Age-related myelin breakdown: A developmental model of cognitive decline and Alzheimer's disease

Neurobiology of Aging

Volumn 25, Issue 1, 2004, Pages 5-18

  Bartzokis, George ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b Gtr Los Angeles VA Hlthcare System   (United States)

Author keywords

Aging; Alzheimer; Amyloid; Degeneration; Development; Myelin; Neurons; Oligodendrocytes; Tau; White matter

Indexed keywords

APOLIPOPROTEIN; FERRITIN; MYELIN;

AGING; ALZHEIMER DISEASE; BRAIN CORTEX; BRAIN FUNCTION; CELL DIFFERENTIATION; CELL DISRUPTION; CELL SECRETION; CELL SYNCHRONIZATION; CHOLESTEROL BLOOD LEVEL; CHOLESTEROL SYNTHESIS; COGNITIVE DEFECT; DEMYELINATION; DISEASE PREDISPOSITION; ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR; EXPERIMENTAL MODEL; HEREDITY; HOMEOSTASIS; HUMAN; IRON BLOOD LEVEL; MITOCHONDRIAL RESPIRATION; MYELIN DEFICIENCY; MYELIN SHEATH; NERVE CELL DEGENERATION; NERVE CELL NECROSIS; NERVE CELL NETWORK; NERVE CONDUCTION; NERVE FIBER; NEUROTOXICITY; OLIGODENDROGLIA; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR;

EID: 0346770038     PISSN: 01974580     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2003.03.001     Document Type: Note

References (274)

1. Albert M. Neuropsychological and neurophysiological changes in healthy adult humans across the age range. Neurobiol. Aging. 14:1993;623-625.
2. Alonso G. Prolonged corticosterone treatment of adult rats inhibits the proliferation of oligodendrocyte progenitors present throughout white and gray matter regions of the brain. Glia. 31:2000;219-231.
3. Anggard E. Nitric oxide: mediator, murderer, and medicine [see comments]. Lancet. 343:1994;1199-1206.
4. Aston-Jones G., Rogers J., Shaver R.D., Dinan T.G., Moss D.E. Age-impaired impulse flow from nucleus basalis to cortex. Nature. 318:1985;462-464.
5. Atwood C.S., Moir R.D., Huang X., Scarpa R.C., Bacarra N.M., Romano D.M.et al. Dramatic aggregation of Alzheimer abeta by Cu(II) is induced by conditions representing physiological acidosis. J. Biol. Chem. 273:1998;12817-12826.
6. Avdulov N.A., Chochina S.V., Igbavboa U., Warden C.S., Vassiliev A.V., Wood W.G. Lipid binding to amyloid beta-peptide aggregates: preferential binding of cholesterol as compared with phosphatidylcholine and fatty acids. J. Neurochem. 69:1997;1746-1752.
7. Back S.A., Gan X., Li Y., Rosenberg P.A., Volpe J.J. Maturation- dependent vulnerability of oligodendrocytes to oxidative stress-induced death caused by glutathione depletion. J. Neurosci. 18:1998;6241-6253.
8. Barker W.W., Luis C.A., Kashuba A., Luis M., Harwood D.G., Loewenstein D.et al. Relative frequencies of Alzheimer disease, Lewy body, vascular and frontotemporal dementia, and hippocampal sclerosis in the state of Florida brain bank. Alzheimer Dis. Assoc. Disord. 16:2002;203-212.
9. Bartzokis G. Quadratic trajectories of brain myelin content: Unifying construct for neuropsychiatric disorders. Neurobiology of Aging 2003 (in press).
10. Bartzokis G. Schizophrenia: breakdown in the well-regulated lifelong process of brain development and maturation. Neuropsychopharmacology. 27:2002;672-683.
11. Bartzokis G., Beckson M., Hance D.B., Lu P.H., Foster J.A., Mintz J.et al. Magnetic resonance imaging evidence of "silent" cerebrovascular toxicity in cocaine dependent. Biol. Psychiatry. 45:1999;1203-1211.
12. Bartzokis G., Beckson M., Hance D.B., Marx P., Foster J.A., Marder S.R. MR evaluation of age-related increase of brain iron in young adult and older normal males. Magn. Reson. Imaging. 15:1997;29-35.
13. Bartzokis G., Beckson M., Lu P.H., Edwards N., Bridge P., Mintz J. Brain maturation may be arrested in chronic cocaine addicts. Biol. Psychiatry. 51:2002;605-611.
14. Bartzokis G., Beckson M., Lu P.H., Nuechterlein K.H., Edwards N., Mintz J. Age-related changes in frontal and temporal lobe volumes in men: a magnetic resonance imaging study. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 58:2001;461-465.
15. Bartzokis G., Cummings J., Sultzer D., Henderson V.W., Nuechterlein K.H., Mintz J. White matter structural integrity in aging and Alzheimer's disease: a magnetic resonance imaging study. Arch. Neurol. 60:2003;393-398.
16. Bartzokis G., Mintz J., Sultzer D., Marx P., Herzberg J.S., Phelan C.K. et al. In vivo MR evaluation of age-related increases in brain iron. AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol. 15:1994;1129-1138.
17. Bartzokis G., Sultzer D., Cummings B.J., Holt L.E., Hance D.B., Henderson V.W.et al. In vivo evaluation of brain iron in Alzheimer's disease and normal controls using magnetic resonance imaging. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 57:2000;47-53.
18. Bartzokis G, Sultzer D, Lu PH, Nuechterlein KH, Mintz J, Cummings J. Heterogeneous age-related breakdown of white matter structural integrity: implications for cortical "disconnection" in aging and Alzheimer's disease. 2003, under review.
19. Bartzokis G., Sultzer D., Mintz J., Holt L.E., Marx P., Phelan C.K.et al. In vivo evaluation of brain iron in Alzheimer's disease and normal subjects using MRI. Biol. Psychiatry. 35:1994;480-487.
20. Bauer J., Bradl M., Klein M., Leisser M., Deckwerth T.L., Wekerle H.et al. Endoplasmic reticulum stress in PLP-overexpressing transgenic rats: gray matter oligodendrocytes are more vulnerable than white matter oligodendrocytes. J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 61:2002;12-22.
21. Benes F.M., Turtle M., Khan Y., Farol P. Myelination of a key relay zone in the hippocampal formation occurs in the human brain during childhood, adolescence, and adulthood. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 51:1994;477-484.
22. Bird T.D., Sumi S.M., Nemens E.J., Nochlin D., Schellenberg G., Lampe T.H.et al. Phenotypic heterogeneity in familial Alzheimer's disease: a study of 24 kindreds. Ann. Neurol. 25:1989;12-25.
23. Blissman G., Menzies S., Beard J., Palmer C., Connor J. The expression of ferritin subunits and iron in oligodendrocytes in neonatal porcine brains. Dev. Neurosci. 18:1996;274-281.
24. Bogdanovic N., Bretillon L., Lund E.G., Diczfalusy U., Lannfelt L., Winblad B.et al. On the turnover of brain cholesterol in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Abnormal induction of the cholesterol-catabolic enzyme CYP46 in glial cells. Neurosci. Lett. 314:2001;45-48.
25. Bondy S.C., Guo-Ross S.X., Truong A.T. Promotion of transition metal-induced reactive oxygen species formation by beta-amyloid. Brain Res. 799:1998;91-96.
26. Braak H., Braak E. Frequency of stages of Alzheimer-related lesions in different age categories. Neurobiol. Aging. 18:1997;351-357.
27. Braak H, Braak E. Temporal sequence of Alzheimer's disease-related pathology. In: Jones E, Peters A, editors. Cerebral cortex: neurodegenerative and age-related changes in structure and function of cerebral cortex, vol. 14. New York: Plenum Press; 1999. p. 475-512.
28. Braak H., Del Tredici K., Schultz C., Braak E. Vulnerability of select neuronal types to Alzheimer's disease. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 924:2000;53-61.
29. Breteler M.M., Claus J.J., van Duijn C.M., Launer L.J., Hofman A. Epidemiology of Alzheimer's disease. Epidemiol. Rev. 14:1992;59-82.
30. Brody B.A., Kinney H.C., Kloman A.S., Gilles F.H. Sequence of central nervous system myelination in human infancy. I. An autopsy study of myelination. J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 46:1987;283-301.
31. Bronge L., Bogdanovic N., Wahlund L.O. Postmortem MRI and histopathology of white matter changes in Alzheimer brains. A quantitative, comparative study. Dement. Geriatr. Cogn. Disord. 13:2002;205-212.
32. Brown R.C., Cascio C., Papadopoulos V. Pathways of neurosteroid biosynthesis in cell lines from human brain: regulation of dehydroepiandrosterone formation by oxidative stress and beta-amyloid peptide. J. Neurochem. 74:2000;847-859.
33. Brown WR, Moody DM, Thore CR, Challa VR. Cerebrovascular pathology in Alzheimer's disease and leukoaraiosis. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2000;903:39-45.
34. Brun A., Englund E. A white matter disorder in dementia of the Alzheimer type: a pathoanatomical study. Ann. Neurol. 19:1986;253-262.
35. Burn D.J., Jaros E. Multiple system atrophy: cellular and molecular pathology. Mol. Pathol. 54:2001;419-426.
36. Carson M.J., Behringer R.R., Brinster R.L., McMorris F.A. Insulin-like growth factor I increases brain growth and central nervous system myelination in transgenic mice. Neuron. 10:1993;729-740.
37. Chance B., Sies H., Boveris A. Hydroperoxide metabolism in mammalian organs. Physiol. Rev. 59:1979;527-605.
38. Chance S.A., Highley J.R., Esiri M.M., Crow T.J. Fiber content of the fornix in schizophrenia: lack of evidence for a primary limbic encephalopathy. Am. J. Psychiatry. 156:1999;1720-1724.
39. Cheepsunthorn P., Palmer C., Menzies S., Roberts R.L., Connor J.R. Hypoxic/ischemic insult alters ferritin expression and myelination in neonatal rat brains. J. Comp. Neurol. 431:2001;382-396.
40. Chen P., Ratcliff G., Belle S.H., Cauley J.A., DeKosky S.T., Ganguli M. Patterns of cognitive decline in presymptomatic Alzheimer Disease. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 58:2001;853-858.
41. Chen P., Ratcliff G., Belle S.H., Cauley J.A., DeKosky S.T., Ganguli M. Patterns of cognitive decline in presymptomatic Alzheimer disease: a prospective community study. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 58:2001;853-858.
42. Cherny R.A., Atwood C.S., Xilinas M.E., Gray D.N., Jones W.D., McLean C.A.et al. Treatment with a copper-zinc chelator markedly and rapidly inhibits beta-amyloid accumulation in Alzheimer's disease transgenic mice. Neuron. 30:2001;665-676.
43. Chia L.S., Thompson J.E., Moscarello M.A. Changes in lipid phase behaviour in human myelin during maturation and aging. Involvement of lipid peroxidation. FEBS Lett. 157:1983;155-158.
44. Chia L.S., Thompson J.E., Moscarello M.A. X-ray diffraction evidence for myelin disorder in brain from humans with Alzheimers disease. Biochem. Biophys. Acta. 775:1984;308-312.
45. Chowen J.A., Goya L., Ramos S., Busiguina S., Garcia-Segura L.M., Argente J.et al. Effects of early undernutrition on the brain insulin-like growth factor-I system. J. Neuroendocrinol. 14:2002;163-169.
46. Chung T.F., Sipe J.D., McKee A., Fine R.E., Schreiber B.M., Liang J.S.et al. Serum amyloid A in Alzheimer's disease brain is predominantly localized to myelin sheaths and axonal membrane. Amyloid. 7:2000;105-110.
47. Connor J.R., Menzies S.L. Relationship of iron to oligodendrocytes and myelination. Glia. 17:1996;83-93.
48. Connor J.R., Milward E.A., Moalem S., Sampietro M., Boyer P., Percy M.E.et al. Is hemochromatosis a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease? J. Alzheimers Dis. 3:2001;471-477.
49. Courchesne E., Chisum H.J., Townsend J., Cowles A., Covington J., Egaas B.et al. Normal brain development and aging: quantitative analysis at in vivo MR imaging in healthy volunteers. Neuroradiology. 216:2000;672-682.
50. Crisby M., Carlson L.A., Winblad B. Statins in the prevention and treatment of Alzheimer disease. Alzheimer Dis. Assoc. Disord. 16:2002;131-136.
51. Cuajungco M.P., Faget K.Y., Huang X., Tanzi R.E., Bush A.I. Metal chelation as a potential therapy for Alzheimer's disease. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 920:2000;292-304.
52. Cuajungco M.P., Goldstein L.E., Nunomura A., Smith M.A., Lim J.T., Atwood Cs.et al. Evidence that the beta-amyloid plaques of Alzheimer's disease represent the redox-silencing and entombment of A beta by zinc. J. Biol. Chem. 275:2000;19439-19442.
53. Curtain C.C., Ali F., Volitakis I., Cherny R.A., Norton R.S., Beyreuther K.et al. Alzheimer's disease amyloid-beta binds copper and zinc to generate an allosterically ordered membrane-penetrating structure containing superoxide dismutase-like subunits. J. Biol. Chem. 276:2001;20466-20473.
54. Dai L., Winyard P.G., Zhang Z., Blake D.R., Morris C.J. Ascorbate promotes low density lipoprotein oxidation in the presence of ferritin. Biochim. Biophys Acta. 1304:1996;223-228.
55. Dai X., Qu P., Dreyfus C.F. Neuronal signals regulate neurotrophin expression in oligodendrocytes of the basal forebrain. Glia. 34:2001;234-239.
56. Davis D.R., Anderton B.H., Brion J.P., Reynolds C.H., Hanger D.P. Oxidative stress induces dephosphorylation of tau in rat brain primary neuronal cultures. J. Neurochem. 68:1997;1590-1597.
57. de la Monte S.M. Disproportionate atrophy of cerebral white matter in chronic alcoholics. Arch. Neurol. 45:1988;990-992.
58. de la Monte S.M. Quantitation of cerebral atrophy in preclinical and end-stage Alzheimer's disease. Ann. Neurol. 25:1989;450-459.
59. de la Monte S.M., Wells S.E., Hedley-Whyte T., Growdon J.H. Neuropathological distinction between Parkinson's dementia and Parkinson's plus Alzheimer's disease. Ann. Neurol. 26:1989;309-320.
60. de los Monteros A.E., Korsak R.A., Tran T., Vu D., de Vellis J., Edmond J. Dietary iron and the integrity of the developing rat brain: a study with the artificially-reared rat pup. Cell. Mol. Biol. (Noisy-le-grand). 46:2000;501-515.
61. de Groot J., Zhou S., Carlton S.M. Peripheral glutamate release in the hindpaw following low and high intensity sciatic stimulation. Neuroreport. 11:2000;497-502.
62. DeKosky S.T., Ikonomovic M.D., Styren S.D., Beckett L., Wisniewski S., Bennett D.A.et al. Upregulation of choline acetyltransferase activity in hippocampus and frontal cortex of elderly subjects with mild cognitive impairment. Ann. Neurol. 51:2002;145-155.
63. Deng W., McKinnon R.D., Poretz R.D. Lead exposure delays the differentiation of oligodendroglial progenitors in vitro. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 174:2001;235-244.
64. Dickson D.W., Crystal H.A., Mattiace L.A., Masur D.M., Blau A.D., Davies P.et al. Identification of normal and pathological aging in prospectively studied nondemented elderly humans. Neurobiol. Aging. 13:1992;179-189.
65. Dietschy J.M., Turley S.D. Cholesterol metabolism in the brain. Curr. Opin. Lipidol. 12:2001;105-112.
66. Double K.L., Maywald M., Schmittel M., Riederer P., Gerlach M. In vitro studies of ferritin iron release and neurotoxicity. J. Neurochem. 70:1998;2492-2499.
67. Dustman R.E., Emmerson R.Y., Shearer D.E. Life span changes in electrophysiological measures of inhibition. Brain Cogn. 30:1996;109-126.
68. Ehehalt R., Keller P., Haass C., Thiele C., Simons K. Amyloidogenic processing of the Alzheimer b-amyloid precursor protein depends on lipid rafts. J. Cell. Biol. 160:2003;113-123.
69. Engel A.K., Fries P., Singer W. Dynamic predictions: oscillations and synchrony in top-down processing. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 2:2001;704-716.
70. Englund E., Brun A., Alling C. White matter changes in dementia of Alzheimer's type. Brain. 111:1988;1425-1439.
71. Erb G.L., Osterbur D.L., LeVine S.M. The distribution of iron in the brain: a phylogenetic analysis using iron histochemistry. Dev. Brain Res. 93:1996;120-128.
72. Erkinjuntti T., Benavente O., Eliasziw M., Munoz D.G., Sulkava R., Haltia M.et al. Diffuse vacuolization (spongiosis) and arteriolosclerosis in the frontal white matter occurs in vascular dementia. Arch. Neurol. 53:1996;325-332.
73. Esposito G., Kirkby B.S., Van Horn J.D., Ellmore T.M., Berman K.F. Context-dependent, neural system-specific neurophysiological concomitants of ageing: mapping PET correlates during cognitive activation. Brain. 122:1999;963-979.
74. Fan Q.W., Yu W., Gong J.S., Zou K., Sawamura N., Senda T.et al. Cholesterol-dependent modulation of dendrite outgrowth and microtubule stability in cultured neurons. J. Neurochem. 80:2002;178-190.
75. Fazekas F., Schmidt R., Scheltens P. Pathophysiologic mechanisms in the development of age-related white matter changes of the brain. Dement. Geriatr. Cogn. Disord. 9(Suppl. 1):1998;2-5.
76. Fell J., Klaver P., Lehnertz K., Grunwald T., Schaller C., Elger C.E.et al. Human memory formation is accompanied by rhinal-hippocampal coupling and decoupling. Nat. Neurosci. 4:2001;1259-1264.
77. Felts P.A., Baker T.A., Smith K.J. Conduction in segmentally demyelinated mammalian central axons. J. Neurosci. 17:1997;7267-7277.
78. Fillit H.M. The role of hormone replacement therapy in the prevention of Alzheimer disease. Arch. Intern. Med. 162:2002;1934-1942.
79. Floyd R.A., Carney J.M. The role of metal ions in oxidative processes and aging. Toxicol. Ind. Health. 9:1993;197-214.
80. Forette F., Seux M.L., Staessen J.A., Thijs L., Babarskiene M.R., Babeanu S.et al. The prevention of dementia with antihypertensive treatment: new evidence from the systolic hypertension in Europe (syst-eur) study. Arch. Intern. Med. 162:2002;2046-2052.
81. Fox N.C., Warrington E.K., Seiffer A.L., Agnew S.K., Rossor M.N. Presymptomatic cognitive deficits in individuals at risk of familial Alzheimer's disease. A longitudinal prospective study. Brain. 121:1998;1631-1639.
82. Fuster J.M. Synopsis of function and dysfunction of the frontal lobe. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. Suppl. 395:1999;51-57.
83. Gamblin T.C., King M.E., Kuret J., Berry R.W., Binder L.I. Oxidative regulation of fatty acid-induced tau polymerization. Biochemistry. 39:2000;14203-14210.
84. Garcia-Ladona F.J., Huss Y., Frey P., Ghandour M.S. Oligodendrocytes express different isoforms of beta-amyloid precursor protein in chemically defined cell culture conditions: in situ hybridization and immunocytochemical detection. J. Neurosci. Res. 50:1997;50-61.
85. Garzon-Rodriguez W., Yatsimirsky A.K., Glabe C.G. Binding of Zn(II), Cu(II), and Fe(II) ions to Alzheimer's A beta peptide studied by fluorescence. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 9:1999;2243-2248.
86. Ge Y., Grossman R.I., Babb J.S., Rabin M.L., Mannon L.J., Kolson D.L. Age-related total gray matter and white matter changes in normal adult brain. Part I: volumetric MR imaging analysis. AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol. 23:2002;1327-1333.
87. Ge Y., Grossman R.I., Babb J.S., Rabin M.L., Mannon L.J., Kolson D.L. Age-related total gray matter and white matter changes in normal adult brain. Part II: quantitative magnetization transfer ratio histogram analysis. AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol. 23:2002;1334-1341.
88. Geschwind N. Disconnexion syndromes in animals and man. Part II. In: Williams D, editor. Brain: a journal of neurology, vol. LXXXVIII. New York: St. Martins Press Inc.; 1965. p. 585-644.
89. Geschwind N. Disconnexion syndromes in animals and man. Part 1. In: Williams D, editor. Brain: a journal of neurology, vol. LXXXVIII. New York: St. Martin's Press Inc.; 1965. p. 237-94.
90. Geula C., Wu C.K., Saroff D., Lorenzo A., Yuan M., Yankner B.A. Aging renders the brain vulnerable to amyloid beta-protein neurotoxicity [see comments]. Nat. Med. 4:1998;827-831.
91. Ghebremedhin E., Schultz C., Thal D.R., Rub U., Ohm T.G., Braak E.et al. Gender and age modify the association between APOE and AD-related neuropathology. Neurology. 56:2001;1696-1701.
92. Goddard D.R., Berry M., Butt A.M. In vivo actions of fibroblast growth factor-2 and insulin-like growth factor-I on oligodendrocyte development and myelination in the central nervous system. J. Neurosci. Res. 57:1999;74-85.
93. Goldstein I.B., Bartzokis G., Guthrie D., Shapiro D. Ambulatory blood pressure and brain atrophy in the healthy elderly. Neurology. 59:2002;713-719.
94. Goldstein I.B., Bartzokis G., Hance D.B., Shapiro D. Relationship between blood pressure and subcortical lesions in healthy elderly people. Stroke. 29:1998;765-772.
95. Good P.F., Werner P., Hsu A., Olanow C.W., Perl D.P. Evidence of neuronal oxidative damage in Alzheimer's disease. Am. J. Pathol. 149:1996;21-28.
96. Gottfries C.G., Karlsson I., Svennerholm L. Membrane components separate early-onset Alzheimer's disease from senile dementia of the Alzheimer type. Int. Psychogeriatr. 8:1996;365-372.
97. Gould E., Beylin A., Tanapat P., Reeves A., Shors T.J. Learning enhances adult neurogenesis in the hippocampal formation. Nat. Neurosci. 2:1999;260-265.
98. Guttmann C.R., Jolesz F.A., Kikinis R., Killiany R.J., Moss M.B., Sandor T.et al. White matter changes with normal aging. Neurology. 50:1998;972-978.
99. Hallgren B., Sourander P. The effect of age on the non-haemin iron in the human brain. J. Neurochem. 3:1958;41-51.
100. Halliwell B., Gutteridge J.M. Oxygen free radicals and iron in relation to biology and medicine: some problems and concepts. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 246:1986;501-514.
101. Halliwell B., Gutteridge J.M.C. Iron as biological pro-oxidant. ISI Atlas Sci. Biochem. 1:1988;48-52.
102. Han X., Holtzman D.M., McKeel D.W. Jr., Kelley J., Morris J.C. Substantial sulfatide deficiency and ceramide elevation in very early Alzheimer's disease: potential role in disease pathogenesis. J. Neurochem. 82:2002;809-818.
103. Hanyu H., Shindo H., Kakizaki D., Abe K., Iwamoto T., Takasaki M. Increased water diffusion in cerebral white matter in Alzheimer's disease. Gerontology. 43:1997;343-351.
104. Hardy J., Selkoe D.J. The amyloid hypothesis of Alzheimer's disease: progress and problems on the road to therapeutics. Science. 297:2002;353-356.
105. Harris S.J., Wilce P., Bedi K.S. Exposure of rats to a high but not low dose of ethanol during early postnatal life increases the rate of loss of optic nerve axons and decreases the rate of myelination. J. Anat. 197:2000;477-485.
106. Hayashi H., Igbavboa U., Hamanaka H., Kobayashi M., Fujita S.C., Wood W.G.et al. Cholesterol is increased in the exofacial leaflet of synaptic plasma membranes of human apolipoprotein E4 knock-in mice. Neuroreport. 13:2002;383-386.
107. Hildebrand C., Remahl S., Persson H., Bjartmar C. Myelinated nerve fibres in the cns. Prog. Neurobiol. 40:1993;319-384.
108. Hof P.R., Cox K., Morrison J.H. Quantitative analysis of a vulnerable subset of pyramidal neurons in Alzheimer's disease: I. Superior frontal and inferior temporal cortex. J. Comp. Neurol. 301:1990;44-54.
109. Hof P.R., Morrison J.H. Quantitative analysis of a vulnerable subset of pyramidal neurons in Alzheimer's disease: II. Primary and secondary visual cortex. J. Comp. Neurol. 301:1990;55-64.
110. Holtzman D.M., Bales K.R., Tenkova T., Fagan A.M., Parsadanian M., Sartorius L.J.et al. Apolipoprotein E isoform-dependent amyloid deposition and neuritic degeneration in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 97:2000;2892-2897.
111. Hopf A. Die myeloarchitectonik des isocortex temporalis beim menschen. J. Hirnforsch. 1:1954;208-279.
112. Hopkins K.J., Wang G., Schmued L.C. Temporal progression of kainic acid induced neuronal and myelin degeneration in the rat forebrain. Brain Res. 864:2000;69-80.
113. Horrocks LA, van Rollings M, Yates AJ. Lipid changes in the ageing brain. In: Davison AN, Thompson RHS, editors. The molecular basis of neuropathology. London: Edward Arnold, Ltd.; 1981. p. 601-30.
114. Huang W.L., Harper C.G., Evans S.F., Newnham J.P., Dunlop S.A. Repeated prenatal corticosteroid administration delays myelination of the corpus callosum in fetal sheep. Int. J. Dev. Neurosci. 19:2001;415-425.
115. Husain J., Juurlink B.H. Oligodendroglial precursor cell susceptibility to hypoxia is related to poor ability to cope with reactive oxygen species. Brain Res. 698:1995;86-94.
116. Huttenlocher P.R., Dabholkar A.S. Regional differences in synaptogenesis in human cerebral cortex. J. Comp. Neurol. 387:1997;167-178.
117. Igbavboa U., Avdulov N.A., Chochina S.V., Wood W.G. Transbilayer distribution of cholesterol is modified in brain synaptic plasma membranes of knockout mice deficient in the low-density lipoprotein receptor, apolipoprotein E, or both proteins. J. Neurochem. 69:1997;1661-1667.
118. Jellinger K.A., Stadelmann C. Problems of cell death in neurodegeneration and Alzheimer's Disease. J. Alzheimers Dis. 3:2001;31-40.
119. Juurlink B.H. Response of glial cells to ischemia: roles of reactive oxygen species and glutathione. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 21:1997;151-166.
120. Juurlink B.H. Response of glial cells to ischemia: roles of reactive oxygen species and glutathione. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 21:1997;151-166.
121. Kemper T. Neuroanatomical and neuropathological changes during aging and dementia. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Oxford University Press; 1994.
122. Kirsch C., Eckert G.P., Mueller W.E. Statin effects on cholesterol micro-domains in brain plasma membranes. Biochem. Pharmacol. 65:2003;843-856.
123. Kiuru S., Salonen O., Haltia M. Gelsolin-related spinal and cerebral amyloid angiopathy. Ann. Neurol. 45:1999;305-311.
124. Kivipelto M., Helkala E.L., Laakso M.P., Hanninen T., Hallikainen M., Alhainen K.et al. Apolipoprotein E epsilon4 allele, elevated midlife total cholesterol level, and high midlife systolic blood pressure are independent risk factors for late-life Alzheimer disease. Ann. Intern. Med. 137:2002;149-155.
125. Klintworth GK. Huntington's chorea - morphologic contributions of a century. In: Barbeau A, Paulson GW, Chase TN, editors. Advances in Neurology, vol. 1. Huntington's chorea, 1872-1972. New York: Raven Press; 1973. p. 353-68.
126. Kobayashi K., Hayashi M., Nakano H., Fukutani Y., Sasaki K., Shimazaki M.et al. Apoptosis of astrocytes with enhanced lysosomal activity and oligodendrocytes in white matter lesions in Alzheimer's disease. Neuropathol. Appl. Neurobiol. 28:2002;238-251.
127. Kress G.J., Dineley K.E., Reynolds I.J. The relationship between intracellular free iron and cell injury in cultured neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes. J. Neurosci. 22:2002;5848-5855.
128. Kurt M.A., Davies D.C., Kidd M., Duff K., Rolph S.C., Jennings K.H.et al. Neurodegenerative changes associated with beta-amyloid deposition in the brains of mice carrying mutant amyloid precursor protein and mutant presenilin-1 transgenes. Exp. Neurol. 171:2001;59-71.
129. Kurumatani T., Kudo T., Ikura Y., Takeda M. White matter changes in the gerbil brain under chronic cerebral hypoperfusion. Stroke. 29:1998;1058-1062.
130. Lakmache Y., Lassonde M., Gauthier S., Frigon J.Y., Lepore F. Interhemispheric disconnection syndrome in Alzheimer's disease. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 95:1998;9042-9046.
131. Lamantia A.S., Rakic P. Cytological and quantitative characteristics of four cerebral commissures in the rhesus monkey. J. Comp. Neurol. 291:1990;520-537.
132. Locatelli S., Lutjohann D., Schmidt H.H., Otto C., Beisiegel U., von Bergmann K. Reduction of plasma 24S-hydroxycholesterol (cerebrosterol) levels using high-dosage simvastatin in patients with hypercholesterolemia: evidence that simvastatin affects cholesterol metabolism in the human brain. Arch. Neurol. 59:2002;213-216.
133. Lopez J.C. A beta, tau and the fabrication of tangles. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 2:2001;681.
134. Loske C., Gerdemann A., Schepl W., Wycislo M., Schinzel R., Palm D.et al. Transition metal-mediated glycoxidation accelerates cross-linking of beta-amyloid peptide. Eur. J. Biochem. 267:2000;4171-4178.
135. Lovell M.A., Ehmann W.D., Butler S.M., Markesbery W.R. Elevated thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances and antioxidant enzyme activity in the brain in Alzheimer's disease. Neurology. 45:1995;1594-1601.
136. Lynch T, Cherny RA, Bush AI. Oxidative processes in Alzheimer's disease: the role of A-beta-metal interactions. Exp Gerontol 2000;35:445-51.
137. Mackenzie I.R. Senile plaques do not progressively accumulate with normal aging. Acta Neuropathol. 87:1994;520-525.
138. Mahley R.W. Apolipoprotein E: cholesterol transport protein with expanding role in cell biology. Science. 240:1988;622-630.
139. Malone M.J., Szoke M.C. Neurochemical changes in white matter. Aged human brain and Alzheimer's disease. Arch. Neurol. 42:1985;1063-1066.
140. Markesbery W.R. Oxidative stress hypothesis in Alzheimer's disease. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 23:1997;134-147.
141. Marx J. Alzheimer's disease. Bad for the heart, bad for the mind? Science. 294:2001;508-509.
142. Mason J.L., Ye P., Suzuki K., D'Ercole A.J., Matsushima G.K. Insulin-like growth factor-1 inhibits mature oligodendrocyte apoptosis during primary demyelination. J. Neurosci. 20:2000;5703-5708.
143. Mason R.P., Shoemaker W.J., Shajenko L., Chambers T.E., Herbette L.G. Evidence for changes in the Alzheimer's disease brain cortical membrane structure mediated by cholesterol. Neurobiol. Aging. 13:1992;413-419.
144. Matute C., Sanchez-Gomez M.V., Martinez-Millan L., Miled R. Glutamate receptor-mediated toxicity in optic nerve oligodendrocytes. Neurobiology. 94:1997;8830-8835.
145. Mauch D.H., Nagler K., Schumacher S., Goritz C., Muller E.C., Otto A.et al. CNS synaptogenesis promoted by glia-derived cholesterol. Science. 294:2001;1354-1357.
146. Maynard C.J., Cappai R., Volitakis I., Cherny R.A., White A.R., Beyreuther K.et al. Overexpression of Alzheimer's disease amyloid-beta opposes the age-dependent elevations of brain copper and iron. J. Biol. Chem. 277:2002;44670-44676.
147. McDonald J.W., Althomsons S.P., Hyrc K.L., Choi D.W., Goldberg M.P. Oligodendrocytes from forebrain are highly vulnerable to AMPA/kainate receptor-mediated excitotoxicity. Nat. Med. 4:1998;291-297.
148. McDonald W.I., Sears T.A. The effects of experimental demyelination on conduction in the central nervous system. Brain. 93:1970;583-598.
149. McKee A.C., Kowall N.W., Schumacher J.S., Beal M.F. The neurotoxicity of amyloid beta protein in aged primates. Amyloid. 5:1998;1-9.
150. McLachlan D.R.C., Dalton A.J., Kruck T.P., Bell M.Y., Smith W.L., Kalow W.et al. Intramuscular desferrioxamine in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Lancet. 337:1991;1304-1308.
151. Mecocci P., MacGarvey U., Kaufman A.E., Koontz D., Shoffner J.M., Wallace D.C.et al. Oxidative damage to mitochondrial DNA shows marked age-dependent increases in human brain. Ann. Neurol. 34:1993;609-616.
152. Meier-Ruge W., Ulrich J., Bruhlmann M., Meier E. Age-related white matter atrophy in the human brain. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 673:1992;260-269.
153. Merrill J.E., Ignarro L.J., Sherman M.P., Melinek J., Lane T.E. Microglial cell cytotoxicity of oligodendrocytes is mediated through nitric oxide. J. Immunol. 151:1993;2132-2141.
154. Mesulam M.M. Large-scale neurocognitive networks and distributed processing for attention, language, and memory. Ann. Neurol. 28:1990;597-613.
155. Mesulam M.M. A plasticity-based theory of the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. Ann. N Y Acad. Sci. 924:2000;42-52.
156. Meyer A. Paul Flechsig's system of myelogenetic cortical localization in the light of recent research in neuroanatomy and neurophysiology part II. Can. J. Neurol. Sci. 8:1981;95-104.
157. Miller A.K., Alston R.L., Corsellis J.A. Variation with age in the volumes of grey and white matter in the cerebral hemispheres of man: measurements with an image analyser. Neuropathol. Appl. Neurobiol. 6:1980;119-132.
158. Mitrovic B., Ignarro L.J., Vinters H.V., Akers M.A., Schmid I., Uittenbogaart C.et al. Nitric oxide induces necrotic but not apoptotic cell death in oligodendrocytes. Neuroscience. 65:1995;531-539.
159. Mizuno T., Nakata M., Naiki H., Michikawa M., Wang R., Haass C.et al. Cholesterol-dependent generation of a seeding amyloid beta-protein in cell culture. J. Biol. Chem. 274:1999;15110-15114.
160. Monji A., Utsumi H., Ueda T., Imoto T., Yoshida I., Hashioka S.et al. The relationship between the aggregational state of the amyloid-beta peptides and free radical generation by the peptides. J. Neurochem. 77:2001;1425-1432.
161. Montine T.J., Markesbery W.R., Zackert W., Sanchez S.C., Roberts L.J. II, Morrow J.D. The magnitude of brain lipid peroxidation correlates with the extent of degeneration but not with density of neuritic plaques or neurofibrillary tangles or with APOE genotype in Alzheimer's disease patients. Am. J. Pathol. 155:1999;863-868.
162. Morath D.J., Mayer-Proschel M. Iron modulates the differentiation of a distinct population of glial precursor cells into oligodendrocytes. Dev. Biol. 237:2001;232-243.
163. Morell P., Jurevics H. Origin of cholesterol in myelin. Neurochem. Res. 21:1996;463-470.
164. Morell P, Toews AD. In vivo metabolism of oligodendroglial lipids. In: Norton WT, editor. Oligodendroglia. New York: Plenium Press; 1984. p. 47-86.
165. Mori T., Paris D., Town T., Rojiani A.M., Sparks D.L., Delledonne A.et al. Cholesterol accumulates in senile plaques of Alzheimer disease patients and in transgenic APP(SW) mice. J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 60:2001;778-785.
166. Morris C.M., Candy J.M., Oakley A.E., Bloxham C.A., Edwardson J.A. Histochemical distribution of non-haem iron in the human brain. Acta. Anat. (Basel). 144:1992;235-257.
167. Myers G.J., Davidson P.W. Prenatal methylmercury exposure and children: neurologic, developmental, and behavioral research. Environ Health Perspect. 106:1998;841-847.
168. Nielsen K., Peters A. The effects of aging on the frequency of nerve fibers in rhesus monkey striate cortex. Neurobiol. Aging. 21:2000;621-628.
169. Niess C., Grauel U., Toennes S.W., Bratzke H. Incidence of axonal injury in human brain tissue. Acta Neuropathol. (Berl). 104:2002;79-84.
170. Nieuwenhuys R. Structure and organization of fibre systems. In: Nieuwenhuys R, Tendokelaar JH, Nicholson C, editors. The central nervous system of vertebrates, vol. 1. Berlin: Springer; 1999. p. 113-57 [chapter 3].
171. Norton WT. Formation, structure, and biochemistry of myelin. In: Siegel GJ, Albers RW, Agranoff BW, Katzman R, editors. Basic neurochemistry, vol. 3. Boston: Little, Brown and Co.; 1981. p. 63-92.
172. O'Brien J.S., Sampson E.L. Lipid composition of the normal human brain: gray matter, white matter, and myelin. J. Lipid Res. 6:1965;537-544.
173. O'donnell K.A., Rapp P.R., Hof P.R. Preservation of prefrontal cortical volume in behaviorally characterized aged macaque monkeys. Exp. Neurol. 160:1999;300-310.
174. O'Sullivan M., Jones D.K., Summers P.E., Morris R.G., Williams S.C., Markus H.S. Evidence for cortical "disconnection" as a mechanism of age-related cognitive decline. Neurology. 57:2001;632-638.
175. Ohm T.G., Muller H., Braak H., Bohl J. Close-meshed prevalence rates of different stages as a tool to uncover the rate of Alzheimer's disease-related neurofibrillary changes. Neuroscience. 64:1995;209-217.
176. Ojemann G.A., Schoenfield-McNeill J., Corina D.P. Anatomic subdivisions in human temporal cortical neuronal activity related to recent verbal memory. Nat. Neurosci. 5:2002;64-71.
177. Pakkenberg B., Pelvig D., Marner L., Bundgaard M.J., Gundersen H.J., Nyengaard J.R.et al. Aging and the human neocortex. Exp. Gerontol. 38:2003;95-99.
178. Pandya DN, Seltzer B. The topography of commissural fibers. In: Two hemispheres-one brain: functions of the corpus callosum. Alan R. Liss, Inc.; 1986. p. 47-73.
179. Pantoni L., Garcia J.H. Pathogenesis of luekoaraiosis. Stroke. 28:1997;652-659.
180. Papassotiropoulos A., Lutjohann D., Bagli M., Locatelli S., Jessen F., Buschfort R.et al. 24S-hydroxycholesterol in cerebrospinal fluid is elevated in early stages of dementia. J. Psychiatr. Res. 36:2002;27-32.
181. Papassotiropoulos A., Streffer J.R., Tsolaki M., Schmid S., Thal D., Nicosia F.et al. Increased brain beta-amyloid load, phosphorylated tau, and risk of Alzheimer disease associated with an intronic CYP46 polymorphism. Arch. Neurol. 60:2003;29-35.
182. Perez-Campo R., Lopez-Torres M., Cadenas S., Rojas C., Barja G. The rate of free radical production as a determinant of the rate of aging: evidence from the comparative approach. J. Comp. Physiol. B. 168:1998;149-158.
183. Peters A., Moss M.B., Sethares C. Effects of aging on myelinated nerve fibers in monkey primary visual cortex. J. Comp. Neurol. 419:2000;364-376.
184. Peters A., Sethares C. Aging and the myelinated fibers in prefrontal cortex and corpus callosum of the monkey. J. Comp. Neurol. 442:2002;277-291.
185. Petty M.A., Wettstein J.G. White matter ischaemia. Brain Res. Rev. 31:1999;58-64.
186. Pike C.J., Ramezan-Arab N., Cotman C.W. Beta-amyloid neurotoxicity in vitro: evidence of oxidative stress but not protection by antioxidants. J. Neurochem. 69:1997;1601-1611.
187. Plassart-Schiess E., Baulieu E.E. Neurosteroids: recent findings. Brain Res. Rev. 37:2001;133-140.
188. Posner H.B., Tang M.X., Luchsinger J., Lantigua R., Stern Y., Mayeux R. The relationship of hypertension in the elderly to AD, vascular dementia, and cognitive function. Neurology. 58:2002;1175-1181.
189. Power J., Mayer-Proschel M., Smith J., Noble M. Oligodendrocyte precursor cells from different brain regions express divergent properties consistent with the differing time courses of myelination in these regions. Dev. Biol. 245:2002;362-375.
190. Pratico D., Clark C.M., Liun F., Rokach J., Lee V.Y., Trojanowski J.Q. Increase of brain oxidative stress in mild cognitive impairment: a possible predictor of Alzheimer disease. Arch. Neurol. 59:2002;972-976.
191. Price J.L., Ko A.I., Wade M.J., Tsou S.K., McKeel D.W., Morris J.C. Neuron number in the entorhinal cortex and CA1 in preclinical Alzheimer Disease. Arch. Neurol. 58:2001;1395-1402.
192. Rakic P., Bourgeois J.P., Eckenhoff M.F., Zecevic N., Goldman-Rakic P.S. Concurrent overproduction of synapses in diverse regions of the primate cerebral cortex. Science. 232:1986;232-235.
193. Regeur L., Jensen G., Pakkenberg H., Evans S.M., Pakkenberg B. No global neocortical nerve cell loss in brains from patients with senile dementia of Alzheimer's type. Neurobiol. Aging. 15:1994;347-352.
194. Rodriguez-Pena A. Oligodendrocyte development and thyroid hormone. J. Neurobiol. 40:1999;497-512.
195. Rogers J.T., Randall J.D., Eder P.S., Huang X., Bush A.I., Tanzi R.E.et al. Alzheimer's disease drug discovery targeted to the APP mRNA 5′ untranslated region. J. Mol. Neurosci. 19:2002;77-82.
196. Roher A.E., Weiss N., Kokjohn T.A., Kuo Y.M., Kalback W., Anthony J.et al. Increased abeta peptides and reduced cholesterol and myelin proteins characterize white matter degeneration in Alzheimer's Disease. Biochemistry. 41:2002;11080-11090.
197. Roncagliolo M., Garrido M., Walter T., Peirano P., Lozoff B. Evidence of altered central nervous system development in infants with iron deficiency anemia at 6 mo: delayed maturation of auditory brainstem responses. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 68:1998;683-690.
198. Rosenberg P.A., Dai W., Gan X.D., Ali S., Fu J., Back S.A.et al. Mature myelin basic protein-expressing oligodendrocytes are insensitive to kainate toxicity. J. Neurosci. Res. 71:2003;237-245.
199. Rottkamp C.A., Raina A.K., Zhu X., Gaier E., Bush A.I., Atwood C.S.et al. Redox-active iron mediates amyloid-beta toxicity. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 30:2001;447-450.
200. Rouser G., Kritchevsky G., Yamamoto A., Baxter C.F. Lipids in the nervous system of different species as a function of age: brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerve, purified whole cell preparations, and subcellular particulates: regulatory mechanisms and membrane structure. Adv. Lipid Res. 10:1972;261-360.
201. Rouser G., Yamamoto A. Curvilinear regression course of human brain lipid composition changes with age. Lipids. 3:1968;284-287.
202. Sampietro M., Caputo L., Casatta A., Meregalli M., Pellagatti A., Tagliabue J.et al. The hemochromatosis gene affects the age of onset of sporadic Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol. Aging. 22:2001;563-568.
203. Sastre J., Pallardo F.V., Garcia de la Asuncion J., Vina J. Mitochondria, oxidative stress and aging. Free Radic Res. 32:2000;189-198.
204. Schenk D. Amyloid-beta immunotherapy for Alzheimer's disease: the end of the beginning. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 3:2002;824-828.
205. Schroeder F., Woodford J.K., Kavecansky J., Wood W.G., Joiner C. Cholesterol domains in biological membranes. Mol. Membr. Biol. 12:1995;113-119.
206. Schultz C., Dehghani F., Hubbard G.B., Thal D.R., Struckhoff G., Braak E.et al. Filamentous tau pathology in nerve cells, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes of aged baboons. J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 59:2000;39-52.
207. Schultz C., Hubbard G.B., Rub U., Braak E., Braak H. Age-related progression of tau pathology in brains of baboons. Neurobiol. Aging. 21:2000;905-911.
208. Schupf N. Epidemiology of dementia in Down's syndrome. In: Iqbal K, Sisodia SS, Winblad B, editors. Alzheimer's disease: advances in etiology, pathogenesis, and therapeutics. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.; 2001. p. 23-30.
209. Selkoe D.J. Translating cell biology into therapeutic advances in Alzheimer's disease. Nature. 399:1999;A23-A31.
210. Selkoe D.J. Alzheimer's disease: genes, proteins, and therapy. Physiol. Rev. 81:2001;741-766.
211. Semendeferi K., Lu A., Schenker N., Damasio H. Humans and great apes share a large frontal cortex. Nat. Neurosci. 5:2002;272-276.
212. Seno H., Inagaki T., Yamamori C., Miyaoka T., Horiguchi J. Dementia of Alzheimer type with and without multiple lacunar infarctions: evaluation of white matter lesions. Neuropathology. 20:2000;204-209.
213. Simons M., Kramer E.M., Macchi P., Rathke-Hartlieb S., Trotter J., Nave K.A.et al. Overexpression of the myelin proteolipid protein leads to accumulation of cholesterol and proteolipid protein in endosomes/lysosomes: implications for Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease. J. Cell. Biol. 157:2002;327-336.
214. Sloane J.A., Hollander W., Moss M.B., Rosene D.L., Abraham C.R. Increased microglial activation and protein nitration in white matter of the aging monkey. Neurobiol. Aging. 20:1999;395-405.
215. Small G.W., Ercoli L.M., Silverman D.H., Huang S.C., Komo S., Bookheimer S.Y.et al. Cerebral metabolic and cognitive decline in persons at genetic risk for Alzheimer's disease. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 97:2000;6037-6042.
216. Smith C.D., Carney J.M., Starke-Reed P.E., Oliver C.N., Stadtman E.R., Floyd R.A.et al. Excess brain protein oxidation and enzyme dysfunction in normal aging and in Alzheimer disease. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 88:1991;10540-10543.
217. Smith M.A., Casadesus G., Joseph J.A., Perry G. Amyloid-beta and tau serve antioxidant functions in the aging and Alzheimer brain. Free Radic Biol. Med. 33:2002;1194-1199.
218. Smith M.A., Rottkamp C.A., Nunomura A., Raina A.K., Perry G. Oxidative stress in Alzheimer's disease. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1502:2000;139-144.
219. Smith M.A., Wehr K., Harris P.L.R., Siedlak S.L., Connor J.R., Perry G. Abnormal localization of iron regulatory protein in Alzheimer's disease. Brain Res. 788:1998;232-236.
220. Sohal R.S., Sohal B.H., Orr W.C. Mitochondrial superoxide and hydrogen peroxide generation, protein oxidative damage, and longevity in different species of flies. Free Radic Biol. Med. 19:1995;499-504.
221. Sowell E.R., Peterson B.S., Thompson P.M., Welcome S.E., Henkenius A.L., Toga A.W. Mapping cortical change across the human life span. Nat. Neurosci. 6:2003;309-315.
222. Srinivasan R. Spatial structure of the human alpha rhythm: global correlation in adults and local correlation in children. Clin. Neurophysiol. 1999:1999;1351-1362.
223. Stoffel W., Bosio A. Myelin glycolipids and their functions. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 7:1997;654-661.
224. Stone J.R., Okonkwo D.O., Singleton R.H., Mutlu L.K., Helm G.A., Povlishock J.T. Caspase-3-mediated cleavage of amyloid precursor protein and formation of amyloid beta peptide in traumatic axonal injury. J. Neurotrauma. 19:2002;601-614.
225. Stout J.C., Jernigan T., Archibald S., Salmon D.P. Association of dementia severity with cortical gray matter and abnormal white matter volumes in dementia of the Alzheimer type. Arch. Neurol. 53:1996;742-749.
226. Subasinghe S., Unabia S., Barrow C.J., Mok S.S., Aguilar M.I., Small D.H. Cholesterol is necessary both for the toxic effect of Abeta peptides on vascular smooth muscle cells and for Abeta binding to vascular smooth muscle cell membranes. J. Neurochem. 84:2003;471-479.
227. Surewicz W.K., Epand R.M., Epand R.F., Hallett F.R., Moscarello M.A. Modulation of myelin basic protein-induced aggregation and fusion of liposomes by cholesterol, aliphatic aldehydes and alkanes. Biochim. Biophys Acta. 863:1986;45-52.
228. Svennerholm L., Gottfries C.G. Membrane lipids, selectively diminished in Alzheimer brains, suggest synapse loss as a primary event in early-onset form (type I) and demyelination in late-onset form (type II). J. Neurochem. 62:1994;1039-1047.
229. Tabner B.J., Turnbull S., El-Agnaf O.M., Allsop D. Formation of hydrogen peroxide and hydroxyl radicals from Abeta and alpha-synuclein as a possible mechanism of cell death in Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease (1, 2). Free Radic Biol. Med. 32:2002;1076-1083.
230. Tallon-Baudry C., Bertrand O., Fischer C. Oscillatory synchrony between human extrastriate areas during visual short-term memory maintenance. J. Neurosci. 21:2001;RC177.
231. Tanaka F., Kachi T., Yamada T., Sobue G. Auditory and visual event-related potentials and flash visual evoked potentials in Alzheimer's disease: correlations with mini-mental state examination and Raven's coloured progressive matrices. J. Neurol. Sci. 156:1998;83-88.
232. Tang Y., Nyengaard J.R., Pakkenberg B., Gundersen H.J. Age-induced white matter changes in the human brain: a stereological investigation. Neurobiol. Aging. 18:1997;609-615.
233. Terry R.D., Gonatas N.K., Weiss M. Ultrastructural studies in Alzheimers presenile dementia. Am. J. Pathol. 49:1964;269-281.
234. Thal D.R., Barduzal S., Franz K., Herrmann G., Bode F., Lambrecht E.et al. Giant cell arteritis in a 19-year-old woman associated with vertebral artery aneurysm and subarachnoid hemorrhage. Clin. Neuropathol. 20:2001;80-86.
235. Thal D.R., Rub U., Orantes M., Braak H. Phases of A beta-deposition in the human brain and its relevance for the development of AD. Neurology. 58:2002;1791-1800.
236. Thal D.R., Rub U., Schultz C., Sassin I., Ghebremedhin E., Del Tredici K.et al. Sequence of Abeta-protein deposition in the human medial temporal lobe. J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 59:2000;733-748.
237. Thompson P.M., Giedd J.N., Woods R.P., MacDonald D., Evans A.C., Toga A.W. Growth patterns in the developing brain detected by using continuum mechanical tensor maps. Nature. 404:2000;190-193.
238. Torp R., Head E., Cotman C.W. Ultrastructural analyses of beta-amyloid in the aged dog brain: neuronal beta-amyloid is localized to the plasma membrane. Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry. 24:2000;801-810.
239. Troncoso J.C., Costello A., Watson A.L. Jr., Johnson G.V. In vitro polymerization of oxidized tau into filaments. Brain Res. 613:1993;313-316.
240. Turnbull S., Tabner B.J., El-Agnaf O.M., Twyman L.J., Allsop D. New evidence that the Alzheimer beta-amyloid peptide does not spontaneously form free radicals: an ESR study using a series of spin-traps. Free Radic Biol. Med. 30:2001;1154-1162.
241. Umahara T., Tsuchiya K., Ikeda K., Kanaya K., Iwamoto T., Takasaki M.et al. Demonstration and distribution of tau-positive glial coiled body-like structures in white matter and white matter threads in early onset Alzheimer's disease. Neuropathology. 22:2002;9-12.
242. Uryu K., Laurer H., McIntosh T., Pratico D., Martinez D., Leight S.et al. Repetitive mild brain trauma accelerates Abeta deposition, lipid peroxidation, and cognitive impairment in a transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer amyloidosis. J. Neurosci. 22:2002;446-454.
243. van der Flier W.M., van den Heuvel D.M., Weverling-Rijnsburger A.W., Bollen E.L., Westendorp R.G., van Buchem M.A.et al. Magnetization transfer imaging in normal aging, mild cognitive impairment, and Alzheimer's disease. Ann. Neurol. 52:2002;62-67.
244. Varadarajan S., Yatin S., Aksenova M., Butterfield D.A. Review: Alzheimer's amyloid beta-peptide-associated free radical oxidative stress and neurotoxicity. J. Struct. Biol. 130:2000;184-208.
245. Varela F., Lachaux J.P., Rodriguez E., Martinerie J. The brainweb: phase synchronization and large-scale integration. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 2:2001;229-239.
246. Vlkolinsky R., Cairns N., Fountoulakis M., Lubec G. Decreased brain levels of 2′,3′-cyclic nucleotide-3′-phosphodiesterase in Down syndrome and Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol. Aging. 22:2001;547-553.
247. Vogt C., Vogt O. Allgemeinere ergebnisse unserer hirnforschung. J. Psychol. Neurol. 25:1919;279-462.
248. Walker LC, Cork LC. The neurobiology of aging in non-human primates. In: Terry RD, Katzman R, Bick KL, Sisodia SS, editors. Alzheimer's Disease. Philadelphia: Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins; 1999. p. 233-43.
249. Wallin A., Gottfries C.G., Karlsson I., Svennerholm L. Decreased myelin lipids in Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia. Acta Neurol. Scand. 80:1989;319-323.
250. Walsh D.M., Klyubin I., Fadeeva J.V., Cullen W.K., Anwyl R., Wolfe M.S. et al. Naturally secreted oligomers of amyloid beta protein potently inhibit hippocampal long-term potentiation in vivo. Nature. 416:2002;535-539.
251. Walter P.B., Knutson M.D., Paler-Martinez A., Lee S., Xu Y., Viteri F.E.et al. Iron deficiency and iron excess damage mitochondria and mitochondrial DNA in rats. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 99:2002;2264-2269.
252. Wang J., Dickson D.W., Trojanowski J.Q., Lee V.M. The levels of soluble versus insoluble brain Abeta distinguish Alzheimer's disease from normal and pathologic aging. Exp. Neurol. 158:1999;328-337.
253. Waterham H.R. Inherited disorders of cholesterol biosynthesis. Clin. Genet. 61:2002;393-403.
254. Waxman S.G. Conduction in myelinated, unmyelinated, and demyelinated fibers. Arch. Neurol. 34:1977;585-589.
255. West M.J., Coleman P.D., Flood D.G., Troncoso J.C. Differences in the pattern of hippocampal neuronal loss in normal ageing and Alzheimer's disease. Lancet. 344:1994;769-772.
256. West R., Murphy K.J., Armilio M.L., Craik F.I., Stuss D.T. Lapses of intention and performance variability reveal age-related increases in fluctuations of executive control. Brain Cogn. 49:2002;402-419.
257. Wiggins R.C. Myelin development and nutritional insufficiency. Brain Res. 257:1982;151-175.
258. Wilkins A., Chandran S., Compston A. A role for oligodendrocyte-derived IGF-1 in trophic support of cortical neurons. Glia. 36:2001;48-57.
259. Wisniewski H.M., Bancher C., Barcikowska M., Wen G.Y., Currie J. Spectrum of morphological appearance of amyloid deposits in Alzheimer's disease. Acta Neuropathol. (Berl). 78:1989;337-347.
260. Wolozin B. Cholesterol and Alzheimer's disease. Biochem. Soc. Trans. 30:2002;525-529.
261. Wood P, Bunger RP. The biology of the oligodendrocyte. In: Norton WT, editor. Oligodendroglia. New York: Plenum Press; 1984. p. 1-46.
262. Wood W.G., Schroeder F., Avdulov N.A., Chochina S.V., Igbavboa U. Recent advances in brain cholesterol dynamics: transport, domains, and Alzheimer's disease. Lipids. 34:1999;225-234.
263. Wood W.G., Schroeder F., Igbavboa U., Avdulov N.A., Chochina S.V. Brain membrane cholesterol domains, aging and amyloid beta-peptides. Neurobiol Aging. 23:2002;685.
264. Xi M.C., Liu R.H., Engelhardt J.K., Morales F.R., Chase M.H. Changes in the axonal conduction velocity of pyramidal tract neurons in the aged cat. Neuroscience. 92:1999;219-225.
265. Xu J., Chen S., Ahmed S.H., Chen H., Ku G., Goldberg M.P.et al. Amyloid-beta peptides are cytotoxic to oligodendrocytes. J. Neurosci. 21:2001;RC118.
266. Yakovlev PI, Lecours AR. Regional development of the brain in early life. Boston: Blackwell Scientific Publications; 1967.
267. Yang E.Y., Guo-Ross S.X., Bondy S.C. The stabilization of ferrous iron by a toxic beta-amyloid fragment and by an aluminum salt. Brain Res. 839:1999;221-226.
268. Yao Z-X, Papadopulos V. Function of beta-amyloid in cholesterol transport: a lead to neurotoxicity. FASEB August 21, online publication.
269. Ye P., Lee K.H., D'Ercole A.J. Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) protects myelination from undernutritional insult: studies of transgenic mice overexpressing IGF-I in brain. J. Neurosci. Res. 62:2000;700-708.
270. Yeagle P.L. Cholesterol and the cell membrane. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 822:1985;267-287.
271. Yip C.M., Darabie A.A., McLaurin J. Abeta42-peptide assembly on lipid bilayers. J. Mol. Biol. 318:2002;97-107.
272. Zandi P.P., Anthony J.C., Hayden K.M., Mehta K., Mayer L., Breitner J.C. Reduced incidence of AD with NSAID but not H2 receptor antagonists: the Cache County Study. Neurology. 59:2002;880-886.
273. Zhou R., Abbas P.J., Assouline J.G. Electrically evoked auditory brainstem response in peripherally myelin-deficient mice. Hear Res. 88:1995;98-106.
274. Zou K., Gong J.S., Yanagisawa K., Michikawa M. A novel function of monomeric amyloid beta-protein serving as an antioxidant molecule against metal-induced oxidative damage. J. Neurosci. 22:2002;4833-4841.