메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 69, Issue , 2017, Pages 243-256

The cardiovascular health benefits of apples: Whole fruit vs. isolated compounds

Author keywords

Apple; Cardiovascular disease; Flavonoids; Gut microbiome; Pectin; Polyphenols

Indexed keywords

BIOCHEMISTRY; BLOOD PRESSURE; CARDIOLOGY; DISEASES; FLAVONOIDS; PHENOLS;

EID: 85019046475     PISSN: 09242244     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2017.04.012     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (140)

References (135)
  • 2
    • 0037239166 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Role of dietary fiber and short-chain fatty acids in the colon
    • Andoh, A., Tsujikawa, T., Fujiyama, Y., Role of dietary fiber and short-chain fatty acids in the colon. Current Pharmaceutical Design 9:4 (2003), 347–358.
    • (2003) Current Pharmaceutical Design , vol.9 , Issue.4 , pp. 347-358
    • Andoh, A.1    Tsujikawa, T.2    Fujiyama, Y.3
  • 4
    • 0038314499 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Apple pectin and a polyphenol-rich apple concentrate are more effective together than separately on cecal fermentations and plasma lipids in rats
    • Aprikian, O., Duclos, V., Guyot, S., Besson, C., Manach, C., Bernalier, A., et al. Apple pectin and a polyphenol-rich apple concentrate are more effective together than separately on cecal fermentations and plasma lipids in rats. The Journal of Nutrition 133:6 (2003), 1860–1865.
    • (2003) The Journal of Nutrition , vol.133 , Issue.6 , pp. 1860-1865
    • Aprikian, O.1    Duclos, V.2    Guyot, S.3    Besson, C.4    Manach, C.5    Bernalier, A.6
  • 6
    • 0035214759 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dietary catechins in relation to coronary heart disease death among postmenopausal women
    • Arts, I.C., Jacobs, D.R. Jr., Harnack, L.J., Gross, M., Folsom, A.R., Dietary catechins in relation to coronary heart disease death among postmenopausal women. Epidemiology 12:6 (2001), 668–675.
    • (2001) Epidemiology , vol.12 , Issue.6 , pp. 668-675
    • Arts, I.C.1    Jacobs, D.R.2    Harnack, L.J.3    Gross, M.4    Folsom, A.R.5
  • 7
    • 77957833229 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The regular consumption of a polyphenol-rich apple does not influence endothelial function: A randomised double-blind trial in hypercholesterolemic adults
    • Auclair, S., Chironi, G., Milenkovic, D., Hollman, P., Renard, C., Megnien, J., et al. The regular consumption of a polyphenol-rich apple does not influence endothelial function: A randomised double-blind trial in hypercholesterolemic adults. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 64:10 (2010), 1158–1165.
    • (2010) European Journal of Clinical Nutrition , vol.64 , Issue.10 , pp. 1158-1165
    • Auclair, S.1    Chironi, G.2    Milenkovic, D.3    Hollman, P.4    Renard, C.5    Megnien, J.6
  • 8
    • 0035978974 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of light on flavonoid and chlorogenic acid levels in the skin of ‘Jonagold'apples
    • Awad, M.A., Wagenmakers, P.S., de Jager, A., Effects of light on flavonoid and chlorogenic acid levels in the skin of ‘Jonagold'apples. Scientia Horticulturae 88:4 (2001), 289–298.
    • (2001) Scientia Horticulturae , vol.88 , Issue.4 , pp. 289-298
    • Awad, M.A.1    Wagenmakers, P.S.2    de Jager, A.3
  • 9
    • 84870243346 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Moderate effects of apple juice consumption on obesity-related markers in obese men: Impact of diet–gene interaction on body fat content
    • Barth, S.W., Koch, T.C., Watzl, B., Dietrich, H., Will, F., Bub, A., Moderate effects of apple juice consumption on obesity-related markers in obese men: Impact of diet–gene interaction on body fat content. European Journal of Nutrition 51:7 (2012), 841–850.
    • (2012) European Journal of Nutrition , vol.51 , Issue.7 , pp. 841-850
    • Barth, S.W.1    Koch, T.C.2    Watzl, B.3    Dietrich, H.4    Will, F.5    Bub, A.6
  • 11
    • 84977103542 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Acute effects of quercetin-3-O-glucoside on endothelial function and blood pressure: A randomized dose-response study
    • Bondonno, N.P., Bondonno, C.P., Rich, L., Mas, E., Shinde, S., Ward, N.C., et al. Acute effects of quercetin-3-O-glucoside on endothelial function and blood pressure: A randomized dose-response study. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 104:1 (2016), 97–103.
    • (2016) The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition , vol.104 , Issue.1 , pp. 97-103
    • Bondonno, N.P.1    Bondonno, C.P.2    Rich, L.3    Mas, E.4    Shinde, S.5    Ward, N.C.6
  • 12
    • 84960343129 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fruit intake and abdominal aortic calcification in elderly women: A prospective cohort study
    • Bondonno, N., Lewis, J., Prince, R., Lim, W., Wong, G., Schousboe, J., et al. Fruit intake and abdominal aortic calcification in elderly women: A prospective cohort study. Nutrients, 8(3), 2016, 159.
    • (2016) Nutrients , vol.8 , Issue.3 , pp. 159
    • Bondonno, N.1    Lewis, J.2    Prince, R.3    Lim, W.4    Wong, G.5    Schousboe, J.6
  • 13
    • 84655167655 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Flavonoid-rich apples and nitrate-rich spinach augment nitric oxide status and improve endothelial function in healthy men and women: A randomized controlled trial
    • Bondonno, C.P., Yang, X., Croft, K.D., Considine, M.J., Ward, N.C., Rich, L., et al. Flavonoid-rich apples and nitrate-rich spinach augment nitric oxide status and improve endothelial function in healthy men and women: A randomized controlled trial. Free Radical Biology and Medicine 52:1 (2012), 95–102.
    • (2012) Free Radical Biology and Medicine , vol.52 , Issue.1 , pp. 95-102
    • Bondonno, C.P.1    Yang, X.2    Croft, K.D.3    Considine, M.J.4    Ward, N.C.5    Rich, L.6
  • 14
    • 33845415267 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A high-carbohydrate, high-fiber meal improves endothelial function in adults with the metabolic syndrome
    • Brock, D.W., Davis, C.K., Irving, B.A., Rodriguez, J., Barrett, E.J., Weltman, A., et al. A high-carbohydrate, high-fiber meal improves endothelial function in adults with the metabolic syndrome. Diabetes Care 29:10 (2006), 2313–2315.
    • (2006) Diabetes Care , vol.29 , Issue.10 , pp. 2313-2315
    • Brock, D.W.1    Davis, C.K.2    Irving, B.A.3    Rodriguez, J.4    Barrett, E.J.5    Weltman, A.6
  • 15
    • 84860632278 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cholesterol-lowering properties of different pectin types in mildly hyper-cholesterolemic men and women
    • Brouns, F., Theuwissen, E., Adam, A., Bell, M., Berger, A., Mensink, R.P., Cholesterol-lowering properties of different pectin types in mildly hyper-cholesterolemic men and women. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 66:5 (2012), 591–599.
    • (2012) European Journal of Clinical Nutrition , vol.66 , Issue.5 , pp. 591-599
    • Brouns, F.1    Theuwissen, E.2    Adam, A.3    Bell, M.4    Berger, A.5    Mensink, R.P.6
  • 17
    • 77956518751 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fruit and vegetable intake and incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus: Systematic review and meta-analysis
    • Carter, P., Gray, L.J., Troughton, J., Khunti, K., Davies, M.J., Fruit and vegetable intake and incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus: Systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ, 341, 2010, c4229.
    • (2010) BMJ , vol.341 , pp. c4229
    • Carter, P.1    Gray, L.J.2    Troughton, J.3    Khunti, K.4    Davies, M.J.5
  • 20
    • 41549157443 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Serum C-reactive protein concentrations are inversely associated with dietary flavonoid intake in US adults
    • Chun, O.K., Chung, S.-J., Claycombe, K.J., Song, W.O., Serum C-reactive protein concentrations are inversely associated with dietary flavonoid intake in US adults. The Journal of Nutrition 138:4 (2008), 753–760.
    • (2008) The Journal of Nutrition , vol.138 , Issue.4 , pp. 753-760
    • Chun, O.K.1    Chung, S.-J.2    Claycombe, K.J.3    Song, W.O.4
  • 22
  • 23
    • 84884883813 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Absorption, metabolism, and excretion of (−)-epicatechin in humans: An evaluation of recent findings
    • Crozier, A., Absorption, metabolism, and excretion of (−)-epicatechin in humans: An evaluation of recent findings. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 98:4 (2013), 861–862.
    • (2013) The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition , vol.98 , Issue.4 , pp. 861-862
    • Crozier, A.1
  • 25
    • 68149124472 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dietary phenolics: Chemistry, bioavailability and effects on health
    • Crozier, A., Jaganath, I.B., Clifford, M.N., Dietary phenolics: Chemistry, bioavailability and effects on health. Natural Product Reports 26:8 (2009), 1001–1043.
    • (2009) Natural Product Reports , vol.26 , Issue.8 , pp. 1001-1043
    • Crozier, A.1    Jaganath, I.B.2    Clifford, M.N.3
  • 26
    • 84979695551 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of freezing, freeze drying and convective drying on in vitro gastric digestion of apples
    • Dalmau, M.E., Bornhorst, G.M., Eim, V., Rosselló, C., Simal, S., Effects of freezing, freeze drying and convective drying on in vitro gastric digestion of apples. Food Chemistry 215 (2017), 7–16.
    • (2017) Food Chemistry , vol.215 , pp. 7-16
    • Dalmau, M.E.1    Bornhorst, G.M.2    Eim, V.3    Rosselló, C.4    Simal, S.5
  • 28
    • 84872809673 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Apple peel polyphenols and their beneficial actions on oxidative stress and inflammation
    • Denis, M.C., Furtos, A., Dudonne, S., Montoudis, A., Garofalo, C., Desjardins, Y., et al. Apple peel polyphenols and their beneficial actions on oxidative stress and inflammation. PloS One, 8(1), 2013, e53725.
    • (2013) PloS One , vol.8 , Issue.1 , pp. e53725
    • Denis, M.C.1    Furtos, A.2    Dudonne, S.3    Montoudis, A.4    Garofalo, C.5    Desjardins, Y.6
  • 29
    • 33749238492 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Absorption and metabolism of dietary plant secondary metabolites
    • Blackwell Publishing Oxford, UK
    • Donovan, J.L., Manach, C., Faulks, R.M., Kroon, P.A., Absorption and metabolism of dietary plant secondary metabolites. 2006, Blackwell Publishing, Oxford, UK.
    • (2006)
    • Donovan, J.L.1    Manach, C.2    Faulks, R.M.3    Kroon, P.A.4
  • 30
    • 84929657335 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of the pure flavonoids epicatechin and quercetin on vascular function and cardiometabolic health: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial
    • Dower, J.I., Geleijnse, J.M., Gijsbers, L., Zock, P.L., Kromhout, D., Hollman, P.C., Effects of the pure flavonoids epicatechin and quercetin on vascular function and cardiometabolic health: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial. Am. J. Clin. Nutr 101:5 (2015), 914–921.
    • (2015) Am. J. Clin. Nutr , vol.101 , Issue.5 , pp. 914-921
    • Dower, J.I.1    Geleijnse, J.M.2    Gijsbers, L.3    Zock, P.L.4    Kromhout, D.5    Hollman, P.C.6
  • 32
    • 0026517774 scopus 로고
    • Physical properties of dietary fiber that influence physiological function: A model for polymers along the gastrointestinal tract
    • Eastwood, M.A., Morris, E.R., Physical properties of dietary fiber that influence physiological function: A model for polymers along the gastrointestinal tract. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 55:2 (1992), 436–442.
    • (1992) The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition , vol.55 , Issue.2 , pp. 436-442
    • Eastwood, M.A.1    Morris, E.R.2
  • 33
    • 74949133831 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Serum lipid and blood pressure responses to quercetin vary in overweight patients by apolipoprotein E genotype
    • Egert, S., Boesch-Saadatmandi, C., Wolffram, S., Rimbach, G., Müller, M.J., Serum lipid and blood pressure responses to quercetin vary in overweight patients by apolipoprotein E genotype. J. Nutr 140:2 (2010), 278–284.
    • (2010) J. Nutr , vol.140 , Issue.2 , pp. 278-284
    • Egert, S.1    Boesch-Saadatmandi, C.2    Wolffram, S.3    Rimbach, G.4    Müller, M.J.5
  • 34
    • 84867044624 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dose-dependent absorption of chlorogenic acids in the small intestine assessed by coffee consumption in ileostomists
    • Erk, T., Williamson, G., Renouf, M., Marmet, C., Steiling, H., Dionisi, F., et al. Dose-dependent absorption of chlorogenic acids in the small intestine assessed by coffee consumption in ileostomists. Molecular Nutrition & Food Research 56:10 (2012), 1488–1500.
    • (2012) Molecular Nutrition & Food Research , vol.56 , Issue.10 , pp. 1488-1500
    • Erk, T.1    Williamson, G.2    Renouf, M.3    Marmet, C.4    Steiling, H.5    Dionisi, F.6
  • 36
    • 0032500611 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • High-performance liquid chromatography with diode-array detection for the determination of phenolic compounds in peel and pulp from different apple varieties
    • Escarpa, A., Gonzalez, M., High-performance liquid chromatography with diode-array detection for the determination of phenolic compounds in peel and pulp from different apple varieties. Journal of Chromatography a 823:1 (1998), 331–337.
    • (1998) Journal of Chromatography a , vol.823 , Issue.1 , pp. 331-337
    • Escarpa, A.1    Gonzalez, M.2
  • 38
    • 84928925567 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reshaping faecal gut microbiota composition by the intake of trans-resveratrol and quercetin in high-fat sucrose diet-fed rats
    • Etxeberria, U., Arias, N., Boqué, N., Macarulla, M.T., Portillo, M.P., Martínez, J.A., et al. Reshaping faecal gut microbiota composition by the intake of trans-resveratrol and quercetin in high-fat sucrose diet-fed rats. The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry 26:6 (2015), 651–660.
    • (2015) The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry , vol.26 , Issue.6 , pp. 651-660
    • Etxeberria, U.1    Arias, N.2    Boqué, N.3    Macarulla, M.T.4    Portillo, M.P.5    Martínez, J.A.6
  • 39
    • 84883318855 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Behavioral and dietary risk factors for noncommunicable diseases
    • Ezzati, M., Riboli, E., Behavioral and dietary risk factors for noncommunicable diseases. New England Journal of Medicine 369:10 (2013), 954–964.
    • (2013) New England Journal of Medicine , vol.369 , Issue.10 , pp. 954-964
    • Ezzati, M.1    Riboli, E.2
  • 40
    • 84960962190 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Apple as a source of dietary phytonutrients: Bioavailability and evidence of protective effects against human cardiovascular disease
    • Ferretti, G., Turco, I., Bacchetti, T., Apple as a source of dietary phytonutrients: Bioavailability and evidence of protective effects against human cardiovascular disease. Food and Nutrition Sciences, 5(13), 2014, 1234.
    • (2014) Food and Nutrition Sciences , vol.5 , Issue.13 , pp. 1234
    • Ferretti, G.1    Turco, I.2    Bacchetti, T.3
  • 41
    • 84892369382 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • How do nutritional antioxidants really work: Nucleophilic tone and para-hormesis versus free radical scavenging in vivo
    • Forman, H.J., Davies, K.J., Ursini, F., How do nutritional antioxidants really work: Nucleophilic tone and para-hormesis versus free radical scavenging in vivo. Free Rad. Biol. Med 66 (2014), 24–35.
    • (2014) Free Rad. Biol. Med , vol.66 , pp. 24-35
    • Forman, H.J.1    Davies, K.J.2    Ursini, F.3
  • 42
    • 84973375994 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparative gut physiology symposium: Comparative physiology of digestion
    • Furness, J.B., Cottrell, J.J., Bravo, D.M., Comparative gut physiology symposium: Comparative physiology of digestion. Journal of Animal Science 93:2 (2015), 485–491.
    • (2015) Journal of Animal Science , vol.93 , Issue.2 , pp. 485-491
    • Furness, J.B.1    Cottrell, J.J.2    Bravo, D.M.3
  • 43
    • 33751004148 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Microbial metabolism of caffeic acid and its esters chlorogenic and caftaric acids by human faecal microbiota in vitro
    • Gonthier, M.P., Remesy, C., Scalbert, A., Cheynier, V., Souquet, J.M., Poutanen, K., et al. Microbial metabolism of caffeic acid and its esters chlorogenic and caftaric acids by human faecal microbiota in vitro. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy 60:9 (2006), 536–540.
    • (2006) Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy , vol.60 , Issue.9 , pp. 536-540
    • Gonthier, M.P.1    Remesy, C.2    Scalbert, A.3    Cheynier, V.4    Souquet, J.M.5    Poutanen, K.6
  • 45
    • 33646170628 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The chemical characteristics of apple pectin influence its fermentability in vitro
    • Gulfi, M., Arrigoni, E., Amadò, R., The chemical characteristics of apple pectin influence its fermentability in vitro. LWT-Food Science and Technology 39:9 (2006), 1001–1004.
    • (2006) LWT-Food Science and Technology , vol.39 , Issue.9 , pp. 1001-1004
    • Gulfi, M.1    Arrigoni, E.2    Amadò, R.3
  • 47
    • 85047699807 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Original Communications-Estimation of carotenoid accessibility from carrots determined by an in vitro digestion method
    • Hedren, E., Diaz, V., Svanberg, U., Original Communications-Estimation of carotenoid accessibility from carrots determined by an in vitro digestion method. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 56:5 (2002), 425–430.
    • (2002) European Journal of Clinical Nutrition , vol.56 , Issue.5 , pp. 425-430
    • Hedren, E.1    Diaz, V.2    Svanberg, U.3
  • 48
    • 79951817432 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dietary polyphenols and human gut microbiota: A review
    • Hervert-Hernandez, D., Goñi, I., Dietary polyphenols and human gut microbiota: A review. Food Reviews International 27:2 (2011), 154–169.
    • (2011) Food Reviews International , vol.27 , Issue.2 , pp. 154-169
    • Hervert-Hernandez, D.1    Goñi, I.2
  • 50
    • 84879770748 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bioavailability of epicatechin and effects on nitric oxide metabolites of an apple flavanol-rich extract supplemented beverage compared to a whole apple puree: A randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover trial
    • Hollands, W.J., Hart, D.J., Dainty, J.R., Hasselwander, O., Tiihonen, K., Wood, R., et al. Bioavailability of epicatechin and effects on nitric oxide metabolites of an apple flavanol-rich extract supplemented beverage compared to a whole apple puree: A randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover trial. Molecular Nutrition & Food Research 57:7 (2013), 1209–1217.
    • (2013) Molecular Nutrition & Food Research , vol.57 , Issue.7 , pp. 1209-1217
    • Hollands, W.J.1    Hart, D.J.2    Dainty, J.R.3    Hasselwander, O.4    Tiihonen, K.5    Wood, R.6
  • 52
    • 84987926617 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of flavonoid intake assessment methods
    • Ivey, K.L., Croft, K., Prince, R.L., Hodgson, J.M., Comparison of flavonoid intake assessment methods. Food & Function 7 (2016), 3748–3759.
    • (2016) Food & Function , vol.7 , pp. 3748-3759
    • Ivey, K.L.1    Croft, K.2    Prince, R.L.3    Hodgson, J.M.4
  • 54
    • 84918823965 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interactions of polyphenols with carbohydrates, lipids and proteins
    • Jakobek, L., Interactions of polyphenols with carbohydrates, lipids and proteins. Food Chemistry 175 (2015), 556–567.
    • (2015) Food Chemistry , vol.175 , pp. 556-567
    • Jakobek, L.1
  • 56
    • 84959421404 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Apple-derived pectin modulates gut microbiota, improves gut barrier function, and attenuates metabolic endotoxemia in rats with diet-induced obesity
    • Jiang, T., Gao, X., Wu, C., Tian, F., Lei, Q., Bi, J., et al. Apple-derived pectin modulates gut microbiota, improves gut barrier function, and attenuates metabolic endotoxemia in rats with diet-induced obesity. Nutrients, 8(3), 2016, 126.
    • (2016) Nutrients , vol.8 , Issue.3 , pp. 126
    • Jiang, T.1    Gao, X.2    Wu, C.3    Tian, F.4    Lei, Q.5    Bi, J.6
  • 57
    • 0036895810 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Possible role for apple juice phenolic compounds in the acute modification of glucose tolerance and gastrointestinal hormone secretion in humans
    • Johnston, K.L., Clifford, M.N., Morgan, L.M., Possible role for apple juice phenolic compounds in the acute modification of glucose tolerance and gastrointestinal hormone secretion in humans. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 82:15 (2002), 1800–1805.
    • (2002) Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture , vol.82 , Issue.15 , pp. 1800-1805
    • Johnston, K.L.1    Clifford, M.N.2    Morgan, L.M.3
  • 59
    • 84863793859 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of dietary supplementation with unprocessed and ethanol-extracted apple pomaces on caecal fermentation, antioxidant and blood biomarkers in rats
    • Juśkiewicz, J., Żary-Sikorska, E., Zduńczyk, Z., Król, B., Jarosławska, J., Jurgoński, A., Effect of dietary supplementation with unprocessed and ethanol-extracted apple pomaces on caecal fermentation, antioxidant and blood biomarkers in rats. British Journal of Nutrition 107:08 (2012), 1138–1146.
    • (2012) British Journal of Nutrition , vol.107 , Issue.8 , pp. 1138-1146
    • Juśkiewicz, J.1    Żary-Sikorska, E.2    Zduńczyk, Z.3    Król, B.4    Jarosławska, J.5    Jurgoński, A.6
  • 60
    • 38049025736 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Polyphenols are intensively metabolized in the human gastrointestinal tract after apple juice consumption
    • Kahle, K., Huemmer, W., Kempf, M., Scheppach, W., Erk, T., Richling, E., Polyphenols are intensively metabolized in the human gastrointestinal tract after apple juice consumption. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 55:26 (2007), 10605–10614.
    • (2007) Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry , vol.55 , Issue.26 , pp. 10605-10614
    • Kahle, K.1    Huemmer, W.2    Kempf, M.3    Scheppach, W.4    Erk, T.5    Richling, E.6
  • 61
    • 0030068760 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Flavonoid intake and coronary mortality in Finland: A cohort study
    • Knekt, P., Jarvinen, R., Reunanen, A., Maatela, J., Flavonoid intake and coronary mortality in Finland: A cohort study. BMJ 312:7029 (1996), 478–481.
    • (1996) BMJ , vol.312 , Issue.7029 , pp. 478-481
    • Knekt, P.1    Jarvinen, R.2    Reunanen, A.3    Maatela, J.4
  • 63
    • 67149116251 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dietary quercetin alleviates diabetic symptoms and reduces streptozotocin-induced disturbance of hepatic gene expression in mice
    • Kobori, M., Masumoto, S., Akimoto, Y., Takahashi, Y., Dietary quercetin alleviates diabetic symptoms and reduces streptozotocin-induced disturbance of hepatic gene expression in mice. Molecular Nutrition & Food Research 53:7 (2009), 859–868.
    • (2009) Molecular Nutrition & Food Research , vol.53 , Issue.7 , pp. 859-868
    • Kobori, M.1    Masumoto, S.2    Akimoto, Y.3    Takahashi, Y.4
  • 64
    • 84930933269 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Apples and cardiovascular health—is the gut microbiota a core consideration?
    • Koutsos, A., Tuohy, K.M., Lovegrove, J.A., Apples and cardiovascular health—is the gut microbiota a core consideration?. Nutrients 7:6 (2015), 3959–3998.
    • (2015) Nutrients , vol.7 , Issue.6 , pp. 3959-3998
    • Koutsos, A.1    Tuohy, K.M.2    Lovegrove, J.A.3
  • 65
    • 0030827388 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Improved glucose tolerance restores insulin-stimulated Akt kinase activity and glucose transport in skeletal muscle from diabetic Goto-Kakizaki rats
    • Krook, A., Kawano, Y., Song, X.M., Efendić, S., Roth, R.A., Wallberg-Henriksson, H., et al. Improved glucose tolerance restores insulin-stimulated Akt kinase activity and glucose transport in skeletal muscle from diabetic Goto-Kakizaki rats. Diabetes 46:12 (1997), 2110–2114.
    • (1997) Diabetes , vol.46 , Issue.12 , pp. 2110-2114
    • Krook, A.1    Kawano, Y.2    Song, X.M.3    Efendić, S.4    Roth, R.A.5    Wallberg-Henriksson, H.6
  • 66
    • 43049178251 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bioavailability of phenolic acids
    • Lafay, S., Gil-Izquierdo, A., Bioavailability of phenolic acids. Phytochemistry Reviews 7:2 (2008), 301–311.
    • (2008) Phytochemistry Reviews , vol.7 , Issue.2 , pp. 301-311
    • Lafay, S.1    Gil-Izquierdo, A.2
  • 67
    • 84865567726 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Acute, quercetin-induced reductions in blood pressure in hypertensive individuals are not secondary to lower plasma angiotensin-converting enzyme activity or endothelin-1: Nitric oxide
    • Larson, A., Witman, M.A.H., Guo, Y., Ives, S., Richardson, R.S., Bruno, R.S., et al. Acute, quercetin-induced reductions in blood pressure in hypertensive individuals are not secondary to lower plasma angiotensin-converting enzyme activity or endothelin-1: Nitric oxide. Nutrition Research 32:8 (2012), 557–564.
    • (2012) Nutrition Research , vol.32 , Issue.8 , pp. 557-564
    • Larson, A.1    Witman, M.A.H.2    Guo, Y.3    Ives, S.4    Richardson, R.S.5    Bruno, R.S.6
  • 68
    • 84873472566 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Total and specific fruit and vegetable consumption and risk of stroke: A prospective study
    • Larsson, S.C., Virtamo, J., Wolk, A., Total and specific fruit and vegetable consumption and risk of stroke: A prospective study. Atherosclerosis 227:1 (2013), 147–152.
    • (2013) Atherosclerosis , vol.227 , Issue.1 , pp. 147-152
    • Larsson, S.C.1    Virtamo, J.2    Wolk, A.3
  • 69
    • 23844474401 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Non-covalent interaction between procyanidins and apple cell wall material. Part III: Study on model polysaccharides
    • Le Bourvellec, C., Bouchet, B., Renard, C., Non-covalent interaction between procyanidins and apple cell wall material. Part III: Study on model polysaccharides. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)-General Subjects 1725:1 (2005), 10–18.
    • (2005) Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)-General Subjects , vol.1725 , Issue.1 , pp. 10-18
    • Le Bourvellec, C.1    Bouchet, B.2    Renard, C.3
  • 70
    • 54449099184 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interactions between apple (Malus x domestica Borkh.) polyphenols and cell walls modulate the extractability of polysaccharides
    • Le Bourvellec, C., Guyot, S., Renard, C., Interactions between apple (Malus x domestica Borkh.) polyphenols and cell walls modulate the extractability of polysaccharides. Carbohydrate Polymers 75:2 (2009), 251–261.
    • (2009) Carbohydrate Polymers , vol.75 , Issue.2 , pp. 251-261
    • Le Bourvellec, C.1    Guyot, S.2    Renard, C.3
  • 71
    • 84862908776 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Apple flavonoid phloretin inhibits Escherichia coli O157: H7 biofilm formation and ameliorates colon inflammation in rats
    • Lee, J.-H., Regmi, S.C., Kim, J.-A., Cho, M.H., Yun, H., Lee, C.-S., et al. Apple flavonoid phloretin inhibits Escherichia coli O157: H7 biofilm formation and ameliorates colon inflammation in rats. Infection and Immunity 79:12 (2011), 4819–4827.
    • (2011) Infection and Immunity , vol.79 , Issue.12 , pp. 4819-4827
    • Lee, J.-H.1    Regmi, S.C.2    Kim, J.-A.3    Cho, M.H.4    Yun, H.5    Lee, C.-S.6
  • 72
    • 0036882687 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Individual sugars, soluble, and insoluble dietary fiber contents of 70 high consumption foods
    • Li, B.W., Andrews, K.W., Pehrsson, P.R., Individual sugars, soluble, and insoluble dietary fiber contents of 70 high consumption foods. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis 15:6 (2002), 715–723.
    • (2002) Journal of Food Composition and Analysis , vol.15 , Issue.6 , pp. 715-723
    • Li, B.W.1    Andrews, K.W.2    Pehrsson, P.R.3
  • 73
    • 38949207932 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Metabolic transformation has a profound effect on anti-inflammatory activity of flavonoids such as quercetin: Lack of association between antioxidant and lipoxygenase inhibitory activity
    • Loke, W.M., Proudfoot, J.M., Stewart, S., McKinley, A.J., Needs, P.W., Kroon, P.A., et al. Metabolic transformation has a profound effect on anti-inflammatory activity of flavonoids such as quercetin: Lack of association between antioxidant and lipoxygenase inhibitory activity. Biochemical Pharmacology 75:5 (2008), 1045–1053.
    • (2008) Biochemical Pharmacology , vol.75 , Issue.5 , pp. 1045-1053
    • Loke, W.M.1    Proudfoot, J.M.2    Stewart, S.3    McKinley, A.J.4    Needs, P.W.5    Kroon, P.A.6
  • 74
    • 1642464724 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Relevance of apple polyphenols as antioxidants in human plasma: Contrasting in vitro and in vivo effects
    • Lotito, S.B., Frei, B., Relevance of apple polyphenols as antioxidants in human plasma: Contrasting in vitro and in vivo effects. Free Radical Biology and Medicine 36:2 (2004), 201–211.
    • (2004) Free Radical Biology and Medicine , vol.36 , Issue.2 , pp. 201-211
    • Lotito, S.B.1    Frei, B.2
  • 76
    • 78649820061 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Polyphenols and phenolic acids from strawberry and apple decrease glucose uptake and transport by human intestinal Caco-2 cells
    • Manzano, S., Williamson, G., Polyphenols and phenolic acids from strawberry and apple decrease glucose uptake and transport by human intestinal Caco-2 cells. Molecular Nutrition & Food Research 54:12 (2010), 1773–1780.
    • (2010) Molecular Nutrition & Food Research , vol.54 , Issue.12 , pp. 1773-1780
    • Manzano, S.1    Williamson, G.2
  • 77
    • 64549134219 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Absorption, metabolism, and excretion of cider dihydrochalcones in healthy humans and subjects with an ileostomy
    • Marks, S.C., Mullen, W., Borges, G., Crozier, A., Absorption, metabolism, and excretion of cider dihydrochalcones in healthy humans and subjects with an ileostomy. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 57:5 (2009), 2009–2015.
    • (2009) Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry , vol.57 , Issue.5 , pp. 2009-2015
    • Marks, S.C.1    Mullen, W.2    Borges, G.3    Crozier, A.4
  • 78
    • 85031782368 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Does daily consumption of pectin lower cholesterol concentration? A systematic review and meta-analysis
    • Mills, K.E., Mackerras, D., Does daily consumption of pectin lower cholesterol concentration? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Nutrition & Intermediary Metabolism, 4, 2016, 11.
    • (2016) Journal of Nutrition & Intermediary Metabolism , vol.4 , pp. 11
    • Mills, K.E.1    Mackerras, D.2
  • 81
    • 33746698897 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Absorption, excretion and metabolite profiling of methyl-, glucuronyl-, glucosyl-and sulpho-conjugates of quercetin in human plasma and urine after ingestion of onions
    • Mullen, W., Edwards, C.A., Crozier, A., Absorption, excretion and metabolite profiling of methyl-, glucuronyl-, glucosyl-and sulpho-conjugates of quercetin in human plasma and urine after ingestion of onions. British Journal of Nutrition 96:01 (2006), 107–116.
    • (2006) British Journal of Nutrition , vol.96 , Issue.1 , pp. 107-116
    • Mullen, W.1    Edwards, C.A.2    Crozier, A.3
  • 82
    • 32844463065 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Serum cholesterol-lowering effect of apple polyphenols in healthy subjects
    • Nagasako-akazome, Y., Kanda, T., Ikeda, M., Shimasaki, H., Serum cholesterol-lowering effect of apple polyphenols in healthy subjects. Journal of Oleo Science 54:3 (2005), 143–151.
    • (2005) Journal of Oleo Science , vol.54 , Issue.3 , pp. 143-151
    • Nagasako-akazome, Y.1    Kanda, T.2    Ikeda, M.3    Shimasaki, H.4
  • 83
    • 0037219688 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Deglycosylation by small intestinal epithelial cell β-glucosidases is a critical step in the absorption and metabolism of dietary flavonoid glycosides in humans
    • Németh, K., Plumb, G.W., Berrin, J.-G., Juge, N., Jacob, R., Naim, H.Y., et al. Deglycosylation by small intestinal epithelial cell β-glucosidases is a critical step in the absorption and metabolism of dietary flavonoid glycosides in humans. Eur. J. Nutr 42:1 (2003), 29–42.
    • (2003) Eur. J. Nutr , vol.42 , Issue.1 , pp. 29-42
    • Németh, K.1    Plumb, G.W.2    Berrin, J.-G.3    Juge, N.4    Jacob, R.5    Naim, H.Y.6
  • 84
    • 84855427195 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Phenol-explorer: An online comprehensive database on polyphenol contents in foods
    • Neveu, V., Perez-Jimenez, J., Vos, F., Crespy, V., du Chaffaut, L., Mennen, L., et al. Phenol-explorer: An online comprehensive database on polyphenol contents in foods. Database, 2010, 2010, bap024.
    • (2010) Database , vol.2010 , pp. bap024
    • Neveu, V.1    Perez-Jimenez, J.2    Vos, F.3    Crespy, V.4    du Chaffaut, L.5    Mennen, L.6
  • 86
    • 84929836276 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Simultaneous ingestion of high-methoxy pectin from apple can enhance absorption of quercetin in human subjects
    • Nishijima, T., Takida, Y., Saito, Y., Ikeda, T., Iwai, K., Simultaneous ingestion of high-methoxy pectin from apple can enhance absorption of quercetin in human subjects. British Journal of Nutrition 113:10 (2015), 1531–1538.
    • (2015) British Journal of Nutrition , vol.113 , Issue.10 , pp. 1531-1538
    • Nishijima, T.1    Takida, Y.2    Saito, Y.3    Ikeda, T.4    Iwai, K.5
  • 87
    • 68549085463 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effects of dietary fibre on C-reactive protein, an inflammation marker predicting cardiovascular disease
    • North, C.J., Venter, C.S., Jerling, J.C., The effects of dietary fibre on C-reactive protein, an inflammation marker predicting cardiovascular disease. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 63:8 (2009), 921–933.
    • (2009) European Journal of Clinical Nutrition , vol.63 , Issue.8 , pp. 921-933
    • North, C.J.1    Venter, C.S.2    Jerling, J.C.3
  • 89
    • 33645509490 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dose-dependent hypocholesterolemic actions of dietary apple polyphenol in rats fed cholesterol
    • Osada, K., Suzuki, T., Kawakami, Y., Senda, M., Kasai, A., Sami, M., et al. Dose-dependent hypocholesterolemic actions of dietary apple polyphenol in rats fed cholesterol. Lipids 41:2 (2006), 133–139.
    • (2006) Lipids , vol.41 , Issue.2 , pp. 133-139
    • Osada, K.1    Suzuki, T.2    Kawakami, Y.3    Senda, M.4    Kasai, A.5    Sami, M.6
  • 90
    • 84976897467 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The metabolome of [2-14C](−)-epicatechin in humans: Implications for the assessment of efficacy, safety, and mechanisms of action of polyphenolic bioactives
    • Ottaviani, J.I., Borges, G., Momma, T.Y., Spencer, J.P.E., Keen, C.L., Crozier, A., et al. The metabolome of [2-14C](−)-epicatechin in humans: Implications for the assessment of efficacy, safety, and mechanisms of action of polyphenolic bioactives. Scientific Reports, 6, 2016.
    • (2016) Scientific Reports , vol.6
    • Ottaviani, J.I.1    Borges, G.2    Momma, T.Y.3    Spencer, J.P.E.4    Keen, C.L.5    Crozier, A.6
  • 91
    • 84859010162 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Structurally related (−)-epicatechin metabolites in humans: Assessment using de novo chemically synthesized authentic standards
    • Ottaviani, J.I., Momma, T.Y., Kuhnle, G.K., Keen, C.L., Schroeter, H., Structurally related (−)-epicatechin metabolites in humans: Assessment using de novo chemically synthesized authentic standards. Free Radical Biology and Medicine 52:8 (2012), 1403–1412.
    • (2012) Free Radical Biology and Medicine , vol.52 , Issue.8 , pp. 1403-1412
    • Ottaviani, J.I.1    Momma, T.Y.2    Kuhnle, G.K.3    Keen, C.L.4    Schroeter, H.5
  • 92
    • 84898021374 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Absorption and metabolism of proanthocyanidins
    • Ou, K., Gu, L., Absorption and metabolism of proanthocyanidins. Journal of Functional Foods 7 (2014), 43–53.
    • (2014) Journal of Functional Foods , vol.7 , pp. 43-53
    • Ou, K.1    Gu, L.2
  • 93
    • 84865311339 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Binding of polyphenols to plant cell wall analogues–Part 2: Phenolic acids
    • Padayachee, A., Netzel, G., Netzel, M., Day, L., Zabaras, D., Mikkelsen, D., et al. Binding of polyphenols to plant cell wall analogues–Part 2: Phenolic acids. Food Chemistry 135:4 (2012), 2287–2292.
    • (2012) Food Chemistry , vol.135 , Issue.4 , pp. 2287-2292
    • Padayachee, A.1    Netzel, G.2    Netzel, M.3    Day, L.4    Zabaras, D.5    Mikkelsen, D.6
  • 94
    • 78651414847 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of dietary fiber in the bioaccessibility and bioavailability of fruit and vegetable antioxidants
    • Palafox-Carlos, H., Ayala-Zavala, J.F., González-Aguilar, G.A., The role of dietary fiber in the bioaccessibility and bioavailability of fruit and vegetable antioxidants. Journal of Food Science 76:1 (2011), R6–R15.
    • (2011) Journal of Food Science , vol.76 , Issue.1 , pp. R6-R15
    • Palafox-Carlos, H.1    Ayala-Zavala, J.F.2    González-Aguilar, G.A.3
  • 95
    • 33847784843 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Food microstructure affects the bioavailability of several nutrients
    • Parada, J., Aguilera, J.M., Food microstructure affects the bioavailability of several nutrients. Journal of Food Science 72:2 (2007), R21–R32.
    • (2007) Journal of Food Science , vol.72 , Issue.2 , pp. R21-R32
    • Parada, J.1    Aguilera, J.M.2
  • 96
    • 84882744066 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fecal microbial metabolism of polyphenols and its effects on human gut microbiota
    • Parkar, S.G., Trower, T.M., Stevenson, D.E., Fecal microbial metabolism of polyphenols and its effects on human gut microbiota. Anaerobe 23 (2013), 12–19.
    • (2013) Anaerobe , vol.23 , pp. 12-19
    • Parkar, S.G.1    Trower, T.M.2    Stevenson, D.E.3
  • 97
    • 84973390124 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • p-Coumaric acid and its conjugates: dietary sources, pharmacokinetic properties and biological activities
    • Pei, K., Ou, J., Huang, J., Ou, S., p-Coumaric acid and its conjugates: dietary sources, pharmacokinetic properties and biological activities. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 96:9 (2016), 2952–2962.
    • (2016) Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture , vol.96 , Issue.9 , pp. 2952-2962
    • Pei, K.1    Ou, J.2    Huang, J.3    Ou, S.4
  • 98
    • 84892874696 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Non-extractable polyphenols, a major dietary antioxidant: Occurrence, metabolic fate and health effects
    • Pérez-Jiménez, J., Díaz-Rubio, M.E., Saura-Calixto, F., Non-extractable polyphenols, a major dietary antioxidant: Occurrence, metabolic fate and health effects. Nutrition Research Reviews 26:02 (2013), 118–129.
    • (2013) Nutrition Research Reviews , vol.26 , Issue.2 , pp. 118-129
    • Pérez-Jiménez, J.1    Díaz-Rubio, M.E.2    Saura-Calixto, F.3
  • 99
    • 84959244372 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bioavailability of quercetin in humans and the influence of food matrix comparing quercetin capsules and different apple sources
    • Petersen, B., Egert, S., Bosy-Westphal, A., Müller, M.J., Wolffram, S., Hubbermann, E.M., et al. Bioavailability of quercetin in humans and the influence of food matrix comparing quercetin capsules and different apple sources. Food Research International 88 (2016), 159–165.
    • (2016) Food Research International , vol.88 , pp. 159-165
    • Petersen, B.1    Egert, S.2    Bosy-Westphal, A.3    Müller, M.J.4    Wolffram, S.5    Hubbermann, E.M.6
  • 101
    • 77953997240 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Measurement of caffeic and ferulic acid equivalents in plasma after coffee consumption: Small intestine and colon are key sites for coffee metabolism
    • Renouf, M., Guy, P.A., Marmet, C., Fraering, A.L., Longet, K., Moulin, J., et al. Measurement of caffeic and ferulic acid equivalents in plasma after coffee consumption: Small intestine and colon are key sites for coffee metabolism. Molecular Nutrition & Food Research 54:6 (2010), 760–766.
    • (2010) Molecular Nutrition & Food Research , vol.54 , Issue.6 , pp. 760-766
    • Renouf, M.1    Guy, P.A.2    Marmet, C.3    Fraering, A.L.4    Longet, K.5    Moulin, J.6
  • 102
    • 0023275573 scopus 로고
    • Correction of hyperglycemia with phlorizin normalizes tissue sensitivity to insulin in diabetic rats
    • Rossetti, L., Smith, D., Shulman, G., Papachristou, D., DeFronzo, R., Correction of hyperglycemia with phlorizin normalizes tissue sensitivity to insulin in diabetic rats. Journal of Clinical Investigation, 79(5), 1987, 1510.
    • (1987) Journal of Clinical Investigation , vol.79 , Issue.5 , pp. 1510
    • Rossetti, L.1    Smith, D.2    Shulman, G.3    Papachristou, D.4    DeFronzo, R.5
  • 103
    • 84869171981 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Concept and health-related properties of nonextractable polyphenols: The missing dietary polyphenols
    • Saura-Calixto, F., Concept and health-related properties of nonextractable polyphenols: The missing dietary polyphenols. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 60:45 (2012), 11195–11200.
    • (2012) Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry , vol.60 , Issue.45 , pp. 11195-11200
    • Saura-Calixto, F.1
  • 104
    • 77954631919 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Proanthocyanidin metabolites associated with dietary fibre from in vitro colonic fermentation and proanthocyanidin metabolites in human plasma
    • Saura-Calixto, F., Pérez-Jiménez, J., Touriño, S., Serrano, J., Fuguet, E., Torres, J.L., et al. Proanthocyanidin metabolites associated with dietary fibre from in vitro colonic fermentation and proanthocyanidin metabolites in human plasma. Molecular Nutrition & Food Research 54:7 (2010), 939–946.
    • (2010) Molecular Nutrition & Food Research , vol.54 , Issue.7 , pp. 939-946
    • Saura-Calixto, F.1    Pérez-Jiménez, J.2    Touriño, S.3    Serrano, J.4    Fuguet, E.5    Torres, J.L.6
  • 105
    • 0033863355 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dietary intake and bioavailability of polyphenols
    • Scalbert, A., Williamson, G., Dietary intake and bioavailability of polyphenols. Journal of Nutrition 130:8 (2000), 2073S–2085S.
    • (2000) Journal of Nutrition , vol.130 , Issue.8 , pp. 2073S-2085S
    • Scalbert, A.1    Williamson, G.2
  • 108
    • 78649631404 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Recommending flavanols and procyanidins for cardiovascular health: Current knowledge and future needs
    • Schroeter, H., Heiss, C., Spencer, J.P., Keen, C.L., Lupton, J.R., Schmitz, H.H., Recommending flavanols and procyanidins for cardiovascular health: Current knowledge and future needs. Molecular Aspects of Medicine 31:6 (2010), 546–557.
    • (2010) Molecular Aspects of Medicine , vol.31 , Issue.6 , pp. 546-557
    • Schroeter, H.1    Heiss, C.2    Spencer, J.P.3    Keen, C.L.4    Lupton, J.R.5    Schmitz, H.H.6
  • 110
    • 77951209860 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bioavailability of procyanidin dimers and trimers and matrix food effects in in vitro and in vivo models
    • Serra, A., Macia, A., Romero, M.-P., Valls, J., Bladé, C., Arola, L., et al. Bioavailability of procyanidin dimers and trimers and matrix food effects in in vitro and in vivo models. British Journal of Nutrition 103:07 (2010), 944–952.
    • (2010) British Journal of Nutrition , vol.103 , Issue.7 , pp. 944-952
    • Serra, A.1    Macia, A.2    Romero, M.-P.3    Valls, J.4    Bladé, C.5    Arola, L.6
  • 111
    • 84865346819 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of cardiovascular protective effect of different apple varieties–correlation of response with composition
    • Serra, A.T., Rocha, J., Sepodes, B., Matias, A.A., Feliciano, R.P., de Carvalho, A., et al. Evaluation of cardiovascular protective effect of different apple varieties–correlation of response with composition. Food Chemistry 135:4 (2012), 2378–2386.
    • (2012) Food Chemistry , vol.135 , Issue.4 , pp. 2378-2386
    • Serra, A.T.1    Rocha, J.2    Sepodes, B.3    Matias, A.A.4    Feliciano, R.P.5    de Carvalho, A.6
  • 112
    • 84987837076 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Insoluble-bound phenolics in food
    • Shahidi, F., Yeo, J., Insoluble-bound phenolics in food. Molecules, 21(9), 2016, 1216.
    • (2016) Molecules , vol.21 , Issue.9 , pp. 1216
    • Shahidi, F.1    Yeo, J.2
  • 114
    • 77957021072 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of apple intake on fecal microbiota and metabolites in humans
    • Shinohara, K., Ohashi, Y., Kawasumi, K., Terada, A., Fujisawa, T., Effect of apple intake on fecal microbiota and metabolites in humans. Anaerobe 16:5 (2010), 510–515.
    • (2010) Anaerobe , vol.16 , Issue.5 , pp. 510-515
    • Shinohara, K.1    Ohashi, Y.2    Kawasumi, K.3    Terada, A.4    Fujisawa, T.5
  • 115
    • 77956170123 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Polyphenols and health: Update and perspectives
    • Sies, H., Polyphenols and health: Update and perspectives. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 501:1 (2010), 2–5.
    • (2010) Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics , vol.501 , Issue.1 , pp. 2-5
    • Sies, H.1
  • 116
    • 26444577469 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Co-administration of quercetin and catechin in rats alters their absorption but not their metabolism
    • Silberberg, M., Morand, C., Manach, C., Scalbert, A., Remesy, C., Co-administration of quercetin and catechin in rats alters their absorption but not their metabolism. Life Sciences 77:25 (2005), 3156–3167.
    • (2005) Life Sciences , vol.77 , Issue.25 , pp. 3156-3167
    • Silberberg, M.1    Morand, C.2    Manach, C.3    Scalbert, A.4    Remesy, C.5
  • 117
    • 0043206218 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Significance of skin flavonoids for UV-B-protection in apple fruits
    • Solovchenko, A., Schmitz-Eiberger, M., Significance of skin flavonoids for UV-B-protection in apple fruits. Journal of Experimental Botany 54:389 (2003), 1977–1984.
    • (2003) Journal of Experimental Botany , vol.54 , Issue.389 , pp. 1977-1984
    • Solovchenko, A.1    Schmitz-Eiberger, M.2
  • 118
    • 25144512957 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Associations of dietary flavonoids with risk of type 2 diabetes, and markers of insulin resistance and systemic inflammation in women: A prospective study and cross-sectional analysis
    • Song, Y., Manson, J.E., Buring, J.E., Sesso, H.D., Liu, S., Associations of dietary flavonoids with risk of type 2 diabetes, and markers of insulin resistance and systemic inflammation in women: A prospective study and cross-sectional analysis. Journal of the American College of Nutrition 24:5 (2005), 376–384.
    • (2005) Journal of the American College of Nutrition , vol.24 , Issue.5 , pp. 376-384
    • Song, Y.1    Manson, J.E.2    Buring, J.E.3    Sesso, H.D.4    Liu, S.5
  • 119
    • 77955926305 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • No effect of the farming system (organic/conventional) on the bioavailability of apple (Malus domestica bork., cultivar golden delicious) polyphenols in healthy men: A comparative study
    • Stracke, B.A., Rüfer, C.E., Bub, A., Seifert, S., Weibel, F.P., Kunz, C., et al. No effect of the farming system (organic/conventional) on the bioavailability of apple (Malus domestica bork., cultivar golden delicious) polyphenols in healthy men: A comparative study. European Journal of Nutrition 49:5 (2010), 301–310.
    • (2010) European Journal of Nutrition , vol.49 , Issue.5 , pp. 301-310
    • Stracke, B.A.1    Rüfer, C.E.2    Bub, A.3    Seifert, S.4    Weibel, F.P.5    Kunz, C.6
  • 120
    • 34247477146 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Apple pomace as a source of dietary fiber and polyphenols and its effect on the rheological characteristics and cake making
    • Sudha, M.L., Baskaran, V., Leelavathi, K., Apple pomace as a source of dietary fiber and polyphenols and its effect on the rheological characteristics and cake making. Food Chemistry 104:2 (2007), 686–692.
    • (2007) Food Chemistry , vol.104 , Issue.2 , pp. 686-692
    • Sudha, M.L.1    Baskaran, V.2    Leelavathi, K.3
  • 121
    • 73249152376 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In vitro bio-accessibility and antioxidant activity of grape polyphenols
    • Tagliazucchi, D., Verzelloni, E., Bertolini, D., Conte, A., In vitro bio-accessibility and antioxidant activity of grape polyphenols. Food Chemistry 120:2 (2010), 599–606.
    • (2010) Food Chemistry , vol.120 , Issue.2 , pp. 599-606
    • Tagliazucchi, D.1    Verzelloni, E.2    Bertolini, D.3    Conte, A.4
  • 122
    • 84890945530 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dietary fibre intake and risk of cardiovascular disease: Systematic review and meta-analysis
    • Threapleton, D.E., Greenwood, D.C., Evans, C.E., Cleghorn, C.L., Nykjaer, C., Woodhead, C., et al. Dietary fibre intake and risk of cardiovascular disease: Systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ, 347, 2013, f6879.
    • (2013) BMJ , vol.347 , pp. f6879
    • Threapleton, D.E.1    Greenwood, D.C.2    Evans, C.E.3    Cleghorn, C.L.4    Nykjaer, C.5    Woodhead, C.6
  • 125
    • 70449593430 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • USDA database for the proanthocyanidin content of selected foods; release 2
    • from Retrieved 18.8.16
    • US Department of Agriculture, USDA database for the proanthocyanidin content of selected foods; release 2. 2004 from http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/foodcomp Retrieved 18.8.16.
    • (2004)
    • US Department of Agriculture1
  • 126
    • 0141738858 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • USDA database for the flavonoid content of selected foods; release 3.2
    • from Retrieved 18.8.16
    • US Department of Agriculture, USDA database for the flavonoid content of selected foods; release 3.2. 2007 from https://www.ars.usda.gov/ARSUserFiles/80400525/Data/Flav/Flav_R03-1.pdf Retrieved 18.8.16.
    • (2007)
    • US Department of Agriculture1
  • 127
    • 84957975955 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • National nutrient database for standard reference; release 28
    • from Retrieved 18.8.16
    • US Department of Agriculture, National nutrient database for standard reference; release 28. 2015 from http://www.ars.usda.gov/nutrientdata Retrieved 18.8.16.
    • (2015)
    • US Department of Agriculture1
  • 130
    • 0032524982 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Transport of quercetin and its glucosides across human intestinal epithelial Caco-2 cells
    • Walgren, R.A., Walle, U.K., Walle, T., Transport of quercetin and its glucosides across human intestinal epithelial Caco-2 cells. Biochemical Pharmacology 55:10 (1998), 1721–1727.
    • (1998) Biochemical Pharmacology , vol.55 , Issue.10 , pp. 1721-1727
    • Walgren, R.A.1    Walle, U.K.2    Walle, T.3
  • 131
    • 11844269306 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Flavonoid glucosides are hydrolyzed and thus activated in the oral cavity in humans
    • Walle, T., Browning, A.M., Steed, L.L., Reed, S.G., Walle, U.K., Flavonoid glucosides are hydrolyzed and thus activated in the oral cavity in humans. The Journal of Nutrition 135:1 (2005), 48–52.
    • (2005) The Journal of Nutrition , vol.135 , Issue.1 , pp. 48-52
    • Walle, T.1    Browning, A.M.2    Steed, L.L.3    Reed, S.G.4    Walle, U.K.5
  • 132
    • 84904967939 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fruit and vegetable consumption and mortality from all causes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer: Systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies
    • Wang, X., Ouyang, Y., Liu, J., Zhu, M., Zhao, G., Bao, W., et al. Fruit and vegetable consumption and mortality from all causes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer: Systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. BMJ, 349, 2014, g4490.
    • (2014) BMJ , vol.349 , pp. g4490
    • Wang, X.1    Ouyang, Y.2    Liu, J.3    Zhu, M.4    Zhao, G.5    Bao, W.6
  • 133
    • 84926112892 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparative biokinetics and metabolism of pure monomeric, dimeric, and polymeric flavan-3-ols: A randomized cross-over study in humans
    • Wiese, S., Esatbeyoglu, T., Winterhalter, P., Kruse, H.P., Winkler, S., Bub, A., et al. Comparative biokinetics and metabolism of pure monomeric, dimeric, and polymeric flavan-3-ols: A randomized cross-over study in humans. Molecular Nutrition & Food Research 59:4 (2015), 610–621.
    • (2015) Molecular Nutrition & Food Research , vol.59 , Issue.4 , pp. 610-621
    • Wiese, S.1    Esatbeyoglu, T.2    Winterhalter, P.3    Kruse, H.P.4    Winkler, S.5    Bub, A.6
  • 134
    • 84927557478 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Differences in pharmacokinetics of apple polyphenols after standardized oral consumption of unprocessed apple juice
    • Wruss, J., Lanzerstorfer, P., Huemer, S., Himmelsbach, M., Mangge, H., Höglinger, O., et al. Differences in pharmacokinetics of apple polyphenols after standardized oral consumption of unprocessed apple juice. Nutrition Journal, 14(1), 2015, 1.
    • (2015) Nutrition Journal , vol.14 , Issue.1 , pp. 1
    • Wruss, J.1    Lanzerstorfer, P.2    Huemer, S.3    Himmelsbach, M.4    Mangge, H.5    Höglinger, O.6
  • 135
    • 84891825351 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hypotriglyceridemic effects of apple polyphenols extract via up-regulation of lipoprotein lipase in triton WR-1339-induced mice
    • Yao, N., He, R.-r., Zeng, X.-h., Huang, X.-j., Du, T.-l., Cui, J.-c., et al. Hypotriglyceridemic effects of apple polyphenols extract via up-regulation of lipoprotein lipase in triton WR-1339-induced mice. Chinese Journal of Integrative Medicine 20 (2014), 31–35.
    • (2014) Chinese Journal of Integrative Medicine , vol.20 , pp. 31-35
    • Yao, N.1    He, R.-R.2    Zeng, X.-H.3    Huang, X.-J.4    Du, T.-L.5    Cui, J.-C.6


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.