Intracellular pattern-recognition receptors

Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews

Volumn 60, Issue 7, 2008, Pages 830-840

  Dostert, Catherine ^a   Meylan, Etienne ^b   Tschopp, Jürg ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF LAUSANNE   (Switzerland)

^b MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (United States)

Author keywords

Inflammation; Innate immunity; Intracellular PRRs; Virus recognition

Indexed keywords

BIOSENSORS; DRUG PRODUCTS; MICROORGANISMS; ORDER DISORDER TRANSITIONS; PATTERN RECOGNITION;

AUTOINFLAMMATORY DISORDERS; CYTOPLASMIC SENSORS; MICROBIAL ATTACKS; TOLL-LIKE RECEPTORS (TLR);

CELL MEMBRANES;

CASPASE RECRUITMENT DOMAIN PROTEIN 15; CASPASE RECRUITMENT DOMAIN PROTEIN 4; INTERFERON; NEURONAL APOPTOSIS INHIBITORY PROTEIN; NUCLEIC ACID; PATTERN RECOGNITION RECEPTOR; RNA;

BACTERIUM DETECTION; CYTOPLASM; HUMAN; INFLAMMATION; INNATE IMMUNITY; MOLECULAR RECOGNITION; MOLECULE; NONHUMAN; PATHOGENESIS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW;

ANIMALS; ANTIVIRAL AGENTS; DNA, VIRAL; HUMANS; INTERFERON TYPE I; NOD SIGNALING ADAPTOR PROTEINS; RECEPTORS, PATTERN RECOGNITION; RNA, VIRAL;

EID: 41349088362     PISSN: 0169409X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2007.12.003     Document Type: Review

References (114)

1. Akira S., Uematsu S., and Takeuchi O. Pathogen recognition and innate immunity. Cell 124 4 (2006) 783-801
2. Pasare C., and Medzhitov R. Toll-like receptors: linking innate and adaptive immunity. Microbes Infect. 6 15 (2004) 1382-1387
3. Matzinger P. Tolerance, danger, and the extended family. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 12 (1994) 991-1045
4. Janeway Jr. C.A., and Medzhitov R. Innate immune recognition. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 20 (2002) 197-216
5. Medzhitov R. Toll-like receptors and innate immunity. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 1 2 (2001) 135-145
6. Kawai T., and Akira S. TLR signaling. Semin Immunol 19 1 (2007) 24-32
7. Fritz J.H., Ferrero R.L., Philpott D.J., and Girardin S.E. Nod-like proteins in immunity, inflammation and disease. Nat. Immunol. 7 12 (2006) 1250-1257
8. Martinon F., and Tschopp J. NLRs join TLRs as innate sensors of pathogens. Trends Immunol. 26 8 (2005) 447-454
9. Philpott D.J., Yamaoka S., Israel A., and Sansonetti P.J. Invasive Shigella flexneri activates NF-kappa B through a lipopolysaccharide-dependent innate intracellular response and leads to IL-8 expression in epithelial cells. J. Immunol. 165 2 (2000) 903-914
10. Girardin S.E., Tournebize R., Mavris M., Page A.L., Li X., Stark G.R., Bertin J., DiStefano P.S., Yaniv M., Sansonetti P.J., and Philpott D.J. CARD4/Nod1 mediates NF-kappaB and JNK activation by invasive Shigella flexneri. EMBO Rep. 2 8 (2001) 736-742
11. Kobayashi K., Inohara N., Hernandez L.D., Galan J.E., Nunez G., Janeway C.A., Medzhitov R., and Flavell R.A. RICK/Rip2/CARDIAK mediates signalling for receptors of the innate and adaptive immune systems. Nature 416 6877 (2002) 194-199
12. Voss E., Wehkamp J., Wehkamp K., Stange E.F., Schroder J.M., and Harder J. NOD2/CARD15 mediates induction of the antimicrobial peptide human beta-defensin-2. J. Biol. Chem. 281 4 (2006) 2005-2011
13. Tattoli I., Travassos L.H., Carneiro L.A., Magalhaes J.G., and Girardin S.E. The Nodosome: Nod1 and Nod2 control bacterial infections and inflammation. Semin. Immunopathol. 29 3 (2007) 289-301
14. Girardin S.E., Boneca I.G., Carneiro L.A., Antignac A., Jehanno M., Viala J., Tedin K., Taha M.K., Labigne A., Zahringer U., Coyle A.J., DiStefano P.S., Bertin J., Sansonetti P.J., and Philpott D.J. Nod1 detects a unique muropeptide from Gram-negative bacterial peptidoglycan. Science 300 5625 (2003) 1584-1587
15. Girardin S.E., Boneca I.G., Viala J., Chamaillard M., Labigne A., Thomas G., Philpott D.J., and Sansonetti P.J. Nod2 is a general sensor of peptidoglycan through muramyl dipeptide (MDP) detection. J. Biol. Chem. 278 11 (2003) 8869-8872
16. Fritz J.H., Le Bourhis L., Sellge G., Magalhaes J.G., Fsihi H., Kufer T.A., Collins C., Viala J., Ferrero R.L., Girardin S.E., and Philpott D.J. Nod1-mediated innate immune recognition of peptidoglycan contributes to the onset of adaptive immunity. Immunity 26 4 (2007) 445-459
17. van Beelen A.J., Zelinkova Z., Taanman-Kueter E.W., Muller F.J., Hommes D.W., Zaat S.A., Kapsenberg M.L., and de Jong E.C. Stimulation of the intracellular bacterial sensor NOD2 programs dendritic cells to promote interleukin-17 production in human memory T cells. Immunity (2007)
18. Hugot J.P., Chamaillard M., Zouali H., Lesage S., Cezard J.P., Belaiche J., Almer S., Tysk C., O'Morain C.A., Gassull M., Binder V., Finkel Y., Cortot A., Modigliani R., Laurent-Puig P., Gower-Rousseau C., Macry J., Colombel J.F., Sahbatou M., and Thomas G. Association of NOD2 leucine-rich repeat variants with susceptibility to Crohn's disease. Nature 411 6837 (2001) 599-603
19. Miceli-Richard C., Lesage S., Rybojad M., Prieur A.M., Manouvrier-Hanu S., Hafner R., Chamaillard M., Zouali H., Thomas G., and Hugot J.P. CARD15 mutations in Blau syndrome. Nat Genet 29 1 (2001) 19-20
20. Martinon F., Gaide O., Petrilli V., Mayor A., and Tschopp J. NALP inflammasomes: a central role in innate immunity. Semin. Immunopathol. 29 3 (2007) 213-229
21. Landolfo S., Gariglio M., Gribaudo G., and Lembo D. The Ifi 200 genes: an emerging family of IFN-inducible genes. Biochimie 80 8-9 (1998) 721-728
22. Martinon F., Burns K., and Tschopp J. The inflammasome: a molecular platform triggering activation of inflammatory caspases and processing of proIL-beta. Mol. Cell 10 2 (2002) 417-426
23. Ghayur T., Banerjee S., Hugunin M., Butler D., Herzog L., Carter A., Quintal L., Sekut L., Talanian R., Paskind M., Wong W., Kamen R., Tracey D., and Allen H. Caspase-1 processes IFN-gamma-inducing factor and regulates LPS-induced IFN-gamma production. Nature 386 6625 (1997) 619-623
24. Li P., Allen H., Banerjee S., Franklin S., Herzog L., Johnston C., McDowell J., Paskind M., Rodman L., Salfeld J., et al. Mice deficient in IL-1 beta-converting enzyme are defective in production of mature IL-1 beta and resistant to endotoxic shock. Cell 80 3 (1995) 401-411
25. Dinarello C.A., and Fantuzzi G. Interleukin-18 and host defense against infection. J. Infect. Dis. 187 Suppl 2 (2003) S370-S384
26. Dinarello C.A. Interleukin-1beta. Crit. Care Med. 33 12 Suppl (2005) S460-S462
27. Apte R.N., Dotan S., Elkabets M., White M.R., Reich E., Carmi Y., Song X., Dvozkin T., Krelin Y., and Voronov E. The involvement of IL-1 in tumorigenesis, tumor invasiveness, metastasis and tumor-host interactions. Cancer Metastasis Rev. 25 3 (2006) 387-408
28. Barksby H.E., Lea S.R., Preshaw P.M., and Taylor J.J. The expanding family of interleukin-1 cytokines and their role in destructive inflammatory disorders. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 149 2 (2007) 217-225
29. Maedler K., Sergeev P., Ris F., Oberholzer J., Joller-Jemelka H.I., Spinas G.A., Kaiser N., Halban P.A., and Donath M.Y. Glucose-induced beta cell production of IL-1beta contributes to glucotoxicity in human pancreatic islets. J. Clin. Invest. 110 6 (2002) 851-860
30. Faustin B., Lartigue L., Bruey J.M., Luciano F., Sergienko E., Bailly-Maitre B., Volkmann N., Hanein D., Rouiller I., and Reed J.C. Reconstituted NALP1 inflammasome reveals two-step mechanism of caspase-1 activation. Mol. Cell 25 5 (2007) 713-724
31. Bruey J.M., Bruey-Sedano N., Luciano F., Zhai D., Balpai R., Xu C., Kress C.L., Bailly-Maitre B., Li X., Osterman A., Matsuzawa S., Terskikh A.V., Faustin B., and Reed J.C. Bcl-2 and Bcl-XL regulate proinflammatory caspase-1 activation by interaction with NALP1. Cell 129 1 (2007) 45-56
32. Boyden E.D., and Dietrich W.F. Nalp1b controls mouse macrophage susceptibility to anthrax lethal toxin. Nat. Genet. 38 2 (2006) 240-244
33. Jin Y., Mailloux C.M., Gowan K., Riccardi S.L., LaBerge G., Bennett D.C., Fain P.R., and Spritz R.A. NALP1 in vitiligo-associated multiple autoimmune disease. N. Engl. J. Med. 356 12 (2007) 1216-1225
34. Agostini L., Martinon F., Burns K., McDermott M.F., Hawkins P.N., and Tschopp J. NALP3 forms an IL-1beta-processing inflammasome with increased activity in Muckle-Wells autoinflammatory disorder. Immunity 20 3 (2004) 319-325
35. Martinon F., Agostini L., Meylan E., and Tschopp J. Identification of bacterial muramyl dipeptide as activator of the NALP3/cryopyrin inflammasome. Curr. Biol. 14 21 (2004) 1929-1934
36. Mariathasan S., Newton K., Monack D.M., Vucic D., French D.M., Lee W.P., Roose-Girma M., Erickson S., and Dixit V.M. Differential activation of the inflammasome by caspase-1 adaptors ASC and Ipaf. Nature 430 6996 (2004) 213-218
37. Mariathasan S., Weiss D.S., Newton K., McBride J., O'Rourke K., Roose-Girma M., Lee W.P., Weinrauch Y., Monack D.M., and Dixit V.M. Cryopyrin activates the inflammasome in response to toxins and ATP. Nature (2006)
38. Kanneganti T.D., Ozoren N., Body-Malapel M., Amer A., Park J.H., Franchi L., Whitfield J., Barchet W., Colonna M., Vandenabeele P., Bertin J., Coyle A., Grant E.P., Akira S., and Nunez G. Bacterial RNA and small antiviral compounds activate caspase-1 through cryopyrin/Nalp3. Nature (2006)
39. Kanneganti T.D., Body-Malapel M., Amer A., Park J.H., Whitfield J., Franchi L., Taraporewala Z.F., Miller D., Patton J.T., Inohara N., and Nunez G. Critical role for Cryopyrin/Nalp3 in activation of caspase-1 in response to viral infection and double-stranded RNA. J. Biol. Chem. 281 48 (2006) 36560-36568
40. Sutterwala F.S., Ogura Y., Szczepanik M., Lara-Tejero M., Lichtenberger G.S., Grant E.P., Bertin J., Coyle A.J., Galan J.E., Askenase P.W., and Flavell R.A. Critical role for NALP3/CIAS1/Cryopyrin in innate and adaptive immunity through its regulation of caspase-1. Immunity 24 3 (2006) 317-327
41. Martinon F., Petrilli V., Mayor A., Tardivel A., and Tschopp J. Gout-associated uric acid crystals activate the NALP3 inflammasome. Nature 440 7081 (2006) 237-241
42. Watanabe H., Gaide O., Petrilli V., Martinon F., Contassot E., Roques S., Kummer J.A., Tschopp J., and French L.E. Activation of the IL-1beta-processing inflammasome is involved in contact hypersensitivity. J. Invest. Dermatol. 127 8 (2007) 1956-1963
43. Feldmeyer L., Keller M., Niklaus G., Hohl D., Werner S., and Beer H.D. The inflammasome mediates UVB-induced activation and secretion of interleukin-1beta by keratinocytes. Curr. Biol. 17 13 (2007) 1140-1145
44. Petrilli V., Papin S., Dostert C., Mayor A., Martinon F., and Tschopp J. Activation of the NALP3 inflammasome is triggered by low intracellular potassium concentration. Cell Death Differ. 14 9 (2007) 1583-1589
45. Franchi L., Kanneganti T.D., Dubyak G.R., and Nunez G. Differential requirement of P2X7 receptor and intracellular K+ for caspase-1 activation induced by intracellular and extracellular bacteria. J. Biol. Chem. (2007)
46. Aganna E., Martinon F., Hawkins P.N., Ross J.B., Swan D.C., Booth D.R., Lachmann H.J., Bybee A., Gaudet R., Woo P., Feighery C., Cotter F.E., Thome M., Hitman G.A., Tschopp J., and McDermott M.F. Association of mutations in the NALP3/CIAS1/PYPAF1 gene with a broad phenotype including recurrent fever, cold sensitivity, sensorineural deafness, and AA amyloidosis. Arthritis Rheum. 46 9 (2002) 2445-2452
47. Stojanov S., and Kastner D.L. Familial autoinflammatory diseases: genetics, pathogenesis and treatment. Curr. Opin. Rheumatol. 17 5 (2005) 586-599
48. Dode C., Le Du N., Cuisset L., Letourneur F., Berthelot J.M., Vaudour G., Meyrier A., Watts R.A., Scott D.G., Nicholls A., Granel B., Frances C., Garcier F., Edery P., Boulinguez S., Domergues J.P., Delpech M., and Grateau G. New mutations of CIAS1 that are responsible for Muckle-Wells syndrome and familial cold urticaria: a novel mutation underlies both syndromes. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 70 6 (2002) 1498-1506
49. Murdoch S., Djuric U., Mazhar B., Seoud M., Khan R., Kuick R., Bagga R., Kircheisen R., Ao A., Ratti B., Hanash S., Rouleau G.A., and Slim R. Mutations in NALP7 cause recurrent hydatidiform moles and reproductive wastage in humans. Nat. Genet. 38 3 (2006) 300-302
50. Wang L., Manji G.A., Grenier J.M., Al-Garawi A., Merriam S., Lora J.M., Geddes B.J., Briskin M., DiStefano P.S., and Bertin J. PYPAF7, a novel PYRIN-containing Apaf1-like protein that regulates activation of NF-kappa B and caspase-1-dependent cytokine processing. J. Biol. Chem. 277 33 (2002) 29874-29880
51. Grenier J.M., Wang L., Manji G.A., Huang W.J., Al-Garawi A., Kelly R., Carlson A., Merriam S., Lora J.M., Briskin M., DiStefano P.S., and Bertin J. Functional screening of five PYPAF family members identifies PYPAF5 as a novel regulator of NF-kappaB and caspase-1. FEBS Lett. 530 1-3 (2002) 73-78
52. Lich J.D., Williams K.L., Moore C.B., Arthur J.C., Davis B.K., Taxman D.J., and Ting J.P. Monarch-1 suppresses non-canonical NF-kappaB activation and p52-dependent chemokine expression in monocytes. J. Immunol. 178 3 (2007) 1256-1260
53. Poyet J.L., Srinivasula S.M., Tnani M., Razmara M., Fernandes-Alnemri T., and Alnemri E.S. Identification of Ipaf, a human caspase-1-activating protein related to Apaf-1. J. Biol. Chem. 276 30 (2001) 28309-28313
54. Amer A., Franchi L., Kanneganti T.D., Body-Malapel M., Ozoren N., Brady G., Meshinchi S., Jagirdar R., Gewirtz A., Akira S., and Nunez G. Regulation of Legionella phagosome maturation and infection through flagellin and host Ipaf. J. Biol. Chem. 281 46 (2006) 35217-35223
55. Miao E.A., Alpuche-Aranda C.M., Dors M., Clark A.E., Bader M.W., Miller S.I., and Aderem A. Cytoplasmic flagellin activates caspase-1 and secretion of interleukin 1beta via Ipaf. Nat. Immunol. 7 6 (2006) 569-575
56. Franchi L., Amer A., Body-Malapel M., Kanneganti T.D., Ozoren N., Jagirdar R., Inohara N., Vandenabeele P., Bertin J., Coyle A., Grant E.P., and Nunez G. Cytosolic flagellin requires Ipaf for activation of caspase-1 and interleukin 1beta in Salmonella-infected macrophages. Nat. Immunol. 7 6 (2006) 576-582
57. Lara-Tejero M., Sutterwala F.S., Ogura Y., Grant E.P., Bertin J., Coyle A.J., Flavell R.A., and Galan J.E. Role of the caspase-1 inflammasome in Salmonella typhimurium pathogenesis. J Exp. Med. 203 6 (2006) 1407-1412
58. Molofsky A.B., Byrne B.G., Whitfield N.N., Madigan C.A., Fuse E.T., Tateda K., and Swanson M.S. Cytosolic recognition of flagellin by mouse macrophages restricts Legionella pneumophila infection. J. Exp. Med. 203 4 (2006) 1093-1104
59. Ren T., Zamboni D.S., Roy C.R., Dietrich W.F., and Vance R.E. Flagellin-deficient Legionella mutants evade caspase-1- and Naip5-mediated macrophage immunity. PLoS Pathog. 2 3 (2006) e18
60. Zamboni D.S., Kobayashi K.S., Kohlsdorf T., Ogura Y., Long E.M., Vance R.E., Kuida K., Mariathasan S., Dixit V.M., Flavell R.A., Dietrich W.F., and Roy C.R. The Birc1e cytosolic pattern-recognition receptor contributes to the detection and control of Legionella pneumophila infection. Nat. Immunol. 7 3 (2006) 318-325
61. Lamkanfi M., Amer A., Kanneganti T.D., Munoz-Planillo R., Chen G., Vandenabeele P., Fortier A., Gros P., and Nunez G. The Nod-like receptor family member Naip5/Birc1e restricts Legionella pneumophila growth independently of caspase-1 activation. J. Immunol. 178 12 (2007) 8022-8027
62. Suzuki T., Franchi L., Toma C., Ashida H., Ogawa M., Yoshikawa Y., Mimuro H., Inohara N., Sasakawa C., and Nunez G. Differential regulation of caspase-1 activation, pyroptosis, and autophagy via Ipaf and ASC in Shigella-infected macrophages. PLoS Pathog. 3 8 (2007) e111
63. Geddes B.J., Wang L., Huang W.J., Lavellee M., Manji G.A., Brown M., Jurman M., Cao J., Morgenstern J., Merriam S., Glucksmann M.A., DiStefano P.S., and Bertin J. Human CARD12 is a novel CED4/Apaf-1 family member that induces apoptosis. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 284 1 (2001) 77-82
64. Henry T., and Monack D.M. Activation of the inflammasome upon Francisella tularensis infection: interplay of innate immune pathways and virulence factors. Cell Microbiol. 9 11 (2007) 2543-2551
65. Johnston J.B., Barrett J.W., Nazarian S.H., Goodwin M., Ricciuto D., Wang G., and McFadden G. A poxvirus-encoded pyrin domain protein interacts with ASC-1 to inhibit host inflammatory and apoptotic responses to infection. Immunity 23 6 (2005) 587-598
66. Hawkins P.N., Lachmann H.J., and McDermott M.F. Interleukin-1-receptor antagonist in the Muckle-Wells syndrome. N. Engl. J. Med. 348 25 (2003) 2583-2584
67. So A., De Smedt T., Revaz S., and Tschopp J. A pilot study of IL-1 inhibition by anakinra in acute gout. Arthritis. Res. Ther. 9 2 (2007) R28
68. Honda K., and Taniguchi T. IRFs: master regulators of signalling by Toll-like receptors and cytosolic pattern-recognition receptors. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 6 9 (2006) 644-658
69. Honda K., Yanai H., Negishi H., Asagiri M., Sato M., Mizutani T., Shimada N., Ohba Y., Takaoka A., Yoshida N., and Taniguchi T. IRF-7 is the master regulator of type-I interferon-dependent immune responses. Nature 434 7034 (2005) 772-777
70. Sato M., Suemori H., Hata N., Asagiri M., Ogasawara K., Nakao K., Nakaya T., Katsuki M., Noguchi S., Tanaka N., and Taniguchi T. Distinct and essential roles of transcription factors IRF-3 and IRF-7 in response to viruses for IFN-alpha/beta gene induction. Immunity 13 4 (2000) 539-548
71. Hengel H., Koszinowski U.H., and Conzelmann K.K. Viruses know it all: new insights into IFN networks. Trends Immunol. 26 7 (2005) 396-401
72. Maniatis T., Falvo J.V., Kim T.H., Kim T.K., Lin C.H., Parekh B.S., and Wathelet M.G. Structure and function of the interferon-beta enhanceosome. Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol 63 (1998) 609-620
73. Wang X., Hussain S., Wang E.J., Wang X., Li M.O., Garcia-Sastre A., and Beg A.A. Lack of essential role of NF-kappa B p50, RelA, and cRel subunits in virus-induced type 1 IFN expression. J. Immunol. 178 11 (2007) 6770-6776
74. Fitzgerald K.A., McWhirter S.M., Faia K.L., Rowe D.C., Latz E., Golenbock D.T., Coyle A.J., Liao S.M., and Maniatis T. IKKepsilon and TBK1 are essential components of the IRF3 signaling pathway. Nat. Immunol. 4 5 (2003) 491-496
75. Sharma S., tenOever B.R., Grandvaux N., Zhou G.P., Lin R., and Hiscott J. Triggering the interferon antiviral response through an IKK-related pathway. Science 300 5622 (2003) 1148-1151
76. Ikeda F., Hecker C.M., Rozenknop A., Nordmeier R.D., Rogov V., Hofmann K., Akira S., Dotsch V., and Dikic I. Involvement of the ubiquitin-like domain of TBK1/IKK-i kinases in regulation of IFN-inducible genes. Embo. J. 26 14 (2007) 3451-3462
77. Guo B., and Cheng G. Modulation of the interferon antiviral response by the TBK1/IKKi adaptor protein TANK. J. Biol. Chem. 282 16 (2007) 11817-11826
78. Hacker H., Redecke V., Blagoev B., Kratchmarova I., Hsu L.C., Wang G.G., Kamps M.P., Raz E., Wagner H., Hacker G., Mann M., and Karin M. Specificity in Toll-like receptor signalling through distinct effector functions of TRAF3 and TRAF6. Nature 439 7073 (2006) 204-207
79. Oganesyan G., Saha S.K., Guo B., He J.Q., Shahangian A., Zarnegar B., Perry A., and Cheng G. Critical role of TRAF3 in the Toll-like receptor-dependent and -independent antiviral response. Nature 439 7073 (2006) 208-211
80. Saha S.K., Pietras E.M., He J.Q., Kang J.R., Liu S.Y., Oganesyan G., Shahangian A., Zarnegar B., Shiba T.L., Wang Y., and Cheng G. Regulation of antiviral responses by a direct and specific interaction between TRAF3 and Cardif. Embo. J. 25 14 (2006) 3257-3263
81. Zhao T., Yang L., Sun Q., Arguello M., Ballard D.W., Hiscott J., and Lin R. The NEMO adaptor bridges the nuclear factor-kappaB and interferon regulatory factor signaling pathways. Nat. Immunol. 8 6 (2007) 592-600
82. Yoneyama M., Kikuchi M., Natsukawa T., Shinobu N., Imaizumi T., Miyagishi M., Taira K., Akira S., and Fujita T. The RNA helicase RIG-I has an essential function in double-stranded RNA-induced innate antiviral responses. Nat. Immunol. 5 7 (2004) 730-737
83. Hornung V., Ellegast J., Kim S., Brzozka K., Jung A., Kato H., Poeck H., Akira S., Conzelmann K.K., Schlee M., Endres S., and Hartmann G. 5′-Triphosphate RNA is the ligand for RIG-I. Science 314 5801 (2006) 994-997
84. Pichlmair A., Schulz O., Tan C.P., Naslund T.I., Liljestrom P., Weber F., and Reis e Sousa C. RIG-I-mediated antiviral responses to single-stranded RNA bearing 5′-phosphates. Science 314 5801 (2006) 997-1001
85. Gitlin L., Barchet W., Gilfillan S., Cella M., Beutler B., Flavell R.A., Diamond M.S., and Colonna M. Essential role of mda-5 in type I IFN responses to polyriboinosinic:polyribocytidylic acid and encephalomyocarditis picornavirus. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 103 22 (2006) 8459-8464
86. Kato H., Sato S., Yoneyama M., Yamamoto M., Uematsu S., Matsui K., Tsujimura T., Takeda K., Fujita T., Takeuchi O., and Akira S. Cell type-specific involvement of RIG-I in antiviral response. Immunity 23 1 (2005) 19-28
87. Kato H., Takeuchi O., Sato S., Yoneyama M., Yamamoto M., Matsui K., Uematsu S., Jung A., Kawai T., Ishii K.J., Yamaguchi O., Otsu K., Tsujimura T., Koh C.S., Reis e Sousa C., Matsuura Y., Fujita T., and Akira S. Differential roles of MDA5 and RIG-I helicases in the recognition of RNA viruses. Nature 441 7089 (2006) 101-105
88. Malathi K., Dong B., Gale Jr. M., and Silverman R.H. Small self-RNA generated by RNase L amplifies antiviral innate immunity. Nature 448 7155 (2007) 816-819
89. Kawai T., Takahashi K., Sato S., Coban C., Kumar H., Kato H., Ishii K.J., Takeuchi O., and Akira S. IPS-1, an adaptor triggering RIG-I- and Mda5-mediated type I interferon induction. Nat. Immunol. 6 10 (2005) 981-988
90. Meylan E., Curran J., Hofmann K., Moradpour D., Binder M., Bartenschlager R., and Tschopp J. Cardif is an adaptor protein in the RIG-I antiviral pathway and is targeted by hepatitis C virus. Nature 437 7062 (2005) 1167-1172
91. Seth R.B., Sun L., Ea C.K., and Chen Z.J. Identification and characterization of MAVS, a mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein that activates NF-kappaB and IRF 3. Cell 122 5 (2005) 669-682
92. Xu L.G., Wang Y.Y., Han K.J., Li L.Y., Zhai Z., and Shu H.B. VISA is an adapter protein required for virus-triggered IFN-beta signaling. Mol. Cell 19 6 (2005) 727-740
93. Gack M.U., Shin Y.C., Joo C.H., Urano T., Liang C., Sun L., Takeuchi O., Akira S., Chen Z., Inoue S., and Jung J.U. TRIM25 RING-finger E3 ubiquitin ligase is essential for RIG-I-mediated antiviral activity. Nature 446 7138 (2007) 916-920
94. Komuro A., and Horvath C.M. RNA- and virus-independent inhibition of antiviral signaling by RNA helicase LGP2. J. Virol. 80 24 (2006) 12332-12342
95. Rothenfusser S., Goutagny N., DiPerna G., Gong M., Monks B.G., Schoenemeyer A., Yamamoto M., Akira S., and Fitzgerald K.A. The RNA helicase Lgp2 inhibits TLR-independent sensing of viral replication by retinoic acid-inducible gene-I. J. Immunol. 175 8 (2005) 5260-5268
96. Saito T., Hirai R., Loo Y.M., Owen D., Johnson C.L., Sinha S.C., Akira S., Fujita T., and Gale Jr. M. Regulation of innate antiviral defenses through a shared repressor domain in RIG-I and LGP2. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 104 2 (2007) 582-587
97. Venkataraman T., Valdes M., Elsby R., Kakuta S., Caceres G., Saijo S., Iwakura Y., and Barber G.N. Loss of DExD/H box RNA helicase LGP2 manifests disparate antiviral responses. J Immunol. 178 10 (2007) 6444-6455
98. Yoneyama M., Kikuchi M., Matsumoto K., Imaizumi T., Miyagishi M., Taira K., Foy E., Loo Y.M., Gale Jr. M., Akira S., Yonehara S., Kato A., and Fujita T. Shared and unique functions of the DExD/H-box helicases RIG-I, MDA5, and LGP2 in antiviral innate immunity. J Immunol. 175 5 (2005) 2851-2858
99. Huang J., Liu T., Xu L.G., Chen D., Zhai Z., and Shu H.B. SIKE is an IKK epsilon/TBK1-associated suppressor of TLR3- and virus-triggered IRF-3 activation pathways. Embo. J. 24 23 (2005) 4018-4028
100. Saitoh T., Tun-Kyi A., Ryo A., Yamamoto M., Finn G., Fujita T., Akira S., Yamamoto N., Lu K.P., and Yamaoka S. Negative regulation of interferon-regulatory factor 3-dependent innate antiviral response by the prolyl isomerase Pin1. Nat. Immunol. 7 6 (2006) 598-605
101. Yang Y., Liang Y., Qu L., Chen Z., Yi M., Li K., and Lemon S.M. Disruption of innate immunity due to mitochondrial targeting of a picornaviral protease precursor. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 104 17 (2007) 7253-7258
102. Lamarre D., Anderson P.C., Bailey M., Beaulieu P., Bolger G., Bonneau P., Bos M., Cameron D.R., Cartier M., Cordingley M.G., Faucher A.M., Goudreau N., Kawai S.H., Kukolj G., Lagace L., LaPlante S.R., Narjes H., Poupart M.A., Rancourt J., Sentjens R.E., St George R., Simoneau B., Steinmann G., Thibeault D., Tsantrizos Y.S., Weldon S.M., Yong C.L., and Llinas-Brunet M. An NS3 protease inhibitor with antiviral effects in humans infected with hepatitis C virus. Nature 426 6963 (2003) 186-189
103. Ishii K.J., Coban C., Kato H., Takahashi K., Torii Y., Takeshita F., Ludwig H., Sutter G., Suzuki K., Hemmi H., Sato S., Yamamoto M., Uematsu S., Kawai T., Takeuchi O., and Akira S. A Toll-like receptor-independent antiviral response induced by double-stranded B-form DNA. Nat. Immunol. 7 1 (2006) 40-48
104. Okabe Y., Kawane K., Akira S., Taniguchi T., and Nagata S. Toll-like receptor-independent gene induction program activated by mammalian DNA escaped from apoptotic DNA degradation. J. Exp. Med. 202 10 (2005) 1333-1339
105. Stetson D.B., and Medzhitov R. Recognition of cytosolic DNA activates an IRF3-dependent innate immune response. Immunity 24 1 (2006) 93-103
106. Yoshida H., Okabe Y., Kawane K., Fukuyama H., and Nagata S. Lethal anemia caused by interferon-beta produced in mouse embryos carrying undigested DNA. Nat. Immunol. 6 1 (2005) 49-56
107. Kumar H., Kawai T., Kato H., Sato S., Takahashi K., Coban C., Yamamoto M., Uematsu S., Ishii K.J., Takeuchi O., and Akira S. Essential role of IPS-1 in innate immune responses against RNA viruses. J. Exp. Med. 203 7 (2006) 1795-1803
108. Sun Q., Sun L., Liu H.H., Chen X., Seth R.B., Forman J., and Chen Z.J. The specific and essential role of MAVS in antiviral innate immune responses. Immunity 24 5 (2006) 633-642
109. Cheng G., Zhong J., Chung J., and Chisari F.V. Double-stranded DNA and double-stranded RNA induce a common antiviral signaling pathway in human cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 104 21 (2007) 9035-9040
110. Opitz B., Vinzing M., van Laak V., Schmeck B., Heine G., Gunther S., Preissner R., Slevogt H., N'Guessan P.D., Eitel J., Goldmann T., Flieger A., Suttorp N., and Hippenstiel S. Legionella pneumophila induces IFNbeta in lung epithelial cells via IPS-1 and IRF3, which also control bacterial replication. J. Biol. Chem. 281 47 (2006) 36173-36179
111. Takaoka A., Wang Z., Choi M.K., Yanai H., Negishi H., Ban T., Lu Y., Miyagishi M., Kodama T., Honda K., Ohba Y., and Taniguchi T. DAI (DLM-1/ZBP1) is a cytosolic DNA sensor and an activator of innate immune response. Nature 448 7152 (2007) 501-505
112. Boehm J.S., Zhao J.J., Yao J., Kim S.Y., Firestein R., Dunn I.F., Sjostrom S.K., Garraway L.A., Weremowicz S., Richardson A.L., Greulich H., Stewart C.J., Mulvey L.A., Shen R.R., Ambrogio L., Hirozane-Kishikawa T., Hill D.E., Vidal M., Meyerson M., Grenier J.K., Hinkle G., Root D.E., Roberts T.M., Lander E.S., Polyak K., and Hahn W.C. Integrative genomic approaches identify IKBKE as a breast cancer oncogene. Cell 129 6 (2007) 1065-1079
113. Chien Y., Kim S., Bumeister R., Loo Y.M., Kwon S.W., Johnson C.L., Balakireva M.G., Romeo Y., Kopelovich L., Gale Jr. M., Yeaman C., Camonis J.H., Zhao Y., and White M.A. RalB GTPase-mediated activation of the IkappaB family kinase TBK1 couples innate immune signaling to tumor cell survival. Cell 127 1 (2006) 157-170
114. Kumagai Y., Takeuchi O., Kato H., Kumar H., Matsui K., Morii E., Aozasa K., Kawai T., and Akira S. Alveolar macrophages are the primary interferon-alpha producer in pulmonary infection with RNA viruses. Immunity 27 2 (2007) 240-252