Mitochondria, oxidative stress and aging

Free Radical Research

Volumn 32, Issue 3, 2000, Pages 189-198

  Sastre, Juan ^a,b   Pallardó, Federico V ^a   García De La Asunción, José ^a   Viña, José ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF VALENCIA   (Spain)

^b SFRR   (Brazil)

Author keywords

Ginkgo biloba; Glutathione; Lipid peroxidation; Mitochondrial DNA

Indexed keywords

ALPHA TOCOPHEROL; ASCORBIC ACID; GINKGO BILOBA EXTRACT; GLUTATHIONE; MITOCHONDRIAL DNA;

AGING; ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY; LIPID PEROXIDATION; MITOCHONDRION; MOTOR COORDINATION; OXIDATIVE STRESS; REVIEW;

GINKGO BILOBA; RODENTIA;

EID: 0034016125     PISSN: 10715762     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/10715760000300201     Document Type: Review

References (108)

1. D. Harman (1956) Aging: a theory based on free radical and radiation chemistry. Journal of Gerontology, 11, 98-300.
2. H. Sies (1986) Biochemistry of oxidative stress. Angewandte Chemie, 25, 1058-1071.
3. D. Harman (1986) Free radical theory of aging: role of free radicals in the origination and evolution of life, aging and disease processes. In Free Radicals, Aging and Degenerative Diseases (Eds. J.E. Johnson Jr., R. Walford, D. Harman and J. Miquel) Alan R. Liss, New York, pp. 3-49.
4. J.T. Coyle and P. Puttfarken (1993) Oxidative stress, glutamate and neurodegenerative disorders. Science, 262, 689-695.
5. Z.I. Alam, S.E. Daniel, A.J. Lees, D.C. Marsden, P. Jenner and B. Halliwell (1997) A generalised increase in protein carbonyls in the brain in Parkinson's but not in incidental Lewy body disease. Journal of Neurochemistry, 69, 1326-1329.
6. Z.I. Alam, A. Jenner, S.E. Daniel, A.J. Lees, N. Cairns, D.C. Marsden, P. Jenner and B. Halliwell (1997) Oxidative DNA damage in the Parkinsonian brain: an apparent selective increase in 8-hydroxyguanine levels in substantia nigra. Journal of Neurochemistry, 69, 1196-1203.
7. J. Miquel and A.C. Economos (1979) Favorable effects of the antioxidants sodium and magnesium thiazolidine carboxylate on the vitality and life span of Drosophila and mice. Experimental Gerontology, 14, 279-285.
8. J. Viña, J. Sastre, V. Anton, L. Bruseghini, A. Esteras and M. Asensi (1992) Effect of aging on glutathione metabolism. Protection by antioxidants. In Free Radicals and Aging (Eds. I. Emerit and B. Chance) Birkhauser Verlag, Basel, Switzerland, pp. 136-144.
9. W.C. Orr and R.S. Sohal (1994) Extension of life-span by overexpression of superoxide dismutase and catalase in Drosophila melanogaster. Science, 263, 1128-1130.
10. M.J. Forster, A. Dubey, K.M. Dawson, W.A. Stutts, H. Lal and R.S. Sohal (1996) Age-related losses of cognitive function and motor skills in mice are associated with oxidative protein damage in the brain. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 93(10), 4765-1769.
11. F.V. Pallardó, M. Asensi, J. García de la Asunción, V. Antón, A. Lloret, J. Sastre and J. Viña (1999) Late onset administration of oral antioxidants prevents age-related loss of motor co-ordination and brain mitochondrial DNA damage. Free Radical Research, 29, 617-623.
12. C.D. Smith, J.M. Carney, P.E. Starke-Reed, C.N. Oliver, E.R. Stadtman, R.A. Floyd and W.R. Markesbery (1991) Excess brain protein oxidation and enzyme dysfunction in normal aging and in Alzheimer disease. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 88, 10 540-10 543.
13. R.S. Sohal, S. Agarwal, M. Candas, M.J. Forster and H. Lal (1994) Effect of age and caloric restriction of DNA oxidative damage in different tissues of C57BL/6 mice. Mechanisms of Ageing and Development, 76, 215-224.
14. A. Boveris and B. Chance (1973) The mitochondrial generation of hydrogen peroxide. Biochemical Journal, 134, 707-716.
15. B. Chance, H. Sies and A. Boveris (1979) Hydroperoxide metabolism in mammalian organs. Physiological Reviews, 59, 527-604.
16. J. Miquel, A.C. Economos, J. Fleming and J.E. Johnson Jr. (1980) Mitochondrial role in cell aging. Experimental Gerontology, 15, 579-591.
17. J. Miquel and J.E. Fleming (1986) Theoretical and experimental support for an "oxygen radical-mitochondrial injury" hypothesis of cell aging. In Free Radicals, Aging and Degenerative Diseases (Eds. J.E. Johnson Jr., R. Walford, D. Harman and J. Miquel) Alan R. Liss, New York, pp. 51-74.
18. P. Corbisier and J. Remade (1990) Involvement of mitochondria in cell degeneration. European Journal of Cell Biology, 51, 173-182.
19. D. Harman (1972) The biological clock: the mitochondria. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 20(4), 145-147.
20. 2 consumption can explain the simultaneous presence of high longevity and high aerobic metabolic rate in birds. Free Radical Research, 21, 317-328.
21. R. Pérez-Campo, M. López-Torres, S. Cadenas, C. Rojas and G. Barja (1998) The rate of free radical production as a determinant of the rate of aging: evidence from the comparative approach. Journal of Comparative Physiology, 168(3), 149-158.
22. H. Ku and R.S. Sohal (1993) Comparison of mitochondrial pro-oxidant and antioxidant defenses between rat and pigeon: possible basis of variation in longevity and metabolic potential. Mechanisms of Ageing and Development, 72, 67-76.
23. R.S. Sohal, I. Svensson and U.T. Brunk (1990) Hydrogen peroxide production by liver mitochondria in different species. Mechanisms of Ageing and Development, 53(3), 209-215.
24. R.S. Sohal (1991) Hydrogen peroxide production by mitochondria may be a biomarker of aging. Mechanisms of Ageing and Development, 60, 189-198.
25. H. Ku, U.T. Brunk and R.S. Sohal (1993) Relationship between mitochondrial superoxide and hydroperoxide production and longevity of mammalian species. Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 15, 621-627.
26. M.K. Shigenaga, T.M. Hagen and B.N. Ames (1994) Oxidative damage and mitochondrial decay in aging. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 91, 10 771-10 778.
27. G. Benzi and A. Moretti (1995) Age-and peroxidative stress-related modifications of the cerebral enzymatic activities linked to mitochondria and the glutathione system. Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 19(1), 77-101.
28. J. García de la Asunción, A. Millán, R. Plá, L. Bruseghini, A. Esteras, F.V. Pallardó, J. Sastre and J. Viña (1996) Mitochondrial glutathione oxidation correlates with age-associated oxidative damage to mitochondrial DNA. FASEB Journal, 10, 333-338.
29. J. Sastre, F.V. Pallardó, R. Plá, A. Pellín, G. Juan, E. O'Connor, J.M. Estrela, J. Miquel and J. Viña (1996) Aging of the liver: Age-associated mitochondrial damage in intact hepatocytes. Hepatology, 24, 1199-1205.
30. J. Sastre, A. Millán, J. García de la Asunción, R. Plá, G. Juan, F.V. Pallardó, E. O'Connor, J.A. Martín, M.T. Droy-Lefaix and J. Viña (1998) A Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761) prevents mitochondrial aging by protecting against oxidative stress. Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 24(2), 298-304.
31. B. Halliwell and O.I. Aruoma (1991) DNA damage by oxygen-derived species. Its mechanism and measurement in mammalian systems. FEBS Letters, 281, 9-19.
32. D.R. Johns (1995) Mitochondrial DNA and disease. New England Journal of Medicine, 333, 638-644.
33. C. Richter, J.W. Park and B. Ames (1988) Normal oxidative damage to mitochondrial and nuclear DNA is extensive. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 85, 6465-6467.
34. M. Suter and C. Richter (1999) Fragmented mitochondrial DNA is the predominant carrier of oxidized DNA bases. Biochemistry, 38(1), 459-464.
35. C.C. Shen, W. Wertelecki, W.J. Driggers, S.P. LeDoux and G.L. Wilson (1995) Repair of mitochondrial DNA damage induced by bleomycin in human cells. Mutation Research, 337, 19-23.
36. D.L. Croteau and V.A. Bohr (1997) Repair of oxidative damage to nuclear and mitochondrial DNA in mammalian cells. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 272, 25 409-25 412.
37. B.N. Ames, M. Shigenaga and T.M. Hagen (1993) Oxidants, antioxidants and the degenerative diseases of aging. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 90, 7915-7922.
38. P. Mecocci, U. MacGarvey, A.E. Kaufman, D. Koontz, J.M. Shoffner, D.C. Wallace and M.F. Beal (1993) Oxidative damage to mitochondrial DNA shows marked age-dependent increases in human brain. Annals of Neurology, 34, 609-616.
39. M.N. Gadaleta, G. Rainaldi, A.M. Lezza, F. Milella, F. Fracasso and P. Cantatore (1992) Mitochondrial DNA copy number and mitochondrial DNA deletion in adult and senescent rats. Mutation Research, 275, 181-193.
40. J.Y. Brossas, E. Barreau, Y. Courtois and J. Tréton (1994) Multiple deletions in mitochondrial DNA are present in senescent mouse brain. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 202(2), 654-659.
41. A.M. Lezza, D. Boffoli, S. Scacco, P. Cantatore and M.N. Gadaleta (1994) Correlation between mitochondrial DNA 4977-bp deletion and respiratory chain enzyme activities in aging human skeletal muscles. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 205, 772-779.
42. C.M. Lee, R. Weindruch and J.M. Aiken (1997) Age-associated alterations of the mitochondrial genome. Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 22(7), 1259-1269.
43. R. Luft (1994) The development of mitochondrial medicine. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 91, 8731-8738.
44. D.C. Wallace (1994) Mitochondrial DNA sequence variation in human evolution and disease. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 91, 8739-8746.
45. B.A. Kristal, J. Chen and B.P. Yu (1994) Sensitivity of mitochondrial transcription to different free radical species. Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 16(3), 323-329.
46. M.N. Gadaleta, V. Petruzzella, M. Renis, F. Fracasso and P. Cantatore (1990) Reduced transcription of mitochondrial DNA in the senescent rat. Tissue dependence and effect of L-carnitine. European Journal of Biochemistry, 187, 501-506.
47. M. Calleja, P. Peña, C. Ugalde, C. Ferreiro, R. Marco and R. Garesse (1993) Mitochondrial DNA remains intact during Drosophila aging, but the levels of mitochondrial transcripts are significantly reduced. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 268, 18 891-18 897.
48. A. Linnane, S. Marzuki, T. Ozawa and M. Tanaka (1989) Mitochondrial DNA as an important contributor to ageing and degenerative diseases. Lancet, 642-645.
49. R.S. Sohal and A. Dubey (1994) Mitochondrial oxidative damage, hydrogen peroxide release, and aging. Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 16, 621-626.
50. H. Gershon and D. Gershon (1970) Detection of inactive enzyme molecules in ageing organisms. Nature, 225, 1214-1217.
51. A. Gafni (1981) Purification and comparative study of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase from the muscles of young and old rats. Biochemistry, 20(21), 6035-6040.
52. C.N. Oliver, B.W. Ahn, E.J. Moerman, S. Goldstein and E.R. Stadtman (1987) Age-related changes in oxidized proteins. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 262, 5488-5491.
53. E. Gordillo, A. Ayala, M. Lobato, J. Bautista and A. Machado (1988) Possible involvement of histidine residues in the loss of enzymatic activity of rat liver malic enzyme during aging. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 263, 8053-8056.
54. R.L. Levine, C.N. Oliver, R.M. Fulks and E.R. Stadtman (1981) Turnover of bacterial glutamine synthetase: oxidative inactivation precedes proteolysis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 78(4), 2120-2124.
55. P.E. Starke-Reed and C.N. Oliver (1989) Protein oxidation and proteolysis during agingand oxidativc stress. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics, 275, 559-567.
56. E.R. Stadtman (1992) Protein oxidation and aging. Science, 257, 1220-1224.
57. L.J. Yan, R.L. Levine and R.S. Sohal (1997) Oxidative damage during aging targets mitochondrial aconitase. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 94, 11 168-11 172.
58. S. Laganiere and B.P. Yu (1993) Modulation of membrane phospholipid fatty acid composition by age and food restriction. Gerontology, 39, 7-18.
59. R. Pamplona, M. Portero-Otín, D. Riba, C. Ruiz, J. Prat, M.J. Bellmunt and G. Barja (1998) Mitochondrial membrane peroxidizability index is inversely related to maximum life span in mammals. Journal of Lipid Research, 39, 1989-1994.
60. G. Paradies and F.M. Ruggiero (1990) Age-related changes in the activity of the pyruvate carrier and in the lipid composition in rat-heart mitochondria. Biochimica et Biophysics Acta, 1016, 207-212.
61. F.M. Ruggiero, F. Cafagna, V. Petruzzela, M.N. Gadaleta and E. Quagliariello (1992) Lipid composition in synaptic and nonsynaptic mitochondria from rat brains and effect of aging. Journal of Neurochemistry, 59(2), 487-491.
62. G. Paradies, F.M. Ruggiero, G. Petrosillo and E. Quagliariello (1997) Age-dependent decline in the cytochrome c oxidase activity in rat heart mitochondria: role of cardiolipin. FEBS Letters, 406, 136-138.
63. F.L. Hoch (1992) Cardiolipins and biomembrane function. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, 1113, 71-133.
64. Y.H. Wei (1998) Oxidative stress and mitochondrial DNA mutations in human aging. Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine, 217(1), 53-63.
65. J.J. Poderoso, M.C. Carreras, C. Lisdero, N. Riobo, F. Schopfer and A. Boveris (1996) Nitric oxide inhibits electron transfer and increases superoxide radical production in rat heart mitochondria and submitochondrial particles. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics, 328, 85-92.
66. J.N. Keller, M.S. Kindy, F.W. Holtsberg, D.K. St-Clair, H.C. Yen, A. Germeyer, S.M. Steiner, A.J. Bruce-Keller, J.B. Hutchins and M.P. Mattson (1998) Mitochondrial manganese superoxide dismutase prevents neural apoptosis and reduces ischemic brain injury: suppression of peroxynitrite production, lipid peroxidation and mitochondrial dysfunction. Journal of Neurosciences, 18, 687-697.
67. C. Giulivi, J.J. Poderoso and A. Boveris (1998) Production of nitric oxide by mitochondria. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 273, 11 038-11 043.
68. T.M. Hagen, D.L. Yowe, J.C. Bartholomew, C.M. Wehr, K.L. Do, J.Y. Park and B.N. Ames (1997) Mitochondrial decay in hepatocytes from old rats: membrane potential declines, heterogeneity and oxidants increase. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 94, 3064-3069.
69. P. Corbisier, M. Raes, C. Michiels, E. Pigeolet, A. Houbion, E. Delaive and J. Remacle (1990) Respiratory activity of isolated rat liver mitochondria following in vitro exposure to oxygen species: a threshold study. Mechanisms of Ageing and Development, 51, 249-263.
70. P.A. D'Amore and E. Sweet (1987) Effects of hyperoxia on microvascular cells in vitro. In Vitro Cellular Development Biology, 23, 123-128.
71. R.S. Sohal, L.A. Arnold and B.H. Sohal (1490) Age-related changes in antioxidant enzymes and prooxidant generation in tissues of the rat with special reference to parameters in two insect species. Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 9(6), 495-500.
72. B.A. Scalettar, J.R. Abney and C.R. Hackenbrock (1991) Dynamics, structure and function are coupled in the mitochondrial matrix. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 88, 8057-8061.
73. P.D. Wilson and L.M. Franks (1975) The effect of age on mitochondrial ultrastructure and enzymes. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 53, 171-183.
74. J. De la Cruz, I. Burón and I. Roncero (1990) Morphological and functional studies during aging at mitochondrial level. Action of drugs. International Journal of Biochemistry, 22, 729-735.
75. 2+-dependent inner membrane permeability transition. Biochemical Journal, 294, 719-725.
76. M.F. Beal, B.T. Hyman and W. Koroshetz (1993) Do defects in mitochondrial energy metabolism underlie the pathology of neurodegenerative diseases? Trends in Neurosciences, 16, 125-131.
77. I. Trounce, E. Byrne and S. Marzuki (1989) Decline in skeletal muscle mitochondrial chain function: possible factor in aging. Lancet, 25, 637-639.
78. T.C. Yen, Y.S. Chen, K.L. King, S.H. Yeh and Y.H. Wei (1989) Liver mitochondrial respiratory functions decline with age. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 165, 994-1003.
79. G. Paradies and F.M. Ruggiero (1991) Effect of aging on the activity of the phosphate carrier and on the lipid composition in rat liver mitochondria. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics, 284, 332-337.
80. P.J. Tummino and A. Gafni (1991) A comparative study of succinate-supported respiration and ATP/ADP translocation in liver mitochondrial from adult and old rats. Mechanisms of Ageing and Development, 59, 177-188.
81. R.G. Hansford (1978) Lipid oxidation by heart mitochondria from young adult and senescent rats. Biochemical Journal, 170, 285-295.
82. H. Nohl and R. Kramer (1980) Molecular basis of age-dependent changes in the activity of adenine nucleotide translocase. Mechanisms of Ageing and Development, 14, 137-144.
83. ++-ion transport by heart mitochondria. Mechanisms of Ageing and Development, 19, 5-13.
84. J.H. Kim, G. Woldgiorgis, C.E. Elson and E. Shrago (1988) Age-related changes in respiration coupled to phosphorylation. I. Hepatic mitochondria. Mechanisms of Ageing and Development, 46, 263-277.
85. S.J. Heales, J.P. Bolanos, V.C. Stewart, P.S. Brookes, J.M. Land and J.B. Clark (1999) Nitric oxide, mitochondria and neurological disease. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, 1410, 215-228.
86. J.P. Bolanos, A. Almeida, V. Stewart, S. Peuchen, J.M. Land, J.B. Clark and S.J. Heales (1997) Nitric oxide-mediated mitochondrial damage in the brain: mechanisms and implications for neurodegenerative diseases. Journal of Neurochemistry, 68, 2227-2240.
87. M.F. Beal (1998) Excitotoxicity and nitric oxide in Parkinson's disease pathogenesis. Annals of Neurology, 44 (3 Suppl. 1):S110-S114.
88. M. Leist and P. Nicotera (1998) Apoptosis, excitotoxicity and neuropathology. Experimental Cell Research, 239, 183-201.
89. J.P. Bolanos, S.J. Heales, S. Peuchen, J.E. Barker, J.M. Land and J.B. Clark (1996) Nitric oxide-mediated mitochondrial damage: a potential neuroprotective role for glutathione. Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 21, 995-1001.
90. C. Richter, V. Gogvadze, R. Laffranchi, R. Schlapbach, M. Scheizer, M. Suter, P. Walter and M. Yaffee (1995) Oxidants in mitochondria: from physiology to disease. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, 1271, 67-74.
91. C. Giulivi (1998) Functional implications of nitric oxide produced by mitochondria in mitochondrial metabolism. Biochemical Journal, 332, 673-679.
92. M.W. Cleeter, J.M. Cooper, V.M. Darley-Usmar, S. Moncada and A.H. Schapira (1994) Reversible inhibition of cytochrome c oxidase, the terminal enzyme of the mitochondrial respiratory chain, by nitric oxide. Implications for neurodegenerative diseases. FEBS Letters, 345, 50-54.
93. G.C. Brown (1995) Nitric oxide regulates mitochondrial respiration and cell functions by inhibiting cytochrome oxidase. FEBS Letters, 369, 136-139.
94. I. Lizasoain, M.A. Moro, R.G. Knowles, V. Darley-Usmar and S. Moncada (1996) Nitric oxide and peroxynitrite exert distinct effects on mitochondrial respiration which are differentially blocked by glutathione or glucose. Biochemical Journal, 314, 877-880.
95. M.A. Sharpe and C.E. Cooper (1998) Interaction of peroxynitrite with mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase. Catalytic production of nitric oxide and irreversible inhibition of enzyme activity. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 273, 30 961-30 972.
96. A. Cassina and R. Radi (1996) Differential inhibitory action of nitric oxide and peroxynitrite on mitochondrial electron transport. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics, 328, 309-316.
97. C. Richter, M. Schweizer, A. Cossarizza and C. Franceschi (1996) Control of apoptosis by the cellular ATP level. FEBS Letters, 378, 107-110.
98. G.C. Brown (1997) Nitric oxide inhibition of cytochrome oxidase and mitochondrial respiration: implications for inflammatory, neurodegenerative and ischaemic pathologies. Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, 174, 189-192.
99. J.B. Schulz, R.T. Matthews, T. Klockgether, J. Dichgans and M.F. Beal (1997) The role of mitochondrial dysfunction and neuronal nitric oxide in animal models of neurodegenerative diseases. Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, 174, 193-197.
100. T. Uehara, Y. Kikuchi and Y. Nomura (1999) Caspase activation accompanying cytochrome c release from mitochondria is possibly involved in nitric oxide-induced neuronal apoptosis in SH-Sy5Y cells. Journal of Neurochemistry, 72, 196-205.
101. M.A. Packer, R. Miesel and M.P. Purphy (1996) Exposure to the parkinsonian neurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenyl-pyridinium (MPP+) and nitric oxide simultaneously causes cyclosporin A-sensitive mitochondrial calcium efflux and depolarisation. Biochemical Pharmacology, 51, 267-273.
102. M.Y. Balakirev, V.V. Khramtsov and G. Zimmer (1997) Modulation of the mitochondrial permeability transition by nitric oxide. European Journal of Biochemistry, 246, 710-718.
103. S. Hortelano, B. Dallaporta, N. Zamzami, T. Hirsch, S.A. Susin, I. Marzo, L. Bosca and G. Kroemer (1997) Nitric oxide induces apoptosis via triggering mitochondrial permeability transition. FEBS Letters, 410, 373-377.
104. T. Furukawa, S.N. Meydani and J.B. Blumberg (1987) Reversal of age-associated decline in immune responsiveness by dietary glutathione supplementation in mice. Mechanisms of Ageing and Development, 38, 107-117.
105. K. Drieu (1986) Preparation et definition de l'extrait de Ginkgo biloba. Presse Medicale, 15, 1455-1457.
106. M. Gardés-Albert, C. Ferradini, A. Sekaki and M.T. Droy-Lefaix (1993) Oxygen-centered free radicals and their interactions with EGb 761 or CP 202. In Advances in Ginkgo biloba Extract Research. Vol. 2, Ginkgo biloba Extract (EGb 761) as a Free Radical Scavenger (Eds. C. Ferradini, M.T. Droy-Lefaix and C. Christen) Elsevier, Paris, pp. 1-11.
107. L. Marcocci, L. Packer, M.T. Droy-Lefaix, A. Sekaki and M. Gardes-Albert (1994) Antioxidant action of Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761. Methods in Enzymology, 234, 462-475.
108. A. Saija, M. Scalese, M. Lanza, D. Marzullo, F. Bonina and F. Castelli (1995) Flavonoids as antioxidant agents: Importance of their interaction with biomembranes. Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 19(4), 481-486.