Therapeutic potential of adenosine A2A receptor antagonists in Parkinson's disease

Pharmacology and Therapeutics

Volumn 105, Issue 3, 2005, Pages 267-310

  Xu, Kui ^a   Bastia, Elena ^a   Schwarzschild, Michael ^a  

^a MASSACHUSETTS GENERAL HOSPITAL   (United States)

Author keywords

Adenosine A2A receptor; Caffeine; Dyskinesia; Neuroprotection; Parkinson's disease; Striatum

Indexed keywords

2 CHLORO 5 HYDROXYPHENYLGLYCINE; 2 [(2 AMINOETHYLAMINO)CARBONYLETHYLPHENYLETHYLAMINO] 5' ETHYLCARBOXAMIDOADENOSINE; 2 [4 (2 CARBOXYETHYL)PHENETHYLAMINO]ADENOSINE 5' (N ETHYLCARBOXAMIDE); 2,3,4,5 TETRAHYDRO 7,8 DIHYDROXY 1 PHENYL 1H 3 BENZAZEPINE; 3 (3 HYDROXYPROPYL) 8 (3 METHOXYSTYRYL) 7 METHYL 1 PROPARGYLXANTHINE; 3 (3 HYDROXYPROPYL) 8 (3 METHOXYSTYRYL) 7 METHYL 1 PROPARGYLXANTHINE PHOSPHATE DISODIUM; 3,7 DIMETHYL 1 PROPARGYLXANTHINE; 4 [2 [7 AMINO 2 (2 FURYL) 1,2,4 TRIAZOLO[2,3 A][1,3,5]TRIAZIN 5 YLAMINO]ETHYL]PHENOL; 5 AMINO 2 (2 FURYL) 7 (2 PHENYLETHYL)PYRAZOLO[4,3 E][1,2,4]TRIAZOLO[1,5 C]PYRIMIDINE; 8 (3 CHLOROSTYRYL)CAFFEINE; 8 (3,4 DIMETHOXYSTYRYL) 7 METHYL 1,3 DIPROPYLXANTHINE; ADENOSINE A2A RECEPTOR; ADENOSINE A2A RECEPTOR AGONIST; ADENOSINE A2A RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; ADENOSINE RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; AMPHETAMINE; ANTIPARKINSON AGENT; CAFFEINE; DOPAMINE 1 RECEPTOR STIMULATING AGENT; DOPAMINE 2 RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; DOPAMINE 2 RECEPTOR STIMULATING AGENT; HALOPERIDOL; ISTRADEFYLLINE; LEVODOPA; METABOTROPIC RECEPTOR AGONIST; METHAMPHETAMINE; PSYCHOSTIMULANT AGENT; THEOPHYLLINE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; UNINDEXED DRUG; VERATRIDINE;

BASAL GANGLION; BRAIN NERVE CELL; CLINICAL TRIAL; DEPRESSION; DOPAMINERGIC NERVE CELL; DRUG MECHANISM; DRUG SAFETY; DRUG TOLERABILITY; DYSKINESIA; ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY; HUMAN; INFLAMMATION; INFORMATION PROCESSING; MOOD DISORDER; MOTOR SYSTEM; NERVE CELL DEGENERATION; NERVE CELL PLASTICITY; NEUROPROTECTION; NEUROTRANSMITTER RELEASE; NONHUMAN; PAIN; PARKINSON DISEASE; PARKINSONISM; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; POSTSYNAPTIC POTENTIAL; PREPULSE INHIBITION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; PSYCHOSIS; REVIEW; RODENT; SIDE EFFECT; SLEEP DISORDER;

EID: 14544288232     PISSN: 01637258     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2004.10.007     Document Type: Review

References (425)

1. M.P. Abbracchio, F. Colombo, M. Di Luca, P. Zaratin, and F. Cattabeni Adenosine modulates the dopaminergic function in the nigro-striatal system by interacting with striatal dopamine dependent adenylate cyclase Pharmacol Res Commun 19 1987 275 286
2. 2 receptors Eur J Pharmacol 227 1992 317 324
3. 2A receptor agonist CGS 21680 in an animal model of Parkinson's disease Brain Res Bull 64 2004 155 164
4. K. Akimoto, T. Hamamura, and S. Otsuki Subchronic cocaine treatment enhances cocaine-induced dopamine efflux-studies by in vivo microdialysis Brain Res 490 1989 339 344
5. R.L. Albin, and J.T. Greenamyre Alternative excitotoxic hypotheses Neurology 42 1992 733 738
6. R.L. Albin, A.B. Young, and J.B. Penney The functional anatomy of basal ganglia disorders Trends Neurosci 12 1989 366 375
7. 2A receptor antagonist J Neurosci 20 2000 5848 5852
8. S.H. Appel A unifying hypothesis for the cause of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, parkinsonism, and Alzheimer disease Ann Neurol 10 1981 499 505
9. J. Aronowski, R. Strong, A. Shirzadi, and J.C. Grotta Ethanol plus caffeine (caffeinol) for treatment of ischemic stroke: preclinical experience Stroke 34 2003 1246 1251
10. A. Ascherio, and H. Chen Caffeinated clues from epidemiology of Parkinson's disease Neurology 61 2003 S51 S54
11. A. Ascherio, S.M. Zhang, M.A. Hernan, I. Kawachi, G.A. Colditz, and F.E. Speizer Prospective study of caffeine consumption and risk of Parkinson's disease in men and women Ann Neurol 50 2001 56 63
12. A. Ascherio, H. Chen, M.A. Schwarzschild, S.M. Zhang, G.A. Colditz, and F.E. Speizer Caffeine, postmenopausal estrogen, and risk of Parkinson's disease Neurology 60 2003 790 795
13. A. Ascherio, M.G. Weisskopf, E.J. O'Reilly, M.L. McCullough, E.E. Calle, C. Rodriguez, and M.J. Thun Coffee consumption, gender, and Parkinson's disease mortality in the cancer prevention study II cohort: the modifying effects of estrogen Amer J Epidem 160 2004 977 984
14. J.J. Askenasy Sleep disturbances in Parkinsonism J Neural Transm 110 2003 125 150
15. 2A receptor mRNA is expressed by enkephalin cells but not by somatostatin cells in rat striatum: a co-expression study Brain Res Mol Brain Res 22 1994 204 210
16. L. Ayuso-Peralta, F.J. Jimenez-Jimenez, F. Cabrera-Valdivia, J. Molina, M.R. Javier, and J.D. Pedro-Cuesta Premorbid dietetic habits and risk for Parkinson's disease Parkinsonism Relat Disord 3 1997 55 61
17. A. Bailey, H. Matthes, B. Kieffer, S. Slowe, S.M. Hourani, and I. Kitchen Quantitative autoradiography of adenosine receptors and NBTI-sensitive adenosine transporters in the brains and spinal cords of mice deficient in the mu-opioid receptor gene Brain Res 943 2002 68 79
18. C. Bantel, S.R. Childers, and J.C. Eisenach Role of adenosine receptors in spinal G-protein activation after peripheral nerve injury Anesthesiology 96 2002 1443 1449
19. W. Bara-Jimenez, A. Sherzai, T. Dimitrova, A. Favit, F. Bibbiani, and M. Gillespie Adenosine A(2A) receptor antagonist treatment of Parkinson's disease Neurology 61 2003 293 296
20. E. Bastia, K. Varani, A. Monopoli, and R. Bertorelli Effects of A(1) and A(2A) adenosine receptor ligands in mouse acute models of pain Neurosci Lett 328 2002 241 244
21. 2A receptors in amphetamine sensitization Neuropsychopharmacology 2004 published 11/01/04 http://www.acnp.org/citations//NPP110104040398/default.pdf
22. 2A adenosine receptor mediates coronary vasodilation J Pharmacol Exp Ther 284 1998 1066 1073
23. L. Belayev, L. Khoutorova, Y. Zhang, A. Belayev, W. Zhao, and R. Busto Caffeinol confers cortical but not subcortical neuroprotection after transient focal cerebral ischemia in rats Brain Res 1008 2004 278 283
24. M. Belfrage, A. Sollevi, M. Segerdahl, K.F. Sjolund, and P. Hansson Systemic adenosine infusion alleviates spontaneous and stimulus evoked pain in patients with peripheral neuropathic pain Anesth Analg 81 1995 713 717
25. M. Belfrage, M. Segerdahl, S. Arner, and A. Sollevi The safety and efficacy of intrathecal adenosine in patients with chronic neuropathic pain Anesth Analg 89 1999 136 142
26. M.D. Benedetti, J.H. Bower, D.M. Maraganore, S.K. McDonnell, B.J. Peterson, and J.E. Ahlskog Smoking, alcohol, and coffee consumption preceding Parkinson's disease: a case-control study Neurology 55 2000 1350 1358
27. N.L. Benowitz, P. Jacob III, H. Mayan, and C. Denaro Sympathomimetic effects of paraxanthine and caffeine in humans Clin Pharmacol Ther 58 1995 684 691
28. 2A antagonist prevents dopamine agonist-induced motor complications in animal models of Parkinson's disease Exp Neurol 184 1 2003 285 294
29. M.J. Bickerdike, and E.D. Abercrombie Striatal acetylcholine release correlates with behavioral sensitizatoin in rats withdrawn from chronic amphetamine J Pharmacol Exp Ther 282 1997 818 826
30. F. Blandini, G. Nappi, C. Tassorelli, and E. Martignoni Functional changes of the basal ganglia circuitry in Parkinson's disease Prog Neurobiol 62 2000 63 88
31. R.J. Boegman, and S.R. Vincent Involvement of adenosine and glutamate receptors in the induction of c-fos in the striatum by haloperidol Synapse 22 1996 70 77
32. 2 autoreceptor activation Eur J Pharmacol 185 1990 217 221
33. T. Boraud, E. Bezard, B. Bioulac, and C.E. Gross Dopamine agonist-induced dyskinesias are correlated to both firing pattern and frequency alterations of pallidal neurones in the MPTP-treated monkey Brain 124 2001 546 557
34. 2A antagonism reverses levodopa-induced motor alterations in hemiparkinsonian rats Synapse 46 2002 251 257
35. D.L. Braff, M.A. Geyer, and N.R. Swerdlow Human studies of prepulse inhibition of startle: normal subjects, patient groups, and pharmacological studies Psychopharmacology (Berl) 156 2001 234 258
36. 2A adenosine receptors prevents basic fibroblast growth factor-induced reactive astrogliosis in rat striatal primary astrocytes Glia 43 2003 190 194
37. 2A adenosine receptor inhibits nitric oxide production in glial cells FEBS Lett 429 1998 139 142
38. J.M. Brotchie The neural mechanisms underlying levodopa-induced dyskinesia in Parkinson's disease Ann Neurol 47 2000 S105 S112 (discussion S112-S114)
39. 2A receptor mediates an endogenous regulatory pathway of cytokine expression in THP-1 cells J Leukoc Biol 72 2002 1027 1036
40. P. Calabresi, P. Giacomini, D. Centonze, and G. Bernardi Levodopa-induced dyskinesia: a pathological form of striatal synaptic plasticity? Ann Neurol 47 2000 S60 S68 (discussion S68-S69)
41. F. Calon, R. Grondin, M. Morissette, M. Goulet, P.J. Blanchet, and T. Di Paolo Molecular basis of levodopa-induced dyskinesias Ann Neurol 47 2000 S70 S78
42. 2A receptors in the brain of Parkinson's disease patients with dyskinesias Brain 127 2004 1075 1084
43. J.J. Canales, and A.M. Graybiel Patterns of gene expression and behavior induced by chronic dopamine treatments Ann Neurol 47 2000 S53 S59
44. 2 receptor-receptor heteromerization: qualitative and quantitative assessment by fluorescence and bioluminescence energy transfer J Biol Chem 278 2003 46741 46749
45. 2A receptor blockade plus l-dopa in dopamine-denervated rats Synapse 44 2002 166 174
46. A.L. Carvalho, C.B. Duarte, and A.P. Carvalho Regulation of AMPA receptors by phosphorylation Neurochem Res 25 2000 1245 1255
47. 2A agonist, ATL-146e, reduces paralysis and apoptosis during rabbit spinal cord reperfusion J Vasc Surg 34 2001 482 488
48. 2A receptors on soma and central terminals of rat vagal afferent neurons Brain Res 652 1994 137 144
49. M.A. Cenci, C.S. Lee, and A. Bjorklund l-DOPA-induced dyskinesia in the rat is associated with striatal overexpression of prodynorphin- and glutamic acid decarboxylase mRNA Eur J Neurosci 10 1998 2694 2706
50. D.K. Chan, J. Woo, S.C. Ho, C.P. Pang, L.K. Law, and P.W. Ng Genetic and environmental risk factors for Parkinson's disease in a Chinese population J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 65 1998 781 784
51. T.N. Chase Levodopa therapy: consequences of the nonphysiologic replacement of dopamine Neurology 50 Suppl 5 1998 S17 S25
52. 2A antagonist KW6002 from animal models to parkinsonian patients Neurology 61 11 Suppl 6 2003 S107 S111
53. H. Checkoway, K. Powers, T. Smith-Weller, G.M. Franklin, W.T. Longstreth Jr., and P.D. Swanson Parkinson's disease risks associated with cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, and caffeine intake Am J Epidemiol 155 2002 732 738
54. 2A adenosine receptor attenuates striatal dopamine release as well as spontaneous and amphetamine-induced locomotion Abstr - Soc Neurosci 24 1998 824.11
55. J.F. Chen, Z. Huang, J. Ma, J. Zhu, R. Moratalla, and D. Standaert A(2A) adenosine receptor deficiency attenuates brain injury induced by transient focal ischemia in mice J Neurosci 19 1999 9192 9200
56. 2A receptor inactivation in an MPTP model of Parkinson's disease. Move Dis 15 (Suppl 3), S37, P304.
57. J.F. Chen, R. Moratalla, F. Impagnatiello, D.K. Grandy, B. Cuellar, and M. Rubinstein The role of the D(2) dopamine receptor (D(2)R) in A(2A) adenosine receptor (A(2A)R)-mediated behavioral and cellular responses as revealed by A(2A) and D(2) receptor knockout mice Proc Natl Acad Sci 98 2001 1970 1975
58. J.F. Chen, K. Xu, J.P. Petzer, R. Staal, Y.H. Xu, and M. Beilstein Neuroprotection by caffeine and A(2A) adenosine receptor inactivation in a model of Parkinson's disease J Neurosci 21 2001 RC143
59. 2A receptor antagonism J Biol Chem 277 2002 36040 36044
60. 2A receptors selectively attenuates amphetamine-induced behavioral sensitization Neuropsychopharmacology 28 2003 1086 1095
61. 2A receptors in neuroadaptation to repeated dopaminergic stimulation: implications for the treatment of dyskinesias in Parkinson's disease Neurology 61 11 Suppl 6 2003 S74 S81
62. 2A adenosine receptors in rescuing the nerve growth factor-induced neurite outgrowth impaired by blockage of the MAPK cascade J Biol Chem 277 2002 33930 33942
63. Y. Chern, K. King, H.L. Lai, and H.T. Lai Molecular cloning of a novel adenosine receptor gene from rat brain Biochem Biophys Res Commun 185 1992 304 309
64. C. Chiamulera, M.P. Epping-Jordan, A. Zocchi, C. Marcon, C. Cottiny, and S. Tacconi Reinforcing and locomotor stimulant effects of cocaine are absent in mGluR5 null mutant mice Nat Neurosci 4 2001 873 874
65. 2 receptors Brain Res 761 1997 151 155
66. 2A and metabotropic glutamate mGlu5 receptors increase their efficacy in reversing Parkinsonian deficits in rats Neuropsychopharmacology 29 2004 1451 1461
67. 2A antagonist KF17837 reverses the locomotor suppression and tremulous jaw movements induced by haloperidol in rats: possible relevance to parkinsonism Behav Brain Res 148 2004 47 54
68. +-evoked glutamate release in vivo in young and aged rats Neuroreport 10 1999 687 691
69. 2A adenosine receptor antagonism differentially modifies striatal glutamate outflow in vivo in young and aged rats Neuroreport 11 2000 2591 2595
70. 2A receptor antagonism increases striatal glutamate outflow in dopamine-denervated rats Eur J Pharm 464 2003 33 38
71. 2A receptors to adenylyl cyclase in the striatum J Neurochem 76 2001 1585 1588
72. 2A receptor facilitation of synaptic transmission in the CA1 area of the rat hippocampus requires protein kinase C but not protein kinase A activation Neurosci Lett 289 2000 127 130
73. 2A receptors in the rat hippocampus Brain Res 649 1994 208 216
74. 2A receptors Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch Pharmacol 353 1996 261 271
75. 2A receptors Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch Pharmacol 359 1999 295 302
76. 2A receptor impairs long term potentiation in the accumbens nucleus without altering basal synaptic transmission Neuroscience 107 2001 455 464
77. 2A receptor blockade of beta-amyloid neurotoxicity Br J Pharmacol 138 2003 1207 1209
78. J.W. Daly, P. Butts-Lamb, and W. Padgett Subclasses of adenosine receptors in the central nervous system: interaction with caffeine and related methylxanthines Cell Mol Neurobiol 3 1983 69 80
79. 2 receptors in stably cotransfected fibroblast cells Eur J Pharmacol 316 1996 325 331
80. D. Dassesse, C. Ledent, M. Parmentier, S.N. Schiffmann, A. Massie, and R. Ferrari Acute and chronic caffeine administration differentially alters striatal gene expression in wild-type and adenosine A(2A) receptor-deficient mice Synapse 42 2001 63 76
81. D. Dassesse, A. Massie, R. Ferrari, C. Ledent, M. Parmentier, and L. Arckens Functional striatal hypodopaminergic activity in mice lacking adenosine A(2A) receptors J Neurochem 78 2001 183 198
82. T.M. Dawson, and V.L. Dawson Molecular pathways of neurodegeneration in Parkinson's disease Science 302 2003 819 822
83. 3H]ZM-241385 Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch Pharmacol 366 2002 478 481
84. 2 receptors for dopamine in human striatum Neuroreport 12 2001 1831 1834
85. Z. Diaz-Cabiale, M. Vivo, A. Del Arco, W.T. O'Connor, M.K. Harte, and C.E. Muller Metabotropic glutamate mGlu5 receptor-mediated modulation of the ventral striopallidal GABA pathway in rats. Interactions with adenosine A(2A) and dopamine D(2) receptors Neurosci Lett 324 2002 154 158
86. A.K. Dixon, A.K. Gubitz, D.J. Sirinathsinghji, P.J. Richardson, and T.C. Freeman Tissue distribution of adenosine receptor mRNAs in the rat Br J Pharmacol 118 1996 1461 1468
87. J.C. Eisenach, R. Curry, and D.D. Hood Dose response of intrathecal adenosine in experimental pain and allodynia Anesthesiology 97 2002 938 942
88. J.C. Eisenach, D.D. Hood, and R. Curry Preliminary efficacy assessment of intrathecal injection of an American formulation of adenosine in humans Anesthesiology 96 2002 29 34
89. A. Ekblom, M. Segerdahl, and A. Sollevi Adenosine increases the cutaneous heat pain threshold in healthy volunteers Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 39 1995 717 722
90. 2A receptors elicits zif/268 and NMDA epsilon2 subunit mRNA expression in cortex and striatum of the "weaver" mutant mouse, a genetic model of nigrostriatal dopamine deficiency Neuroscience 123 2004 1025 1036
91. E.H. Ellinwood Amphetamine psychosis: I. Desperation of the individual and process J Nerv Ment Dis 144 1967 273 283
92. M. El Yacoubi, C. Ledent, J.F. Menard, M. Parmentier, J. Costentin, and J.M. Vaugeois The stimulant effects of caffeine on locomotor behaviour in mice are mediated through its blockade of adenosine A(2A) receptors Br J Pharmacol 129 2000 1465 1473
93. M. El Yacoubi, C. Ledent, M. Parmentier, J. Costentin, and J. Vaugeois SCH 58261 and ZM 241385 differentially prevent the motor effects of CGS 21680 in mice: evidence for a functional 'atypical' adenosine A(2A) receptor Eur J Pharmacol 401 2000 63 77
94. 2A receptor knockout mice Br J Pharmacol 134 2001 68 77
95. 2A receptor knockout mice are partially protected against drug-induced catalepsy Neuroreport 12 2001 983 986
96. 2A receptors and depression Neurology 61 2003 S82 S87
97. P.A. Fall, M. Fredrikson, O. Axelson, and A.K. Granerus Nutritional and occupational factors influencing the risk of Parkinson's disease: a case-control study in southeastern Sweden Mov Disord 14 1999 28 37
98. A. Feigin Nondopaminergic symptomatic therapies for Parkinson's disease: turn on or turn off? Neurology 61 2003 286 287
99. 2A receptor antagonism potentiates l-DOPA-induced turning behaviour and c-fos expression in 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned rats Eur J Pharmacol 321 1997 143 147
100. S. Ferré Adenosine-dopamine interactions in the ventral striatum. Implications for the treatment of schizophrenia Psychopharmacology 133 1997 107 120
101. 2 receptors in the neostriatum Brain Res 594 1992 124 130
102. S. Ferré, G. von Euler, B. Johansson, B.B. Fredholm, and K. Fuxe Stimulation of high-affinity adenosine A2 receptors decreases the affinity of dopamine D2 receptors in rat striatal membranes Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 88 1991 7238 7241
103. S. Ferré, W.T. O'Connor, K. Fuxe, and U. Ungerstedt The striopallidal neuron: a main locus for adenosine-dopamine interactions in the brain J Neurosci 13 1993 5402 5406
104. 2 receptors in rat neostriatal membranes Eur J Pharmacol 244 1993 311 315
105. 2 receptors in the ventral striopallidal system. Implications for the treatment of schizophrenia Neuroscience 63 1994 765 773
106. 2 receptors in the neostriatum Psychopharmacology 116 1994 279 284
107. 2A and glutamate mGlu5 receptors: implications for striatal neuronal function Proc Nat Acad Sci 99 2002 11940 11945
108. 2A-receptors Glia 18 1996 152 160
109. 2 dopamine receptors in rat striatum Mol Brain Res 14 1992 186 195
110. 2A receptor attenuates 3-nitropropionic acid-induced striatal damage J Neurochem 88 2004 538 544
111. 2A receptor agonist, on allergic airways inflammation in the rat Eur J Pharmacol 438 2002 183 188
112. 2A adenosine receptors J Neurosci 22 2002 1054 1062
113. 2A receptor antagonist, is a useful ligand in autoradiographic studies J Neurochem 70 1998 1210 1216
114. B.B. Fredholm, K. Battig, J. Holmen, A. Nehlig, and E.E. Zvartau Actions of caffeine in the brain with special reference to factors that contribute to its widespread use Pharm Rev 51 1999 83 133
115. B.B. Fredholm, G. Arslan, L. Halldner, B. Kull, G. Schulte, and W. Wasserman Structure and function of adenosine receptors and their genes Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch Pharmacol 362 2000 364 374
116. B.B. Fredholm, I.J. AP, K.A. Jacobson, K.N. Klotz, and J. Linden International Union of Pharmacology: XXV. Nomenclature and classification of adenosine receptors Pharm Rev 53 2001 527 552
117. 2 receptor Mol Brain Res 15 1992 62 66
118. K. Fuxe, and U. Ungerstedt Action of caffeine and theophyllamine on supersensitive dopamine receptors: considerable enhancement of receptor response to treatment with DOPA and dopamine receptor agonists Med Biol 52 1974 48 54
119. K. Fuxe, I. Stromberg, P. Popoli, R. Rimondini-Giorgini, M. Torvinen, and S.O. Ogren Adenosine receptors and Parkinson's disease. Relevance of antagonistic adenosine and dopamine receptor interactions in the striatum Adv Neurol 86 2001 345 353
120. 2 receptor antagonist, reduces cerebral ischemic injury in the Mongolian gerbil Life Sci 55 1994 PL61 PL65
121. P.A. Garris, E.L. Ciolkowski, P. Pastore, and R.M. Wightman Efflux of dopamine from the synaptic cleft in the nucleus accumbens of the rat brain J Neurosci 14 1994 6084 6093
122. 2A receptors inhibit the N-methyl-d-aspartate component of excitatory synaptic currents in rat striatal neurons Eur J Pharmacol 451 2002 161 164
123. 2 dopamine receptor-regulated gene expression of striatonigral and striatopallidal neurons Science 250 1990 1429 1432
124. M. Gerlach, and P. Riederer Animal models of Parkinson's disease: an empirical comparison with the phenomenology of the disease in man J Neural Transm 103 1996 987 1041
125. M.A. Geyer, K. Krebs-Thomson, D.L. Braff, and N.R. Swerdlow Pharmacological studies of prepulse inhibition models of sensorimotor gating deficits in schizophrenia: a decade in review Psychopharmacology 156 2001 117 154
126. M. Gianfriddo, C. Corsi, A. Melani, A. Pezzola, R. Reggio, and P. Popoli Adenosine A(2A) antagonism increases striatal glutamate outflow in the quinolinic acid rat model of Huntington's disease Brain Res 979 2003 225 229
127. M. Glass, M. Dragunow, and R.L. Faull The pattern of neurodegeneration in Huntington's disease: a comparative study of cannabinoid, dopamine, adenosine and GABA(A) receptor alterations in the human basal ganglia in Huntington's disease Neuroscience 97 2000 505 519
128. C.G. Goetz, C.M. Tanner, M. Levy, R.S. Wilson, and D.C. Garron Pain in Parkinson's disease Mov Disord 1 1986 45 49
129. 2A receptor blockade increases extracellular dopamine release following l-DOPA administration in intact and dopamine-denervated rats Neuropharmacology 47 2004 414 426
130. 2A adenosine receptors attenuate methamphetamine-induced overflow of dopamine in rat striatum Brain Res 806 1998 202 209
131. 2+ uptake through class A calcium channels in rat hippocampal CA3 but not CA1 synaptosomes Neurosci Lett 238 1997 73 77
132. J.M. Gorell, C.C. Johnson, B.A. Rybicki, E.L. Peterson, G.X. Kortsha, and G.G. Brown Occupational exposure to manganese, copper, lead, iron, mercury and zinc and the risk of Parkinson's disease Neurotoxicology 20 1999 239 247
133. A. Grandinetti, D.M. Morens, D. Reed, and D. MacEachern Prospective study of cigarette smoking and the risk of developing idiopathic Parkinson's disease Am J Epidemiol 139 1994 1129 1138
134. J.T. Greenamyre Glutamatergic influences on the basal ganglia Clin Neuropharmacol 24 2001 65 70
135. 2A receptor antagonist in MPTP-treated monkeys Neurology 52 1999 1673 1677
136. C.E. Gross, P. Ravenscroft, S. Dovero, M. Jaber, B. Bioulac, and E. Bezard Pattern of levodopa-induced striatal changes is different in normal and MPTP-lesioned mice J Neurochem 84 2003 1246 1255
137. 2A receptor involves activation of both N- and P-type calcium channels by different G proteins and protein kinases in the same striatal nerve terminals J Neurochem 67 1996 374 381
138. L. Halldner, G. Lozza, K. Lindstrom, and B.B. Fredholm Lack of tolerance to motor stimulant effects of a selective adenosine A(2A) receptor antagonist Eur J Pharmacol 406 2000 345 354
139. 2A receptors Neuropharmacology 46 2004 1008 1017
140. S. Happe, P. Ludemann, and K. Berger The association between disease severity and sleep-related problems in patients with Parkinson's disease Neuropsychobiology 46 2002 90 96
141. 2A receptors in the nucleus accumbens modulate prepulse inhibition of the startle response Neuroreport 8 1997 1515 1518
142. 2A receptors in the caudate-putamen Neuroreport 9 1998 1803 1806
143. 2 receptors was reversed by a concomitant blockade of adenosine A(2A) receptors in the caudate-putamen of rats Eur J Neurosci 14 2001 1287 1293
144. R.A. Hauser, J.P. Hubble, and D.D. Truong Randomized trial of the adenosine A(2A) receptor antagonist istradefylline in advanced PD Neurology 61 2003 297 303
145. T.G. Heffner, J.N. Wiley, A.E. Williams, R.F. Bruns, L.L. Coughenour, and D.A. Downs Comparison of the behavioral effects of adenosine agonists and dopamine antagonists in mice Psychopharmacology 98 1989 31 37
146. C.A. Heidbreder, and T.S. Shippenberg Evidence for an involvement of muscarinic cholinergic systems in the induction but not expression of behavioral sensitization to cocaine Synapse 2 1996 182 192
147. W. Hellenbrand, A. Seidler, H. Boeing, B.P. Robra, P. Vieregge, and P. Nischan Diet and Parkinson's disease: I. A possible role for the past intake of specific foods and food groups. Results from a self-administered food-frequency questionnaire in a case-control study Neurology 47 1996 636 643
148. B. Henry, A.R. Crossman, and J.M. Brotchie Characterization of enhanced behavioral responses to l-DOPA following repeated administration in the 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned rat model of Parkinson's disease Exp Neurol 151 1998 334 342
149. B. Henry, A.R. Crossman, and J.M. Brotchie Effect of repeated l-DOPA, bromocriptine, or lisuride administration on preproenkephalin-A and preproenkephalin-B mRNA levels in the striatum of the 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned rat Exp Neurol 155 1999 204 220
150. B. Henry, S.H. Fox, A.R. Crossman, and J.M. Brotchie Mu- and delta-opioid receptor antagonists reduce levodopa-induced dyskinesia in the MPTP-lesioned primate model of Parkinson's disease Exp Neurol 171 2001 139 146
151. M.T. Herrero, S.J. Augood, E.C. Hirsch, F. Javoy-Agid, M.R. Luquin, Y. Agid, J.A. Obeso, and P.C. Emson Effects of l-DOPA on preproenkephalin and preprotachykinin gene expression in the MPTP-treated monkey striatum Neuroscience 68 1995 1189 1198
152. 2A receptors in rat striatum: prevalent dendritic localization post-synaptic to catecholaminergic terminals Abstr - Soc Neurosci 24 1998 2056
153. 2A receptors suggests multiple cellular sites for modulation of GABAergic neurons in rat striatum J Comp Neurol 431 2001 331 346
154. 2 receptors J Biol Chem 277 2002 18091 18097
155. S.C. Ho, J. Woo, and C.M. Lee Epidemiologic study of Parkinson's disease in Hong Kong Neurology 39 1989 1314 1318
156. S.G. Holtzman, S. Mante, and K.P. Minneman Role of adenosine receptors in caffeine tolerance J Pharmacol Exp Ther 256 1991 62 68
157. L. Hoyte, J. Kaur, and A.M. Buchan Lost in translation: taking neuroprotection from animal models to clinical trials Exp Neurol 188 2004 200 204
158. 2A receptor blockade in experimental models of Parkinson's disease J Neurochem 80 2002 262 270
159. F. Impagnatiello, E. Bastia, E. Ongini, and A. Monopoli Adenosine receptor in neurological disorders Emerg Ther Targets 4 2000 653 663
160. 2-adenosine antagonist in vitro and in vivo FEBS Lett 323 1993 141 144
161. S. James, J.H. Xuereb, R. Askalan, and P.J. Richardson Adenosine receptors in post-mortem human brain Br J Pharmacol 105 1992 238 244
162. 3H]CGS 21680 Eur J Pharmacol 168 1989 243 246
163. 2A antagonists as novel non-dopaminergic therapy for motor dysfunction in PD Neurology 61 2003 S32 S38
164. P. Jenner Avoidance of dyskinesia: preclinical evidence for continuous dopaminergic stimulation Neurology 62 2004 S47 S55
165. F.J. Jimenez-Jimenez, D. Mateo, and S. Gimenez-Roldan Premorbid smoking, alcohol consumption, and coffee drinking habits in Parkinson's disease: a case-control study Mov Disord 7 1992 339 344
166. 2A receptor stimulation increases release of acetylcholine from rat hippocampus but not striatum, and does not affect catecholamine release Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch Pharmacol 355 1997 48 56
167. 2 receptor activation on electrically evoked dopamine and acetylcholine release from rat striatal slices J Pharmacol Exp Ther 267 1993 801 808
168. M.T. Joghataie, M. Roghani, F. Negahdar, and L. Hashemi Protective effect of caffeine against neurodegeneration in a model of Parkinson's disease in rat: behavioral and histochemical evidence Parkinsonism Relat Disord 10 2004 465 468
169. 3H]CGS 21680 to rat brain using autoradiography Neuropharmacology 34 1995 393 403
170. 3H]CGS 21680 to rat cortex differs from its binding to rat striatum Eur J Pharmacol 247 1993 103 110
171. 1 receptor Proc Natl Acad Sci 98 2001 9407 9412
172. S.W. Johnson, B. Seutin, and R.A. North Burst firing in dopamine neurons induced by N-methyl-d-aspartate: role of electrogenic sodium pump Science 258 1992 665 667
173. J. Jolkkonen, P. Jenner, and C.D. Marsden l-DOPA reverses altered gene expression of substance P but not enkephalin in the caudate-putamen of common marmosets treated with MPTP Brain Res Mol Brain Res 32 1995 297 307
174. 2A receptor agonists and antagonists Neuroscience 85 1998 229 237
175. 2A antagonist. Mov Disord 19 (S9), S390, P1141.
176. 2A receptor gene in rat dorsal root and autonomic ganglia Neurosci Lett 246 1998 21 24
177. 2A receptors gene in the olfactory bulb and spinal cord of rat and mouse Neurosci Lett 261 1999 189 191
178. 2A receptor gene expression in the normal striatum and after 6-OH-dopamine lesion J Neural Transm 107 2000 851 859
179. 2 receptor interactions in animal models of schizophrenia Eur J Pharmacol 295 1996 147 154
180. P.W. Kalivas, and P. Duffy The effect of acute and daily cocaine treatment on extracellular dopamine in the nucleus accumbens Synapse 5 1990 48 58
181. 2 receptors in living cells Biochem Biophys Res Commun 306 2003 544 549
182. 2A receptor antagonist with anticataleptic activity Eur J Pharmacol 256 1994 263 268
183. 2A antagonist: a novel antiparkinsonian agent that does not provoke dyskinesia in parkinsonian monkeys Ann Neurol 43 1998 507 513
184. 2 dopamine agonists increases antiparkinsonian activity but not dyskinesia in MPTP-treated monkeys Exp Neurol 162 2000 321 327
185. 1 adenosine receptor binding J Pharmacol Exp Ther 266 1993 1563 1572
186. G.B. Kaplan, D.J. Greenblatt, B.L. Ehrenberg, J.E. Goddard, M.M. Cotreau, and J.S. Harmatz Dose-dependent pharmacokinetics and psychomotor effects of caffeine in humans J Clin Pharmacol 37 1997 693 703
187. R. Karler, L.D. Calder, and J.B. Bedingfield A novel nicotinic- cholinergic role in behavioral sensitization to amphetamine-induced stereotypy in mice Brain Res 725 1996 192 198
188. 1-selective adenosine agonist abolishes allodynia elicited by vibration and touch after intrathecal injection Anesth Analg 80 1995 844 847
189. R. Kartzinel, I. Shoulson, and D.B. Calne Studies with bromocriptine: III. Concomitant administration of caffeine to patients with idiopathic parkinsonism Neurology 26 1976 741 743
190. 2A receptor selective antagonist KW6002: research and development toward a novel nondopaminergic therapy for Parkinson's disease Neurology 61 11 Suppl 6 2003 97 100
191. 2A receptors Neurosci Lett 355 2004 21 24
192. 2 receptor-mediated modulation of contralateral rotation induced by metabotropic glutamate receptor activation Eur J Pharmacol 287 1995 115 120
193. D.S. Kim, and R.D. Palmiter Adenosine receptor blockade reverses hypophagia and enhances locomotor activity of dopamine-deficient mice Proc Natl Acad Sci 100 2003 1346 1351
194. 3H]acetylcholine release J Neurochem 62 1994 960 966
195. 3H]-CGS 21680 binding sites in the rat striatum and cortex Br J Pharmacol 114 1995 537 543
196. K.A. Kirkpatrick, and P.J. Richardson Adenosine receptor-mediated modulation of acetylcholine release from rat striatal synaptosomes Br J Pharmacol 110 1993 949 954
197. K.N. Klotz, J. Hessling, J. Hegler, C. Owman, B. Kull, B.B. Fredholm, and M.J. Lohse Comparative pharmacology of human adenosine receptor subtypes-characterization of stably transfected receptors in CHO cells Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch Pharmacol 357 1998 1 9
198. L.J. Knutsen, and S.M. Weiss KW-6002 (Kyowa Hakko Kogyo) Curr Opin Invest Drugs 2 2001 668 673
199. K. Koga, M. Kurokawa, M. Ochi, J. Nakamura, and Y. Kuwana Adenosine A(2A) receptor antagonists KF17837 and KW-6002 potentiate rotation induced by dopaminergic drugs in hemi-Parkinsonian rats Eur J Pharmacol 408 2000 249 255
200. L. Koles, K. Wirkner, and P. Illes Modulation of ionotropic glutamate receptor channels Neurochem Res 26 2001 925 932
201. W.C. Koller Sensory symptoms in Parkinson's disease Neurology 34 1984 957 959
202. V.S. Kostic, M. Svetel, N. Sternic, N. Dragasevic, and S. Przedborski Theophylline increases "on" time in advanced parkinsonian patients Neurology 52 1999 1916
203. E.A. Kowaluk, K.L. Kohlhaas, A. Bannon, K. Gunther, J.J. Lynch III, and M.F. Jarvis Characterization of the effects of adenosine kinase inhibitors on acute thermal nociception in mice Pharmacol Biochem Behav 63 1999 83 91
204. 2A antagonist theophylline in Parkinson's disease Clin Neuropharmacol 25 2002 25 31
205. 2 receptors in Chinese hamster ovary cells co-transfected with the two receptors Biochem Pharmacol 58 1999 1035 1045
206. B. Kull, P. Svenningsson, and B.B. Fredholm Adenosine A(2A) receptors are colocalized with and activate g(olf) in rat striatum Mol Pharmacol 58 2000 771 777
207. 2A receptor-mediated modulation of striatal GABA and ACh release Br J Pharmacol 113 1994 43 48
208. 2A receptor-mediated modulation of striatal acetylcholine release in vivo J Neurochem 66 1996 1882 1888
209. J.W. Langston, P. Ballard, J.W. Tetrud, and I. Irwin Chronic parkinsonism in humans due to a product of meperidine-analog synthesis Science 219 1983 979 980
210. P.A. Lapchak, D. Song, J. Wei, and J.A. Zivin Pharmacology of caffeinol in embolized rabbits: clinical rating scores and intracerebral hemorrhage incidence Exp Neurol 188 2004 286 291
211. 1 receptor-mediated effects on c-fos expression J Neurosci 17 1997 8038 8048
212. 2A receptor Nature 388 1997 674 678
213. 2A adenosine receptor gene: a 4.8-kb promoter-proximal DNA fragment confers selective expression in the central nervous system Eur J Neurosci 18 2003 1786 1796
214. A.F. Leentjens, M. Van den Akker, J.F. Metsemakers, R. Lousberg, and F.R. Verhey Higher incidence of depression preceding the onset of Parkinson's disease: a register study Mov Disord 18 2003 414 418
215. LeWitt, P. A., & the 6002-US-005/US-006 Clinical Investigator Group (2004). "Off" time reduction from adjunctive use of istradefylline (KW-6002) in levodopa-treated patients with advanced Parkinson's disease. Move Disord 19 (S9) S222, P624.
216. 2A adenosine receptors Life Sci 68 2001 1343 1350
217. F. Libert, M. Parmentier, A. Lefort, C. Dinsart, J. Van Sande, and C. Maenhaut Selective amplification and cloning of four new members of the G protein-coupled receptor family Science 244 1989 569 572
218. J. Linden, T. Thai, H. Figler, X. Jin, and A.S. Robeva Characterization of human A(2B) adenosine receptors: radioligand binding, western blotting, and coupling to G(q) in human embryonic kidney 293 cells and HMC-1 mast cells Mol Pharmacol 56 1999 705 713
219. M. Lindskog, P. Svenningsson, L. Pozzi, Y. Kim, A.A. Fienberg, and J.A. Bibb Involvement of DARPP-32 phosphorylation in the stimulant action of caffeine Nature 418 2002 774 778
220. H.H. Liou, M.C. Tsai, C.J. Chen, J.S. Jeng, Y.C. Chang, and S.Y. Chen Environmental risk factors and Parkinson's disease: a case-control study in Taiwan Neurology 48 1997 1583 1588
221. L.V. Lopes, L. Halldner, N. Rebola, B. Johansson, C. Ledent, and J.F. Chen Binding of the prototypical adenosine A(2A) receptor agonist CGS 21680 to the cerebral cortex of adenosine A(1) and A(2A) receptor knockout mice Br J Pharmacol 141 2004 1006 1014
222. 2A receptor agonists in the isolated rat heart Pharmacol Res 35 1997 57 64
223. M. Lundblad, M. Andersson, C. Winkler, D. Kirik, N. Wierup, and M.A. Cenci Pharmacological validation of behavioural measures of akinesia and dyskinesia in a rat model of Parkinson's disease Eur J Neurosci 15 2002 120 132
224. 2A receptor antagonist KW-6002 in a rat model of l-DOPA-induced dyskinesia J Neurochem 84 2003 1398 1410
225. J. Luo, M.G. Kaplitt, H.L. Fitzsimons, D.S. Zuzga, Y. Liu, and M.L. Oshinsky Subthalamic GAD gene therapy in a Parkinson's disease rat model Science 298 2002 425 429
226. 2A adenosine receptor (ADORA2) to chromosome 22 Genomics 20 1994 332 333
227. 2 receptor with physiological constitutive activity Biochem Biophys Res Commun 173 1990 1169 1178
228. S. Maesawa, Y. Kaneoke, Y. Kajita, N. Usui, N. Misawa, and A. Nakayama Long-term stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus in hemiparkinsonian rats: neuroprotection of dopaminergic neurons J Neurosurg 100 2004 679 687
229. J. Mally, and T.W. Stone The effect of theophylline on parkinsonian symptoms J Pharm Pharmacol 46 1994 515 517
230. A.B. Malmberg, and T.L. Yaksh Pharmacology of the spinal action of ketorolac, morphine, ST-91, U50488H, and l-PIA on the formalin test and an isobolographic analysis of the NSAID interaction Anesthesiology 79 1993 270 281
231. 2A receptor activation on the evoked release of glutamate from rat cerebrocortical synaptosomes Br J Pharmacol 136 2002 434 440
232. 2A receptor antagonists of the release of glutamate induced by ischemia in rat cerebrocortical slices Neuropharmacology 45 2003 201 210
233. 2A adenosine receptor subtypes with a differential sensitivity to atropine Neuroscience 116 2003 913 920
234. C.D. Marsden Parkinson's disease in twins J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 50 1987 105 106
235. 1 receptors, using in vivo and in vitro techniques J Pharmacol Exp Ther 285 1998 1023 1030
236. 2 receptors: selective localization in the human basal ganglia and alterations with disease Neuroscience 42 1991 697 706
237. R.J. Marttila, J. Kaprio, M. Koskenvuo, and U.K. Rinne Parkinson's disease in a nationwide twin cohort Neurology 38 1988 1217 1219
238. 2A receptor modulation of electrically evoked endogenous GABA release from slices of rat globus pallidus J Neurochem 60 1993 2334 2337
239. 2 receptor interaction in globus pallidus Synapse 22 1996 132 138
240. M.J. McCarthy The caffeine count in your morning fix Wall Street J 2004, April 13 D1 (New York City)
241. W.M. McDonald, I.H. Richard, and M.R. DeLong Prevalence, etiology, and treatment of depression in Parkinson's disease Biol Psychiatry 54 2003 363 375
242. 2A receptor antagonist SCH 58261 reduces striatal transmitter outflow, turning behavior and ischemic brain damage induced by permanent focal ischemia in the rat Brain Res 959 2003 243 250
243. 2A adenosine receptor from guinea pig brain Neurochem Res 19 1994 613 621
244. E. Mezey, Z.E. Toth, D.N. Cortright, M.K. Arzubi, J.E. Krause, and R. Elde Distribution of mRNA for vanilloid receptor subtype 1 (VR1), and VR1-like immunoreactivity, in the central nervous system of the rat and human Proc Natl Acad Sci 97 2000 3560 3655
245. 2A receptors by SCH 58261 results in neuroprotective effects in cerebral ischaemia in rats Neuroreport 9 1998 3955 3959
246. M.C. Montesinos, J.S. Yap, A. Desai, I. Posadas, C.T. McCrary, and B.N. Cronstein Reversal of the antiinflammatory effects of methotrexate by the nonselective adenosine receptor antagonists theophylline and caffeine: evidence that the antiinflammatory effects of methotrexate are mediated via multiple adenosine receptors in rat adjuvant arthritis Arthritis Rheum 43 2000 656 663
247. R.E. Moo-Puc, J. Villanueva-Toledo, G. Arankowsky-Sandoval, F. Alvarez-Cervera, and J.L. Gongora-Alfaro Treatment with subthreshold doses of caffeine plus trihexyphenidyl fully restores locomotion and exporatory activity in reserpinized rats Neurosci Lett 367 2004 327 331
248. A. Morano, F.J. Jimenez-Jimenez, J.A. Molina, and M.A. Antolin Risk-factors for Parkinson's disease: case-control study in the province of Caceres, Spain Acta Neurol Scand 89 1994 164 170
249. 2A receptor mRNA in neurochemically identified striatal neurons in the human compared to the rat Soc Neurosci Abstr 24 1998 161.1
250. 2 receptors in unilaterally 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned rats Eur J Pharmacol 251 1994 21 25
251. 2 receptors stimulate c-fos expression in striatal neurons of 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned rats Neuroscience 67 1995 49 55
252. D.M. Morens, A. Grandinetti, D. Reed, L.R. White, and G.W. Ross Cigarette smoking and protection from Parkinson's disease: false association or etiologic clue? Neurology 45 1995 1041 1051
253. K.J. Morgan, V.J. Stults, and M.E. Zabik Amount and dietary sources of caffeine and saccharin intake by individuals ages 5 to 18 years Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2 1982 296 307
254. A. Mori, and T. Shindou Modulation of GABAergic transmission in the striatopallidal system by adenosine A(2A) receptors: a potential mechanism for the antiparkinsonian effects of A(2A) antagonists Neurology 61 2003 S44 S48
255. 2A receptors in regulating GABAergic synaptic transmission in striatal medium spiny neurons J Neurosci 16 1996 605 611
256. 2 agonist U91356A in continuous or intermittent mode of administration: comparison with l-DOPA therapy Brain Res Mol Brain Res 49 1997 55 62
257. 2A receptor blockade in the nucleus accumbens on locomotion, feeding, and prepulse inhibition in rats Synapse 49 2003 279 286
258. T. Nakajima, J.L. Daval, P.F. Morgan, R.M. Post, and P.J. Marangos Adenosinergic modulation of caffeine-induced c-fos mRNA expression in mouse brain Brain Res 501 1989 307 314
259. 2A receptors: implications for the treatment of Parkinson's disease J Neurosci 20 2000 7782 7789
260. K.M. Nielsen, and J.J. Soghomonian Dual effects of intermittent or continuous l-DOPA administration on gene expression in the globus pallidus and subthalamic nucleus of adult rats with a unilateral 6-OHDA lesion Synapse 49 2003 246 260
261. 2A receptor signaling Proc Natl Acad Sci 100 2003 1322 1327
262. T. Nishizaki, K. Nagai, T. Nomura, H. Tada, T. Kanno, and H. Tozaki A new neuromodulatory pathway with a glial contribution mediated via A(2a) adenosine receptors Glia 39 2002 133 147
263. 2 receptor antagonist, to rat brain membranes Mol Pharmacol 46 1994 817 822
264. W. Norenberg, K. Wirkner, and P. Illes Effect of adenosine and some of its structural analogues on the conductance of NMDA receptor channels in a subset of rat neostriatal neurones Br J Pharmacol 122 1997 71 80
265. 2A receptors inhibit the conductance of NMDA receptor channels in rat neostriatal neurons Amino Acids 14 1998 33 39
266. M. Ochi, K. Koga, M. Kurokawa, H. Kase, J. Nakamura, and Y. Kuwana Systemic administration of adenosine A(2A) receptor antagonist reverses increased GABA release in the globus pallidus of unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine- lesioned rats: a microdialysis study Neuroscience 100 2000 53 62
267. M. Ochi, S. Shiozaki, and H. Kase Adenosine A(2A) receptor-mediated modulation of GABA and glutamate release in the output regions of the basal ganglia in a rodent model of Parkinson's disease Neuroscience 127 2004 223 231
268. W.G. Oerlemans, and A.W. de Weerd The prevalence of sleep disorders in patients with Parkinson's disease. A self-reported, community-based survey Sleep Med 3 2002 147 149
269. S. Offermanns, and M.I. Simon G alpha 15 and G alpha 16 couple a wide variety of receptors to phospholipase C J Biol Chem 270 1995 15175 15180
270. J.D. Oh, P. Del Dotto, and T.N. Chase Protein kinase A inhibitor attenuates levodopa-induced motor response alterations in the hemi-parkinsonian rat Neurosci Lett 228 1997 5 8
271. J.D. Oh, C.L. Vaughan, and T.N. Chase Effect of dopamine denervation and dopamine agonist administration on serine phosphorylation of striatal NMDA receptor subunits Brain Res 821 1999 433 442
272. T. Ohmori, T. Abekawa, and T. Koyama Scopalamine prevents the development of sensitization to methamphetamine Psychopharmacology 121 1995 158 163
273. A. Ohta, and M. Sitkovsky Role of G-protein-coupled adenosine receptors in downregulation of inflammation and protection from tissue damage Nature 414 2001 916 920
274. 2 receptors modulate extracellular dopamine levels in rat striatum Neurosci Lett 212 1996 53 56
275. 2 receptor-mediated responses in the rat hippocampus in vitro Eur J Pharmacol 362 1998 17 25
276. M.D. Okusa A(2A) adenosine receptor: a novel therapeutic target in renal disease Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 282 2002 F10 F18
277. M.D. Okusa, J. Linden, L. Huang, J.M. Rieger, T.L. Macdonald, and L.P. Huynh A(2A) adenosine receptor-mediated inhibition of renal injury and neutrophil adhesion Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 279 2000 F809 F818
278. M.E. Olah, and G.L. Stiles Adenosine receptor subtypes: characterization and therapeutic regulation Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 35 1995 581 606
279. C.W. Olanow, and J.A. Obeso Preventing levodopa-induced dyskinesias Ann Neurol 47 2000 S167 S176 (discussion S176-S178)
280. 2 and dopamine autoreceptors antagonistically regulate tyrosine hydroxylase activity in rat striatal synaptosomes Brain Res 456 1988 302 309
281. E. Ongini, S. Dionisotti, S. Gessi, E. Irenius, and B.B. Fredholm Comparison of CGS 15943, ZM 241385 and SCH 58261 as antagonists at human adenosine receptors Naunyn-Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 359 1999 7 10
282. 2 adenosine receptor agonist CGS 21680 enhances excitatory transmitter amino acid release from the ischemic rat cerebral cortex Neurosci Lett 138 1992 169 172
283. E. Oztas, A. Kalda, K. Xu, M.C. Irrizary, M.A. Schwarzschild, and J.F. Chen Caffeine attenuates MPTP-induced loss of dopaminergic neurons in substantia nigra in mice Program No. 487.6. 2002 Abstract viewer/itinerary planner 2002 Society for Neuroscience, 2002 Washington, DC Online
284. J. Parkinson An essay on the shaking palsy 1817 Sherwood, Neely and Jones London
285. 3H]-CGS 21680 as a ligand Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch Pharmacol 342 1990 85 89
286. 2A receptors in rat striatum: implications for the mechanism and the treatment of tardive dyskinesia J Neurochem 65 1995 2057 2064
287. 2-like dopamine receptors synergistically activate rotation and c-fos expression in the dopamine-depleted striatum in a rat model of Parkinson's disease J Neurosci 12 1992 3729 3742
288. G. Paul, W. Meissner, S. Rein, D. Harnack, C. Winter, and K. Hosmann Ablation of the subthalamic nucleus protects dopaminergic phenotype but not cell survival in a rat model of Parkinson's disease Exp Neurol 185 2004 272 280
289. C. Perier, C. Marin, M. Bonastre, E. Tolosa, and E.C. Hirsch AMPA receptor antagonist LY293558 reverses preproenkephalin mRNA overexpression in the striatum of 6-OHDA-lesioned-rats treated with l-dopa Eur J Neurosci 16 2002 2236 2240
290. C. Perier, C. Marin, A. Jimenez, M. Bonastre, E. Tolosa, and E.C. Hirsch Effect of subthalamic nucleus or entopeduncular nucleus lesion on levodopa-induced neurochemical changes within the basal ganglia and on levodopa-induced motor alterations in 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned rats J Neurochem 86 2003 1328 1337
291. 2A adenosine receptor gene J Neurochem 66 1996 362 368
292. 2A receptor antagonists Bioorganic Med Chem 11 2003 1299 1310
293. 2A adenosine receptor antagonists on cerebral ischemic injury in the gerbil Brain Res 705 1995 79 84
294. B. Piallat, A. Benazzouz, and A.L. Benabid Subthalamic nucleus lesion in rats prevents dopaminergic nigral neuron degeneration after striatal 6-OHDA injection: behavioural and immunohistochemical studies Eur J Neurosci 8 1996 1408 1414
295. P. Piccini, D.J. Burn, R. Ceravolo, D. Maraganore, and D.J. Brooks The role of inheritance in sporadic Parkinson's disease: evidence from a longitudinal study of dopaminergic function in twins Ann Neurol 45 1999 577 582
296. R.C. Pierce, and P.W. Kalivas A circuitry model of the expression of behavioral sensitization to amphetamine-like psychostimulants Brain Res Rev 25 1997 192 216
297. M. Pierri, E. Vaudano, T. Sager, and U. Englund KW-6002 protects from MPTP induced dopaminergic toxicity in the mouse Neuropharmacology 2005 (in press)
298. 1 agonists in dopamine-denervated rats Eur J Neurosci 8 1996 1176 1181
299. 2A receptor agonists increase Fos-like immunoreactivity in mesolimbic areas Brain Res 759 1997 41 49
300. 2A receptors in the induction of c-fos expression by clozapine and haloperidol Neuropsychopharmacology 20 1999 44 51
301. A. Pinna, S. Fenu, and M. Morelli Motor stimulant effects of the adenosine A(2A) receptor antagonist SCH 58261 do not develop tolerance after repeated treatments in 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned rats Synapse 39 2001 233 238
302. 2A receptors Neuroreport 11 2000 3611 3614
303. A. Pintor, D. Quarta, A. Pezzola, R. Reggio, and P. Popoli SCH 58261 (an adenosine A(2A) receptor antagonist) reduces, only at low doses, K(+)-evoked glutamate release in the striatum Eur J Pharmacol 421 2001 177 180
304. 2A receptor antagonists prevent the increase in striatal glutamate levels induced by glutamate uptake inhibitors J Neurochem 89 2004 152 156
305. P. Piriyawat, L.A. Labiche, W.S. Burgin, J.A. Aronowski, and J.C. Grotta Pilot dose-escalation study of caffeine plus ethanol (caffeinol) in acute ischemic stroke Stroke 34 2003 1242 1245
306. 2 dopamine-dependent activation of Fos in the striatopallidal pathway Neuroscience 68 1995 721 728
307. 1 dopamine agonist on rotational behavior and striatal c-fos induction in 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned rats Brain Res 743 1996 124 130
308. 2 dopamine receptor mRNA in striatal output pathways following a selective lesion of striatonigral neurons Brain Res 631 1993 161 166
309. 2A receptor stimulation enhances striatal extracellular glutamate levels in rats Eur J Pharmacol 287 1995 215 217
310. 2A receptor antagonists stimulate motor activity: evidence for an increased effectiveness in aged rats Neurosci Lett 251 1998 201 204
311. P. Popoli, A. Pezzola, M. Torvinen, R. Reggio, A. Pintor, and L. Scarchilli The selective mGlu(5) receptor agonist CHPG inhibits quinpirole-induced turning in 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned rats and modulates the binding characteristics of dopamine D(2) receptors in the rat striatum: interactions with adenosine A(2a) receptors Neuropsychopharmacology 25 2001 505 513
312. 2A receptor reduces, through a presynaptic mechanism, quinolinic acid-induced excitotoxicity: possible relevance to neuroprotective interventions in neurodegenerative diseases of the striatum J Neurosci 22 2002 1967 1975
313. P. Popoli, C. Frank, M.T. Tebano, R.L. Potenza, A. Pintor, and M.R. Domenici Modulation of glutamate release and excitotoxicity by adenosine A(2A) receptors Neurology 61 2003 S69 S71
314. T. Porkka-Heiskanen, R.E. Strecker, M. Thakkar, A.A. Bjorkum, R.W. Greene, and R.W. McCarley Adenosine: a mediator of the sleep-inducing effects of prolonged wakefulness Science 276 1997 1265 1268
315. Z. Preston, K. Lee, L. Widdowson, T.C. Freeman, A.K. Dixon, and P.J. Richardson Adenosine receptor expression and function in rat striatal cholinergic interneurons Br J Pharmacol 130 2000 886 890
316. P.M. Preux, A. Condet, C. Anglade, M. Druet-Cabanac, C. Debrock, and W. Macharia Parkinson's disease and environmental factors. Matched case-control study in the Limousin region, France Neuroepidemiology 19 2000 333 337
317. P. Puntambekar, J. Van Buren, M. Raisinghani, L.S. Premkumar, and V. Ramkumar Direct interaction of adenosine with the TRPV1 channel protein J Neurosci 24 2004 3663 3671
318. M. Quik, S. Police, J.W. Langston, and D.A. Di Monte Increases in striatal preproenkephalin gene expression are associated with nigrostriatal damage but not l-DOPA-induced dyskinesias in the squirrel monkey Neuroscience 113 2002 213 220
319. P. Ragonese, G. Salemi, L. Morgante, P. Aridon, A. Epifanio, and D. Buffa A case-control study on cigarette, alcohol, and coffee consumption preceding Parkinson's disease Neuroepidemiology 22 2003 297 304
320. K. Rane, M. Segerdahl, M. Goiny, and A. Sollevi Intrathecal adenosine administration: a Phase 1 clinical safety study in healthy volunteers, with additional evaluation of its influence on sensory thresholds and experimental pain Anesthesiology 89 1998 1108 1115 (discussion 9A)
321. B.M. Ravina, S.C. Fagan, R.G. Hart, C.A. Hovinga, D.D. Murphy, and T.M. Dawson Neuroprotective agents for clinical trials in Parkinson's disease: a systematic assessment Neurology 60 2003 1234 1240
322. P.J. Richardson, A.K. Dixon, K. Lee, M.I. Bell, P.J. Cox, and R. Williams Correlating physiology with gene expression in striatal cholinergic neurones J Neurochem 74 2000 839 846
323. 2A agonists: a potential new type of atypical antipsychotic Neuropsychopharmacology 17 1997 82 91
324. 2 dopamine agonists on turning behaviour in rats Brain Res 384 1986 387 390
325. T.E. Robinson, and J.B. Becker Enduring changes in brain and behavior produced by chronic amphetamine administration: a review and evaluation of animal models of amphetamine psychosis Brain Res 396 1986 157 198
326. T.E. Robinson, T.E. Jurson, J.A. Bennett, and K.M. Bentgen Persistent sensitization of dopamine neurotransmission in ventral striatum (nucleus accumbens) produced by prior experience with (+)amphetamine: a microdialysis study in freely moving rats Brain Res 462 1988 211 222
327. S. Rorke, and S.T. Holgate Targeting adenosine receptors: novel therapeutic targets in asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Am J Respir Med 1 2002 99 105
328. 2A receptors in the rat central nervous system J Comp Neurol 401 1998 163 186
329. D.L. Rosin, B.D. Hettinger, A. Lee, and J. Linden Anatomy of adenosine A2A receptors in brain Neurology 61 Suppl. 6 2003 S12 S18
330. G.W. Ross, R.D. Abbott, H. Petrovitch, D.M. Morens, A. Grandinetti, and K.H. Tung Association of coffee and caffeine intake with the risk of Parkinson disease JAMA 283 2000 2674 2679
331. 2 receptor-induced responses in stably transfected human neuroblastoma cells J Neurochem 74 2000 432 439
332. 2 in rats Proc Natl Acad Sci 93 1996 5980 5984
333. 2A receptor in sleep promotion Eur J Pharmacol 351 1998 155 162
334. 2A receptor pathway reduces leukocyte infiltration but enhances edema formation in rat caerulein pancreatitis Pancreas 24 2002 75 82
335. R. Sauer, J. Maurinsh, U. Reith, F. Fulle, K.N. Klotz, and C.E. Muller Water-soluble phosphate prodrugs of 1-propargyl-8-styrylxanthine derivatives, A(2A)-selective adenosine receptor antagonists J Med Chem 43 2000 440 448
336. J. Sawynok, and X.J. Liu Adenosine in the spinal cord and periphery: release and regulation of pain Prog Neurobiol 69 2003 313 340
337. 2 receptors regulate the gene expression of striatopallidal and striatonigral neurons J Neurosci 13 1993 1080 1087
338. 2 receptor (RDC8) is expressed by enkephalin but not by substance P neurons: an in situ hybridization histochemistry study J Neurochem 57 1991 1062 1067
339. 2 receptor mRNA in the human brain Neurosci Lett 130 1991 177 181
340. 2A receptor and striatal cellular functions: regulation of gene expression, currents, and synaptic transmission Neurology 61 11 Suppl 6 2003 S24 S29
341. A. Schrag, M. Jahanshahi, and N.P. Quinn What contributes to depression in Parkinson's disease? Psychol Med 31 2001 65 73
342. G. Schulte, and B.B. Fredholm Signalling from adenosine receptors to mitogen-activated protein kinases Cell Signal 15 2003 813 827
343. A.G. Schuurman, M. van den Akker, K.T. Ensinck, J.F. Metsemakers, J.A. Knottnerus, and A.F. Leentjens Increased risk of Parkinson's disease after depression: a retrospective cohort study Neurology 58 2002 1501 1504
344. M.A. Schwarzschild, J.F. Chen, and A. Ascherio Caffeinated clues and the promise of adenosine A(2A) antagonists in PD Neurology 58 2002 1154 1160
345. M.A. Schwarzschild, J.F. Chen, M. Tennis, S. Messing, C. Kamp, and A. Ascherio Relating caffeine consumption to Parkinson's disease progression and dyskinesias development Mov Disord 18 9 2003 1082 1083
346. 2 receptor-mediated excitatory actions on the nervous system Prog Neurobiol 48 1996 167 189
347. M. Segerdahl, A. Ekblom, and A. Sollevi The influence of adenosine, ketamine, and morphine on experimentally induced ischemic pain in healthy volunteers Anesth Analg 79 1994 787 791
348. M. Segerdahl, A. Ekblom, K. Sandelin, M. Wickman, and A. Sollevi Preoperative adenosine infusion reduces the requirements for isoflurane and postoperative analgesics Anesth Analg 80 1995 1145 1149
349. 2A-adenosine receptor in primary human endothelial cells J Biol Chem 272 1997 5792 5799
350. J. Shimada, N. Koike, H. Nonaka, S. Shiozaki, K. Yanagawa, T. Kanda, S. Kobayashi, M. Ichimura, J. Nakamura, H. Kase, and F. Suzuki Adenosine A2A antagonists with potent anti-cataleptic activity Bio Med Chem Lett 7 1997 2349 2352
351. T. Shimazoe, A. Yoshimatsu, A. Kawashimo, and S. Watanabe Roles of adenosine A(1) and A(2A) receptors in the expression and development of methamphetamine-induced sensitization Eur J Pharmacol 388 2000 249 254
352. T. Shindou, A. Mori, H. Kase, and M. Ichimura Adenosine A(2A) receptor enhances GABA(A)-mediated IPSCs in the rat globus pallidus J Physiol 532 2001 423 434
353. 2A receptors enhance GABAergic synaptic transmission via a cyclic AMP dependent mechanism in the rat globus pallidus Br J Pharmacol 136 2002 296 302
354. 2A receptors in rats Neurosci Lett 352 2003 167 170
355. 2A receptor antagonist KW-6002 on drug-induced catalepsy and hypokinesia caused by reserpine or MPTP Psychopharmacology 147 1999 90 95
356. I. Shoulson, and T. Chase Caffeine and the antiparkinsonian response to levodopa or piribedil Neurology 25 1975 722 724
357. G.J. Siegel, and N.B. Chauhan Neurotrophic factors in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease brain Brain Res Rev 33 2000 199 227
358. 2A agonist CGS 21680 reverses the reduction in prepulse inhibition of the acoustic startle response induced by phencyclidine, but not by apomorphine and amphetamine Psychopharmacology 156 2001 187 193
359. 2A receptors antagonizes parkinsonian tremor in the rat tacrine model by an action on specific striatal regions Exp Neurol 189 2004 182 188
360. 2A receptors Annu Rev Immunol 22 2004 657 682
361. 1 receptor agonist R-phenylisopropyl adenosine reduces presumed pain behaviour in a rat model of central pain Neurosci Lett 243 1998 89 92
362. Y. Smith, A. Charara, J.E. Hanson, M. Paquet, and A.I. Levey GABA(B) and group I metabotropic glutamate receptors in the striatopallidal complex in primates J Anat 196 Pt. 4 2000 555 576
363. L.A. Smith, M.J. Jackson, M.J. Hansard, E. Maratos, and P. Jenner Effect of pulsatile administration of levodopa on dyskinesia induction in drug-naive MPTP-treated common marmosets: effect of dose, frequency of administration, and brain exposure Mov Disord 18 2003 487 495
364. S.R. Snider, S. Fahn, W.P. Isgreen, and L.J. Cote Primary sensory symptoms in parkinsonism Neurology 26 1976 423 429
365. A. Sollevi, M. Belfrage, T. Lundeberg, M. Segerdahl, and P. Hansson Systemic adenosine infusion: a new treatment modality to alleviate neuropathic pain Pain 61 1995 155 158
366. Stacy, M. A., & the 60002-US-005/US-006 Clinical Investigator Group (2004). Istradefylline (KW-6002) as adjunctive therapy in patients with advanced Parkinson's disease: a positive safety profile with supporting efficacy. Mov Disord 19 (S9), S215, P605.
367. 2 adenosine receptors inhibit calcium influx through L-type calcium channels in rod photoreceptors of the salamander retina J Neurophysiol 87 2002 351 360
368. 1 receptor J Sleep Res 12 2003 283 290
369. 2A receptor antagonists Drug Dev Res 52 2001 323 330
370. U. Stromberg, and B. Waldeck Behavioural and biochemical interaction between caffeine and l-dopa J Pharm Pharmacol 25 1973 302 308
371. 2 receptor regulation in the rat dopamine-denervated striatum Eur J Neurosci 12 2000 4033 4037
372. R. Strong, J.C. Grotta, and J. Aronowski Combination of low dose ethanol and caffeine protects brain from damage produced by focal ischemia in rats Neuropharmacology 39 2000 515 522
373. M.F. Suaud-Chagny, K. Chergui, G. Chouvet, and F. Gonnon Relationship between dopamine release in the rat nucleus accumbens and the discharge activity of dopaminergic neurons during local in vivo application of amino acids in the ventral tegmental area Neuroscience 49 1992 63 72
374. 2A adenosine receptors inhibits expression of {alpha}4/{beta}1 integrin (very late antigen-4) on stimulated human neutrophils J Leukoc Biol 75 2004 127 134
375. P. Svenningsson, and B.B. Fredholm Caffeine mimics the effect of a dopamine D2/3 receptor agonist on the expression of immediate early genes in globus pallidus Neuropharmacology 36 1997 1309 1317
376. P. Svenningsson, G.G. Nomikos, and B.B. Fredholm Biphasic changes in locomotor behavior and in expression of mRNA for NGFI-A and NGFI-B in rat striatum following acute caffeine administration J Neurosci 15 1995 7612 7624
377. P. Svenningsson, H. Hall, G. Sedvall, and B.B. Fredholm Distribution of adenosine receptors in the postmortem human brain: an extended autoradiographic study Synapse 27 1997 322 335
378. 2A receptor messenger RNA in the rat central nervous system with special reference to dopamine innervated areas Neuroscience 80 1997 1171 1185
379. 2A receptors underlies the behavioural activating effect of caffeine and is associated with reduced expression of messenger RNA for NGFI-A and NGFI-B in caudate-putamen and nucleus accumbens Neuroscience 79 1997 753 764
380. 2A receptor mRNA in the primate striatum J Comp Neurol 399 1998 229 240
381. 1 receptors stimulates cyclic AMP-dependent phosphorylation of DARPP-32 in distinct populations of striatal projection neurons Neuroscience 84 1998 223 228
382. P. Svenningsson, L. Fourreau, B. Bloch, B.B. Fredholm, F. Gonon, and C. Le Moine Opposite tonic modulation of dopamine and adenosine on c-fos gene expression in striatopallidal neurons Neuroscience 89 1999 827 837
383. 2A receptors Prog Neurobiol 59 1999 355 396
384. 2A receptors Proc Natl Acad Sci 97 2000 1856 1860
385. E.K. Tan, C. Tan, S.M. Fook-Chong, S.Y. Lum, A. Chai, and H. Chung Dose-dependent protective effect of coffee, tea, and smoking in Parkinson's disease: a study in ethnic Chinese J Neurol Sci 216 2003 163 167
386. C.M. Tanner, R. Ottman, S.M. Goldman, J. Ellenberg, P. Chan, and R. Mayeux Parkinson disease in twins: an etiologic study JAMA 281 1999 341 346
387. 2A receptor blockade differentially influences excitotoxic mechanisms at pre- and postsynaptic sites in the rat striatum J Neurosci Res 77 2004 100 107
388. B.C. Tel, B.Y. Zeng, C. Cannizzaro, R.K. Pearce, S. Rose, and P. Jenner Alterations in striatal neuropeptide mRNA produced by repeated administration of l-DOPA, ropinirole or bromocriptine correlate with dyskinesia induction in MPTP-treated common marmosets Neuroscience 115 2002 1047 1058
389. C.M. Testa, D.G. Standaert, G.B. Landwehrmeyer, J.B. Penney Jr., and A.B. Young Differential expression of mGluR5 metabotropic glutamate receptor mRNA by rat striatal neurons J Comp Neurol 354 1995 241 252
390. A. Thithapandha, H.M. Maling, and J.R. Gillette Effects of caffeine and theophylline on activity of rats in relation to brain xanthine concentrations Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 139 1972 582 586
391. M. Tohyama, and K. Takatsuji Atlas of neuroactive substances and their receptors in the rat 1998 Oxford University Press New York
392. 2A receptor mRNA in 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned rats intermittently treated with l-DOPA Synapse 52 2004 218 222
393. 2A receptor-deficient mice Neurology 61 2003 S94 S96
394. L.J. Vanderschuren, and P.W. Kalivas Alterations in dopaminergic and glutamatergic transmission in the induction and expression of behavioral sensitization: a critical review of preclinical studies Psychopharmacology 151 2000 99 120
395. P. Vieregge, K.A. Schiffke, H.J. Friedrich, B. Muller, and H.P. Ludin Parkinson's disease in twins Neurology 42 1992 1453 1461
396. P. Vieregge, J. Hagenah, I. Heberlein, C. Klein, and H.P. Ludin Parkinson's disease in twins: a follow-up study Neurology 53 1999 566 572
397. 1 adenosine antagonists enhance the anticataleptic action of trihexyphenidyl in rats Neurosci Lett 346 2003 1 4
398. J. Vinten-Johansen, V.H. Thourani, R.S. Ronson, J.E. Jordan, Z.Q. Zhao, and M. Nakamura Broad-spectrum cardioprotection with adenosine (comment) Ann Thorac Surg 68 1999 1942 1948
399. D.K. Von Lubitz, R.C. Lin, P. Popik, M.F. Carter, and K.A. Jacobson Adenosine A3 receptor stimulation and cerebral ischemia Eur J Pharmacol 263 1994 59 67
400. 2A receptor agonist and antagonist Eur J Pharmacol 287 1995 295 302
401. 2 dopamine receptor activation J Pharmacol Exp Ther 308 2004 221 227
402. 2A receptor antagonists J Med Chem 47 2004 4291 4299
403. 2 receptor binding in superior colliculus of rat Neurosci Lett 117 1990 160 164
404. 2A receptor Behav Brain Res 143 2003 201 207
405. 2A, but not serotonin 5-Ht4 or 5-Ht6 receptors following antipsychotic administration Neuroscience 89 1999 927 938
406. C.D. Ward, R.C. Duvoisin, S.E. Ince, J.D. Nutt, R. Eldridge, and D.B. Calne Parkinson's disease in 65 pairs of twins and in a set of quadruplets Neurology 33 1983 815 824
407. J. Wardas, J. Konieczny, and E. Lorenc-Koci SCH 58261, an A(2A) adenosine receptor antagonist, counteracts parkinsonian-like muscle rigidity in rats Synapse 41 2001 160 171
408. J. Wardas, J. Konieczny, and M. Pietraszek Influence of CGS 21680, a selective adenosine A(2A) agonist, on the phencyclidine-induced sensorimotor gating deficit and motor behaviour in rats Psychopharmacology 168 2003 299 306
409. 2A receptor antagonist, decreases the haloperidol-enhanced proenkephalin mRNA expression in the rat striatum Brain Res 977 2003 270 277
410. 2A adenosine receptor gene expression in developing rat brain Brain Res Mol Brain Res 20 1993 313 327
411. 2A receptor modulation Neurology 61 2003 S88 S93
412. 2A receptor antagonists for the treatment of Parkinson's disease Neurology 61 2003 S101 S106
413. J.E. Westin, M. Andersson, M. Lundblad, and M.A. Cenci Persistent changes in striatal gene expression induced by long-term l-DOPA treatment in a rat model of Parkinson's disease Eur J Neurosci 14 2001 1171 1176
414. T. Wichmann, and M.R. DeLong Functional neuroanatomy of the basal ganglia in Parkinson's disease Adv Neurol 91 2003 9 18
415. C. Winkler, D. Kirik, A. Bjorklund, and M.A. Cenci l-DOPA-induced dyskinesia in the intrastriatal 6-hydroxydopamine model of Parkinson's disease: relation to motor and cellular parameters of nigrostriatal function Neurobiol Dis 10 2002 165 186
416. K. Wirdefeldt, K. Gatz, M. Schalling, and N.L. Pedersen No evidence for heritability of Parkinson disease in Swedish twins Neurology 63 2004 305 311
417. K. Wirkner, H. Assmann, L. Koles, Z. Gerevich, H. Franke, and W. Norenberg Inhibition by adenosine A(2A) receptors of NMDA but not AMPA currents in rat neostriatal neurons Br J Pharmacol 130 2000 259 269
418. 2A receptor-induced inhibition of NMDA and GABAA receptor-mediated synaptic currents in a subpopulation of rat striatal neurons Neuropharmacology 46 2004 994 1007
419. M.E. Wolf The role of excitatory amino acids in behavioral sensitization to psychomotor stimulants Progr Neurobiol 54 1998 679 720
420. K. Xu, Y.H. Xu, J.F. Chen, and M.A. Schwarzschild Caffeine's neuroprotection against 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine toxicity shows no tolerance to chronic caffeine administration in mice Neurosci Lett 322 2002 13 16
421. K. Xu, Y.H. Xu, J.F. Chen, and M.A. Schwarzschild Neuroprotection by metabolites of caffeine may prolong its neuroprotection in the MPTP model of Parkinson's disease Program No. 487.5. 2002 Abstract viewer/itinerary planner 2002 Society for Neuroscience, 2002 Washington, DC Online
422. K. Xu, Y.H. Xu, D. Brown-Jermyn, A. Scibelli, J.F. Chen, and M.A. Schwarzschild Estrogen modulates neuroprotection by caffeine in the MPTP model of Parkinson's disease Program No. 300.17. 2003 Abstract viewer/itinerary planner 2003 Society for Neuroscience, 2003 Washington, DC Online
423. B.Y. Zeng, J. Jolkkonen, P. Jenner, and C.D. Marsden Chronic l-DOPA treatment differentially regulates gene expression of glutamate decarboxylase, preproenkephalin and preprotachykinin in the striatum of 6-hydroxydopamine- lesioned rat Neuroscience 66 1995 19 28
424. B.Y. Zeng, R.K. Pearce, G.M. MacKenzie, and P. Jenner Alterations in preproenkephalin and adenosine-2a receptor mRNA, but not preprotachykinin mRNA correlate with occurrence of dyskinesia in normal monkeys chronically treated with l-DOPA Eur J Neurosci 12 2000 1096 1104
425. T. Zetterstrom, and M. Fillenz Adenosine agonists can both inhibit and enhance in vivo striatal dopamine release Eur J Pharmacol 180 1990 137 143