fong JM Chan D Heng V Bhalla SK Chew 2007 Trends in alcohol consumption in Singapore 1992-2004 Alcohol Alcohol 42 354 361
203. AR Lingford-Hughes PD Acton S Gacinovic J Suckling GF Busatto SJ Boddington E Bullmore PW Woodruff DC Costa LS Pilowsky PJ Ell EJ Marshall RW Kerwin 1998 Reduced levels of GABA-benzodiazepine receptor in alcohol dependency in the absence of grey matter atrophy Br J Psychiatry 173 116 122
204. AR Lingford-Hughes PD Acton S Gacinovic SJ Boddington DC Costa LS Pilowsky PJ Ell EJ Marshall RW Kerwin 2000 Levels of gamma-aminobutyric acid-benzodiazepine receptors in abstinent, alcohol-dependent women: preliminary findings from an 123I-iomazenil single photon emission tomography study Alcohol Clin Exp Res 24 1449 1455
205. AR Lingford-Hughes SJ Wilson VJ Cunningham A Feeney B Stevenson DJ Brooks DJ Nutt 2005 GABA-benzodiazepine receptor function in alcohol dependence: a combined 11C-flumazenil PET and pharmacodynamic study Psychopharmacology (Berl) 180 595 606
206. Lodish H, Baltimore D, Berk A, Zipursky SL, Matsuaira P, Darnell J (1996) Synthesis and sorting of plasma membrane, secretory, and lysosomal proteins. Molecular Cell Biology (Scientific American Books). Freeman, New York, pp 711-715
207. Aγ2 gene cluster and alcohol dependence in a Scottish population Mol Psychiatry 4 539 544
208. A receptor subunit genes cluster on 5q33-34 and alcohol dependence in a Japanese population Mol Psychiatry 5 301 307
209. JC Long WC Knowler RL Hanson RW Robin M Urbanek E Moore PH Bennett D Goldman 1998 Evidence for genetic linkage to alcohol dependence on chromosomes 4 and 11 from an autosome-wide scan in an American Indian population Am J Med Genet 81 216 221
210. DM Lovinger 1999 5-HT3 receptors and the neural actions of alcohols: an increasingly exciting topic Neurochem Int 35 125 130
211. JW Maas Jr SK Vogt GC Chan VV Pineda DR Storm LJ Muglia 2005 Calcium-stimulated adenylyl cyclases are critical modulators of neuronal ethanol sensitivity J Neurosci 25 4118 4126
212. RL Macdonald 1995 Ethanol, γ-aminobutyrate type A receptors, and protein kinase C phosphorylation Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 92 3633 3635
213. AJ [tmp] MacLennan N Lee DW Walker 1995 Chronic ethanol administration decreases brain-derived neurotrophic factor gene expression in the rat hippocampus Neurosci Lett 197 105 108
214. A receptor α4-subunit expression: possible relevance to alcohol dependence J Neurochem 68 2485 2492
215. MD Majewska NL Harrison RD Schwartz JL Barker SM Paul 1986 Steroid hormone metabolites are barbiturate-like modulators of the GABA receptor Science 232 1004 1007
216. BJ Markwiese SK Acheson ED Levin WA Wilson HS Swartzwelder 1998 Differential effects of ethanol on memory in adolescent and adult rats Alcohol Clin Exp Res 22 416 421
217. A receptor subunits following chronic ethanol exposure of cultured cortical neurons of mice Brain Res 1086 35 41
218. A receptor subunits in the rat brain Neurochem Res 32 1179 1187
219. DB Matthews JR Silvers 2004 The use of acute ethanol administration as a tool to investigate multiple memory systems Neurobiol Learn Mem 82 299 308
220. A receptor gene expression by ethanol in the rat hippocampus vs. cerebral cortex J Neurochem 70 1160 1166
221. DB Matthews HE Criswell AC Grobin AL Morrow 2000 Chronic ethanol consumption alters recovery of spontaneously active medial septal/diagonal band of Broca neurons from GABA-microiontophoresis Alcohol Clin Exp Res 24 1427 1432
222. D-aspartate receptors alters γ-aminobutyric acid type A receptor gene expression and function in the rat J Neurochem 74 1522 1528
223. DB Matthews AL Morrow S Tokunaga JR [tmp] McDaniel 2002 Acute ethanol administration and acute allopregnanolone administration impair spatial memory in the Morris water task Alcohol Clin Exp Res 26 1747 1751
224. TJ [tmp] McCown GR Breese 1990 Multiple withdrawals from chronic ethanol "kindle" inferior collicular seizure activity: evidence for kindling of seizures associated with alcoholism Alcohol Clin Exp Res 14 394 399
225. 2+/calmodulin type II-dependent protein kinase Neuropharmacology 36 1377 1385
226. A-receptor subtypes really occur in the brain? Trends Neurosci 19 139 143
227. A receptors in the rat brain Brain Res 1165 15 20
228. 3H]Ro15-4513 in rat brain. Eur J Pharmacol 153:141-145
229. MC Mhatre MK Ticku 1992 Chronic ethanol administration alters γ-aminobutyric acid A receptor gene expression Mol Pharmacol 42 415 422
230. A receptor β subunit expression Brain Res Mol Brain Res 23 246 252
231. 3 subunit mRNAs as well as polypeptide expression in primary cultured cerebral cortical neurons Brain Res Mol Brain Res 24 159 165
232. A receptor alpha subunits reveal that chronic alcohol treatment down-regulates alpha-subunit expression in rat brain regions J Neurochem 61 1620 1625
233. A-receptor δ subunit knockout mice have multiple defects in behavioral responses to ethanol Alcohol Clin Exp Res 25 1708 1718
234. A and glycine receptors Nature 389 385 389
235. A receptor α1, α4 and β3 subunit mRNA and protein expression in frontal cortex of human alcoholics Alcohol Clin Exp Res 22 4 815 822
236. A receptors responsible for tonic and phasic conductances Neurochem Res 26 907 913
237. A receptors: from subunits to diverse functions. In: Narahashi T (ed) Ion channels, vol 4. Plenum, New York, pp 89-111
238. A receptor α subunit messenger RNAs in embryonic chick neurons in culture J Biol Chem 266 6011 6014
239. A receptor α subunit mRNAs in the rat cerebral cortex Mol Pharmacol 39 157 163
240. MH Moran N Goldberg SS Smith 1998 Progesterone withdrawal II: Insensitivity to the sedative effects of a benzodiazepine Brain Res 807 91 100
241. AL Morrow PD Suzdak SM Paul 1987 Steroid hormone metabolites potentiate GABA receptor-mediated chloride ion flux with nanomolar potency Eur J Pharmacol 142 483 485
242. - uptake in cerebral cortical synaptoneurosomes J Pharmacol Exp Ther 246 158 164
243. A receptor α1 and α6 subunit mRNA levels in rat cerebellum Mol Cell Neurosci 3 251 258
244. AL Morrow MJ VanDoren LL Devaud 1998 Effects of progesterone or neuroactive steroid? Nature 395 652 653
245. AL Morrow GC Janis MJ VanDoren DB Matthews HH Samson PH Janak KA Grant 1999 Neurosteroids mediate pharmacological effects of ethanol: a new mechanism of ethanol action? Alcohol Clin Exp Res 23 1933 1940
246. AL Morrow MJ VanDoren SN Penland DB Matthews 2001 The role of GABAergic neuroactive steroids in ethanol action, tolerance and dependence Brain Res Rev 37 98 109
247. AL Morrow P Porcu KN Boyd KA Grant 2006 Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis modulation of GABAergic neuroactive steroids influences ethanol sensitivity and drinking behavior Dialogues Clin Neurosci 8 463 477
248. SJ Moss TG Smart 2001 Constructing inhibitory synapses Nat Rev Neurosci 2 240 250
249. A receptors by cAMP-dependent protein phosphorylation Science 257 661 665
250. SS Moy DJ Knapp HE Criswell GR Breese 1997 Flumazenil blockade of anxiety following ethanol withdrawal in rats Psychopharmacology 131 354 360
251. SS Moy DJ Knapp GE Duncan GR Breese 2000 Enhanced ultrasonic vocalization and Fos protein expression following ethanol withdrawal: effects of flumazenil Psychopharmacology 152 208 215
252. DM Nance 1983 The developmental and neural determinants of the effects of estrogen on feeding behavior in the rat: a theoretical perspective Neurosci Biobehav Rev 7 189 211
253. PM Newton RO Messing 2006 Intracellular signaling pathways that regulate behavioral responses to ethanol Pharmacol Ther 109 227 237
254. M Niimura R Moussa N Bissoon C Ikeda-Douglas NW Milgram JW Gurd 2005 Changes in phosphorylation of the NMDA receptor in the rat hippocampus induced by status epilepticus J Neurochem 92 1377 1385
255. LE O'Dell AA Alomary M Vallee GF Koob RL Fitzgerald RH Purdy 2004 Ethanol-induced increases in neuroactive steroids in the rat brain and plasma are absent in adrenalectomized and gonadectomized rats Eur J Pharmacol 484 241 247
256. K Obrietan XB Gao AN Van Den Pol 2002 Excitatory actions of GABA increase BDNF expression via a MAPK-CREB-dependent mechanism-a positive feedback circuit in developing neurons J Neurophysiol 88 1005 1015
257. A receptor binding in rat brain slices Brain Res 850 158 165
258. A receptor subunits in the mouse limbic system Neuroreport 11 683 687
259. RW Olsen W Sieghart 2008 International Union of Pharmacology. LXX. Subtypes of gamma-aminobutyric acid(A) receptors: classification on the basis of subunit composition, pharmacology, and function. Update Pharmacol Rev 60 243 260
260. A receptors: subtypes provide diversity of function and pharmacology Neuropharmacology 56 141 148
261. SC Pandey 1998 Neuronal signaling systems and ethanol dependence Mol Neurobiol 17 1 15
262. SC Pandey A Roy H Zhang 2003 The decreased phosphorylation of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) response element binding (CREB) protein in the central amygdala acts as a molecular substrate for anxiety related to ethanol withdrawal in rats Alcohol Clin Exp Res 27 396 409
263. - uptake in mesocorticolimbic regions of rat brain Alcohol Clin Exp Res 25 1270 1275
264. A receptor function through distinct sites Brain Research 830 72 87
265. SK Park SA Sedore C Cronmiller J Hirsh 2000 Type II cAMP-dependent protein kinase-deficient Drosophila are viable but show developmental, circadian, and drug response phenotypes J Biol Chem 275 20588 20596
266. A Parsian ZH Zhang 1999 Human chromosomes 11p15 and 4p12 and alcohol dependence: possible association with the GABRB1 gene Am J Med Genet 88 533 538
267. A receptor subunit and splice variant expression in rats treated with chronic intermittent ethanol Alcohol Clin Exp Res 25 819 828
268. A Pierucci-Lagha J Covault R Feinn M Nellissery C Hernandez-Avila C Oncken AL Morrow HR Kranzler 2005 GABRA2 alleles moderate the subjective effects of alcohol, which are attenuated by finasteride Neuropsychopharmacology 30 1193 1203
269. L Pignataro AN Miller L Ma S Midha P Protiva DG Herrera NL Harrison 2007 Alcohol regulates gene expression in neurons via activation of heat shock factor 1 J Neurosci 27 12957 12966
270. A receptors: immunocytochemical distribution of 13 subunits in the adult rat brain Neuroscience 101 815 850
271. A receptor subtypes to the discriminative stimulus effects of ethanol in squirrel monkeys J Pharmacol Exp Ther 313 658 667
272. A receptor function by PKA and PKC in adult hippocampal neurons J Neurosci 19 674 683
273. P Porcu C Sogliano C Ibba M Piredda S Tocco C Marra RH Purdy G Biggio A Concas 2004 Failure of γ-hydroxybutyric acid both to increase neuroactive steroid concentrations in adrenalectomized-orchiectomized rats and to induce tolerance to its steroidogenic effect in intact animals Brain Res 1012 160 168
274. A receptor current in mouse spinal neurons Neuron 5 789 796
275. K Powell 2006 How does the teenage brain work? Nature 442 865 867
276. WR Proctor W Poelchen BJ Bowers JM Wehner RO Messing TV Dunwiddie 2003 Ethanol differentially enhances hippocampal GABA A receptor-mediated responses in protein kinase C gamma (PKC gamma) and PKC epsilon null mice J Pharmacol Exp Ther 305 264 270
277. WR Proctor PH Wu B Bennett TE Johnson 2004 Differential effects of ethanol on gamma-aminobutyric acid-A receptor-mediated synaptic currents in congenic strains of inbred long and short-sleep mice Alcohol Clin Exp Res 28 1277 1283
278. A receptor subunit composition? Receptors Channels 1 135 142
279. GK Pyapali DA Turner WA Wilson HS Swartzwelder 1999 Age and dose-dependent effects of ethanol on the induction of hippocampal long-term potentiation Alcohol 19 107 111
280. ZH Qi M Song MJ Wallace D Wang PM Newton T [tmp] McMahon WH Chou C Zhang KM Shokat RO Messing 2007 Protein kinase Cε regulates γ-aminobutyrate type A receptor sensitivity to ethanol and benzodiazepines through phosphorylation of γ2 subunits J Biol Chem 282 33052 33063
281. E Quertemont F Lallemand G Colombo P De Witte 2000 Taurine and ethanol preference: a microdialysis study using Sardinian alcohol-preferring and non-preferring rats Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 10 377 383
282. RA Radcliffe KL Floyd JA Drahnak RA Deitrich 2005 Genetic dissociation between ethanol sensitivity and rapid tolerance in mouse and rat strains selectively bred for differential ethanol sensitivity Alcohol Clin Exp Res 29 1580 1589
283. M Radel RL Vallejo N Iwata R Aragon JC Long M Virkkunen D Goldman 2005 Haplotype-based localization of an alcohol dependence gene to the 5q34 γ-aminobutyric acid type A gene cluster Arch Gen Psychiatry 62 47 55
284. P Rajendran LP Spear 2004 The effects of ethanol on spatial and nonspatial memory in adolescent and adult rats studied using an appetitive paradigm Ann NY Acad Sci 1021 441 444
285. SN Rakhade C Zhou PK Aujla R Fishman NJ Sucher FE Jensen 2008 Early alterations of AMPA receptors mediate synaptic potentiation induced by neonatal seizures J Neurosci 28 7979 7990
286. T Reich 1996 A genomic survey of alcohol dependence and related phenotypes: results from the Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism (COGA) Alcohol Clin Exp Res 20 133A 137A
287. T Reich HJ Edenberg A Goate JT Williams JP Rice P Van Eerdewegh T Foroud V Hesselbrock MA Schuckit K Bucholz B Porjesz TK Li PM Conneally JI Nurnberger Jr JA Tischfield RR Crowe CR Cloninger W Wu S Shears K Carr C Crose C Willig H Begleiter 1998 Genome-wide search for genes affecting the risk for alcohol dependence Am J Med Genet 81 207 215
288. A receptors in the nucleus accumbens mediate moderate intake of alcohol J Neurosci 29 543 549
289. TL Ripley SJ Dunworth DN Stephens 2002 Consequences of amygdala kindling and repeated withdrawal from ethanol on amphetamine-induced behaviours Eur J Neurosci 16 1129 1138
290. A receptor in cerebellar granule cells in culture: differential involvement of kinase activities Neuroscience 53 131 138
291. A receptor activity by NMDA receptor activation in rat cerebellum granule cells Eur Biophys J 25 181 187
292. M Roberto SG Madamba SD Moore MK Tallent GR Siggins 2003 Ethanol increases GABAergic transmission at both pre- and postsynaptic sites in rat central amygdala neurons Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 100 2053 2058
293. M Roberto SG Madamba DG Stouffer LH Parsons GR Siggins 2004 Increased GABA release in the central amygdala of ethanol-dependent rats J Neurosci 24 10159 10166
294. DJ Roca I Rozenberg M Farrant DH Farb 1990 Chronic agonist exposure induces down-regulation and allosteric uncoupling of the gamma-aminobutyric acid/benzodiazepine receptor complex Mol Pharmacol 37 37 43
295. A receptor subtypes Nature 401 796 800
296. RM Salimov WJ [tmp] McBride DL [tmp] McKinzie L Lumeng TK Li 1996 Effects of ethanol consumption by adolescent alcohol-preferring P rats on subsequent behavioral performance in the cross-maze and slip funnel tests Alcohol 13 297 300
297. A receptor β3(N265M) mice show little changes in acute alcohol sensitivity but enhanced tolerance and withdrawal Neurosci Lett 416 275 278
298. A α6, β2, and γ2 gene cluster and alcohol dependence Alcohol Clin Exp Res 23 427 431 (Pubitemid 29144835)
299. A and NMDA receptor function in the rat brain Alcohol Clin Exp Res 17 115 123
300. A receptor activity in rat hippocampus J Neurosci 24 6521 6530
301. A receptor α6 subunit to phasic and tonic inhibition revealed by a naturally occurring polymorphism in the α6 gene J Neurosci 26 3357 3364
302. 6 receptors and the serotonin transporter in the level of response to alcohol: a pilot study Biol Psychiatry 45 647 651
303. M Serra MG Pisu I Floris V Cara RH Purdy G Biggio 2003 Social isolation-induced increase in the sensitivity of rats to the steroidogenic effect of ethanol J Neurochem 85 257 263
304. EE Shannon KL Shelton JA Vivian I Yount AR Morgan GE Homanics KA Grant 2004 Discriminative stimulus effects of ethanol in mice lacking the γ-aminobutyric acid type A receptor δ subunit Alcohol Clin Exp Res 28 906 913
305. KL Shelton KA Grant 2002 Discriminative stimulus effects of ethanol in
306. EH Shen J Dorow R Harland S Burkhart-Kasch TJ Phillips 1998 Seizure sensitivity and GABAergic modulation of ethanol sensitivity in selectively bred FAST and SLOW mouse lines J Pharmacol Exp Ther 287 606 615
307. W Sieghart G Sperk 2002 Subunit composition, distribution and function of GABA(A) receptor subtypes Curr Top Med Chem 2 795 816
308. A receptors Neurochem Int 34 379 385 (Pubitemid 29240634)
309. MM Silveri LP Spear 1998 Decreased sensitivity to the hypnotic effects of ethanol early in ontogeny Alcohol Clin Exp Res 22 3 670 676
310. MM Silveri LP Spear 2000 Ontogeny of ethanol elimination and ethanol-induced hypothermia Alcohol 20 45 53
311. JM Silvers S Tokunaga RB Berry AM White DB Matthews 2003 Impairments in spatial learning and memory: ethanol, allopregnanolone, and the hippocampus Brain Res Rev 43 275 284
312. JM Silvers S Tokunaga G Mittleman DB Matthews 2003 Chronic intermittent injections of high-dose ethanol during adolescence produce metabolic, hypnotic, and cognitive tolerance in rats Alcohol Clin Exp Res 27 1606 1612
313. JM Silvers S Tokunaga G Mittleman DB Matthews 2003 Chronic intermittent injections of high-dose ethanol during adolescence produce metabolic, hypnotic, and cognitive tolerance in rats Alcohol Clin Exp Res 27 1606 1612
314. JM Silvers S Tokunaga G Mittleman T O'Buckley AL Morrow DB Matthews 2006 Chronic intermittent ethanol exposure during adolescence reduces the effect of ethanol challenge on hippocampal allopregnanolone levels and Morris water maze task performance Alcohol 39 151 158
315. CA Simpson CR Rush 2002 Acute performance-impairing and subject-rated effects of triazolam and temazepam, alone and in combination with ethanol, in humans J Psychopharmacol 16 23 34
316. CL Sisk DL Foster 2004 The neural basis of puberty and adolescence Nat Neurosci 7 1040 1047
317. A receptor subtype Brain Res Bull 23 317 322
318. RF Smith 2003 Animal models of periadolescent substance abuse Neurotoxicol Teratol 25 291 301
319. A receptor α4 subunit suppression prevents withdrawal properties of an endogenous steroid Nature 392 926 930
320. SS Smith Y Ruderman Q Hua Gong M Gulinello 2004 Effects of a low dose of ethanol in an animal model of premenstrual anxiety Alcohol 33 41 49
321. A receptors and alcohol dependence and the effects of genetic imprinting Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 117B 39 45
322. M Soyka UW Preuss V Hesselbrock P Zill G Koller B Bondy 2008 GABA-A2 receptor subunit gene (GABRA2) polymorphisms and risk for alcohol dependence J Psychiatr Res 42 184 191
323. LP Spear 2000 The adolescent brain and age-related behavioral manifestations Neurosci Biobehav Rev 24 417 463
324. LP Spear 2007 Assessment of adolescent neurotoxicity: rationale and methodological considerations Neurotoxicol Teratol 29 1 9
325. LP Spear EI Varlinskaya 2005 Adolescence. Alcohol sensitivity, tolerance, and intake Recent Dev Alcohol 17 143 159
326. RL Spencer BS [tmp] McEwen 1990 Adaptation of the hypothalamic-pituitary- adrenal axis to chronic ethanol stress Neuroendocrinology 52 481 489
327. JK Staley C Gottschalk IL Petrakis R Gueorguieva S O'Malley R Baldwin P Jatlow NP Verhoeff E Perry D Weinzimmer E Frohlich E Ruff CH van Dyck JP Seibyl RB Innis JH Krystal 2005 Cortical gamma-aminobutyric acid type A-benzodiazepine receptors in recovery from alcohol dependence: relationship to features of alcohol dependence and cigarette smoking Arch Gen Psychiatry 62 877 888
328. A receptors Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 100 14439 14444
329. D Stellwagen EC Beattie JY Seo RC Malenka 2005 Differential regulation of AMPA receptor and GABA receptor trafficking by tumor necrosis factor-alpha J Neurosci 25 3219 3228
330. A alpha5-containing receptors in ethanol reward: the effects of targeted gene deletion, and a selective inverse agonist Eur J Pharmacol 526 240 250
331. EV Sullivan HJ Sable WN Strother DP Friedman A Davenport H Tillman-Smith RA Kraft C Wyatt KT Szeliga NC Buchheimer JB Daunais E Adalsteinsson A Pfefferbaum KA Grant 2005 Neuroimaging of rodent and primate models of alcoholism: initial reports from the integrative neuroscience initiative on alcoholism Alcohol Clin Exp Res 29 287 294
332. A receptors are a target for alcohol Nat Neurosci 5 721 722
333. A receptor in rat thalamus Mol Pharmacol 56 110 115
334. A Takiguchi T Masuoka Y Yamamoto A Mikami C Kamei 2006 Potentiation of ethanol in spatial memory deficits induced by some benzodiazepines J Pharmacol Sci 101 325 328
335. L Tapia-Arancibia F Rage L Givalois P Dingeon S Arancibia F Beauge 2001 Effects of alcohol on brain-derived neurotrophic factor mRNA expression in discrete regions of the rat hippocampus and hypothalamus J Neurosci Res 63 200 208
336. M Tauber E Calame-Droz L Prut U Rudolph F Crestani 2003 α2-γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) A receptors are the molecular substrates mediating precipitation of narcosis but not of sedation by the combined use of diazepam and alcohol in vivo Eur J Neurosci 18 2599 2604
337. A benzodiazepine receptor (GBzR) sensitivity in patients with alcohol dependence Alcohol Alcohol 43 614 618
338. A receptors on clathrin-coated vesicles during chronic benzodiazepine administration in vivo J Pharmacol Exp Ther 283 384 390
339. A receptors by intimately associated protein kinase C activity underlie compromised synaptic inhibition during status epilepticus J Neurosci 28 376 384
340. TE Thiele B Willis J Stadler JG Reynolds IL Bernstein GS [tmp] McKnight 2000 High ethanol consumption and low sensitivity to ethanol-induced sedation in protein kinase A-mutant mice J Neurosci 20 RC75
341. A receptors at inhibitory synapses Nat Neurosci 8 889 897
342. MK Ticku T Burch 1980 Alterations in γ-aminobutyric acid receptor sensitivity following acute and chronic ethanol treatments J Neurochem 34 417 423 (Pubitemid 10172294)
343. S Tokunaga JM Silvers DB Matthews 2006 Chronic intermittent ethanol exposure during adolescence blocks ethanol-induced inhibition of spontaneously active hippocampal pyramidal neurons Alcohol Clin Exp Res 30 1 6
344. U Tossman G Jonsson U Ungerstedt 1986 Regional distribution and extracellular levels of amino acids in rat central nervous system Acta Physiol Scand 127 533 545
345. VT Tran SH Snyder LF Major RJ Hawley 1981 GABA receptors are increased in brains of alcoholics Ann Neurol 9 289 292
346. 36Cl uptake Synapse 17 149 154
347. A receptor subtype J Neurosci 17 2728 2737
348. E Truxell JC Molina NE Spear 2007 Ethanol intake in the juvenile, adolescent, and adult rat: effects of age and prior exposure to ethanol Alcohol Clin Exp Res 31 755 765
349. A receptor α subunit: effects on channel gating and regulation by ethanol Br J Pharmacol 131 296 302
350. A receptors Alcohol Clin Exp Res 29 1356 1357 Author reply 1358
351. MJ VanDoren DB Matthews GC Janis AC Grobin LL Devaud AL Morrow 2000 Neuroactive steroid 3α-hydroxy-5α-pregnan-20-one modulates electrophysiological and behavioral actions of ethanol J Neurosci 20 1982 1989
352. EI Varlinskaya LP Spear 2002 Acute effects of ethanol on social behavior of adolescent and adult rats: role of familiarity of the test situation Alcohol Clin Exp Res 26 1502 1511
353. EI Varlinskaya LP Spear 2004 Acute ethanol withdrawal (hangover) and social behavior in adolescent and adult male and female Sprague-Dawley rats Alcohol Clin Exp Res 28 40 50
354. CS Vetter TL Doremus-Fitzwater LP Spear 2007 Time course of elevated ethanol intake in adolescent relative to adult rats under continuous, voluntary-access conditions Alcohol Clin Exp Res 31 1159 1168
355. JA Vivian HL Green JE Young LS Majerksy BW Thomas CA Shively JR Tobin MA Nader KA Grant 2001 Induction and maintenance of ethanol self-administration in cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis): long-term characterization of sex and individual differences Alcohol Clin Exp Res 25 1087 1097
356. ND Volkow GJ Wang R Hitzemann JS Fowler AP Wolf N Pappas A Biegon SL Dewey 1993 Decreased cerebral response to inhibitory neurotransmission in alcoholics Am J Psychiatr 150 417 422
357. ND Volkow GJ Wang JE Overall R Hitzemann JS Fowler N Pappas E Frecska K Piscani 1997 Regional brain metabolic response to lorazepam in alcoholics during early and late alcohol detoxification Alcohol Clin Exp Res 21 1278 1284
358. M Wallner HJ Hanchar RW Olsen 2003 Ethanol enhances α4β 3δ and α6β3δ γ-aminobutyric acid type A receptors at low concentrations known to affect humans Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 100 15218 15223
359. MJ Wallace PM Newton M Oyasu T [tmp] McMahon WH Chou J Connolly RO Messing 2007 Acute functional tolerance to ethanol mediated by protein kinase Cepsilon Neuropsychopharmacology 32 127 136
360. A receptors are reversed by the behavioral alcohol antagonist Ro15-4513 Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 103 8540 8545
361. A receptors and their activation by GABA spillover in the mouse dentate gyrus J Neurosci 23 10650 10661
362. A receptors in hippocampal neurons J Neurosci 24 8379 8382
363. DF Werner YA Blednov OJ Ariwodola Y Silberman E Logan RB Berry CM Borghese DB Matthews JL Weiner NL Harrison RA Harris GE Homanics 2006 Knockin mice with ethanol-insensitive α1-containing γ-aminobutyric acid type A receptors display selective alterations in behavioral responses to ethanol J Pharmacol Exp Ther 319 219 227
364. A receptors Alcohol Clin Exp Res 33 289 299
365. AM White AJ Ghia ED Levin HS Swartzwelder 2000 Binge pattern ethanol exposure in adolescent and adult rats: differential impact on subsequent responsiveness to ethanol Alcohol Clin Exp Res 24 1251 1256
366. AM White JG Bae MC Truesdale S Ahmad WA Wilson HS Swartzwelder 2002 Chronic-intermittent ethanol exposure during adolescence prevents normal developmental changes in sensitivity to ethanol-induced motor impairments Alcohol Clin Exp Res 26 960 968
367. AM White MC Truesdale JG Bae S Ahmad WA Wilson PJ Best HS Swartzwelder 2002 Differential effects of ethanol on motor coordination in adolescent and adult rats Pharmacol Biochem Behav 73 673 677
368. A α4 subunit expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes Mol Pharmacol 50 1365 1375
369. MJ Wick SJ Mihic S Ueno MP Mascia JR Trudell SJ Brozowski Q Ye NL Harrison RA Harris 1998 Mutations of γ-aminobutyric acid and glycine receptors change alcohol cutoff: evidence for an alcohol receptor? Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 95 6504 6509
370. A receptor Eur J Neurosci 12 2634 2638 (Pubitemid 30497056)
371. TA Wills DJ Knapp DH Overstreet GR Breese 2008 Differential dietary ethanol intake and blood ethanol levels in adolescent and adult rats: effects on anxiety-like behavior and seizure thresholds Alcohol Clin Exp Res 32 1350 1360
372. 4 subunit FEBS Lett 289 227 230
373. A receptor subunit mRNAs in the rat brain. I. Telencephalon, diencephalon, mesencephalon J Neurosci 12 1040 1062
374. E Woo DJ Greenblatt 1979 Massive benzodiazepine requirements during acute alcohol withdrawal Am J Psychiatry 136 821 823
375. A receptors J Pharmacol Exp Ther 319 431 438
376. Q Ye VV Koltchine SJ Mihic MP Mascia MJ Wick SE Finn NL Harrison RA Harris 1998 Enhancement of glycine receptor function by ethanol is inversely correlated with molecular volume at position α267 J Biol Chem 273 3314 3319
377. A receptor subunit distribution during brain maturation and aging Brain Res 1099 73 81
378. F Zafra E Castren H Thoenen D Lindholm 1991 Interplay between glutamate and gamma-aminobutyric acid transmitter systems in the physiological regulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and nerve growth factor synthesis in hippocampal neurons Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 88 10037 10041
379. L Ziskind-Conhaim BX Gao C Hinckley 2003 Ethanol dual modulatory actions on spontaneous postsynaptic currents in spinal motoneurons J Neurophysiol 89 806 813