Interleukin-18 and host defense against infection

Journal of Infectious Diseases

Volumn 187, Issue SUPPL. 2, 2003, Pages

  Dinarello, Charles A ^a   Fantuzzi, Giamila ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ENDOTOXIN; GAMMA INTERFERON; INTERLEUKIN 1 RECEPTOR; INTERLEUKIN 12; INTERLEUKIN 18; INTERLEUKIN 1BETA CONVERTING ENZYME; STAT3 PROTEIN;

ARTHRITIS; BACTERIAL INFECTION; CANDIDA; CONFERENCE PAPER; CRYPTOCOCCUS; DENDRITIC CELL; DISEASE SEVERITY; ENCEPHALITIS; ENDOTOXEMIA; ENTERITIS; ENZYME LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY; GENE EXPRESSION; GRAM POSITIVE BACTERIUM; HOST RESISTANCE; INFECTION PREVENTION; INTRACELLULAR KILLING; LIVER INJURY; MYCOBACTERIUM; NONHUMAN; PATHOGENESIS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SALMONELLA; SEPTIC SHOCK; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; TOXOPLASMA;

ANIMALS; BACTERIAL INFECTIONS; HUMANS; IMMUNITY, NATURAL; INTERFERON TYPE II; INTERLEUKIN-18; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; VIRUS DISEASES;

EID: 0038687082     PISSN: 00221899     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1086/374751     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (118)

1. Eichacker PQ, Parent C, Kalil A, et al. Risk and the efficacy of anti-inflammatory agents in sepsis: retrospective and confirmatory studies. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2002; 166:1197-205.
2. Knaus WA, Harrel FE, LaBrecque JF, et al. Use of predicted risk of mortality to evaluate the efficacy of anticytokine therapy in sepsis. Crit Care Med 1996;24:46-56.
3. Fisher CJJ, Dhainaut JF, Opal SM, et al. Recombinant human interleukin-1 receptor antagonist in the treatment of patients with sepsis syndrome: results from a randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled trial. JAMA 1994; 271:1836-43.
4. Torigoe K, Ushio S, Okura T, et al. Purification and characterization of the human interleukin-18 receptor. J Biol Chem 1997; 272:25737-42.
5. Parnet P, Garka KE, Bonnert TP, Dower SK, Sims JE. IL-1Rrp is a novel receptor-like molecule similar to the type I interleukin-1 receptor and its homologues T1/ST2 and IL-1R AcP. J Biol Chem 1996; 271:3967-70.
6. Born TL, Thomassen E, Bird TA, Sims JE. Cloning of a novel receptor subunit, AcPL, required for interleukin-18 signaling. J Biol Chem 1998; 273:29445-50.
7. Yoshimoto T, Takeda K, Tanaka T, et al. IL-12 upregulates IL-18 receptor expression on T cells, Th1 cells and B cells: synergism with IL-18 for IFN-gamma production. J Immunol 1998; 161:3400-7.
8. Adachi O, Kawai T, Takeda K, et al. Targeted disruption of the MyD88 gene results in loss of IL-1- and IL-18-mediated function. Immunity 1998; 9:143-50.
9. Medzhitov R, Preston-Hurlburt P, Kopp E, et al. MyD88 is an adaptor protein in the hToll/IL-1 receptor family signaling pathways. Mol Cell 1998; 2:253-8.
10. Yin L, Wu L, Wesche H, et al. Defective lymphotoxin-beta receptor-induced NF-kappa B transcriptional activity in NIK-deficient mice. Science 2001; 291:2162-5.
11. Shapiro L, Puren AJ, Barton HA, et al. Interleukin-18 stimulates HIV type 1 in monocytic cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1998; 95:12550-5.
12. Thomassen E, Bird TA, Renshaw BR, Kennedy MK, Sims JE. Binding of interleukin-18 to the interleukin-1 receptor homologous receptor IL-1Rrp1 leads to activation of signaling pathways similar to those used by interleukin-1. J Interferon Cytokine Res 1998; 18:1077-88.
13. Kanakaraj P, Ngo K, Wu Y, et al. Defective interleukin (IL)-18-mediated natural killer and T helper cell type 1 responses in IL-1 receptor-associated kinase (IRAK)-deficient mice. J Exp Med 1999; 189:1129-38.
14. Kojima H, Takeuchi M, Ohta T, et al. Interleukin-18 activates the IRAK-TRAF6 pathway in mouse EL-4 cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1998; 244:183-6.
15. Robinson D, Shibuya K, Mui A, et al. IGIF does not drive Th1 development but synergizes with IL-12 for interferon-gamma production and activates IRAK and NFκB. Immunity 1997; 7:571-81.
16. Suzuki N, Suzuki S, Duncan GS, et al. Severe impairment of interleukin-1 and Toll-like receptor signalling in mice lacking IRAK-4. Nature 2002; 416:750-6.
17. Croston GE, Cao Z, Goeddel DV. NFκB activation by interleukin-1 requires an IL-1 receptor-associated protein kinase activity. J Biol Chem 1995; 270:16514-7.
18. Wesche H, Korherr C, Kracht M, Falk W, Resch K, Martin MU. The interleukin-1 receptor accessory protein is essential for IL-1-induced activation of interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase (IRAK) and stress-activated protein kinases (SAP kinases). J Biol Chem 1997; 272:7727-31.
19. Huang J, Gao X, Li S, Cao Z. Recruitment of IRAK to the interleukin 1 receptor complex requires interleukin 1 receptor accessory protein. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1997; 94:12829-32.
20. Cao Z. Signal transduction of interleukin-1 [abstract]. Eur Cytokine Netw 1998; 9:378.
21. Cao Z, Xiong J, Takeuchi M, Kurama T, Goeddel DV. Interleukin-1 receptor activating kinase. Nature 1996; 383:443-6.
22. Malinin NL, Boldin MP, Kovalenko AV, Wallach D. MAP3K-related kinase involved in NF-κB induction by TNF, CD95 and IL-1. Nature 1997; 385:540-4.
23. DiDonato JA, Hayakawa M, Rothwarf DM, Zandi E, Karin M. A cytokine-responsive IκB kinase that activates the transcription factor NF-κB. Nature 1997; 388:548-54.
24. Lomaga MA, Yeh WC, Sarosi I, et al. TRAF6 deficiency results in osteopetrosis and defective interleukin-1, CD40, and LPS signaling. Genes Dev 1999; 13:1015-24.
25. Freshney NW, Rawlinson L, Guesdon F, et al. Interleukin-1 activates a novel protein cascade that results in the phosphorylation of hsp27. Cell 1994; 78:1039-49.
26. Kracht M, Truong O, Totty NF, Shiroo M, Saklatvala J. Interleukin-1a activates two forms of p54a mitogen-activated protein kinase in rabbit liver. J Exp Med 1994; 180:2017-27.
27. Novick D, Kim SH, Fantuzzi G, Reznikov L, Dinarello CA, Rubinstein M. Interleukin-18 binding protein: a novel modulator of the Th1 cytokine response. Immunity 1999; 10:127-36.
28. Kim SH, Eisenstein M, Reznikov L, et al. Structural requirements of six naturally occurring isoforms of the interleukin-18 binding protein to inhibit interleukin-18. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2000; 97:1190-5.
29. Novick D, Schwartsburd B, Pinkus R, et al. A novel IL-18BP ELISA shows elevated serum IL-18BP in sepsis and extensive decrease of free IL-18. Cytokine 2001; 14:334-42.
30. Novick D, Engelmann H, Wallach D, Rubinstein M. Soluble cytokine receptors are present in normal human urine. J Exp Med 1989; 170:1409-14.
31. Novick D, Engelmann H, Wallach D, Leitner O, Revel M, Rubinstein M. Purification of soluble cytokine receptors from normal human urine by ligand-affinity and immunoaffinity chromatography. J Chromatogr 1990; 510:331-7.
32. Engelmann H, Aderka D, Rubinstein M, Rotman D, Wallach D. A tumor necrosis factor-binding protein purified to homogeneity from human urine protects cells from tumor necrosis factor toxicity. J Biol Chem 1989; 264:11974-80.
33. Engelmann H, Novick D, Wallach D. Two tumor necrosis factor-binding proteins purified from human urine. Evidence for immunological cross-reactivity with cell surface tumor necrosis factor receptors. J Biol Chem 1990; 265:1531-6.
34. Kim SH, Azam T, Novick D, et al. Identification of amino acid residues critical for biological activity in human interleukin-18. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:10998-1003.
35. Im SH, Kim SH, Azam T, et al. Rat interleukin-18 binding protein: cloning, expression, and characterization. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2002; 22:321-8.
36. Kim SH, Azam T, Yoon DY, et al. Site-specific mutations in the mature form of human IL-18 with enhanced biological activity and decreased neutralization by IL-18 binding protein. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2001; 98:3304-9.
37. Xiang Y, Moss B. Determination of the functional epitopes of human interleukin-18-binding protein by site-directed mutagenesis. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:17380-6.
38. Faggioni R, Cattley RC, Guo J, et al. IL-18-binding protein protects against lipopolysaccharide-induced lethality and prevents the development of Fas/Fas ligand-mediated models of liver disease in mice. J Immunol 2001; 167:5913-20.
39. Faggioni R, Jones-Carson J, Reed DA, et al. Leptin-deficient (ob/ob) mice are protected from T cell-mediated hepatotoxicity: role of tumor necrosis factor alpha and IL-18. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2000; 97:2367-72.
40. Xiang Y, Moss B. IL-18 binding and inhibition of interferon gamma induction by human poxvirus-encoded proteins. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1999; 96:11537-42.
41. Xiang Y, Moss B. Identification of human and mouse homologs of the MC51L-53L-54L family of secreted glycoproteins encoded by the Molluscum contagiosum poxvirus. Virology 1999; 257:297-302.
42. Calderara S, Xiang Y, Moss B. Orthopoxvirus IL-18 binding proteins: affinities and antagonist activities. Virology 2001; 279:22-6.
43. Xiang Y, Moss B. Correspondence of the functional epitopes of poxvirus and human interleukin-18-binding proteins. J Virol 2001; 75:9947-54.
44. Reznikov LL, Kim SH, Zhou L, et al. The combination of soluble IL-18Ralpha and IL-18Rbeta chains inhibits IL-18-induced IFN-gamma. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2002; 22:593-601.
45. Tsutsui H, Kayagaki N, Kuida K, et al. Caspase-1-independent, Fas/Fas ligand-mediated IL-18 secretion from macrophages causes acute liver injury in mice. Immunity 1999; 11:359-67.
46. Sareneva T, Matikainen S, Kurimoto M, Julkunen I. Influenza A virus-induced IFN-alpha/beta and IL-18 synergistically enhance IFN-gamma gene expression in human T cells. J Immunol 1998; 160:6032-8.
47. Perregaux D, Barberia J, Lanzetti AJ, Geoghegan KF, Carty TJ, Gabel CA. IL-1beta maturation: evidence that mature cytokine formation can be induced specifically by nigericin. J Immunol 1992; 149:1294-303.
48. Puren AJ, Fantuzzi G, Dinarello CA. Gene expression, synthesis and secretion of IL-1beta and IL-18 are differentially regulated in human blood mononuclear cells and mouse spleen cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1999; 96:2256-61.
49. Thompson GJ, Langlais C, Cain K, Conley EC, Cohen GM. Elevated extracellular K inhibits death-receptor and chemical-mediated apoptosis prior to caspase activation and cytochrome c release. Biochem J 2001; 357:137-45.
50. Ferrari D, Chiozzi P, Falzoni S, et al. Extracellular ATP triggers IL-1 beta release by activating the purinergic P2Z receptor of human macrophages. J Immunol 1997; 159:1451-8.
51. Buell G, Chessell IP, Michel AD, et al. Blockade of human P2X7 receptor function with a monoclonal antibody. Blood 1998; 92:3521-8.
52. Perregaux DG, Gabel CA. Post-translational processing of murine IL-1: evidence that ATP-induced release of IL-1alpha and IL-1beta occurs via a similar mechanism. J Immunol 1998; 160:2469-77.
53. Perregaux DG, McNiff P, Laliberte R, Conklyn M, Gabel CA. ATP acts as an agonist to promote stimulus-induced secretion of IL-1 beta and IL-18 in human blood. J Immunol 2000; 165:4615-23.
54. Solle M, Labasi J, Perregaux DG, et al. Altered cytokine production in mice lacking P2X(7) receptors. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:125-32.
55. Okamura H, Tsutsui H, Komatsu T, et al. Cloning of a new cytokine that induces interferon-γ. Nature 1995; 378:88-91.
56. Gardella S, Andrei C, Costigliolo S, Poggi A, Zocchi MR, Rubartelli A. Interleukin-18 synthesis and secretion by dendritic cells are modulated by interaction with antigen-specific T cells. J Leukoc Biol 1999; 66:237-41.
57. Gardella S, Andrei C, Poggi A, Zocchi MR, Rubartelli A. Control of interleukin-18 secretion by dendritic cells: role of calcium influxes. FEBS Lett 2000; 481:245-8.
58. Andrei C, Dazzi C, Lotti L, Torrisi MR, Chimini G, Rubartelli A. The secretory route of the leaderless protein interleukin 1beta involves exocytosis of endolysosome-related vesicles. Mol Biol Cell 1999; 10:1463-75.
59. Fantuzzi G, Ku G, Harding MW, et al. Response to local inflammation of IL-1beta-converting enzyme-deficient mice. J Immunol 1997; 158:1818-24.
60. Coeshott C, Ohnemus C, Pilyavskaya A, et al. Converting enzyme-independent release of tumor necrosis factor alpha and IL-1beta from a stimulated human monocytic cell line in the presence of activated neutrophils or purified proteinase-3. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1999;96:6261-6.
61. Sugawara S, Uehara A, Nochi T, et al. Neutrophil proteinase 3-mediated induction of bioactive IL-18 secretion by human oral epithelial cells. J Immunol 2001; 167:6568-75.
62. Frishman JI, Edwards CK, Sonnenberg MG, Kohno T, Cohen AM, Dinarello CA. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α-induced interleukin-8 in human blood cultures discriminates neutralization by the p55 and p75 TNF soluble receptors. J Infect Dis 2000; 182:1722-30.
63. Oberholzer A, Harter L, Feilner A, Steckholzer U, Trentz O, Ertel W. Differential effect of caspase inhibition on proinflammatory cytokine release in septic patients. Shock 2000; 14:253-7.
64. Oberholzer A, Feilner A, Hentze H, et al. Sepsis after severe injury interrupts caspase-dependent processing of interleukin-18. J Trauma 2000; 49:11-6.
65. Endo S, Inada K, Yamada Y, et al. Interleukin 18 (IL-18) levels in patients with sepsis. J Med 2000; 31:15-20.
66. Grobmyer SR, Lin E, Lowry SF, et al. Elevation of IL-18 in human sepsis. J Clin Immunol 2000; 20:212-5.
67. Lauw FN, Simpson AJ, Prins JM, et al. Elevated plasma concentrations of interferon (IFN)-γ and the IFN-γ-inducing cytokines interleukin (IL)-18, IL-12, and IL-15 in severe melioidosis. J Infect Dis 1999; 180:1878-85.
68. Corbaz A, ten Hove T, Herren S, et al. IL-18-binding protein expression by endothelial cells and macrophages is up-regulated during active Crohn's disease. J Immunol 2002; 168:3608-16.
69. Paulukat J, Bosmann M, Nold M, et al. Expression and release of IL-18 binding protein in response to IFN-gamma. J Immunol 2001; 167:7038-43.
70. Trinchieri G. Interleukin-12: a proinflammatory cytokine with immuno-regulatory functions that bridge innate resistance and antigen-specific adaptive immunity. Annu Rev Immunol 1995; 13:251-74.
71. Hunter CA, Chizzonite R, Remington JS. IL-1beta is required for IL-12 to induce the production of IFN-gamma by NK cells. J Immunol 1995; 155:4347-54.
72. + T lymphocytes. J Immunol 1998; 160:3642-7.
73. Takeda K, Tsutsui H, Yoshimoto T, et al. Defective NK cell activity and Th1 response in IL-18-deficient mice. Immunity 1998; 8:383-90.
74. Gu Y, Kuida K, Tsutsui H, et al. Activation of interferon-gamma inducing factor mediated by interleukin-1beta converting enzyme. Science 1997; 275:206-9.
75. Ghayur T, Banerjee S, Hugunin M, et al. Caspase-1 processes IFN-γ-inducing factor and regulates LPS-induced IFN-γ production. Nature 1997; 386:619-23.
76. Fantuzzi G, Puren AJ, Harding MW, Livingston DJ, Dinarello CA. IL-18 regulation of IFN-gamma production and cell proliferation as revealed in interleukin-1beta converting enzyme-deficient mice. Blood 1998; 91:2118-25.
77. Fantuzzi G, Reed DA, Dinarello CA. IL-12-induced IFN-γ is dependent on caspase-1 processing of the IL-18 precursor. J Clin Invest 1999; 104:761-7.
78. Munder M, Mallo M, Eichmann K, Modolell M. Murine macrophages secrete interferon gamma upon combined stimulation with interleukin (IL)-12 and IL-18: a novel pathway of autocrine macrophage activation. J Exp Med 1998; 187:2103-8.
79. Ohtsuki T, Micallef MJ, Kohno K, Tanimoto T, Ikeda M, Kurimoto M. Interleukin-18 enhances Fas ligand expression and induces apoptosis in Fas-expressing human myelomonocytic KG-1 cells. Anticancer Res 1997; 17:3253-8.
80. Okamura H, Nagata K, Komatsu T, et al. A novel costimulatory factor for gamma interferon induction found in the livers of mice causes endotoxic shock. Infect Immun 1995; 63:3966-72.
81. Kohno K, Kataoka J, Ohtsuki T, et al. IFN-gamma-inducing factor (IGIF) is a co-stimulatory factor on the activation of Th1 but not Th2 cells and exerts its effect independently of IL-12. J Immunol 1997; 158:1541-50.
82. Kim SH, Reznikov LL, Stuyt RJ, et al. Functional reconstitution and regulation of IL-18 activity by the IL-18R beta chain. J Immunol 2001; 166:148-54.
83. Nakanishi K, Yoshimoto T, Tsutsui H, Okamura H. Interleukin-18 is a unique cytokine that stimulates both Th1 and Th2 responses depending on its cytokine milieu. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2001; 12:53-72.
84. Fantuzzi G, Zheng H, Faggioni R, et al. Effect of endotoxin in IL-1beta-deficient mice. J Immunol 1996; 157:291-6.
85. Netea MG, Fantuzzi G, Kullberg BJ, et al. Neutralization of IL-18 reduces neutrophil tissue accumulation and protects mice against lethal Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium endotoxemia. J Immunol 2000; 164:2644-9.
86. + human blood mononuclear cells. J Clin Invest 1998; 101:711-24.
87. Hosohara K, Ueda H, Kashiwamura S, et al. Interleukin-18 induces acute biphasic reduction in the levels of circulating leukocytes in mice. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 2002; 9:777-83.
88. Tsutsui H, Matsui K, Kawada N, et al. IL-18 accounts for both TNF-α- and Fas ligand-mediated hepatotoxic pathways in endotoxin-induced liver injury in mice. J Immunol 1997; 159:3961-7.
89. Pomerantz BJ, Reznikov LL, Harken AH, Dinarello CA. Inhibition of caspase 1 reduces human myocardial ischemic dysfunction via inhibition of IL-18 and IL-1β. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2001; 98:2871-6.
90. Raeburn CD, Dinarello CA, Zimmerman MA, et al. Neutralization of IL-18 attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced myocardial dysfunction. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2002; 283:H650-7.
91. Joosten LA, van De Loo FA, Lubberts E, et al. An IFN-γ-independent proinflammatory role of IL-18 in murine streptococcal cell wall arthritis. J Immunol 2000; 165:6553-8.
92. Gracie JA, Forsey RJ, Chan WL, et al. A proinflammatory role for IL-18 in rheumatoid arthritis. J Clin Invest 1999; 104:1393-401.
93. Wei XQ, Leung BP, Arthur HM, McInnes IB, Liew FY. Reduced incidence and severity of collagen-induced arthritis in mice lacking IL-18. J Immunol 2001; 166:517-21.
94. Plater-Zyberk C, Joosten LA, Helsen MM, et al. Therapeutic effect of neutralizing endogenous IL-18 activity in the collagen-induced model of arthritis. J Clin Invest 2001; 108:1825-32.
95. Siegmund B. Interteukin-1beta converting enzyme (caspase-1) in intestinal inflammation. Biochem Pharmacol 2002; 64:1-8.
96. Pizarro TT, Michie MH, Bentz M, et al. IL-18, a novel immunoregulatory cytokine, is up-regulated in Crohn's disease: expression and localization in intestinal mucosal cells. J Immunol 1999; 162:6829-35.
97. Kanai T, Watanabe M, Okazawa A, Sato T, Hibi T. Interleukin-18 and Crohn's disease. Digestion 2001; 63:37-42.
98. Monteleone G, Trapasso F, Parrello T, et al. Bioactive IL-18 expression is up-regulated in Crohn's disease. J Immunol 1999; 163:143-7.
99. Pages F, Berger A, Lebel-Binay S, et al. Proinflammatory and antitumor properties of interleukin-18 in the gastrointestinal tract. Immunol Lett 2000; 75:9-14.
100. Siegmund B, Fantuzzi G, Rieder F, et al. Neutralization of interleukin-18 reduces severity in murine colitis and intestinal IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha production. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2001; 281:R1264-73.
101. Ten Hove T, Corbaz A, Amitai H, et al. Blockade of endogenous IL-18 ameliorates TNBS-induced colitis by decreasing local TNF-alpha production in mice. Gastroenterology 2001; 121:1372-9.
102. Chikano S, Sawada K, Shimoyama T, et al. IL-18 and IL-12 induce intestinal inflammation and fatty liver in mice in an IFN-gamma dependent manner. Gut 2000; 47:779-86.
103. Wirtz S, Becker C, Blumberg R, Galle PR, Neurath MF. Treatment of T cell-dependent experimental colitis in SCID mice by local administration of an adenovirus expressing IL-18 antisense mRNA. J Immunol 2002; 168:411-20.
104. Siegmund B, Lehr HA, Fantuzzi G, Dinarello CA. IL-1β-converting enzyme (caspase-1) in intestinal inflammation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2001; 98:13249-54.
105. Kubota T, Fang J, Brown RA, Krueger JM. Interleukin-18 promotes sleep in rabbits and rats. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2001; 281:R828-38.
106. Gatti S, Beck J, Fantuzzi G, Bartfai T, Dinarello CA. Effect of interleukin-18 on mouse core body temperature. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2002; 282:R702-9.
107. Furlan R, Martino G, Galbiati F, et al. Caspase-1 regulates the inflammatory process leading to autoimmune demyelination. J Immunol 1999; 163:2403-9.
108. Horwitz MS, Evans CF, McGavern DB, Rodriguez M, Oldstone MB. Primary demyelination in transgenic mice expressing interferon-gamma. Nat Meal 1997; 3:1037-41.
109. Jander S, Schroeter M, Stoll G. Interleukin-18 expression after focal ischemia of the rat brain: association with the late-stage inflammatory response. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2002; 22:62-70.
110. Loddick SA, Rothwell NJ. Neuroprotective effects of human recombinant interleukin-1 receptor antagonist in focal cerebral ischaemia in the rat. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1996; 16:932-40.
111. Loddick SA, MacKenzie A, Rothwell NJ. An ICE inhibitor, z-VADDCB attenuates ischaemic damage in the rat. Neuroreport 1996; 7:1465-8.
112. Kohka H, Yoshino T, Iwagaki H, et al. Interleukin-18/interferon-gamma-inducing factor, a novel cytokine, up-regulates ICAM-1 (CD54) expression in KG-1 cells. J Leukoc Biol 1998; 64:519-27.
113. Morel JC, Park CC, Woods JM, Koch AE. A novel role for interleukin-18 in adhesion molecule induction through NFκB and phosphatidylinositol (PI) 3-kinase-dependent signal transduction pathways. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:37069-75.
114. Vidal-Vanaclocha F, Fantuzzi G, Mendoza L, et al. IL-18 regulates IL-1β-dependent hepatic melanoma metastasis via vascular cell adhesion molecule-1. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2000; 97:734-9.
115. Mastroeni P, Clare S, Khan S, et al. Interleukin 18 contributes to host resistance and gamma interferon production in mice infected with virulent Salmonella typhimurium. Infect Immun 1999;67:478-83.
116. Kawakami K, Qureshi MH, Zhang T, Okamura H, Kurimoto M, Saito A. IL-18 protects mice against pulmonary and disseminated infection with Cryptococcus neoformans by inducing IFN-gamma production. J Immunol 1997; 159:5528-34.
117. Cai G, Kastelein R, Hunter CA. Interleukin-18 (IL-18) enhances innate IL-12-mediated resistance to Toxoplasma gondii. Infect Immun 2000; 68:6932-8.
118. Mencacci A, Bacci A, Cenci E, et al. Interleukin 18 restores defective Th1 immunity to Candida albicans in caspase 1-deficient mice. Infect Immun 2000; 68:5126-31.