G protein-coupled receptors as regulators of energy homeostasis

Progress in Molecular Biology and Translational Science

Volumn 114, Issue , 2013, Pages 1-43

  Tao, Ya Xiong ^a   Yuan, Zong Hui ^b   Xie, Jun ^c  

^a AUBURN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b HUAZHONG AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY   (China)

^c SOUTH CHINA SEA FISHERIES RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (China)

Author keywords

Energy homeostasis; G protein coupled receptor; Gastrointestinal peptide; Genetics; Keywords; Neuropeptides; Pancreatic peptide

Indexed keywords

EID: 84872415696     PISSN: 18771173     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-386933-3.00001-7     Document Type: Chapter

References (348)

1. R. Fredriksson, M.C. Lagerstrom, L.G. Lundin, and H.B. Schioth The G-protein-coupled receptors in the human genome form five main families. Phylogenetic analysis, paralogon groups, and fingerprints Mol Pharmacol 63 2003 1256 1272
2. A. Heimann, and E. Ferro New approaches for G-protein coupled receptor ligands identification Annu Rev Biomed Sci 11 2009 T95 T101
3. J.M. Baldwin The probable arrangement of the helices in G protein-coupled receptors EMBO J 12 1993 1693 1703
4. K. Palczewski, T. Kumasaka, T. Hori, C.A. Behnke, H. Motoshima, and B.A. Fox Crystal structure of rhodopsin: a G protein-coupled receptor Science 289 2000 739 745
5. 2 adrenergic G-protein-coupled receptor Nature 450 2007 383 387
6. 2-adrenergic G protein-coupled receptor Science 318 2007 1258 1265
7. 2-adrenergic receptor function Science 318 2007 1266 1273
8. 2A adenosine receptor bound to an antagonist Science 322 2008 1211 1217
9. E.Y. Chien, W. Liu, Q. Zhao, V. Katritch, G.W. Han, and M.A. Hanson Structure of the human dopamine D3 receptor in complex with a D2/D3 selective antagonist Science 330 2010 1091 1095
10. B. Wu, E.Y. Chien, C.D. Mol, G. Fenalti, W. Liu, and V. Katritch Structures of the CXCR4 chemokine GPCR with small-molecule and cyclic peptide antagonists Science 330 2010 1066 1071
11. F. Xu, H. Wu, V. Katritch, G.W. Han, K.A. Jacobson, and Z.G. Gao Structure of an agonist-bound human A2A adenosine receptor Science 332 2011 322 327
12. M.A. Hanson, C.B. Roth, E. Jo, M.T. Griffith, F.L. Scott, and G. Reinhart Crystal structure of a lipid G protein-coupled receptor Science 335 2012 851 855
13. J. Bockaert, and J.P. Pin Molecular tinkering of G protein-coupled receptors: an evolutionary success EMBO J 18 1999 1723 1729
14. H. Mellor, and P.J. Parker The extended protein kinase C superfamily Biochem J 332 Pt 2 1998 281 292
15. J.P. Overington, B. Al-Lazikani, and A.L. Hopkins How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov 5 2006 993 996
16. J.M. Friedman Modern science versus the stigma of obesity Nat Med 10 2004 563 569
17. B. Desvergne, L. Michalik, and W. Wahli Be fit or be sick: peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors are down the road Mol Endocrinol 18 2004 1321 1332
18. D.B. Allison, M. Downey, R.L. Atkinson, C.J. Billington, G.A. Bray, and R.H. Eckel Obesity as a disease: a white paper on evidence and arguments commissioned by the Council of the Obesity Society Obesity (Silver Spring) 16 2008 1161 1177
19. K.M. Flegal, M.D. Carroll, C.L. Ogden, and L.R. Curtin Prevalence and trends in obesity among US adults, 1999-2008 JAMA 303 2010 235 241
20. B. Xi, Y. Liang, T. He, K.H. Reilly, Y. Hu, and Q. Wang Secular trends in the prevalence of general and abdominal obesity among Chinese adults, 1993-2009 Obes Rev 13 2012 287 296
21. T. Lobstein, L. Baur, and R. Uauy Obesity in children and young people: a crisis in public health Obes Rev 5 Suppl. 1 2004 4 85
22. K.R. Fontaine, D.T. Redden, C. Wang, A.O. Westfall, and D.B. Allison Years of life lost due to obesity J Am Med Assoc 289 2003 187 193
23. S.J. Olshansky, D.J. Passaro, R.C. Hershow, J. Layden, B.A. Carnes, and J. Brody A potential decline in life expectancy in the United States in the 21st century N Engl J Med 352 2005 1138 1145
24. E.A. Finkelstein, D.S. Brown, L.A. Wrage, B.T. Allaire, and T.J. Hoerger Individual and aggregate years-of-life-lost associated with overweight and obesity Obesity (Silver Spring) 18 2010 333 339
25. E.A. Finkelstein, I.C. Fiebelkorn, and G. Wang State-level estimates of annual medical expenditures attributable to obesity Obes Res 12 2004 18 24
26. E.A. Finkelstein, C.J. Ruhm, and K.M. Kosa Economic causes and consequences of obesity Annu Rev Pub Health 26 2005 239 257
27. E.A. Finkelstein, J.G. Trogdon, D.S. Brown, B.T. Allaire, P.S. Dellea, and S.J. Kamal-Bahl The lifetime medical cost burden of overweight and obesity: implications for obesity prevention Obesity (Silver Spring) 16 2008 1843 1848
28. S.C. Woods, M.W. Schwartz, D.G. Baskin, and R.J. Seeley Food intake and the regulation of body weight Annu Rev Psychol 51 2000 255 277
29. S.J. Guyenet, and M.W. Schwartz Clinical review: regulation of food intake, energy balance, and body fat mass: implications for the pathogenesis and treatment of obesity J Clin Endocrinol Metab 97 2012 745 755
30. R.H. Eckel Clinical practice. Nonsurgical management of obesity in adults N Engl J Med 358 2008 1941 1950
31. Z. Li, M. Maglione, W. Tu, W. Mojica, D. Arterburn, and L.R. Shugarman Meta-analysis: pharmacologic treatment of obesity Ann Int Med 142 2005 532 546
32. N. Nguyen, J.K. Champion, J. Ponce, B. Quebbemann, E. Patterson, and B. Pham A review of unmet needs in obesity management Obes Surg 22 2012 956 966
33. W.P. James, I.D. Caterson, W. Coutinho, N. Finer, L.F. Van Gaal, and A.P. Maggioni Effect of sibutramine on cardiovascular outcomes in overweight and obese subjects N Engl J Med 363 2010 905 917
34. Gastrointestinal surgery for severe obesity: National Institutes of Health Consensus Development Conference Statement Am J Clin Nutr 55 1992 615S 619S
35. H. Buchwald, Y. Avidor, E. Braunwald, M.D. Jensen, W. Pories, and K. Fahrbach Bariatric surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis J Am Med Assoc 292 2004 1724 1737
36. A.P. Chambers, L. Jessen, K.K. Ryan, S. Sisley, H.E. Wilson-Perez, and M.A. Stefater Weight-independent changes in blood glucose homeostasis after gastric bypass or vertical sleeve gastrectomy in rats Gastroenterology 141 2011 950 958
37. M.A. Stefater, H.E. Wilson-Perez, A.P. Chambers, D.A. Sandoval, and R.J. Seeley All bariatric surgeries are not created equal: insights from mechanistic comparisons Endocr Rev 33 2012 595 622
38. P.R. Schauer, S.R. Kashyap, K. Wolski, S.A. Brethauer, J.P. Kirwan, and C.E. Pothier Bariatric surgery versus intensive medical therapy in obese patients with diabetes N Engl J Med 366 2012 1567 1576
39. G. Mingrone, S. Panunzi, A. De Gaetano, C. Guidone, A. Iaconelli, and L. Leccesi Bariatric surgery versus conventional medical therapy for type 2 diabetes N Engl J Med 366 2012 1577 1585
40. L. Sjostrom, K. Narbro, C.D. Sjostrom, K. Karason, B. Larsson, and H. Wedel Effects of bariatric surgery on mortality in Swedish obese subjects N Engl J Med 357 2007 741 752
41. T.D. Adams, R.E. Gress, S.C. Smith, R.C. Halverson, S.C. Simper, and W.D. Rosamond Long-term mortality after gastric bypass surgery N Engl J Med 357 2007 753 761
42. L.M. Carlsson, M. Peltonen, S. Ahlin, A. Anveden, C. Bouchard, and B. Carlsson Bariatric surgery and prevention of type 2 diabetes in Swedish obese subjects N Engl J Med 367 2012 695 704
43. E.J. DeMaria Bariatric surgery for morbid obesity N Engl J Med 356 2007 2176 2183
44. L. Terranova, L. Busetto, A. Vestri, and M.A. Zappa Bariatric surgery: cost-effectiveness and budget impact Obes Surg 22 2012 646 653
45. D.R. Flum, S.H. Belle, W.C. King, A.S. Wahed, P. Berk, and W. Chapman Perioperative safety in the longitudinal assessment of bariatric surgery N Engl J Med 361 2009 445 454
46. A. Schwartz, and E. Doucet Relative changes in resting energy expenditure during weight loss: a systematic review Obes Rev 11 2010 531 547
47. M.W. Schwartz, S.C. Woods, D. Porte Jr., R.J. Seeley, and D.G. Baskin Central nervous system control of food intake Nature 404 2000 661 671
48. K.D. Niswender, and M.W. Schwartz Insulin and leptin revisited: adiposity signals with overlapping physiological and intracellular signaling capabilities Front Neuroendocrinol 24 2003 1 10
49. G.J. Morton, D.E. Cummings, D.G. Baskin, G.S. Barsh, and M.W. Schwartz Central nervous system control of food intake and body weight Nature 443 2006 289 295
50. J.S. Flier, and E. Maratos-Flier Lasker lauds leptin Cell 143 2010 9 12
51. Y. Zhang, R. Proenca, M. Maffei, M. Barone, L. Leopold, and J.M. Friedman Positional cloning of the mouse obese gene and its human homologue Nature 372 1994 425 432
52. R.D. Cone Anatomy and regulation of the central melanocortin system Nat Neurosci 8 2005 571 578
53. Y.X. Tao The melanocortin-4 receptor: physiology, pharmacology, and pathophysiology Endocr Rev 31 2010 506 543
54. C.C. Cheung, D.K. Clifton, and R.A. Steiner Proopiomelanocortin neurons are direct targets for leptin in the hypothalamus Endocrinology 138 1997 4489 4492
55. M.W. Schwartz, R.J. Seeley, S.C. Woods, D.S. Weigle, L.A. Campfield, and P. Burn Leptin increases hypothalamic pro-opiomelanocortin mRNA expression in the rostral arcuate nucleus Diabetes 46 1997 2119 2123
56. J.E. Thornton, C.C. Cheung, D.K. Clifton, and R.A. Steiner Regulation of hypothalamic proopiomelanocortin mRNA by leptin in ob/ob mice Endocrinology 138 1997 5063 5066
57. R.J. Seeley, K.A. Yagaloff, S.L. Fisher, P. Burn, T.E. Thiele, and G. van Dijk Melanocortin receptors in leptin effects Nature 390 1997 349
58. H. Chen, O. Charlat, L.A. Tartaglia, E.A. Woolf, X. Weng, and S.J. Ellis Evidence that the diabetes gene encodes the leptin receptor: identification of a mutation in the leptin receptor gene in db/db mice Cell 84 1996 491 495
59. M.S. Phillips, Q. Liu, H.A. Hammond, V. Dugan, P.J. Hey, and C.J. Caskey Leptin receptor missense mutation in the fatty Zucker rat Nat Genet 13 1996 18 19
60. S.B. Heymsfield, A.S. Greenberg, K. Fujioka, R.M. Dixon, R. Kushner, and T. Hunt Recombinant leptin for weight loss in obese and lean adults: a randomized, controlled, dose-escalation trial JAMA 282 1999 1568 1575
61. M. Maffei, J. Halaas, E. Ravussin, R.E. Pratley, G.H. Lee, and Y. Zhang Leptin levels in human and rodent: measurement of plasma leptin and ob RNA in obese and weight-reduced subjects Nat Med 1 1995 1155 1161
62. R.V. Considine, M.K. Sinha, M.L. Heiman, A. Kriauciunas, T.W. Stephens, and M.R. Nyce Serum immunoreactive-leptin concentrations in normal-weight and obese humans N Engl J Med 334 1996 292 295
63. M. Rosenbaum, M. Nicolson, J. Hirsch, S.B. Heymsfield, D. Gallagher, and F. Chu Effects of gender, body composition, and menopause on plasma concentrations of leptin J Clin Endocrinol Metab 81 1996 3424 3427
64. F. Rohner-Jeanrenaud, and B. Jeanrenaud Obesity, leptin, and the brain N Engl J Med 334 1996 324 325
65. J.F. Caro, J.W. Kolaczynski, M.R. Nyce, J.P. Ohannesian, I. Opentanova, and W.H. Goldman Decreased cerebrospinal-fluid/serum leptin ratio in obesity: a possible mechanism for leptin resistance Lancet 348 1996 159 161
66. M.G. Myers, M.A. Cowley, and H. Munzberg Mechanisms of leptin action and leptin resistance Annu Rev Physiol 70 2008 537 556
67. J. St-Pierre, and M.L. Tremblay Modulation of leptin resistance by protein tyrosine phosphatases Cell Metab 15 2012 292 297
68. M.G. Myers Jr., R.L. Leibel, R.J. Seeley, and M.W. Schwartz Obesity and leptin resistance: distinguishing cause from effect Trends Endocrinol Metab 21 2010 643 651
69. N. de Pedro, R. Martinez-Alvarez, and M.J. Delgado Acute and chronic leptin reduces food intake and body weight in goldfish (Carassius auratus) J Endocrinol 188 2006 513 520
70. R.D. Cone, M.A. Cowley, A.A. Butler, W. Fan, D.L. Marks, and M.J. Low The arcuate nucleus as a conduit for diverse signals relevant to energy homeostasis Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 25 Suppl. 5 2001 S63 S67
71. M.G. Myers Jr., H. Munzberg, G.M. Leinninger, and R.L. Leshan The geometry of leptin action in the brain: more complicated than a simple ARC Cell Metab 9 2009 117 123
72. K. Nakamura, and S.F. Morrison A thermosensory pathway that controls body temperature Nat Neurosci 11 2008 62 71
73. J.E. Morley Neuropeptide regulation of appetite and weight Endocr Rev 8 1987 256 287
74. H.J. Grill, and M.R. Hayes The nucleus tractus solitarius: a portal for visceral afferent signal processing, energy status assessment and integration of their combined effects on food intake Int J Obes (Lond) 33 Suppl. 1 2009 S11 S15
75. H. Zheng, L.M. Patterson, C. Morrison, B.W. Banfield, J.A. Randall, and K.N. Browning Melanin concentrating hormone innervation of caudal brainstem areas involved in gastrointestinal functions and energy balance Neuroscience 135 2005 611 625
76. G.J. Schwartz Integrative capacity of the caudal brainstem in the control of food intake Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 361 2006 1275 1280
77. M. Palkovits, E. Mezey, and R.L. Eskay Pro-opiomelanocortin-derived peptides (ACTH/beta-endorphin/alpha-MSH) in brainstem baroreceptor areas of the rat Brain Res 436 1987 323 338
78. D.M. Bronstein, M.K. Schafer, S.J. Watson, and H. Akil Evidence that beta-endorphin is synthesized in cells in the nucleus tractus solitarius: detection of POMC mRNA Brain Res 587 1992 269 275
79. K.G. Mountjoy, M.T. Mortrud, M.J. Low, R.B. Simerly, and R.D. Cone Localization of the melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4-R) in neuroendocrine and autonomic control circuits in the brain Mol Endocrinol 8 1994 1298 1308
80. H.J. Grill, A.B. Ginsberg, R.J. Seeley, and J.M. Kaplan Brainstem application of melanocortin receptor ligands produces long-lasting effects on feeding and body weight J Neurosci 18 1998 10128 10135
81. K.S. Brown, R.M. Gentry, and N.E. Rowland Central injection in rats of alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone analog: effects on food intake and brain Fos Regul Pept 78 1998 89 94
82. D.L. Williams, J.M. Kaplan, and H.J. Grill The role of the dorsal vagal complex and the vagus nerve in feeding effects of melanocortin-3/4 receptor stimulation Endocrinology 141 2000 1332 1337
83. K.P. Skibicka, and H.J. Grill Energetic responses are triggered by caudal brainstem melanocortin receptor stimulation and mediated by local sympathetic effector circuits Endocrinology 149 2008 3605 3616
84. K.P. Skibicka, and H.J. Grill Hindbrain leptin stimulation induces anorexia and hyperthermia mediated by hindbrain melanocortin receptors Endocrinology 150 2009 1705 1711
85. H. Zheng, L.M. Patterson, C.B. Phifer, and H.R. Berthoud Brain stem melanocortinergic modulation of meal size and identification of hypothalamic POMC projections Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 289 2005 R247 R258
86. W. Fan, K.L. Ellacott, I.G. Halatchev, K. Takahashi, P. Yu, and R.D. Cone Cholecystokinin-mediated suppression of feeding involves the brainstem melanocortin system Nat Neurosci 7 2004 335 336
87. Z.R. Li, Y. Li, and W.Z. Zhang Ghrelin receptor in energy homeostasis and obesity pathogenesis Prog Mol Biol Transl Sci 114 2013 46 88
88. L. Li, Q.S. Huang, P.G. Ren, and J.V. Zhang Obestatin receptor in energy homeostasis and obesity pathogenesis Prog Mol Biol Transl Sci 114 2013 89 108
89. A. Sayegh The role of cholecystokinin receptors in the short-term control of food intake Prog Mol Biol Transl Sci 114 2013 277 316
90. A. Sayegh The role of bombesin and bombesin-related peptides in the short-term control of food intake Prog Mol Biol Transl Sci 114 2013 343 371
91. S. Zac-Varghese, A. De Silva, and S.R. Bloom Translational studies on PYY as a novel target in obesity Curr Opin Pharmacol 11 2011 582 585
92. M.C. Michel, A. Beck-Sickinger, H. Cox, H.N. Doods, H. Herzog, and D. Larhammar XVI. International Union of Pharmacology recommendations for the nomenclature of neuropeptide Y, peptide YY, and pancreatic polypeptide receptors Pharmacol Rev 50 1998 143 150
93. R.L. Batterham, M.A. Cowley, C.J. Small, H. Herzog, M.A. Cohen, and C.L. Dakin Gut hormone PYY(3-36) physiologically inhibits food intake Nature 418 2002 650 654
94. C.F. Deacon, M.A. Nauck, M. Toft-Nielsen, L. Pridal, B. Willms, and J.J. Holst Both subcutaneously and intravenously administered glucagon-like peptide I are rapidly degraded from the NH2-terminus in type II diabetic patients and in healthy subjects Diabetes 44 1995 1126 1131
95. K.E. Mayo, L.J. Miller, D. Bataille, S. Dalle, B. Goke, and B. Thorens International Union of Pharmacology. XXXV. The glucagon receptor family Pharmacol Rev 55 2003 167 194
96. B. Thorens Expression cloning of the pancreatic beta cell receptor for the gluco-incretin hormone glucagon-like peptide 1 Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89 1992 8641 8645
97. M. Stoffel, R. Espinosa 3rd, M.M. Le Beau, and G.I. Bell Human glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor gene. Localization to chromosome band 6p21 by fluorescence in situ hybridization and linkage of a highly polymorphic simple tandem repeat DNA polymorphism to other markers on chromosome 6 Diabetes 42 1993 1215 1218
98. R.V. Campos, Y.C. Lee, and D.J. Drucker Divergent tissue-specific and developmental expression of receptors for glucagon and glucagon-like peptide-1 in the mouse Endocrinology 134 1994 2156 2164
99. S.M. Kanse, B. Kreymann, M.A. Ghatei, and S.R. Bloom Identification and characterization of glucagon-like peptide-1 7-36 amide-binding sites in the rat brain and lung FEBS Lett 241 1988 209 212
100. M. Navarro, F. Rodriquez de Fonseca, E. Alvarez, J.A. Chowen, J.A. Zueco, and R. Gomez Colocalization of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptors, glucose transporter GLUT-2, and glucokinase mRNAs in rat hypothalamic cells: evidence for a role of GLP-1 receptor agonists as an inhibitory signal for food and water intake J Neurochem 67 1996 1982 1991
101. P.J. Shughrue, M.V. Lane, and I. Merchenthaler Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP1-R) mRNA in the rat hypothalamus Endocrinology 137 1996 5159 5162
102. M.D. Turton, D. O'Shea, I. Gunn, S.A. Beak, C.M. Edwards, and K. Meeran A role for glucagon-like peptide-1 in the central regulation of feeding Nature 379 1996 69 72
103. R. Goke, H.C. Fehmann, T. Linn, H. Schmidt, M. Krause, and J. Eng Exendin-4 is a high potency agonist and truncated exendin-(9-39)-amide an antagonist at the glucagon-like peptide 1-(7-36)-amide receptor of insulin-secreting beta-cells J Biol Chem 268 1993 19650 19655
104. K.P. Kinzig, D.A. D'Alessio, and R.J. Seeley The diverse roles of specific GLP-1 receptors in the control of food intake and the response to visceral illness J Neurosci 22 2002 10470 10476
105. T.E. Thiele, G. Van Dijk, L.A. Campfield, F.J. Smith, P. Burn, and S.C. Woods Central infusion of GLP-1, but not leptin, produces conditioned taste aversions in rats Am J Physiol 272 1997 R726 R730
106. M. Tang-Christensen, P.J. Larsen, R. Goke, A. Fink-Jensen, D.S. Jessop, and M. Moller Central administration of GLP-1-(7-36) amide inhibits food and water intake in rats Am J Physiol 271 1996 R848 R856
107. C.R. Abbott, M. Monteiro, C.J. Small, A. Sajedi, K.L. Smith, and J.R. Parkinson The inhibitory effects of peripheral administration of peptide YY(3-36) and glucagon-like peptide-1 on food intake are attenuated by ablation of the vagal-brainstem-hypothalamic pathway Brain Res 1044 2005 127 131
108. P.J. Larsen, C. Fledelius, L.B. Knudsen, and M. Tang-Christensen Systemic administration of the long-acting GLP-1 derivative NN2211 induces lasting and reversible weight loss in both normal and obese rats Diabetes 50 2001 2530 2539
109. H. Yamamoto, T. Kishi, C.E. Lee, B.J. Choi, H. Fang, and A.N. Hollenberg Glucagon-like peptide-1-responsive catecholamine neurons in the area postrema link peripheral glucagon-like peptide-1 with central autonomic control sites J Neurosci 23 2003 2939 2946
110. S.E. Kanoski, S.M. Fortin, M. Arnold, H.J. Grill, and M.R. Hayes Peripheral and central GLP-1 receptor populations mediate the anorectic effects of peripherally administered GLP-1 receptor agonists, liraglutide and exendin-4 Endocrinology 152 2011 3103 3112
111. E.D. Baraboi, D.H. St-Pierre, J. Shooner, E. Timofeeva, and D. Richard Brain activation following peripheral administration of the GLP-1 receptor agonist exendin-4 Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 301 2011 R1011 R1024
112. A. Flint, A. Raben, A. Astrup, and J.J. Holst Glucagon-like peptide 1 promotes satiety and suppresses energy intake in humans J Clin Invest 101 1998 515 520
113. J.P. Gutzwiller, B. Goke, J. Drewe, P. Hildebrand, S. Ketterer, and D. Handschin Glucagon-like peptide-1: a potent regulator of food intake in humans Gut 44 1999 81 86
114. E. Naslund, B. Barkeling, N. King, M. Gutniak, J.E. Blundell, and J.J. Holst Energy intake and appetite are suppressed by glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) in obese men Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 23 1999 304 311
115. J.P. Gutzwiller, J. Drewe, B. Goke, H. Schmidt, B. Rohrer, and J. Lareida Glucagon-like peptide-1 promotes satiety and reduces food intake in patients with diabetes mellitus type 2 Am J Physiol 276 1999 R1541 R1544
116. C. Verdich, A. Flint, J.P. Gutzwiller, E. Naslund, C. Beglinger, and P.M. Hellstrom A meta-analysis of the effect of glucagon-like peptide-1 (7-36) amide on ad libitum energy intake in humans J Clin Endocrinol Metab 86 2001 4382 4389
117. A. Vella Mechanism of action of DPP-4 inhibitors - new insights J Clin Endocrinol Metab 97 2012 2626 2628
118. D. Bataille, C. Gespach, K. Tatemoto, J.C. Marie, A.M. Coudray, and G. Rosselin Bioactive enteroglucagon (oxyntomodulin): present knowledge on its chemical structure and its biological activities Peptides 2 Suppl. 2 1981 41 44
119. C. Jarrousse, D. Bataille, and B. Jeanrenaud A pure enteroglucagon, oxyntomodulin (glucagon 37), stimulates insulin release in perfused rat pancreas Endocrinology 115 1984 102 105
120. N.L. Collie, Z. Zhu, S. Jordan, and J.R. Reeve Jr. Oxyntomodulin stimulates intestinal glucose uptake in rats Gastroenterology 112 1997 1961 1970
121. B. Schjoldager, P.E. Mortensen, J. Myhre, J. Christiansen, and J.J. Holst Oxyntomodulin from distal gut. Role in regulation of gastric and pancreatic functions Digest Dis Sci 34 1989 1411 1419
122. C. Jarrousse, H. Niel, M.P. Audousset-Puech, J. Martinez, and D. Bataille Oxyntomodulin and its C-terminal octapeptide inhibit liquid meal-stimulated acid secretion Peptides 7 Suppl. 1 1986 253 256
123. C. Jarrousse, C. Carles-Bonnet, H. Niel, R. Sabatier, M.P. Audousset-Puech, and P. Blache Inhibition of gastric acid secretion by oxyntomodulin and its 19-37 fragment in the conscious rat Am J Physiol 264 1993 G816 G823
124. C.L. Dakin, I. Gunn, C.J. Small, C.M. Edwards, D.L. Hay, and D.M. Smith Oxyntomodulin inhibits food intake in the rat Endocrinology 142 2001 4244 4250
125. C.L. Dakin, C.J. Small, A.J. Park, A. Seth, M.A. Ghatei, and S.R. Bloom Repeated ICV administration of oxyntomodulin causes a greater reduction in body weight gain than in pair-fed rats Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 283 2002 E1173 E1177
126. C.L. Dakin, C.J. Small, R.L. Batterham, N.M. Neary, M.A. Cohen, and M. Patterson Peripheral oxyntomodulin reduces food intake and body weight gain in rats Endocrinology 145 2004 2687 2695
127. L.L. Baggio, Q. Huang, T.J. Brown, and D.J. Drucker Oxyntomodulin and glucagon-like peptide-1 differentially regulate murine food intake and energy expenditure Gastroenterology 127 2004 546 558
128. J.R. Kosinski, J. Hubert, P.E. Carrington, G.G. Chicchi, J. Mu, and C. Miller The glucagon receptor is involved in mediating the body weight-lowering effects of oxyntomodulin Obesity (Silver Spring) 20 2012 1566 1571
129. K. Wynne, A.J. Park, C.J. Small, M. Patterson, S.M. Ellis, and K.G. Murphy Subcutaneous oxyntomodulin reduces body weight in overweight and obese subjects: a double-blind, randomized, controlled trial Diabetes 54 2005 2390 2395
130. K. Wynne, A.J. Park, C.J. Small, K. Meeran, M.A. Ghatei, and G.S. Frost Oxyntomodulin increases energy expenditure in addition to decreasing energy intake in overweight and obese humans: a randomised controlled trial Int J Obes (Lond) 30 2006 1729 1736
131. L. Gros, B. Thorens, D. Bataille, and A. Kervran Glucagon-like peptide-1-(7-36) amide, oxyntomodulin, and glucagon interact with a common receptor in a somatostatin-secreting cell line Endocrinology 133 1993 631 638
132. S.C. Woods, E.C. Lotter, L.D. McKay, and D. Porte Jr. Chronic intracerebroventricular infusion of insulin reduces food intake and body weight of baboons Nature 282 1979 503 505
133. J.C. Bruning, D. Gautam, D.J. Burks, J. Gillette, M. Schubert, and P.C. Orban Role of brain insulin receptor in control of body weight and reproduction Science 289 2000 2122 2125
134. S. Obici, Z. Feng, G. Karkanias, D.G. Baskin, and L. Rossetti Decreasing hypothalamic insulin receptors causes hyperphagia and insulin resistance in rats Nat Neurosci 5 2002 566 572
135. J. Havrankova, J. Roth, and M. Brownstein Insulin receptors are widely distributed in the central nervous system of the rat Nature 272 1978 827 829
136. I.W. Davidson, J.M. Salter, and C.H. Best Calorigenic action of glucagon Nature 180 1957 1124
137. J.L. Schulman, J.L. Carleton, G. Whitney, and J.C. Whitehorn Effect of glucagon on food intake and body weight in man J Appl Physiol 11 1957 419 421
138. S.B. Penick, and L.E. Hinkle Jr. Depression of food intake induced in healthy subjects by glucagon N Engl J Med 264 1961 893 897
139. A. Inokuchi, Y. Oomura, and H. Nishimura Effect of intracerebroventricularly infused glucagon on feeding behavior Physiol Behav 33 1984 397 400
140. K.S. Nair Hyperglucagonemia increases resting metabolic rate in man during insulin deficiency J Clin Endocrinol Metab 64 1987 896 901
141. S.C. Woods, T.A. Lutz, N. Geary, and W. Langhans Pancreatic signals controlling food intake; insulin, glucagon and amylin Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 361 2006 1219 1235
142. K.M. Heppner, K.M. Habegger, J. Day, P.T. Pfluger, D. Perez-Tilve, and B. Ward Glucagon regulation of energy metabolism Physiol Behav 100 2010 545 548
143. K.M. Habegger, K.M. Heppner, N. Geary, T.J. Bartness, R. DiMarchi, and M.H. Tschop The metabolic actions of glucagon revisited Nat Rev Endocrinol 6 2010 689 697
144. A.J. Stunkard, T.B. Van Itallie, and B.B. Reis The mechanism of satiety: effect of glucagon on gastric hunger contractions in man Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 89 1955 258 261
145. W. Langhans, U. Zeiger, E. Scharrer, and N. Geary Stimulation of feeding in rats by intraperitoneal injection of antibodies to glucagon Science 218 1982 894 896
146. K. Honda, H. Kamisoyama, N. Saito, Y. Kurose, K. Sugahara, and S. Hasegawa Central administration of glucagon suppresses food intake in chicks Neurosci Lett 416 2007 198 201
147. Y. Kurose, H. Kamisoyama, K. Honda, Y. Azuma, K. Sugahara, and S. Hasegawa Effects of central administration of glucagon on feed intake and endocrine responses in sheep Anim Sci J 80 2009 686 690
148. M. Svoboda, M. Tastenoy, P. Vertongen, and P. Robberecht Relative quantitative analysis of glucagon receptor mRNA in rat tissues Mol Cell Endocrinol 105 1994 131 137
149. R.W. Gelling, X.Q. Du, D.S. Dichmann, J. Romer, H. Huang, and L. Cui Lower blood glucose, hyperglucagonemia, and pancreatic alpha cell hyperplasia in glucagon receptor knockout mice Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100 2003 1438 1443
150. S.L. Conarello, G. Jiang, J. Mu, Z. Li, J. Woods, and E. Zycband Glucagon receptor knockout mice are resistant to diet-induced obesity and streptozotocin-mediated beta cell loss and hyperglycaemia Diabetologia 50 2007 142 150
151. J.W. Day, N. Ottaway, J.T. Patterson, V. Gelfanov, D. Smiley, and J. Gidda A new glucagon and GLP-1 co-agonist eliminates obesity in rodents Nat Chem Biol 5 2009 749 757
152. A. Pocai, P.E. Carrington, J.R. Adams, M. Wright, G. Eiermann, and L. Zhu Glucagon-like peptide 1/glucagon receptor dual agonism reverses obesity in mice Diabetes 58 2009 2258 2266
153. J.R. Kimmel, H.G. Pollock, and R.L. Hazelwood Isolation and characterization of chicken insulin Endocrinology 83 1968 1323 1330
154. T.M. Lin, and R.E. Chance Candidate hormones of the gut. VI. Bovine pancreatic polypeptide (BPP) and avian pancreatic polypeptide (APP) Gastroenterology 67 1974 737 738
155. D. Larhammar Evolution of neuropeptide Y, peptide YY and pancreatic polypeptide Regul Pept 62 1996 1 11
156. D.C. Whitcomb, I.L. Taylor, and S.R. Vigna Characterization of saturable binding sites for circulating pancreatic polypeptide in rat brain Am J Physiol 259 1990 G687 G691
157. F. Malaisse-Lagae, J.L. Carpentier, Y.C. Patel, W.J. Malaisse, and L. Orci Pancreatic polypeptide: a possible role in the regulation of food intake in the mouse. Hypothesis Experientia 33 1977 915 917
158. A. Asakawa, A. Inui, H. Yuzuriha, N. Ueno, G. Katsuura, and M. Fujimiya Characterization of the effects of pancreatic polypeptide in the regulation of energy balance Gastroenterology 124 2003 1325 1336
159. G.G. Berntson, W.B. Zipf, T.M. O'Dorisio, J.A. Hoffman, and R.E. Chance Pancreatic polypeptide infusions reduce food intake in Prader-Willi syndrome Peptides 14 1993 497 503
160. R.L. Batterham, C.W. Le Roux, M.A. Cohen, A.J. Park, S.M. Ellis, and M. Patterson Pancreatic polypeptide reduces appetite and food intake in humans J Clin Endocrinol Metab 88 2003 3989 3992
161. N. Ueno, A. Inui, M. Iwamoto, T. Kaga, A. Asakawa, and M. Okita Decreased food intake and body weight in pancreatic polypeptide-overexpressing mice Gastroenterology 117 1999 1427 1432
162. J. Marco, M.A. Zulueta, I. Correas, and M.L. Villanueva Reduced pancreatic polypeptide secretion in obese subjects J Clin Endocrinol Metab 50 1980 744 747
163. V. Lassmann, P. Vague, B. Vialettes, and M.C. Simon Low plasma levels of pancreatic polypeptide in obesity Diabetes 29 1980 428 430
164. J.T. Clark, P.S. Kalra, W.R. Crowley, and S.P. Kalra Neuropeptide Y and human pancreatic polypeptide stimulate feeding behavior in rats Endocrinology 115 1984 427 429
165. M.C. Flynn, N.P. Turrin, C.R. Plata-Salaman, and J.M. Ffrench-Mullen Feeding response to neuropeptide Y-related compounds in rats treated with Y5 receptor antisense or sense phosphothio-oligodeoxynucleotide Physiol Behav 66 1999 881 884
166. R.E. Campbell, M.S. Smith, S.E. Allen, B.E. Grayson, J.M. Ffrench-Mullen, and K.L. Grove Orexin neurons express a functional pancreatic polypeptide Y4 receptor J Neurosci 23 2003 1487 1497
167. G.J. Cooper, A.C. Willis, A. Clark, R.C. Turner, R.B. Sim, and K.B. Reid Purification and characterization of a peptide from amyloid-rich pancreases of type 2 diabetic patients Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 84 1987 8628 8632
168. P.C. Butler, J. Chou, W.B. Carter, Y.N. Wang, B.H. Bu, and D. Chang Effects of meal ingestion on plasma amylin concentration in NIDDM and nondiabetic humans Diabetes 39 1990 752 756
169. C.X. Moore, and G.J. Cooper Co-secretion of amylin and insulin from cultured islet beta-cells: modulation by nutrient secretagogues, islet hormones and hypoglycemic agents Biochem Biophys Res Commun 179 1991 1 9
170. W.T. Chance, A. Balasubramaniam, F.S. Zhang, S.J. Wimalawansa, and J.E. Fischer Anorexia following the intrahypothalamic administration of amylin Brain Res 539 1991 352 354
171. J.E. Morley, and J.F. Flood Amylin decreases food intake in mice Peptides 12 1991 865 869
172. J.E. Morley, J.F. Flood, M. Horowitz, P.M. Morley, and M.J. Walter Modulation of food intake by peripherally administered amylin Am J Physiol 267 1994 R178 R184
173. T.A. Lutz, E. Del Prete, and E. Scharrer Reduction of food intake in rats by intraperitoneal injection of low doses of amylin Physiol Behav 55 1994 891 895
174. T.A. Lutz, N. Geary, M.M. Szabady, E. Del Prete, and E. Scharrer Amylin decreases meal size in rats Physiol Behav 58 1995 1197 1202
175. U. Arnelo, J.E. Blevins, J. Larsson, J. Permert, P. Westermark, and R.D. Reidelberger Effects of acute and chronic infusion of islet amyloid polypeptide on food intake in rats Scan J Gastroenterol 31 1996 83 89
176. P.A. Rushing, R.J. Seeley, E.L. Air, T.A. Lutz, and S.C. Woods Acute 3rd-ventricular amylin infusion potently reduces food intake but does not produce aversive consequences Peptides 23 2002 985 988
177. S. Bhavsar, J. Watkins, and A. Young Synergy between amylin and cholecystokinin for inhibition of food intake in mice Physiol Behav 64 1998 557 561
178. V. Grabler, and T.A. Lutz Chronic infusion of the amylin antagonist AC 187 increases feeding in Zucker fa/fa rats but not in lean controls Physiol Behav 81 2004 481 488
179. A. Mollet, S. Gilg, T. Riediger, and T.A. Lutz Infusion of the amylin antagonist AC 187 into the area postrema increases food intake in rats Physiol Behav 81 2004 149 155
180. R.D. Reidelberger, A.C. Haver, U. Arnelo, D.D. Smith, C.S. Schaffert, and J. Permert Amylin receptor blockade stimulates food intake in rats Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 287 2004 R568 R574
181. N.E. Rowland, E.C. Crews, and R.M. Gentry Comparison of Fos induced in rat brain by GLP-1 and amylin Regul Pept 71 1997 171 174
182. T.A. Lutz, M. Senn, J. Althaus, E. Del Prete, F. Ehrensperger, and E. Scharrer Lesion of the area postrema/nucleus of the solitary tract (AP/NTS)
183. N.E. Rowland, and R.M. Richmond Area postrema and the anorectic actions of dexfenfluramine and amylin Brain Res 820 1999 86 91
184. T.A. Lutz, A. Mollet, P.A. Rushing, T. Riediger, and E. Scharrer The anorectic effect of a chronic peripheral infusion of amylin is abolished in area postrema/nucleus of the solitary tract (AP/NTS) lesioned rats Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 25 2001 1005 1011
185. T. Riediger, D. Zuend, C. Becskei, and T.A. Lutz The anorectic hormone amylin contributes to feeding-related changes of neuronal activity in key structures of the gut-brain axis Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 286 2004 R114 R122
186. C. Becskei, V. Grabler, G.L. Edwards, T. Riediger, and T.A. Lutz Lesion of the lateral parabrachial nucleus attenuates the anorectic effect of peripheral amylin and CCK Brain Res 1162 2007 76 84
187. S.R. Smith, J.E. Blundell, C. Burns, C. Ellero, B.E. Schroeder, and N.C. Kesty Pramlintide treatment reduces 24-h caloric intake and meal sizes and improves control of eating in obese subjects: a 6-wk translational research study Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 293 2007 E620 E627
188. L. Aronne, K. Fujioka, V. Aroda, K. Chen, A. Halseth, and N.C. Kesty Progressive reduction in body weight after treatment with the amylin analog pramlintide in obese subjects: a phase 2, randomized, placebo-controlled, dose-escalation study J Clin Endocrinol Metab 92 2007 2977 2983
189. S.R. Smith, L.J. Aronne, C.M. Burns, N.C. Kesty, A.E. Halseth, and C. Weyer Sustained weight loss following 12-month pramlintide treatment as an adjunct to lifestyle intervention in obesity Diabetes Care 31 2008 1816 1823
190. J.D. Roth, B.L. Roland, R.L. Cole, J.L. Trevaskis, C. Weyer, and J.E. Koda Leptin responsiveness restored by amylin agonism in diet-induced obesity: evidence from nonclinical and clinical studies Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 105 2008 7257 7262
191. J.L. Trevaskis, T. Coffey, R. Cole, C. Lei, C. Wittmer, and B. Walsh Amylin-mediated restoration of leptin responsiveness in diet-induced obesity: magnitude and mechanisms Endocrinology 149 2008 5679 5687
192. E. Ravussin, S.R. Smith, J.A. Mitchell, R. Shringarpure, K. Shan, and H. Maier Enhanced weight loss with pramlintide/metreleptin: an integrated neurohormonal approach to obesity pharmacotherapy Obesity (Silver Spring) 17 2009 1736 1743
193. D.J. Heal, J. Gosden, and S.L. Smith What is the prognosis for new centrally-acting anti-obesity drugs? Neuropharmacology 63 2012 132 146
194. S. Chung, T. Funakoshi, and O. Civelli Orphan GPCR research Br J Pharmacol 153 Suppl. 1 2008 S339 S346
195. J. Chambers, R.S. Ames, D. Bergsma, A. Muir, L.R. Fitzgerald, and G. Hervieu Melanin-concentrating hormone is the cognate ligand for the orphan G-protein-coupled receptor SLC-1 Nature 400 1999 261 265
196. Y. Saito, H.P. Nothacker, Z. Wang, S.H. Lin, F. Leslie, and O. Civelli Molecular characterization of the melanin-concentrating-hormone receptor Nature 400 1999 265 269
197. P.M. Lembo, E. Grazzini, J. Cao, D.A. Hubatsch, M. Pelletier, and C. Hoffert The receptor for the orexigenic peptide melanin-concentrating hormone is a G-protein-coupled receptor Nat Cell Biol 1 1999 267 271
198. D. Bachner, H. Kreienkamp, C. Weise, F. Buck, and D. Richter Identification of melanin concentrating hormone (MCH) as the natural ligand for the orphan somatostatin-like receptor 1 (SLC-1) FEBS Lett 457 1999 522 524
199. Y. Shimomura, M. Mori, T. Sugo, Y. Ishibashi, M. Abe, and T. Kurokawa Isolation and identification of melanin-concentrating hormone as the endogenous ligand of the SLC-1 receptor Biochem Biophys Res Commun 261 1999 622 626
200. T. Sakurai, A. Amemiya, M. Ishii, I. Matsuzaki, R.M. Chemelli, and H. Tanaka Orexins and orexin receptors: a family of hypothalamic neuropeptides and G protein-coupled receptors that regulate feeding behavior Cell 92 1998 573 585
201. M. Kojima, H. Hosoda, Y. Date, M. Nakazato, H. Matsuo, and K. Kangawa Ghrelin is a growth-hormone-releasing acylated peptide from stomach Nature 402 1999 656 660
202. X.L. Mo, H.K. Wei, J. Peng, and Y.X. Tao Free fatty acid receptor GPR120 and pathogenesis of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus Prog Mol Biol Transl Sci 114 2013 251 276
203. B.F. O'Dowd, T. Nguyen, B.P. Jung, A. Marchese, R. Cheng, and H.H. Heng Cloning and chromosomal mapping of four putative novel human G-protein-coupled receptor genes Gene 187 1997 75 81
204. J. Gardner, S. Wu, L. Ling, J. Danao, Y. Li, and W.C. Yeh G-protein-coupled receptor GPR21 knockout mice display improved glucose tolerance and increased insulin response Biochem Biophys Res Commun 418 2012 1 5
205. O. Osborn, Y. Oh da, J. McNelis, M. Sanchez-Alavez, S. Talukdar, and M. Lu G protein-coupled receptor 21 deletion improves insulin sensitivity in diet-induced obese mice J Clin Invest 122 2012 2444 2453
206. R.T. Jensen, J.F. Battey, E.R. Spindel, and R.V. Benya International Union of Pharmacology. LXVIII. Mammalian bombesin receptors: nomenclature, distribution, pharmacology, signaling, and functions in normal and disease states Pharmacol Rev 60 2008 1 42
207. H. Ohki-Hamazaki, K. Watase, K. Yamamoto, H. Ogura, M. Yamano, and K. Yamada Mice lacking bombesin receptor subtype-3 develop metabolic defects and obesity Nature 390 1997 165 169
208. F. Maekawa, H.M. Quah, K. Tanaka, and H. Ohki-Hamazaki Leptin resistance and enhancement of feeding facilitation by melanin-concentrating hormone in mice lacking bombesin receptor subtype-3 Diabetes 53 2004 570 576
209. E.E. Ladenheim, N.L. Hamilton, R.R. Behles, S. Bi, L.L. Hampton, and J.F. Battey Factors contributing to obesity in bombesin receptor subtype-3-deficient mice Endocrinology 149 2008 971 978
210. X.M. Guan, H. Chen, P.H. Dobbelaar, Y. Dong, T.M. Fong, and K. Gagen Regulation of energy homeostasis by bombesin receptor subtype-3: selective receptor agonists for the treatment of obesity Cell Metab 11 2010 101 112
211. X.M. Guan, J.M. Metzger, L. Yang, K.A. Raustad, S.P. Wang, and S.K. Spann Antiobesity effect of MK-5046, a novel bombesin receptor subtype-3 agonist J Pharmacol Exp Ther 336 2011 356 364
212. K. Hotta, Y. Matsukawa, M. Nishida, K. Kotani, M. Takahashi, and H. Kuriyama Mutation in bombesin receptor subtype-3 gene is not a major cause of obesity in the Japanese Horm Metab Res 32 2000 33 34
213. M.S. Allen, B.J. Bradford, and K.J. Harvatine The cow as a model to study food intake regulation Annu Rev Nutr 25 2005 523 547
214. M.E. Spurlock, and N.K. Gabler The development of porcine models of obesity and the metabolic syndrome J Nutr 138 2008 397 402
215. C. Clouard, M.C. Meunier-Salaun, and D. Val-Laillet Food preferences and aversions in human health and nutrition: how can pigs help the biomedical research? Animal 6 2012 118 136
216. J. Iqbal, Y. Kurose, B. Canny, and I.J. Clarke Effects of central infusion of ghrelin on food intake and plasma levels of growth hormone, luteinizing hormone, prolactin, and cortisol secretion in sheep Endocrinology 147 2006 510 519
217. C.R. Barb, A.S. Robertson, J.B. Barrett, R.R. Kraeling, and K.L. Houseknecht The role of melanocortin-3 and -4 receptor in regulating appetite, energy homeostasis and neuroendocrine function in the pig J Endocrinol 181 2004 39 52
218. Z.C. Fan, J.L. Sartin, and Y.X. Tao Pharmacological analyses of two naturally occurring porcine melanocortin-4 receptor mutations in domestic pigs Domest Anim Endocrinol 34 2008 383 390
219. Z.C. Fan, J.L. Sartin, and Y.X. Tao Molecular cloning and pharmacological characterization of porcine melanocortin-3 receptor J Endocrinol 196 2008 139 148
220. J.L. Sartin, C.G. Wagner, D.L. Marks, J.A. Daniel, C.D. McMahon, and F.Y. Obese Melanocortin-4 receptor in sheep: a potential site for therapeutic intervention in disease models Domest Anim Endocrinol 29 2005 446 455
221. A.J. German The growing problem of obesity in dogs and cats J Nutr 136 2006 1940S 1946S
222. R.F. Kushner, D.J. Blatner, D.E. Jewell, and K. Rudloff The PPET Study: people and pets exercising together Obesity (Silver Spring) 14 2006 1762 1770
223. J. Gossellin, J.A. Wren, and S.J. Sunderland Canine obesity: an overview J Vet Pharmacol Ther 30 Suppl. 1 2007 1 10
224. M. Hoenig The cat as a model for human obesity and diabetes J Diabetes Sci Technol 6 2012 525 533
225. M. Iwase, K. Kimura, N. Sasaki, R. Komagome, K. Ishioka, and M. Morimatsu Canine leptin: cDNA cloning, expression and activity of recombinant protein Res Vet Sci 68 2000 109 114
226. K. Ishioka, M.M. Soliman, M. Sagawa, F. Nakadomo, H. Shibata, and T. Honjoh Experimental and clinical studies on plasma leptin in obese dogs J Vet Med Sci 64 2002 349 353
227. K. Ishioka, K. Hosoya, H. Kitagawa, H. Shibata, T. Honjoh, and K. Kimura Plasma leptin concentration in dogs: effects of body condition score, age, gender and breeds Res Vet Sci 82 2007 11 15
228. K. Ishioka, A. Omachi, M. Sagawa, H. Shibata, T. Honjoh, and K. Kimura Canine adiponectin: cDNA structure, mRNA expression in adipose tissues and reduced plasma levels in obesity Res Vet Sci 80 2006 127 132
229. C. LeBel, A. Bourdeau, D. Lau, and P. Hunt Biologic response to peripheral and central administration of recombinant human leptin in dogs Obes Res 7 1999 577 585
230. A. Skorczyk, M. Stachowiak, I. Szczerbal, J. Klukowska-Roetzler, C. Schelling, and G. Dolf Polymorphism and chromosomal location of the MC4R (melanocortin-4 receptor) gene in the dog and red fox Gene 392 2007 247 252
231. L. van den Berg, S.M. van den Berg, E.E.C.P. Martens, H.A.W. Hazewinke, N.A. Dijkshoorn, and H.A. Delemarre-van de Waal Analysis of variation in the melanocortin-4 receptor gene (mc4r) in golden retriever dogs Anim Genet 41 2010 557
232. J. Yan, and Y.X. Tao Pharmacological characterization of canine melancortin-4 receptor and its natural variant V213F Domest Anim Endocrinol 41 2011 91 97
233. M.P. Richards Genetic regulation of feed intake and energy balance in poultry Poult Sci 82 2003 907 916
234. T. Boswell Regulation of energy balance in birds by the neuroendocrine hypothalamus J Poult Sci 42 2005 161 181
235. C.G. Scanes Absolute and relative standards - the case of leptin in poultry: first do no harm Poult Sci 87 2008 1927 1928
236. P.J. Sharp, I.C. Dunn, D. Waddington, and T. Boswell Chicken leptin Gen Comp Endocrinol 158 2008 2 4
237. M. Taouis, J.W. Chen, C. Daviaud, J. Dupont, M. Derouet, and J. Simon Cloning the chicken leptin gene Gene 208 1998 239 242
238. C.M. Ashwell, S.M. Czerwinski, D.M. Brocht, and J.P. McMurtry Hormonal regulation of leptin expression in broiler chickens Am J Physiol 276 1999 R226 R232
239. M. Friedman-Einat, T. Boswell, G. Horev, G. Girishvarma, I.C. Dunn, and R.T. Talbot The chicken leptin gene: has it been cloned? Gen Comp Endocrinol 115 1999 354 363
240. S. Yosefi, G. Hen, C.I. Rosenblum, D.J. Cerasale, M. Beaulieu, and F. Criscuolo Lack of leptin activity in blood samples of Adelie penguin and bar-tailed godwit J Endocrinol 207 2010 113 122
241. G. Horev, P. Einat, T. Aharoni, Y. Eshdat, and M. Friedman-Einat Molecular cloning and properties of the chicken leptin-receptor (CLEPR) gene Mol Cell Endocrinol 162 2000 95 106
242. M.P. Richards, and S.M. Poch Molecular cloning and expression of the turkey leptin receptor gene Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 136 2003 833 847
243. F. Wang, L. Lu, H. Yuan, Y. Tian, J. Li, and J. Shen Molecular cloning, expression, and regulation of goose leptin receptor gene in adipocytes Mol Cell Biochem 353 2011 267 274
244. D.M. Denbow, S. Meade, A. Robertson, J.P. McMurtry, M. Richards, and C. Ashwell Leptin-induced decrease in food intake in chickens Physiol Behav 69 2000 359 362
245. S. Dridi, N. Raver, E.E. Gussakovsky, M. Derouet, M. Picard, and A. Gertler Biological activities of recombinant chicken leptin C4S analog compared with unmodified leptins Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 279 2000 E116 E123
246. M. Lohmus, L.F. Sundstrom, M. El Halawani, and B. Silverin Leptin depresses food intake in great tits (Parus major) Gen Comp Endocrinol 131 2003 57 61
247. M. Lei, C. Luo, X. Peng, M. Fang, Q. Nie, and D. Zhang Polymorphism of growth-correlated genes associated with fatness and muscle fiber traits in chickens Poult Sci 86 2007 835 842
248. M. Furuse, T. Tachibana, A. Ohgushi, R. Ando, T. Yoshimatsu, and D.M. Denbow Intracerebroventricular injection of ghrelin and growth hormone releasing factor inhibits food intake in neonatal chicks Neurosci Lett 301 2001 123 126
249. E.S. Saito, H. Kaiya, T. Takagi, I. Yamasaki, D.M. Denbow, and K. Kangawa Chicken ghrelin and growth hormone-releasing peptide-2 inhibit food intake of neonatal chicks Eur J Pharmacol 453 2002 75 79
250. G. Hen, S. Yosefi, V. Simchaev, D. Shinder, V.J. Hruby, and M. Friedman-Einat The melanocortin circuit in obese and lean strains of chicks J Endocrinol 190 2006 527 535
251. T. Saneyasu, K. Honda, H. Kamisoyama, Y. Nakayama, K. Ikegami, and S. Hasegawa Alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone plays an important role in the regulation of food intake by the central melanocortin system in chicks Peptides 32 2011 996 1000
252. S. Ka, F.W. Albert, D.M. Denbow, S. Paabo, P.B. Siegel, and L. Andersson Differentially expressed genes in hypothalamus in relation to genomic regions under selection in two chicken lines resulting from divergent selection for high or low body weight Neurogenetics 12 2011 211 221
253. Y. Song, G. Golling, T.L. Thacker, and R.D. Cone Agouti-related protein (AGRP) is conserved and regulated by metabolic state in the zebrafish, Danio rerio Endocrine 22 2003 257 265
254. Y. Song, and R.D. Cone Creation of a genetic model of obesity in a teleost FASEB J 21 2007 2042 2049
255. H. Volkoff, L.F. Canosa, S. Unniappan, J.M. Cerda-Reverter, N.J. Bernier, and S.P. Kelly Neuropeptides and the control of food intake in fish Gen Comp Endocrinol 142 2005 3 19
256. T. Kurokawa, S. Uji, and T. Suzuki Identification of cDNA coding for a homologue to mammalian leptin from pufferfish, Takifugu rubripes Peptides 26 2005 745 750
257. M.O. Huising, E.J. Geven, C.P. Kruiswijk, S.B. Nabuurs, E.H. Stolte, and F.A. Spanings Increased leptin expression in common Carp (Cyprinus carpio) after food intake but not after fasting or feeding to satiation Endocrinology 147 2006 5786 5797
258. T. Kurokawa, and K. Murashita Genomic characterization of multiple leptin genes and a leptin receptor gene in the Japanese medaka, Oryzias latipes Gen Comp Endocrinol 161 2009 229 237
259. M. Gorissen, N.J. Bernier, S.B. Nabuurs, G. Flik, and M.O. Huising Two divergent leptin paralogues in zebrafish (Danio rerio) that originate early in teleostean evolution J Endocrinol 201 2009 329 339
260. G.G. Li, X.F. Liang, Q. Xie, G. Li, Y. Yu, and K. Lai Gene structure, recombinant expression and functional characterization of grass carp leptin Gen Comp Endocrinol 166 2010 117 127
261. E. Froiland, K. Murashita, E.H. Jorgensen, and T. Kurokawa Leptin and ghrelin in anadromous Arctic charr: cloning and change in expressions during a seasonal feeding cycle Gen Comp Endocrinol 165 2010 136 143
262. E.T. Won, D.A. Baltzegar, M.E. Picha, and R.J. Borski Cloning and characterization of leptin in a Perciform fish, the striped bass (Morone saxatilis): control of feeding and regulation by nutritional state Gen Comp Endocrinol 178 2012 98 107
263. T. Kurokawa, K. Murashita, T. Suzuki, and S. Uji Genomic characterization and tissue distribution of leptin receptor and leptin receptor overlapping transcript genes in the pufferfish, Takifugu rubripes Gen Comp Endocrinol 158 2008 108 114
264. I. Ronnestad, T.O. Nilsen, K. Murashita, A.R. Angotzi, A.G. Gamst Moen, and S.O. Stefansson Leptin and leptin receptor genes in Atlantic salmon: cloning, phylogeny, tissue distribution and expression correlated to long-term feeding status Gen Comp Endocrinol 168 2010 55 70
265. R.L. Londraville, and C.S. Duvall Murine leptin injections increase intracellular fatty acid-binding protein in green sunfish (Lepomis cyanellus) Gen Comp Endocrinol 129 2002 56 62
266. D.M. Baker, D.A. Larsen, P. Swanson, and W.W. Dickhoff Long-term peripheral treatment of immature coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) with human leptin has no clear physiologic effect Gen Comp Endocrinol 118 2000 134 138
267. J.T. Silverstein, and E.M. Plisetskaya The effects of NPY and insulin on food intake regulation in fish Am Zool 40 2000 296 308
268. H. Volkoff, A.J. Eykelbosh, and R.E. Peter Role of leptin in the control of feeding of goldfish Carassius auratus: interactions with cholecystokinin, neuropeptide Y and orexin A, and modulation by fasting Brain Res 972 2003 90 109
269. K. Matsuda, S. Shimakura, K. Maruyama, T. Miura, M. Uchiyama, and H. Kawauchi Central administration of melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) suppresses food intake, but not locomotor activity, in the goldfish, Carassius auratus Neurosci Lett 399 2006 259 263
270. K. Matsuda, S. Shimakura, T. Miura, K. Maruyama, M. Uchiyama, and H. Kawauchi Feeding-induced changes of melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH)-like immunoreactivity in goldfish brain Cell Tissue Res 328 2007 375 382
271. M. Kinoshita, T. Morita, H. Toyohara, T. Hirata, M. Sakaguchi, and M. Ono Transgenic medaka overexpressing a melanin-concentrating hormone exhibit lightened body color but no remarkable abnormality Mar Biotechnol (NY) 3 2001 536 543
272. K. Matsuda Recent advances in the regulation of feeding behavior by neuropeptides in fish Ann N Y Acad Sci 1163 2009 241 250
273. T. Miura, K. Maruyama, S. Shimakura, H. Kaiya, M. Uchiyama, and K. Kangawa Neuropeptide Y mediates ghrelin-induced feeding in the goldfish, Carassius auratus Neurosci Lett 407 2006 279 283
274. S. Shimakura, K. Kojima, T. Nakamachi, H. Kageyama, M. Uchiyama, and S. Shioda Neuronal interaction between melanin-concentrating hormone- and α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone-containing neurons in the goldfish hypothalamus Peptides 29 2008 1432 1440
275. S. Shimakura, T. Miura, K. Maruyama, T. Nakamachi, M. Uchiyama, and H. Kageyama Alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone mediates melanin-concentrating hormone-induced anorexigenic action in goldfish Horm Behav 53 2008 323 328
276. K. Matsuda, K. Nakamura, S. Shimakura, T. Miura, H. Kageyama, and M. Uchiyama Inhibitory effect of chicken gonadotropin-releasing hormone II on food intake in the goldfish, Carassius auratus Horm Behav 54 2008 83 89
277. H. Kawauchi, I. Kawazoe, M. Tsubokawa, M. Kishida, and B.I. Baker Characterization of melanin-concentrating hormone in chum salmon pituitaries Nature 305 1983 321 323
278. D. Qu, D.S. Ludwig, S. Gammeltoft, M. Piper, M.A. Pelleymounter, and M.J. Cullen A role for melanin-concentrating hormone in the central regulation of feeding behaviour Nature 380 1996 243 247
279. P. Pissios, R.L. Bradley, and E. Maratos-Flier Expanding the scales: the multiple roles of MCH in regulating energy balance and other biological functions Endocr Rev 27 2006 606 620
280. H. Volkoff, L.J. Hoskins, and S.M. Tuziak Influence of intrinsic signals and environmental cues on the endocrine control of feeding in fish: potential application in aquaculture Gen Comp Endocrinol 167 2010 352 359
281. S. O'Rahilly, I.S. Farooqi, G.S. Yeo, and B.G. Challis Minireview: human obesity-lessons from monogenic disorders Endocrinology 144 2003 3757 3764
282. S. Farooqi, and S. O'Rahilly Genetics of obesity in humans Endocr Rev 27 2006 710 718
283. C.T. Montague, I.S. Farooqi, J.P. Whitehead, M.A. Soos, H. Rau, and N.J. Wareham Congenital leptin deficiency is associated with severe early-onset obesity in humans Nature 387 1997 903 908
284. A. Strobel, T. Issad, L. Camoin, M. Ozata, and A.D. Strosberg A leptin missense mutation associated with hypogonadism and morbid obesity Nat Genet 18 1998 213 215
285. K. Clement, C. Vaisse, N. Lahlou, S. Cabrol, V. Pelloux, and D. Cassuto A mutation in the human leptin receptor gene causes obesity and pituitary dysfunction Nature 392 1998 398 401
286. H. Krude, H. Biebermann, W. Luck, R. Horn, G. Brabant, and A. Gruters Severe early-onset obesity, adrenal insufficiency and red hair pigmentation caused by POMC mutations in humans Nat Genet 19 1998 155 157
287. R.S. Jackson, J.W. Creemers, S. Ohagi, M.L. Raffin-Sanson, L. Sanders, and C.T. Montague Obesity and impaired prohormone processing associated with mutations in the human prohormone convertase 1 gene Nat Genet 16 1997 303 306
288. J.L. Holder Jr., N.F. Butte, and A.R. Zinn Profound obesity associated with a balanced translocation that disrupts the SIM1 gene Hum Mol Genet 9 2000 101 108
289. Y.S. Lee, L.K. Poh, and K.Y. Loke A novel melanocortin 3 receptor gene (MC3R) mutation associated with severe obesity J Clin Endocrinol Metab 87 2002 1423 1426
290. Y.X. Tao, and D.L. Segaloff Functional characterization of melanocortin-3 receptor variants identify a loss-of-function mutation involving an amino acid critical for G protein-coupled receptor activation J Clin Endocrinol Metab 89 2004 3936 3942
291. Y.X. Tao Functional characterization of novel melanocortin-3 receptor mutations identified from obese subjects Biochim Biophys Acta 1772 2007 1167 1174
292. D. Zegers, S. Beckers, F. de Freitas, A.V. Peeters, I.L. Mertens, and S.L. Verhulst Identification of three novel genetic variants in the melanocortin-3 receptor of obese children Obesity (Silver Spring) 19 2010 152 159
293. M. Mencarelli, B. Dubern, R. Alili, S. Maestrini, L. Benajiba, and M. Tagliaferri Rare melanocortin-3 receptor mutations with in vitro functional consequences are associated with human obesity Hum Mol Genet 20 2011 392 399
294. F. Yang, and Y.X. Tao Functional characterization of nine novel naturally occurring human melanocortin-3 receptor mutations Biochim Biophys Acta 1822 2012 1752 1761
295. Y.X. Tao Mutations in the melanocortin-3 receptor (MC3R) gene: impact on human obesity or adiposity Curr Opin Investig Drugs 11 2010 1092 1096
296. G.S. Yeo, I.S. Farooqi, S. Aminian, D.J. Halsall, R.G. Stanhope, and S. O'Rahilly A frameshift mutation in MC4R associated with dominantly inherited human obesity Nat Genet 20 1998 111 112
297. C. Vaisse, K. Clement, B. Guy-Grand, and P. Froguel A frameshift mutation in human MC4R is associated with a dominant form of obesity Nat Genet 20 1998 113 114
298. A. Hinney, A. Schmidt, K. Nottebom, O. Heibult, I. Becker, and A. Ziegler Several mutations in the melanocortin-4 receptor gene including a nonsense and a frameshift mutation associated with dominantly inherited obesity in humans J Clin Endocrinol Metab 84 1999 1483 1486
299. Y.X. Tao Molecular mechanisms of the neural melanocortin receptor dysfunction in severe early onset obesity Mol Cell Endocrinol 239 2005 1 14
300. Y.X. Tao Mutations in melanocortin-4 receptor and human obesity Prog Mol Biol Transl Sci 88 2009 173 204
301. A. Hinney, A.-L. Volckmar, and N. Knoll Melanocortin-4 receptor in energy homeostasis and obesity pathogenesis Prog Mol Biol Transl Sci 114 2013 147 192
302. J. Gray, G.S. Yeo, J.J. Cox, J. Morton, A.L. Adlam, and J.M. Keogh Hyperphagia, severe obesity, impaired cognitive function, and hyperactivity associated with functional loss of one copy of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) gene Diabetes 55 2006 3366 3371
303. G.S. Yeo, C.C. Connie Hung, J. Rochford, J. Keogh, J. Gray, and S. Sivaramakrishnan A de novo mutation affecting human TrkB associated with severe obesity and developmental delay Nat Neurosci 7 2004 1187 1189
304. B. Burns, K. Schmidt, S.R. Williams, S. Kim, S. Girirajan, and S.H. Elsea Rai1 haploinsufficiency causes reduced Bdnf expression resulting in hyperphagia, obesity and altered fat distribution in mice and humans with no evidence of metabolic syndrome Hum Mol Genet 19 2010 4026 4042
305. H. Rosas-Vargas, J.D. Martinez-Ezquerro, and T. Bienvenu Brain-derived neurotrophic factor, food intake regulation, and obesity Arch Med Res 42 2011 482 494
306. H. Biebermann, T.R. Castaneda, F. van Landeghem, A. von Deimling, F. Escher, and G. Brabant A role for β-melanocyte-stimulating hormone in human body-weight regulation Cell Metab 3 2006 141 146
307. Y.S. Lee, B.G. Challis, D.A. Thompson, G.S. Yeo, J.M. Keogh, and M.E. Madonna A POMC variant implicates β-melanocyte-stimulating hormone in the control of human energy balance Cell Metab 3 2006 135 140
308. J.L. Michaud, T. Rosenquist, N.R. May, and C.M. Fan Development of neuroendocrine lineages requires the bHLH-PAS transcription factor SIM1 Genes Dev 12 1998 3264 3275
309. B. Lebrun, B. Bariohay, E. Moyse, and A. Jean Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and food intake regulation: a minireview Auto Neurosci 126-127 2006 30 38
310. B. Xu, E.H. Goulding, K. Zang, D. Cepoi, R.D. Cone, and K.R. Jones Brain-derived neurotrophic factor regulates energy balance downstream of melanocortin-4 receptor Nat Neurosci 6 2003 736 742
311. J.C. Han, Q.R. Liu, M. Jones, R.L. Levinn, C.M. Menzie, and K.S. Jefferson-George Brain-derived neurotrophic factor and obesity in the WAGR syndrome N Engl J Med 359 2008 918 927
312. I.S. Farooqi, S.A. Jebb, G. Langmack, E. Lawrence, C.H. Cheetham, and A.M. Prentice Effects of recombinant leptin therapy in a child with congenital leptin deficiency N Engl J Med 341 1999 879 884
313. I.S. Farooqi, G. Matarese, G.M. Lord, J.M. Keogh, E. Lawrence, and C. Agwu Beneficial effects of leptin on obesity, T cell hyporesponsiveness, and neuroendocrine/metabolic dysfunction of human congenital leptin deficiency J Clin Invest 110 2002 1093 1103
314. J. Licinio, S. Caglayan, M. Ozata, B.O. Yildiz, P.B. de Miranda, and F. O'Kirwan Phenotypic effects of leptin replacement on morbid obesity, diabetes mellitus, hypogonadism, and behavior in leptin-deficient adults Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101 2004 4531 4536
315. Z. Xiang, I.D. Pogozheva, N.B. Sorenson, A.M. Wilczynski, J.R. Holder, and S.A. Litherland Peptide and small molecules rescue the functional activity and agonist potency of dysfunctional human melanocortin-4 receptor polymorphisms Biochemistry 46 2007 8273 8287
316. Z.C. Fan, and Y.X. Tao Functional characterization and pharmacological rescue of melanocortin-4 receptor mutations identified from obese patients J Cell Mol Med 13 2009 3268 3282
317. P. Rene, C. Le Gouill, I.D. Pogozheva, G. Lee, H.I. Mosberg, and I.S. Farooqi Pharmacological chaperones restore function to MC4R mutants responsible for severe early-onset obesity J Pharmacol Exp Ther 335 2010 520 532
318. N. Katsanis, S.J. Ansley, J.L. Badano, E.R. Eichers, R.A. Lewis, and B.E. Hoskins Triallelic inheritance in Bardet-Biedl syndrome, a Mendelian recessive disorder Science 293 2001 2256 2259
319. P.P. Feuillan, D. Ng, J.C. Han, J.C. Sapp, K. Wetsch, and E. Spaulding Patients with Bardet-Biedl syndrome have hyperleptinemia suggestive of leptin resistance J Clin Endocrinol Metab 96 2011 E528 E535
320. J.L. Badano, S.J. Ansley, C.C. Leitch, R.A. Lewis, J.R. Lupski, and N. Katsanis Identification of a novel Bardet-Biedl syndrome protein, BBS7, that shares structural features with BBS1 and BBS2 Am J Hum Genet 72 2003 650 658
321. M. Benzinou, A. Walley, S. Lobbens, M.A. Charles, B. Jouret, and F. Fumeron Bardet-Biedl syndrome gene variants are associated with both childhood and adult common obesity in French Caucasians Diabetes 55 2006 2876 2882
322. D.F. Guo, and K. Rahmouni Molecular basis of the obesity associated with Bardet-Biedl syndrome Trends Endocrinol Metab 22 2011 286 293
323. J.B. Croft, D. Morrell, C.L. Chase, and M. Swift Obesity in heterozygous carriers of the gene for the Bardet-Biedl syndrome Am J Med Genet 55 1995 12 15
324. R.E. Davis, R.E. Swiderski, K. Rahmouni, D.Y. Nishimura, R.F. Mullins, and K. Agassandian A knockin mouse model of the Bardet-Biedl syndrome 1 M390R mutation has cilia defects, ventriculomegaly, retinopathy, and obesity Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104 2007 19422 19427
325. J.R. Davenport, A.J. Watts, V.C. Roper, M.J. Croyle, T. van Groen, and J.M. Wyss Disruption of intraflagellar transport in adult mice leads to obesity and slow-onset cystic kidney disease Curr Biol 17 2007 1586 1594
326. K. Rahmouni, M.A. Fath, S. Seo, D.R. Thedens, C.J. Berry, and R. Weiss Leptin resistance contributes to obesity and hypertension in mouse models of Bardet-Biedl syndrome J Clin Invest 118 2008 1458 1467
327. S. Seo, D.F. Guo, K. Bugge, D.A. Morgan, K. Rahmouni, and V.C. Sheffield Requirement of Bardet-Biedl syndrome proteins for leptin receptor signaling Hum Mol Genet 18 2009 1323 1331
328. T. Arsov, D.G. Silva, M.K. O'Bryan, A. Sainsbury, N.J. Lee, and C. Kennedy Fat aussie - a new Alstrom syndrome mouse showing a critical role for ALMS1 in obesity, diabetes, and spermatogenesis Mol Endocrinol 20 2006 1610 1622
329. G.S. Barsh, I.S. Farooqi, and S. O'Rahilly Genetics of body-weight regulation Nature 404 2000 644 651
330. C.G. Bell, A.J. Walley, and P. Froguel The genetics of human obesity Nat Rev Genet 6 2005 221 234
331. A.J. Walley, J.E. Asher, and P. Froguel The genetic contribution to non-syndromic human obesity Nat Rev Genet 10 2009 431 442
332. A. Hinney, C.I. Vogel, and J. Hebebrand From monogenic to polygenic obesity: recent advances Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 19 2010 297 310
333. J. Hebebrand, A.L. Volckmar, N. Knoll, and A. Hinney Chipping away the 'missing heritability': GIANT steps forward in the molecular elucidation of obesity - but still lots to go Obes Facts 3 2010 294 303
334. T. Rankinen, A. Zuberi, Y.C. Chagnon, S.J. Weisnagel, G. Argyropoulos, and B. Walts The human obesity gene map: the 2005 update Obesity (Silver Spring) 14 2006 529 644
335. G. Thorleifsson, G.B. Walters, D.F. Gudbjartsson, V. Steinthorsdottir, P. Sulem, and A. Helgadottir Genome-wide association yields new sequence variants at seven loci that associate with measures of obesity Nat Genet 41 2009 18 24
336. C.J. Willer, E.K. Speliotes, R.J. Loos, S. Li, C.M. Lindgren, and I.M. Heid Six new loci associated with body mass index highlight a neuronal influence on body weight regulation Nat Genet 41 2009 25 34
337. E.K. Speliotes, C.J. Willer, S.I. Berndt, K.L. Monda, G. Thorleifsson, and A.U. Jackson Association analyses of 249,796 individuals reveal 18 new loci associated with body mass index Nat Genet 42 2010 937 948
338. T.M. Frayling, N.J. Timpson, M.N. Weedon, E. Zeggini, R.M. Freathy, and C.M. Lindgren A common variant in the FTO gene is associated with body mass index and predisposes to childhood and adult obesity Science 316 2007 889 894
339. C. Dina, D. Meyre, S. Gallina, E. Durand, A. Korner, and P. Jacobson Variation in FTO contributes to childhood obesity and severe adult obesity Nat Genet 39 2007 724 726
340. A. Scuteri, S. Sanna, W.M. Chen, M. Uda, G. Albai, and J. Strait Genome-wide association scan shows genetic variants in the FTO gene are associated with obesity-related traits PLoS Genet 3 2007 e115
341. C. Church, L. Moir, F. McMurray, C. Girard, G.T. Banks, and L. Teboul Overexpression of Fto leads to increased food intake and results in obesity Nat Genet 42 2010 1086 1092
342. M.I. McCarthy Genomics, type 2 diabetes, and obesity N Engl J Med 363 2010 2339 2350
343. K.A. Fawcett, and I. Barroso The genetics of obesity: FTO leads the way Trends Genet 26 2010 266 274
344. R. Larder, M.K. Cheung, Y.C. Tung, G.S. Yeo, and A.P. Coll Where to go with FTO? Trends Endocrinol Metab 22 2011 53 59
345. B.L. Heitmann, K.R. Westerterp, R.J. Loos, T.I. Sorensen, K. O'Dea, and P. McLean Obesity: lessons from evolution and the environment Obes Rev 2012 http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.467-789X.2012.01007.x
346. F. Stutzmann, K. Tan, V. Vatin, C. Dina, B. Jouret, and J. Tichet Prevalence of melanocortin-4 receptor deficiency in Europeans and their age-dependent penetrance in multigenerational pedigrees Diabetes 57 2008 2511 2518
347. K.E. Foster-Schubert, and D.E. Cummings Emerging therapeutic strategies for obesity Endocr Rev 27 2006 779 793
348. The fat of thematter Nat Med 18 2012 1155