Animal models of Parkinson's disease: An empirical comparison with the phenomenology of the disease in man

Journal of Neural Transmission

Volumn 103, Issue 8-9, 1996, Pages 987-1041

  Gerlach, M ^a,b   Riederer, P ^a,c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WÜRZBURG   (Germany)

^b ST JOSEF HOSPITAL   (Germany)

^c UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL WÜRZBURG   (Germany)

Author keywords

carbolines; 6 hydroxydopamine; Animal model; Calcium; Catalepsy; Iron; Methamphetamine; MPTP; Neurodegeneration; Neurotoxins; Oxidative stress; Parkinson's disease; Pathogenesis; TaClo; Tetrahydroisoquinolines

Indexed keywords

1,2,3,6 TETRAHYDRO 1 METHYL 4 PHENYLPYRIDINE; 3,4 DIHYDROXYPHENYLACETIC ACID; BETA CARBOLINE; METHAMPHETAMINE; NEUROLEPTIC AGENT; NEUROTOXIN; NEUROTRANSMITTER; OXIDOPAMINE; RESERPINE; TETRAHYDROISOQUINOLINE;

AGE; AKINESIA; ANIMAL BEHAVIOR; ANIMAL EXPERIMENT; ANIMAL MODEL; ARTICLE; BRADYKINESIA; BRAIN METABOLISM; BRAIN STEM; CELL DEATH; CLINICAL FEATURE; DOPAMINE METABOLISM; DOPAMINERGIC NERVE CELL; DOPAMINERGIC SYSTEM; DRUG INDUCED DISEASE; IRON METABOLISM; MOTOR DYSFUNCTION; MOUSE; NERVE DEGENERATION; NEUROCHEMISTRY; NEUROPATHOLOGY; NONHUMAN; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PARKINSON DISEASE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RAT; SUBSTITUTION THERAPY; TREMOR;

ANIMALS; BEHAVIOR, ANIMAL; DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL; DOPAMINE; HUMANS; NEUROTOXINS; NEUROTRANSMITTER AGENTS; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PARKINSON DISEASE; PARKINSON DISEASE, SECONDARY;

EID: 0029845140     PISSN: 03009564     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/BF01291788     Document Type: Article

References (254)

1. Abekawa T, Ohmori T, Koyama T (1994) Effects of repeated administration of a high dose of methamphetamine on dopamine and glutamate release in rat striatum and nucleus accumbens. Brain Res 643: 276-281
2. + induced oxygen radical formation with mitochondrial enzymes. Free Rad Biol Med 15: 181-186
3. Albores R, Neafsey EJ, Drucker G, Fields JZ, Collins MA (1990) Mitochondrial respiratory inhibition by N-methylated β-carboline derivatives structurally resembling N-methyl-4-phenylpyridine. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 87: 9368-9372
4. Alexander GM, Brainard DL, Gordon SW, Hichens M, Grothusen JR, Schwartzman RJ (1991) Dopamine receptor changes in untreated and (+)-PHNO-treated MPTP Parkinsonian primates. Brain Res 547: 181-189
5. +): regional dopamine neuron uptake, toxicity. and novel rotational behavior following dopamine receptor proliferation. Eur J Pharmacol 131: 199-209
6. Ambani LM, Van Woert MH, Murphy S (1975) Brain peroxides and catalase in Parkinson's disease. Arch Neurol 32: 114-118
7. Andén N-E, Dahlström A, Fuxe K, Larsson K (1966) Functional role of the nigroneo-striatal dopamine neurons. Acta Pharmacol Toxicol 24: 263-274
8. Arendash GW, Olanow CW, Sengstock GJ (1993) Intranigral iron infusion in rats: a progressive model for excess nigral iron levels in Parkinson's disease? In: Riederer P, Youdim MBH (eds) Iron in central nervous system disorders. Springer, Wien New York, pp 87-101 (Key Topics in Brain Research)
9. Baik J-H, Picetti R, Saiardi A, Thiriet G, Dierich A, Depaulis A, Le Meur M, Borrelli E (1995) Parkinsonian-like locomotor impairment in mice lacking dopamine D2 receptors. Nature 377: 424-428
10. +) on purine metabolism in rat striatum in vivo using the microdialysis technique. Brain Res 483: 184-187
11. Barker SA, Harrison REW, Monti JA, Brown GB, Christian ST (1981) Identification and quantitation of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-beta-carboline, 2-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-beta-carboline, and 8-methoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-beta-carboline as in vivo constituents of rat brain and adrenal gland. Biochem Pharmacol 30: 9-17
12. Bates TE, Heales SJR, Davies EEC, Boakye P, Clark JB (1994) Effects of 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium on isolated rat brain mitochondria: evidence for a primary involvement of energy depletion. J Neurochem 63: 640-648
13. Beal MF (1992) Does impairment of energy metabolism result in excitotoxic neuronal death in neurodegenerative illnesses? Ann Neurol 31: 119-130
14. 1 receptor stimulation in normal and MPTP monkeys. Neurosci Lett 104: 223-228
15. Ben-Shachar D, Youdim MBH (1991) Intranigral iron injection induces behavioral and biochemical "Parkinsonism" in rats. J Neurochem 57: 2133-2135
16. Ben-Shachar D, Eshel G, Finberg JPM, Youdim MBH (1991) The iron chelator desferrioxamine (desferal) retards 6-hydroxydopamine-induced degeneration of nigro-striatal dopamine neurons. J Neurochem 56: 1441-1444
17. Bernheimer H, Birkmayer W, Hornykiewicz O, Jellinger K, Seitelberger F (1973) Brain dopamine and the syndromes of Parkinson and Huntington. Clinical, morphological and neurochemical correlations. J Neurol Sci 20: 415-455
18. Bernocchi G, Gerzeli G, Scherini E, Vignola C (1993) Neuroprotective effects of a-dihydroergocryptine against damages in the substantia nigra caused by severe treatment with 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine. Acta Neuropathol 85: 404-413
19. Birkmayer W, Riederer P (1975) Responsibility of extrastriatal areas for the appearance of psychotic symptoms. J Neural Transm 37: 175-181
20. Birkmayer W, Riederer P (1985) Die Parkinson-Krankheit: Biochemie, Klinik, Therapie, 2. Aufl. Springer, Wien New York, pp 60-101
21. Bloom FE, Algeria S, Groppetti A, Revuelta A, Costa E (1969) Lesions of central norepinephrine terminals with 6-OH-dopamine: biochemistry and tine structure. Science 166: 1284-1286
22. Boireau A, Bordier F, Dubedat P, Doble A (1995) Methamphetamine and dopamine neurotoxicity: differential effects of agents interfering with glutamatergic transmission. Neurosci Lett 195: 9-12
23. Boissier JR, Simon P (1963) Un test simple pour l'étude quantitative de la catatonic provoquée chez le rat par les neuroleptiques. Application à l'étude des anticatatoniques. Thérapie 18: 1257-1277
24. Braak H, Braak E, Yilmazer D, Schultz C, de Vos RAI, Jansen ENH (1995) Nigral and extranigral pathology in Parkinson's disease. J Neural Transm [Suppl] 46: 15-31
25. Breese GR, Traylor TD (1970) Effect of 6-hydroxydopamine on brain norephinephrine and dopamine: evidence for selective degeneration of catecholamine neurons. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 174: 413-420
26. Bringmann G, God R, Feineis D, Wesemann W, Riederer P, Rausch W-D, Reichmann H, Sontag K-H (1995) The TaClo concept: 1-trichloromethyl-1,2,3,4-tetahydro-β-carboline (TaClo), a new toxin for dopaminergic neurons. J Neural Transm [Suppl] 46: 235-244
27. Buja LM, Eigenbrodt ML, Eigenbrodt EH (1993) Apoptosis and necrosis: basic types and mechanisms of cell death. Arch Pathol Lab Med 117: 1208-1214
28. Burns RS, Chiueh CC, Markey SP, Ebert MH, Jacobowitz DM, Kopin IJ (1983) A primate model of Parkinsonism: selective destruction of dopaminergic neurons in the pars compacta of the substantia nigra by N-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA80: 4546-4550
29. Butterwort RF, Bélanger F, Barbeau A (1978) Hypokinesia produced by anterioolateral hypothalamic 6-hydroxydopamine lesions and its reversal by some antiparkinson drugs. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 8: 41-45
30. Cadet JL, Katz M, Jackson-Lewis V, Fahn S (1989) Vitamin E attenuates the toxic effects of intrastriatal injection of 6-OHDA in rats: behavioral and biochemical evidence. Brain Res 476: 10-15
31. Cadet JL, Sheng P, Ali S, Rothman R, Carlson E, Epstein C (1994) Attenuation of methamphetamine-induced neurotoxicity in copper/zinc Superoxide dismutase transgenic mice. J Neurochem 62: 380-383
32. +). Neurosci Lett 117: 129-133
33. Carlsson M, Carlsson A (1989) Marked locomotor stimulation in monoamine-depleted mice following treatment with atropine in combination with clonidine. J Neural Transm [P-D Sect] 1:317-322
34. Carlsson A, Lundqvist M, Magnusson T (1957) 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylalanine and 5-hydroxytryptophan as reserpine antagonists. Nature 180: 1200
35. Carmichael SW, Wilson RJ, Brimijoin WS, Melton III LJ, Okazaki H, Yaksh TL, Ahlskog JE, Stoddard SL, Tyce GM (1988) Decreased catecholamines in the adrenal medulla of patients with parkinsonism. N Engl J Med 318: 254
36. Chan P, Di Monte DA, Luo J-J, DeLanney LE, Irwin I, Langston JW (1994) Rapid ATP loss caused by methamphetamine in the mouse striatum: relationship between energy impairment and dopaminergic neurotoxicity. J Neurochem 62: 2484-2487
37. Chiueh CC, Markey SD, Burns RS, Johannessen JN, Jacobowitz DM, Kopin IJ (1984) Neurochemical and behavioral effects of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) in rat, guinea pig and monkey. Psychopharmacol Bull 20: 548-553
38. Cleeter MWJ, Cooper JM, Schapira AHV (1992) Irreversible inhibition of mitochondrial complex I by 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium: evidence for free radical involvement. J Neurochem 58: 786-789
39. Close SP, Elliot PJ, Hayes AG, Marriott AS (1990) Effects of classical and novel agents in a MPTP-induced reversible model of Parkinson's disease. Psychopharmacology 102: 295-300
40. Collins MA, Neafsey EJ (1985) β-Carboline analogues of N-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP): endogenous factors underlying idiopathic parkinsonism. Neurosci Lett 55: 179-184
41. Colpaert FC (1987) Pharmacological characteristics of tremor, rigidity and hypokinesia induced by reserpine in rats. Neuropharmacology 26: 1431-1440
42. Colosimo C, Granata R, Del Zompo M, Piccardi MP, Perretta G, Albanese A (1992) Chronic administration of MPTP to monkeys: behavioral morphological and biochemical correlates. Neurochem Int [Suppl] 20: 279S-285S
43. Corsini GU, Pintus S, Chiueh CC, Weiss JF, Kopin IJ (1985) 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) neurotoxicity in mice is enhanced by pretreatment with diethyldithiocarbamate. Eur J Pharmacol 119: 127-128
44. Corsini GU, Zuddas A, Bonuccelli U, Schinelli S, Kopin IJ (1987) 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) neurotoxicity in mice is enhanced by ethanol or acetaldehyde. Life Sci 40: 827-832
45. Crossman AR, Peggs D, Boyce S, Luquin MR, Sambrook MA (1989) Effect of the NMDA antagonist MK-801 on MPTP-induced Parkinsonism in the monkey. Neuropharmacology 28: 1271-1273
46. Danysz W, Gossel M, Zajaczkowski W, Dill D, Quack G (1994) Are NMDA antagonistic properties relevant for antiparkinsonian-like activity in rats? Case of amantadine and memantine. J Neural Transm [P-D Sect] 7: 155-166
47. Date I, Felten DL, Felten SY (1990) Long-term effect of MPTP in the mouse brain in relation to ageing: neurochemical and immunocytochemical analysis. Brain Res 519: 266-276
48. Davis GC, Williams AC, Markey SP, Ebert MH, Caine ED, Reichert CM, Kopin IJ (1979) Chronic Parkinsonism secondary to intravenous injection of meperidine analogues. Psychiat Res 1: 249-254
49. Deng Y, Maruyama W, Dostert P, Takahashi T, Kawai M, Naoi M (1995) Determination of the (R)- and (S)-enantiomeres of salsolinol and N-methylsalsolinol by use of a chiral high-performance liquid Chromatographic column. J Chromatogr 670: 47-54
50. De Ryck M, Schallert T, Teitelbaum P (1980) Morphine versus haloperidol catalepsy in the rat: a behavioral analysis of postural support mechanisms. Brain Res 201: 143-172
51. +) levels, ascorbic acid oxidation and glutathione levels in the striatal synaptosomes of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-treated rats. Neurosci Lett 161: 121-123
52. De Vito MJ, Wagner GC (1989) Methamphetamine-induced neuronal damage: a possible role for free radicals. Neuropharmacology 28: 1145-1150
53. Dexter DT, Cater CJ, Wells FR, Javoy-Agid F, Agid Y, Lees A, Jenner P, Marsden CD (1989) Basal lipid peroxidation in substantia nigra is increased in Parkinson's disease. J Neurochem 52: 381-389
54. Dipasquale B, Marini AM, Youle RJ (1991) Apoptosis and DNA degradation induced by 1-methyl-phenylpyridinium in neurons. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 181: 1442-1448
55. Dordain G, Dostert P, Strolin-Benedetti M, Rovei V (1984) Tetrahydroisoquinoline derivatives and Parkinsonism. In: Tipton KF, Dostert P, Strolin-Benedetti M (eds) Monoamine oxidase and disease. Prospects for therapy with reversible inhibitors. Academic Press, London, pp 417-426
56. Dostert P, Strolin-Benedetti M, Dordain G (1988) Dopamine-derived alkaloids in alcoholism and in Parkinson's and Huntington's disease. J Neural Transm 74: 61-74
57. Drucker G, Raikoff K, Neafsey EJ, Collins MA (1990) Dopamine uptake inhibitory capacities of β-carbolines and 3,4-dihydro-β-carboline analogs of N-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) oxidation products. Brain Res 509: 125-133
58. During MJ, Freese A, Deutch AY, Kibat PG, Sabel B, Langer R, Roth RH (1992) Biochemical and behavioral recovery in a rodent model of Parkinson's disease following stereotactic implantation of dopamine-containing liposomes. Exp Neurol 115: 193-199
59. Ehringer H, Hornykiewicz O (1960) Verteilung von Noradrenalin und Dopamin (3-Hydroxytyramin) im Gehirn des Menschen und ihr Verhalten bei Erkrankungen des extrapyramidalen Systems. Wien Klin Wochenschr 38: 1236-1239
60. Elsworth JD, Deutch AY, Redmond Jr DE, Taylor JR, Sladek Jr JR, Roth RH (1989) Symptomatic and asymptomatic 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-treated primates: biochemical changes in striatal regions. Neurosci 33: 323-331
61. Espino A, Cutillas B, Tortosa A, Ferrer I, Bartrons R, Ambrosio S (1995) Chronic effects of single intrastriatal injections of 6-hydroxydopamine or 1-methyl-4-phenyl-pyridinium studied by microdialysis in freely moving rats. Brain Res 695: 151-157
62. Everett GM (1956) Tremor produced by drugs. Nature 177: 1238
63. Fazzini E, Durso R, Davoudi H, Szabo GK, Albert ML (1990) GM1 gangliosides alter acute MPTP-induced behavioral and neurochemical toxicity in mice. J Neurol Sci 99: 59-68
64. +. Arch Biochem Biophys 249: 539-543
65. Fog R (1972) On stereotypy and catalepsy: studies on the effect of amphetamines and neuroleptics in rats. Acta Neurol Scand 50: 1-66
66. Forno LS, Delanney LE, Irwin I, Langston JW (1993) Similarities and differences between MPTP-induced Parkinsonism and Parkinson's disease. In: Narabayashi H, Nagatsu T, Yanagisawa N, Mizuno Y (eds) Parkinson's disease: from basic research to treatment. Raven, New York, pp 600-608 (Adv Neurol 60)
67. Gaspar P, Febvret A, Colombo J (1993) Serotonergic sprouting in primate MPTP-induced hemiparkinsonism. Exp Brain Res 96: 100-106
68. Gerlach M, Riederer P (1993) The pathophysiological basis of Parkinson's disease. In: Szelenyi I (ed) Inhibitors of monoamine oxidase B. Birkhäuser, Basel Boston Berlin, pp 25-50
69. Gerlach M, Riederer P, Przuntek H, Youdim MBH (1991) MPTP mechanisms of neurotoxicity and their implications for Parkinson's disease. Eur J Pharmacol [Mol Pharmacol Sect] 208: 273-286
70. Gerlach M, Russ H, Winker J, Witzmann K, Traber J, Stasch J-P, Riederer P, Przuntek H (1993) Effects of nimodipine on the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced depletions on the biogenic amine levels in C57BL/6-mice. Arzneimittelforsch/Drug Res 43(1): 413-415
71. Gerlach M, Jellinger K, Riederer P (1994) The possible role of noradrenergic deficits in selected signs of Parkinson's disease. In: Briley M, Marien M (eds) Noradrenergic mechanisms in Parkinson's disease. CRC Press, Boca Raton Ann Arbor London Tokyo, pp 59-71
72. Gerlach M, Götz M, Dirr A, Kupsch A, Janetzky B, Oertel W, Sautter J, Schwarz J, Reichmann H, Riederer P (1996a) Acute MPTP treatment produces no changes in mitochondrial complex activities and indices of oxidative damage in the common marmoset ex vivo one week after exposure to the toxin. Neurochem Int 28: 41-49
73. Gerlach M, Riederer P, Youdim MBH (1996b) Molecular mechanisms for neurodegeneration: synergism between reactive oxygen species, calcium and excitotoxic amino acids. In: Battistin L, Scarlato G, Caraceni T, Ruggieri S (eds) Advances in neurology, vol 69. Lippincott-Raven, Philadelphia, pp 177-194
74. German DC, Dubach M, Askaria S, Speciale G, Bowden DM (1988) 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-induced Parkinsonian syndrome in macaca fascicularis: which midbrain dopaminergic neurons are lost? Neurosci 24: 161-174
75. Gibb JW, Kogan FJ (1979) Influence of dopamine synthesis on methamphetamine-induced changes in striatal and adrenal tyrosine hydroxylase activity. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 310: 185-187
76. Gibb WRG (1989) The diagnostic relevance of Lewy bodies and other inclusions in Parkinson's disease. In: Przuntek H, Riederer P (eds) Early diagnosis and preventive therapy in Parkinson's disease. Springer, Wien New York, pp 171-180 (Key Topics in Brain Research)
77. Gibb WRG, Terruli M, Lees AJ, Jenner P, Marsden CD (1989) The evolution and distribution of morphological changes in the nervous system of the common marmoset following the acute administration of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine. Mov Disord 4: 53-74
78. Gibb WRG, Fearnley JM, Lees AJ (1990) The anatomy and pigmentation of the human substantia nigra in relation to selective neuronal vulnerability. In: Streifler MB, Korczyn AD, Melamed E, Youdim MBH (eds) Parkinson's disease. Anatomy, pathology, and therapy. Raven, New York, pp 31-40 (Adv Neurol 53)
79. Oilman SC, Bonner MJ, Pellmar TC (1993) Effect of oxidative stress on excitatory amino acid release by cerebral cortical synaptosomes. Free Rad Biol Med 15: 671-675
80. Glinka YY, Youdim MBH (1995) Inhibition of mitochondrial complex I and IV by 6-hydroxydopamine. Eur J Pharmacol [Environm Toxicol Pharmacol Sect] 292: 329-332
81. Gomez-Mancilla B, Boucher R, Bédard PJ (1991) Effect of clonidine and atropine on rest tremor in the MPTP monkey model of Parkinsonism. Clin Neuropharmacol 14: 359-366
82. Goto S, Korematsu K, Inoue N, Yamada K, Oyama T, Nagahiro S, Ushio Y (1993) N-Methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist MK-801 induced circling behavior in rats with unilateral striatal ischemic lesions or nigral 6-hydroxydopamine lesions. Acta Neuropathol 86: 480-483
83. Grote C, Clement H-W, Wesemann W, Bringmann G, Feineis D, Riederer P, Sontag K-H (1995) Biochemical lesions of the nigrostriatal system by TaClo (1-trichloromethyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-β-carboline) and derivatives. J Neural Transm [Suppl] 46: 275-281
84. Haefely W (1978) Pharmakologische Modelle zur Wirkung von Antiparkinsonmitteln. In: Fischer PA (Hrsg) Langzeitbehandlung des Parkinson-Syndroms. Schattauer, Stuttgart New York, pp 53-64
85. Hall S, Rulledge JH, Schallen T (1992) MRI brain iron and 6-hydroxydopamine experimental Parkinson's disease. J Neurol Sci 113: 198-208
86. Halliwell B (1992) Reactive oxygen species and the central nervous system. J Neurochem 59: 1609-1623
87. Hantraye P, Varastet M, Peschanski M, Riche D, Cesaro P, Willer JC, Maziere M (1993) Stable Parkinsonian syndrome and uneven loss of striatal dopamine fibres following chronic MPTP administration in baboons. Neurosci 53: 169-178
88. Harnois C, Diapolo T (1990) Decreased dopamine in the retinas of patients with Parkinson's disease. Invest Opthalmol Vis Sci 31: 2473-2475
89. Hartley A, Stone JM, Heron C, Cooper JM, Schapira AHV (1994) Complex I inhibitors induce dose-dependent apoptosis in PC 12 cells: relevance to Parkinson's disease. J Neurochem 63: 1987-1990
90. +) induces NADH-dependent Superoxide formation, and enhances NADH-dependent lipid peroxidation in bovine heart submitochondrial particles. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 170: 1049-1055
91. Hauber W (1990) A novel reaction time task for investigating force and time parameters in rats. Experientia 46: 1984-1988
92. Hefti F, Melamed E, Sahakian BJ, Wurtman RJ (1980) Circling behavior in rats with partial, unilateral nigrostriatal lesions: effects of amphetamine, apomorphine and DOPA. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 12: 185-188
93. Heikkila RE, Cohen G (1972) Further studies on generation of hydrogen peroxide by 6-hydroxydopamine: potentiation by ascorbic acid. Mol Pharmacol 8: 241-248
94. Heikkila RE, Sonsalla P (1991) The MPTP-treated mouse as a model of Parkinsonism: how good is it? Neurochem Int [Suppl] 20: 299S-303S
95. Heikkila RE, Nicklas WJ, Vyas I, Duvoisin RC (1985) Dopaminergic toxicity of rotenone and the 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ion after their stereotaxic administration to rats: implications for the mechanism of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine toxicity. Neurosci Lett 62: 389-394
96. Heikkila RE, Sieber BA, Manzino L, Sonsalla PK (1989) Some features of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) in the mouse. Mol Chem Neuropathol 10: 171-183
97. Hodgson EK, Fridovich I (1975) The interaction of bovine erythrocyte Superoxide dismutase with hydrogen peroxide: inactivation of the enzyme. Biochemistry 14: 5294-5299
98. Horst WD, Pool WR, Spiegel HE (1973) Correlation between brain dopamine levels and L-dopa activity in anti-Parkinson tests. Eur J Pharmacol 21: 337-342
99. Ichitani Y, Okamura H, Nakahara D, Nagatsu I, Ibata Y (1994) Biochemical and immunocytochemical changes induced by intrastriatal 6-hydroxydopamine injection in the rat nigrostriatal dopamine neuron system. Evidence for cell death in the substantia nigra. Exp Neurol 130: 269-278
100. Ikawa K, Watanabe A, Motohashi N, Kaneno S (1994) The effect of repeated administration of methamphetamine on dopamine uptake sites in rat striatum. Neurosci Lett 167: 37-40
101. + concentration and neurotoxicity. Life Sci 40: 731-740
102. Irwin I, DeLanney LE, Forno LS, Finnegan KT, Di Monte DA, Langston JW (1990) The evolution of nigrostriatal neurochemical changes in the MPTP-treated squirrel monkey. Brain Res 531: 242-252
103. Irwin I, Finnegan KT, Delanney LE, Di Monte D, Langston JW (1992) The relationships between aging, monoamine oxidase, striatal dopamine and the effects of MPTP in C57BL/6 mice: a critical reassessment. Brain Res 572: 224-231
104. Jackson-Lewis V, Jakowec MJ, Burke RE, Przedborski S (1995) Time course and morphology of dopaminergic neuronal death caused by the neurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine. Neurodegeneration 4: 257-269
105. Janetzky B, God R, Bringmann G, Reichmann H (1995) 1-Trichloromethyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-β-carboline, a new inhibitor of complex I. J Neural Transm [Suppl] 46: 265-273
106. Jarvis MF, Wagner GC (1985) Neurochemical and behavioral consequences following MPTP administration. Life Sci 36: 249-254
107. Jellinger K (1988) Pathology of Parkinson's syndrome. In: Calne DB (ed) Handbook of experimental pharmacology, vol 88. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokyo. pp 47-112
108. Jellinger KA (1991) Pathology of Parkinson's disease. Changes other than the nigrostriatal pathway. Mol Chem Neuropathol 14: 153-197
109. Jellinger K, Linert L, Kienzl E, Herlinger E, Youdim MBH (1995) Chemical evidence for 6-hydroxydopamine to be an endogenous toxic factor in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease. J Neural Transm [Suppl] 46: 297-314
110. Jurna I, Nell T, Schreyer I (1970) Motor disturbance induced by tremorine and oxotremorine. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 267: 80-98
111. Jurna I, Grossmann W, Nell T (1973) Depression by amantadine of tremor induced by reserpine and oxotremorine in the rat. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 280: 141-152
112. Karoum F, Chrapusta SJ, Egan MF, Wyatt RJ (1993) Absence of 6-hydroxydopamine in the rat brain affter treatment with stimulants and other dopaminergic agents: a mass fragmentographic study. J Neurochem 61: 1369-1375
113. Kish SJ, Morito CH, Hornykiewicz O (1985) Glutathione peroxidase activity in Parkinson's disease brain. Neurosci Lett 58: 343-346
114. Kita T, Wagner GC, Philbert MA, King LA, Lowndes HE (1995) Effects of pargyline and pyrogallol on the methamphetamine-induced dopamine depletion. Mol Chem Neuropathol 24: 31-41
115. Klockgether T, Turski L, Honoré T, Zhang Z, Gash DM, Kurlan R, Greenamyre JT (1991) The AMPA receptor antagonist NBQX has antiparkinsonian effect in monoamine-depleted rats and MPTP-treated monkeys. Ann Neurol 30: 717-723
116. Knoll J (1986) The pharmacology of (-)Deprenyl. J Neural Transm [Suppl] 22: 75-89
117. Kogan FJ, Nichols WK, Gibb JW (1976) Influence of methamphetamine on nigral and striatal tyrosine hydroxylase activity and on striatal dopamine levels. Eur J Pharmacol 36: 363-371
118. +) and N-methyl-β-carbolines? Biochem J 291: 673-676
119. Kumar R, Agarwal AK, Seth PK (1995) Free radical-generated neurotoxicity of 6-hydroxydopamine. J Neurochem 64: 1703-1707
120. Kupsch A, Loeschmann P, Sauer H, Arnold G, Renner P, Pufal D, Burg M, Wachtel H, ten Bruggencate G, Oertel WH (1992) Do NMDA receptor antagonists protect against MPTP-toxicity? Biochemical and immunocytochemical analyses in black mice. Brain Res 592: 74-83
121. Kupsch A, Gerlach M, Pupeter SC, Sautter J, Dirr A, Arnold G, Opitz W, Przuntek H, Riederer P, Oertel WH (1995) The calcium channel blocker nimodipine prevents MPTP-induced neurotoxicity at the nigral. but not at the striatal level in mice. Neuro-Report 6: 621-625
122. Kupsch A, Sautter J, Schwarz J, Riederer P, Gerlach M, Oertel WH (1996) 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-induced neurotoxicity in non-human primates is antagonized by pertreatment with nimodipine at the nigral, but not at the striatal level. Brain Res (submitted)
123. Lafon-Cazal M, Pietri S, Culcasi M, Bockaert J (1993) NMDA-dependent Superoxide production and neurotoxicity. Nature 364: 535-537
124. + and paraquat on mitochondrial potential and oxidative stress. Life Sci 44: 1277-1284
125. Lange KW, Löschmann PA, Sofie E, Burg M, Horowski R, Kalveram KT, Wachtel H, Riederer P (1993) The competitive NMDA antagonist CPP protects substantia nigra neurons from MPTP-induced degeneration in primates. Naunyn Schmidebergs Arch Pharmacol 34: 586-592
126. Langston JW, Ballard P, Tetrud JW, Irwin I (1983) Chronic Parkinsonism in humans due to a product of meperidine-analog synthesis. Science 219: 979-980
127. Lloyd KG, Hornykiewicz O (1970) Parkinson's disease: activity of L-Dopa decarboxylase in discrete brain regions. Science 170: 1212-1213
128. Lloyd KG, Davidson L, Hornykiewicz O (1975) The neurochemistry of Parkinson's disease: effect of L-DOPA therapy. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 195: 453-464
129. Löschmann PA, Lange KW, Kumow M, Rettig KJ, Jähnig P, Honoré T, Turski T, Wachtel H, Jenner P, Marsden CD (1991) Synergism of the AMPA-antagonist NBQX and the NMDA-antagonist CPP with L-DOPA in models of Parkinson's disease. J Neural Transm [PD-Sect] 3: 203-213
130. Luquin MR, Obeso JA, Laguna J, Guillen J, Martinezlage JM (1993) The AMPA receptor antagonist NBQX does not alter the motor response induced by selective dopamine agonists in MPTP-treated monkeys. Eur J Pharmacol 235: 297-300
131. Marien M, Briley M, Colpaert F (1993) Noradrenaline depletion exacerbates MPTP-induced striatal dopamine loss in mice. Eur J Pharmacol 236: 487-489
132. Marshall JF, Odell SJ, Weihmuller FB (1993) Dopamine-glutamate interactions in methamphetamine-induced neurotoxicity. J Neural Transm [Gen Sect] 91: 241-254
133. Maruyama W, Nakahara D, Ota M, Takahashi T, Takahashi A, Nagatsu T, Naoi M (1992) N-Methylation of dopamine-derived 6,7-dihydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline, (R)-salsolinol. in rat brains: in vivo microdialysis study. J Neurochem 59: 395-400
134. Maruyama W, Dostert P, Naoi M (1995a) Dopamine-derived 1-methyl-6,7-dihydroxyisoquinolines as hydroxyl radical promoters and scavengers in the rat brain: in vivo and in vitro studies. J Neurochem 64: 2635-2643
135. Maruyama W, Nakahara D, Dostert P, Takahashi T, Naoi M (1995b) Dopamine-derived isoquinolines as dopaminergic neurotoxins and oxidative stress. In: Hanin I, Yoshida M, Fisher A (eds) Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. Recent developments. Plenum Press, New York, pp 575-581
136. Mavridis M, Degryse A-D, Lategan AJ, Mariens MR, Colpaert FC (1991) Effects of locus coeruleus lesions on Parkinsonian signs, striatal dopamine and substantia nigra cell loss after 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine in monkeys: a possible role for the locus coeruleus in the progression of Parkinson's disease. Neurosci 41: 507-523
137. McGeer PL, Sir Eccles JC, McGeer EG (1987) Molecular neurobiology of the mammalian brain, 2nd ed, chapter 15.5.1. Neuroleptics. Plenum Press, New York, pp 533-539
138. McMillen BA (1983) CNS stimulants: two distinct mechanisms of action for amphetamine-like drugs. TIPS 4: 429-432
139. Michel PP, Vyas S, Agid Y (1992) Toxic effects of iron for cultured mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons derived from rat embryonic brains. J Neurochem 59: 118-127
140. Mihatsch W, Russ H, Gerlach M, Riederer P, Przuntek H (1991) Treatment with antioxidants does not prevent loss of dopamine in the striatum of MPTP-treated common marmosets: preliminary observations. J Neural Transm [P-D Sect] 3: 73-78
141. Miller HH, Shore PA, Clarke DE (1980) In vivo monoamine oxidase inhibition by d-amphetamine. Biochem Pharmacol 29: 1347-1354
142. Mitchell IJ, Cross AJ, Sambrook MA, Crossman AR (1985) Sites of the neurotoxic action of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine in the macaque monkey include the ventral tegmental area and the locus ceruleus. Neurosci Lett 61: 195-200
143. Mithöfer K, Sandy MS, Smith MT, Di Lonte D (1992) Mitochondrial poisons cause depletion of reduced glutatione in isolated hepatocytes. Arch Biochem Biophys 295: 132-136
144. Mizukawa K, McGeer EG, McGeer PL (1993) Autoradiographic study on dopamine uptake sites and their correlation with dopamine levels and their striata from patients with Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, and neurologically normal controls. Mol Chem Neuropathol 18: 133-144
145. +) in ventral mesencephalic-striatal co-culture in rat. Neurosci Lett 170: 191-194
146. Monteiro HP, Winterbourn CC (1989) 6-Hydroxydopamine releases iron from ferritin and promotes ferritin-dependent lipid peroxidation. Biochem Pharmacol 38: 4177-4182
147. Moratalla R, Quinn B, DeLanney LE, Irwin I, Langston JW (1992) Differential vulnerability of primate caudate-putamen and striosome-matrix dopamine systems to the neurotoxic effects of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89: 3859-3863
148. Morgan ME, Gibb JW (1980) Short-term and long-term effects of methamphetamine on biogenic amine metabolism in extra-striatal dopaminergic nuclei. Neuropharmacology 19: 989-995
149. Naoi M, Maruyama W, Niwa T, Nagatsu T (1994) Novel toxins and Parkinson's disease: N-methylation and oxidation as metabolic bioactivation of neurotoxin. J Neural Transm [Suppl] 41: 197-205
150. Naoi M, Maruyama W, Dostert P, Nakahara D, Takahashi T, Nagatsu T (1995a) Metabolic bioactivation of endogenous isoquinolines as dopaminergic neurotoxins to elicit Parkinson's disease. In: Hanin I, Yoshida M, Fisher A (eds) Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. Recent development. Plenum Press, New York, pp 553-559
151. Naoi M, Maruyama W, Zhang JH, Takahashi T, Deng Y, Dostert P (1995b) Enzymatic oxidation of the dopaminergic neurotoxin, 1(R), 2(N)-dimethyl-6,7-dihydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline, into 1,2 (N)-dimethyl-6,7-dihydroxyisoquinolinium ion. Life Sci 57: 1061-1066
152. Naoi M, Maruyama W, Dosiert P, Hashizume Y, Nakahara D, Takahashi T, Ota M (1996) Dopamine-derived endogenous 1(R),2(N)-dimethyl-6,7-dihydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline, N-methyl-(R)-salsolinol, induced parkinsonism in rat: biochemical, pathological and behavioral studies. Brain Res 709: 285-295
153. Nash JF, Yamamoto BK (1992) Methamphetamine neurotoxicity and striatal glutamate release -comparison to 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine. Brain Res 581: 237-243
154. +). Neurosci Lett 105: 344-349
155. Niwa T, Takeda N, Kaneda N, Hashizume Y, Nagatsu T (1987) Presence of tetrahydroisoquinoline and 2-methyl-tetrahydroquinoline in parkinsonian and normal human brains. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 144: 1084-1089
156. Nwanze E, Souverbie F, Jonsson G, Sundström E (1995) Regional biotransformation of MPTP in the CNS of rodents and its relation to neurotoxicity. Neurotoxicology 16: 469-477
157. +. J Neural Transm [Gen Sect] 89: 139-145
158. O'Dell SJ, Weihmuller FB, Marshall JF (1991) Multiple methamphetamine injections induce marked inreases in extracellular striatal dopamine which correlate with subsequent neurotoxicity. Brain Res 564: 256-260
159. Oestreicher E, Sengstock GJ, Riederer P, Olanow CW, Dunn AJ, Arendash GW (1994) Degeneration of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons increases iron within the substantia nigra: a histochemical and neurochemical study. Brain Res 660: 8-18
160. Ohmori T, Koyama T, Muraki A, Yamashita I (1993) Competitive and noncompetitive N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonists protect dopaminergic and serotonergic neurotoxicity produced by methamphetamine in various brain regions. J Neural Transm [Gen Sect] 92: 97-106
161. Ohta S, Kohno M, Makino Y, Tachikawa O, Hirobe M (1987) Tetrahydroisoquinoline and 1-methyl-tetrahydroisoquinoline are present in the human brain: relation to Parkinson's disease. Biomed Res 8: 453-456
162. Oishi T, Hasegawa E, Murai Y (1991) Sulfhydryl drugs reduce neurotoxicity of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) in the mouse. J Neural Transm [P-D Sect] 6: 45-52
163. Olanow CW (1993) A radical hypothesis for neurodegeneration. TINS 16: 439-444
164. Otto D, Unsicker K (1990) Basic FGF reserves chemical and morphological deficits in thenigostriatal system of MPTP-treated mice. J Neurosci 10: 1912-1921
165. Parkinson J (1817) Essay on the shaking palsy. Sherwood, Neely and Jones, London
166. Paulus W, Jellinger K (1991) The neuropathologic basis of different clinical subgroups of Parkinson's disease. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 50: 743-755
167. Pérez-Otaño I, Herrero MT, Oset C, De Ceballos ML, Luquin MR, Obeso JA, Del Río (1991) Extensive loss of brain dopamine and serotonin induced by chronic administration of MPTP in the marmoset. Brain Res 567: 127-132
168. Perumal AS, Gopal VB, Tordzro K, Cooper TB, Cadet JL (1992) Vitamin E attenuates the toxic effects of 6-hydroxydopamine of free radical scavenging systems in rat brain. Brain Res Bull 29: 699-701
169. Pifl C, Schingnitz G, Hornykiewicz O (1988) The neurotoxin MPTP does not reproduce in the rhesus monkey the interregional pattern of striatal dopamine loss typical of human idiopathic Parkinsons' disease. Neurosci Lett 92: 228-233
170. Pifl C, Bertel O, Schingnitz G, Hornykiewicz O (1990) Extrastriatal dopamine in symptomatic and asymptomatic rhesus monkeys treated with 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP). Neurochem Int 17: 263-270
171. Pifl CH, Schingnitz G, Hornykiewicz O (1991) Effect of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine on the regional distribution of brain monoamines in the rhesus monkey. Neurosci 44: 591-605
172. Porter CC, Totara J, Stone CA (1963) Effect of 6-hydroxydopamine and some other compounds on the concentration of norepinephrine in the hearts of mice. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 140: 308-316
173. Przedborski S, Jackson-Lewis V, Muthane U, Jiang H, Ferreira M, Naini AB, Fahn S (1993) Chronic levodopa administration alters cerebral mitochondrial respiratory chain activity. Ann Neurol 34: 715-723
174. Przuntek H, Russ H, Henning K, Pindur U (1985) The protective effect of 1-tert-butyl-4,4-diphenylpiperidine against the nigrostriatal neurodegeneration caused by 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine. Life Sci 37: 1195-1200
175. Rausch WD, Hirata Y, Nagatsu T, Riederer P, Jellinger K (1988) Human brain tyrosine hydroxylase: in vitro effects of iron and phosphorylating agents in the CNS of controls, Parkinson's disease and schizophrenia. J Neurochem 50: 202-228
176. Rausch W-D, Abdel-mohsen M, Koutsilieri E, Chan WW, Bringmann G (1995) Studies of the potentially endogenous toxin TaClo (1-trichloromethyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-β-carboline) in neuronal and glial cell cultures. J Neural Transm [Suppl] 46: 255-263
177. Reichmann H, Lestienne P, Jellinger K, Riederer P (1993) Parkinson's disease and the electron transport chain in post mortem brain. In: Narabayashi H, Nagatsu T, Yanagisawa N, Mizuno Y (eds) Parkinson's disease: from basic research to treatment. Raven, New York, pp 297-299 (Adv Neurol 60)
178. Reynolds GP, Garrett NJ (1986) Striatal dopamine andhomovanillic acid in Huntington's disease. J Neural Transm 65: 151-155
179. Riachi NJ, Harik SI (1988) Strain differences in systemic 1-methyl-4-phenyl-l,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine neurotoxicity in mice correlate best with monoamine oxidase activity at the blood-brain barrier. Life Sci 42: 2359-2363
180. Ricaurte GA, Schuster CR, Seiden LS (1980) Long-term effects of repeated methamphetamine administration on dopamine and serotonin neurons in the rat brain: a regional study. Brain Res 193: 153-163
181. Ricaurte GA, Guillery RW, Seiden LS, Schuster CR, Moore RY (1982) Dopamine nerve terminal degeneration produced by high doses of methamphetamine in the rat brain. Brain Res 235: 93-103
182. Ricaurte GA, Langston JW, Delanney LE, Irwin I, Peroutka SJ, Forno LS (1986) Fate of nigrostriatal neurons in young mature mice given 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine: a neurochemical and morphological reassessment. Brain Res 376: 117-124
183. Riederer P, Wuketich S (1976) Time course of nigrostriatal degeneration in Parkinson's disease: a detailed study of influential factors in human brain amine analysis. J Neural Transm 38: 277-301
184. Riederer P, Rausch WD, Birkmayer W, Jellinger K, Seemann D (1978) CNS modulation of adrenal tyrosine hydroxylase in Parkinson's disease and metabolic encephalopathies. J Neural Transm [Suppl] 14: 121-132
185. Riederer P, Sofie E, Konradi C (1986) Neurobiochemische Aspekte zur Progression der Parkinson-Krankheit: Post-mortem-Befunde und MPTP-Modell. In: Fischer PA (Hrsg) Spätsyndrome der Parkinson-Krankheit. Editiones (Roche), Basel, pp 37-49
186. Riederer P, Sofic E, Heuschneider G, Strolin-Benedetti M, Dostert P (1988) Secondary (toxic) Parkinsonism as model of Parkinson's disease. Funct Neurol 3: 449-457
187. Riederer P, Sofic E, Rausch WD, Hebenstreit G, Bruinvels J (1989a) Pathobiochemistry of the extrapyramidal system: a "short note" review. In: Przuntek H, Riederer P (eds) Early diagnosis and preventive therapy in Parkinson's disease. Springer, Wien New York, pp 139-149 (Key Topics in Brain Research)
188. Riederer P, Sofie E, Rausch W-D, Schmidt B, Reynolds GP, Jellinger K, Youdim MBH (1989b) Transition metals, ferritin, glutathione, and ascorbic acid in Parkinsonian brains. J Neurochem 52: 515-520
189. Rios C, Tapia R (1987) Changes in lipid peroxidation induced by 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine and 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium in mouse brain homogenstes. Neurosci Lett 77: 321-326
190. Rose S, Nomoto M, Jackson EA, Gibb WRG, Jenner P, Marsden CD (1990) 1-Methyl-4-(2′-methylphenyl)-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (2′-methyl-MPTP) is less neurotoxic than MPTP in the common marmoset. Eur J Pharmacol 181: 97-103
191. Rose S, Nomoto M, Jackson EA, Gibb WRG, Jaehnig P, Jenner P, Marsden CD (1993) Age-related effects of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine treatment of common marmosets. Eur J Pharmacol 230: 177-185
192. Rossetti ZI, Sotgiu A, Sharp DE, Hadjiconstantinou M, Neff NH (1988) 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) and free radicals in vitro. Bioc'hem Pharmacol 37: 4573-4574
193. Russ H, Mihatsch W, Gerlach M, Riederer P, Przuntek H (1991) Neurochemical and behavioural features induced by chronic low dose treatment with 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) in the common marmoset: implications for Parkinson's disease? Neurosci Lett 123: 115-118
194. Sachs CH, Jonsson G (1975) Mechanism of action of 6-hydroxydopamine. Pharmacology 24: 1-8
195. Saggu H, Cooksey J, Dexter D, Wells FR, Lees A, Jenner P, Marsden CD (1989) A selective increase in paniculate Superoxide dismutase activity in Parkinsonian substantia nigra. J Neurochem 53: 692-697
196. Sanberg PR, Bunsey MD, Giordano M, Norman AB (1988) The catalepsy test: its ups and downs. Behav Neurosci 102: 748-759
197. Sanchez-Ramos JR, Övervik E, Ames BN (1994) A marker of oxyradical-mediated DNA damage (8-hydroxy-2′deoxyguanosine) is increased in nigro-striatum of Parkinson's disease brain. Neurodegeneration 3: 197-204
198. Santiago M, Granero L, Machado A, Cano J (1995) Complex 1 inhibitor effect on the nigral and striatal release of dopamine in the presence and absence of nomifensine. Eur J Pharmacol 280: 251-256
199. Schallert T, Teitelbaum P (1981) Haloperidol, catalepsy, and equilibrating functions in the rat: an antagonistic interaction of clinging and labyrinthine righting reactions. Physiol Behav 27: 1077-1083
200. Schapira AHV (1994) Review: Evidence for mitochondrial dysfunction in Parkinson's disease - a critical appraisal. Mov Disord 9: 125-138
201. Schmidt CJ, Ritter JK, Sonsalla P, Hansen GR, Gibb JW (1985) The role of dopamine in the neurotoxic effects of methamphetamine. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 233: 539-544
202. Schmidt WJ, Bubser M, Hauber W (1992) Behavioural pharmacology of glutamate in the basal ganglia. J Neural Transm [Suppl] 38: 65-89
203. Schulz JB, Henshaw DR, Matthews PT, Beal MF (1995a) Coenzyme Q(10) and nicotineamide and a free radical spin trap protect asainst MPTP neurotoxicity. Exp Neurol 132: 279-283
204. Schulz JB, Matthews RT, Muqit MMK, Browne SE, Beal MF (1995b) Inhibition of neuronal nitric oxide synthase by 7-nitroindazole protects against MPTP-induced neurotoxicity in mice. J Neurochem 64: 936-939
205. Seiden LS, Vosmer G (1984) Formation of 6-hydroxydopamine in caudate nucleus of the rat brain after single large dose of methamphetamine. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 21: 29-31
206. Seiden LS, Fischman MW, Schuster CR (1975) Long-term methamphetamine induced changes in brain catecholamines in tolerant rhesus monkeys. Drug Alcohol Depend 1: 215-219
207. Sengstock GW, Olanow CW, Dunnet AJ, Arendash GW (1992) Iron induces degeneration of nigrostriatal neurons. Brain Res Bull 28: 645-649
208. Sengstock GJ, Olanow CW, Menzies RA, Dunn AJ, Arendash GW (1993) Infusion of iron into the rat substantia nigra: nigral pathology and dose-dependent loss of striatal dopaminergic markers. J Neurosci Res 35: 76-82
209. Sengstock GJ, Olanow CW, Dünn AJ, Barone S Jr. Arendash GW (1994) Progressive changes in striatal dopaminergic markers, nigral volume, and rotational behavior following iron infusion into rat substantia nigra. Exp Neurol 130: 82-94
210. Seniuk NA, Tatton WG, Greenwood CE (1990) Dose-dependent destruction of the coeruleus-cortical and nigro-striatal projections by MPTP. Brain Res 527: 7-20
211. Siesjö BK (1990) Calcium in the brain under physiological and pathological conditions. Eur Neurol [Suppl 2] 30: 3-9
212. Sjöquist B, Eriksson A, Winblad B (1982) Salsolinol and catecholamines in human brain and their relation to alcoholism. Prog Clin Biol Res 80: 57-67
213. Smith GP, Young RC (1974) A new experimental model of hypokinesia. Adv Neurol 5: 427-432
214. Smith RD, Zhang Z, Kurlan R, McDermott M, Gash DM (1993) Developing a stable bilateral model of Parkinsonism in rhesus monkeys. Neurosci 52: 7-16
215. Snyder SH, D'Amato RJ (1985) Predicting Parkinson's disease. Nature 317: 198-199
216. Sofic E, Riederer P, Heinsen H, Beckman H, Reynolds GP, Hebenstreit G, Youdim MBH (1988) Increased iron(III) and total iron content in post mortem substantia nigra of Parkinsonian brain. J Neural Transm 74: 199-205
217. Sofic E, Lange KW, Jellinger K, Riederer P (1992) Reduced and oxidized glutathione in the substantia nigra of patients with Parkinson's disease. Neurosci Lett 142: 128-130
218. Sonsalla PK, Nicklas WJ, Heikkila RE (1989) Role for excitatory amino acids in methamphetamine-induced nigrostriatal dopaminergic toxicity. Science 243: 398-400
219. Sonsalla PK, Riordan DE, Heikkila RE (1991) Competitive and noncompetitive antagonists at N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors protect against methamphetamine-induced dopaminergic damage in mice. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 256: 506-512
220. Sonsalla PK, Zeevalk GD, Manzino L, Giovanni A, Nicklas WJ (1992) MK-801 fails to protect against the dopaminergic neuropathology produced by systemic 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine in mice or intranigral 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium in rats. J Neurochem 58: 1979-1982
221. Sontag K-H, Heim C, Sontag TA, God R, Reichmann H, Wesemann W, Rausch W-D, Riederer P, Bringmann G (1995) Long-term behavioural effects of TaClo (1-trichloro-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-β-carboline) after subchronic treatment in rats. J Neural Transm [Suppl] 46: 283-289
222. Starr MS (1995) Antiparkinsonian actions of glutamate antagonists - alone and with L-DOPA: a review of evidence and suggestions for possible mechanisms. J Neural Transm [P-D Sect] 10: 141-185
223. Stern Y (1990) MPTP-induced Parkinsonism. Prog Neurobiol 34: 107-114
224. Storey E, Hyman BT, Jenkins B, Brouillet E, Miller JM, Rosen BR, Beal MF (1992) 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium produces excitotoxic lesions in rat striatum as a result of impairment of oxidative metabolism. J Neurochem 58: 1975-1978
225. Sullivan JP, Tipton KF (1992) Interactions of the neurotoxin MPTP and its demethylated derivative (PTP) with monoamine oxidase-B. Neurochem Res 8: 791-796
226. Sundstöm E, Fredriksson A, Archer T (1990) Chronic neurochemical and behavioral changes in MPTP-lesioned C57BL/6 mice: a model for Parkinson's disease. Brain Res 528: 181-188
227. Takahashi T, Deng Y, Maruyama W, Dostert P, Kawai M, Naoi M (1994) Uptake of a neurotoxin-candidate, (R)-1,2,-dimethyl-6,7-dihydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline into human dopaminergic neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells by dopamine transport system. J Neural Transm [Gen Sect] 98: 107-118
228. Tanner CM (1989) The role of environmental toxins in the etiology of Parkinson's disease. TINS 12: 49-54
229. Taylor MD, de Ceballos ML, Rose S, Chong PN, Jenner P, Marsden CD (1991) Neuropeptide levels in the basal ganglia of aged common marmosets following prolonged treatment with MPTP. J Neural Transm [P-D Sect] 3: 99-108
230. +). Neurosci Lett 141: 203-207
231. Temlett JA, Landsberg JP, Watt F, Grime GW (1994) Increased iron in the substantia nigra compacta of the MPTP-lesioned hemiparkinsonian african green monkey: evidence from proton microprobe elemental microanalysis. J Neurochem 62: 134-146
232. Testa B, Naylor R, Costall B, Jenner P, Marsden CD (1985) Does an endogenous methylpyridinium analogue cause Parkinson's disease? J Pharm Pharmacol 37: 679-680
233. Thoenen H, Tanzer JP (1968) Chemical sympathectomy by selective destruction of adrenergic nerve endings with 6-hydroxydopamine. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 261:271-288
234. Tipton KF, Singer TP (1993) Advances in our understanding of the mechanisms of the neurotoxicity of MPTP and related compounds. J Neurochem 61: 1191-1206
235. Tsukahara T, Takeda M, Shimohama S, Ohara O, Hashimoto N (1995) Effects of brain-derived neurotrophic factor on 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-induced parkinsonism in monkeys. Neurosurg 37: 733-739
236. Turrens JF, Boveris A (1980) Generation of Superoxide anion by the NADH dehydrogenase of bovine heart mitochondria. Biochem J 19: 421-427
237. Turski L, Bressler K, Rettig K-J, Löschmann P-A, Wachtel H (1991) Protection of substantia nigra from MPP neurotoxicity by N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonists. Nature 349: 414-418
238. Ueki A, Chong N, Albanese A, Rose S, Chivers JK, Jenner P, Marsden CD (1989) Further treatment with MPTP does not produce Parkinsonism in marmosets showing behavioural recovery from motor deficits induced by an earlier exposure to the toxin. Neuropharmacology 28: 1089-1099
239. Ungerstedt U (1968) 6-Hydroxydopamine-induced degeneration of central monoamine neurons. Eur J Pharmacol 5: 107-110
240. Ungerstedt U, Arbuthnott G (1970) Quantitative recording of rotational behavior in rats after 6-hydroxydopamine lesions of the nigrostriatal dopamine system. Brain Res 24: 485-493
241. Uretsky NJ, Iversen LL (1970) Effects of 6-hydroxydopamine on catecholamine containing neurons in the rat brain. J Neurochem 17: 269-278
242. Vaux DL (1993) Toward an understanding of the molecular mechanism of physiological cell death. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 90: 786-789
243. Wachtel H, Kunow M, Löschmann P-A (1992) NBQX (6-nitro-sulfamoyl-benzoquinoxaline-dione) and CPP (3-carboxy-piperazin-propyl phosphonic acid) potentiate dopamine agonist induced rotations in substantia nigra lesioned rats. Neurosci Lett 142: 179-182
244. Wagner GC, Seiden LS, Schuster CR (1979) Methamphetamine-induced changes in brain catecholamines in rats and guinea pigs. Drug Alcohol Depend 4: 435-438
245. Wagner GC, Ricaurte GA, Seiden LS, Schuster CR, Miller RJ, Westley J (1980) Longlasting depletions of striatal dopamine and loss of dopamine uptake sites following repeated administration of methamphetamine. Brain Res 181: 151-160
246. Wang Y, Hamburger M, Cheng CHK, Costall B, Naylor RJ, Jenner P, Hostettman K (1991) Neurotoxic sesquiterpenoids from the yellow star thistle Centaurea solstitialis L. (Asteraceae). Helv Chim Acta 74: 117-123
247. Weihmuller FB, Hadjiconstantinou M, Bruno JP (1989) Dissociation between biochemical and behavioral recovery in MPTP-treated mice. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 34: 113-117
248. Wesemann W, Blaschke S, Clement H-W, Grote CHR, Weiner N, Kolasiewicz W, Sontag KH (1993) Iron and neurotoxin intoxication: comparative in vitro and in vivo studies. In: Riederer P, Youdim MBH (eds) Iron in central nervous system disorders. Springer, Wien New York, pp 79-86 (Key Topics in Brain Research)
249. Wesemann W, Blaschke S, Solbach M, Grote C, Clement H-W, Riederer P (1994) Intranigral injected iron progressively reduces striatal dopamine metabolism. J Neural Transm [P-D Sect] 8: 209-214
250. Wüllner U, Kupsch A, Arnold G, Renner P, Scheid C, Scheid R, Oertel W, Klockgether T (1992) The competitive NMDA antagonist CGP40.116 enhances L-DOPA response in MPTP-treated marmosets. Neuropharmacology 31: 713-715
251. Zang LY, Misra HP (1992) EPR kinetic studies of Superoxide radicals generated during the autoxidation of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-2,3-dihydropyridinium, a bioactivated intermediate of Parkinsonian-inducing neurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine. J Biol Chem 267: 23601-23608
252. Zetterström T, Sharp T, Collin AK, Ungerstedt U (1988) In vivo measurement of extracellular DA and DOPAC in rat striatum after various DA-releasing drugs: implications for the origin of extracellular DOPAC. Eur J Pharmacol 148: 327-334
253. Zigmond MJ, Stricker EM (1989) Animal models of Parkinsonism using selective neurotoxins: clinical and basic implications. In: Smythies JR, Bradley RJ (eds) International review of neurobiology, vol 31. Academic Press, San Diego New York Berkely Boston London Sydney Tokyo Toronto, pp 10-79
254. Zuddas A, Vaglini F, Fornai F, Corsini GU (1992) Selective lesion of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic pathway by MPTP and acetaldehyde or diethyldithiocarbamate. Neurochem Int [Suppl] 20: 287S-293S