Evolution of neuropeptide Y, peptide YY and pancreatic polypeptide

Regulatory Peptides

Volumn 62, Issue 1, 1996, Pages 1-11

  Larhammar, Dan ^a  

^a UPPSALA UNIVERSITY   (Sweden)

Author keywords

Gene duplication; Neuropeptide Y; Peptide YY

Indexed keywords

GUANINE NUCLEOTIDE BINDING PROTEIN; NEUROPEPTIDE Y; NEUROPEPTIDE Y RECEPTOR; PANCREAS POLYPEPTIDE; PEPTIDE YY; RECEPTOR SUBTYPE;

AMINO ACID SEQUENCE; AMPHIBIA; BIRD; EVOLUTION; FISH; GENE DUPLICATION; GENE LOCATION; HUMAN; MAMMAL; MOUSE; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; RAT; REVIEW; SPECIES DIFFERENCE;

EID: 0029867643     PISSN: 01670115     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/0167-0115(95)00169-7     Document Type: Review

References (104)

1. 2 receptors, J. Biol. Chem., 265 (1990) 11706-11712.
2. Dumont, Y., Martel, J.-C., Fournier, A., St-Pierre, S. and Quirion, R., Neuropeptide Y and neuropeptide Y receptor subtypes in brain and peripheral tissues, Prog. Neurobiol., 38 (1992) 125-167.
3. McDonald, J.K., NPY and related substances, CRC Crit. Rev. Neurobiol., 4 (1988) 97-135.
4. Gehlert, D.R., Subtypes of receptors for neuropeptide Y: Implications for the targeting of therapeutics, Life Sci., 55 (1994) 551-562.
5. Böttcher, G., Sjöberg, J., Ekman, R., Håkanson, R. and Sundler, F., Peptide YY in the mammalian pancreas: immunocytochemical localization and immunochemical characterization, Regul. Pept., 43 (1993) 115-130.
6. Jazin, E.E., Zhang, X., Söderström, S., Williams, R., Hökfelt, T., Ebendal, T. and Larhammar, D., Expression of peptide YY and mRNA for the NPY/PYY receptor of the Y1 subtype in dorsal root ganglia during rat embryogenesis, Dev. Brain Res., 76 (1993) 105-113.
7. Pieribone, V.A., Brodin, L., Friberg, K., Dahlstrand, J., Söderberg, C., Larhammar, D. and Hökfelt, T., Differential expression of mRNAs for neuropeptide Y-related peptides in rat nervous tissues: possible evolutionary conservation, J. Neurosci., 12 (1992) 3361-3371.
8. Brodin, L., Söderberg, C., Pieribone, V. and Larhammar, D., Peptidergic neurons in the vertebrate spinal cord: evolutionary trends. In Nyberg, F., Sharma, H.S. and Wiesenfeld-Hallin, Z. (Eds.), Progress in Brain Research, Vol. 104, 'Neuropeptides in the Spinal Cord'. Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1995, pp. 61-74.
9. Söderberg, C., Pieribone, V.A., Dahlstrand, J., Brodin, L. and Larhammar, D., Neuropeptide role of both peptide YY and neuropeptide Y in vertebrates suggested by abundant expression of their mRNAs in a cyclostome brain, J. Neurosci. Res., 37 (1993) 633-640.
10. Böttcher, G., Ekblad, E., Ekman, R., Håkanson, R. and Sundler, F., Peptide YY: a neuropeptide in the gut. Immunocytochemical and immunochemical evidence, Neuroscience, 55 (1993) 281-290.
11. Hazelwood, R.L., The pancreatic polypeptide (PP-fold) family: Gastrointestinal, vascular, and feeding behavioral implications., Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med, 202 (1993) 44-63.
12. Larhammar, D., Blomqvist, A.G. and Söderberg, C., Evolution of neuropeptide Y and its related peptides, Comp. Biochem. Physiol., 106C (1993) 743-752.
13. Lundell, I., Blomqvist, A.G., Berglund, M.M., Schober, D.A., Johnson, D., Statnick, M., Gadski, R.A., Gehlert, D.R. and Larhammar, D., Cloning of a human receptor of the NPY receptor family with high affinity for pancreatic polypeptide and peptide YY, J. Biol. Chem. 270 (1995) 29123-29128.
14. Lundell, I., Statnick, M.A., Johnson, D., Schober, D.A., Starbäck, P., Gehlert, D.R. and Larhammar, D., Cloning of a rat pancreatic polypeptide receptor related to the neuropeptide Y receptor Y1, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (1996) in press.
15. Benton, M.J., Vertebrate palaeontology, Unwin Hyman, London, 1990.
16. Tatemoto, K., Neuropeptide Y: Complete amino acid sequence of the brain peptide, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 79 (1982) 5485-5489.
17. Tatemoto, K., Neuropeptide Y: Isolation, structure and function. In Mutt, V., Fuxe, K., Hökfelt, T. and Lundberg, J.M. (Eds.), Neuropeptide Y, Raven Press, New York, 1989, pp. 13-21.
18. Sillard, R., Agerberth, B., Mutt, V. and Jörnvall, H., Sheep neuropeptide Y. A third structural type of a highly conserved peptide, FEBS Lett., 258 (1989) 263-265.
19. O'Hare, M.M.T., Tenmoku, S., Aakerlund, L., Hilsted, L., Johnsen, A. and Schwartz, T.W., Neuropeptide Y in guinea pig, rabbit, rat and man. Identical amino acid sequence and oxidation of methionine-17, Regul. Pept., 20 (1988) 293-304.
20. Minth, C.D., Bloom, S.R., Polak, J.M. and Dixon, J.E., Cloning, characterization, and DNA sequence of a human cDNA encoding neuropeptide tyrosine, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 81 (1984) 4577-4581.
21. Minth, C.D., Andrews, P.C. and Dixon, J.E., Characterization, sequence, and expression of the cloned human neuropeptide Y gene, J. Biol. Chem., 261 (1986) 11974-11979.
22. Corder, R., Gaillard, R.C. and Böhlen, P., Isolation and sequence of rat peptide YY and neuropeptide Y, Regul. Pept., 21 (1988) 253-261.
23. Allen, J., Novotny, J., Martin, J. and Heinrich, G., Molecular structure of mammalian neuropeptide Y: Analysis by molecular cloning and computer-aided comparison with crystal structure of avian homologue, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 84 (1987) 2532-2536.
24. Higuchi, H., Yang, H.-Y.T. and Sabol, S.L., Rat neuropeptide Y precursor gene expression, J. Biol. Chem., 263 (1988) 6288-6295.
25. Larhammar, D., Ericsson, A. and Persson, H., Structure and expression of the rat neuropeptide Y gene, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 84 (1987) 2068-2072.
26. Allen, J.M., Molecular structure of neuropeptide Y and regulation of expression of its gene. In Mutt, V., Fuxe, K., Hökfelt, T. and Lundberg, J.M. (Eds.), Neuropeptide Y, Raven Press, New York, 1989, pp. 33-41.
27. Blomqvist, A.G., Söderberg, C., Lundelll, I., Milner, R.J. and Larhammar, D., Strong evolutionary conservation of neuropeptide Y: Sequences of chicken, goldfish, and Torpedo marmorata DNA clones, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 89 (1992) 2350-2354.
28. Wang, Y. and Conlon, J.M., Neuroendocrine peptides (NPY, GRP, VIP, somatostatin) from the brain and stomach of the alligator, Peptides, 14 (1993) 573-579.
29. Parker, D.B., McRory, J.E., Fischer, W.H., Park, M. and Sherwood, N.M., Primary structure of neuropeptide Y from brains of the American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis), Regul. Pept., 45 (1993) 379-386.
30. Chartrel, N., Conlon, J.M., Danger, J.-M., Fournier, A, Tonon, N.-C. and Vaudry, H., Characterization of melanotropin-release-inhibiting factor (melanostatin) from frog brain: Homology with human neuropeptide Y, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 88 (1991) 3862-3866.
31. McKay, D.M., Shaw, c., Thim, L., Johnston, C.F., Halton, D.W., Fairweather, I. and Buchanan, K.D., The complete primary structure of pancreatic polypeptide from the European common frog, Rana temporaria, Regul. Pept., 31 (1990) 187-198.
32. van Riel, M.C.H.M., Tuinhof, R., Roubos, E.W. and Martens, G.J.M., Cloning and sequence analysis of hypothalamic cDNA encoding Xenopus preproneuropeptide Y, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 190 (1993) 948-951.
33. Griffin, D., Minth, C.D. and Taylor, W.L., Isolation and characterization of the Xenopus laevis cDNA and genomic homologs of neuropeptide Y, Mol. Cell. Endocrinol., 101 (1994) 1-10.
34. Jensen, J. and Conlon, J.M., Characterization of peptides related to enuropeptide Y and peptide YY from the brain and gastrointestinal tract of teleost fish, Eur. J. Biochem., 210 (1992) 405-410.
35. Conlon, J.M., Bjenning, C. and Hazon, N., Structural characterization of neuropeptide Y from the brain of the dogfish, Scyliorhinus canicula, Peptides, 13 (1992) 493-497.
36. Tatemoto, K., Isolation and characterization of peptide YY (PYY), a candidate gut hormone that inhibits pancreatic exocrine secretion., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 79 (1982) 2514-2518.
37. Tatemoto, K., Nakano, I., Makk, G., Angwin, P., Mann, M., Schilling, J. and Go, V.L.W., Isolation and primary structure of human peptide YY, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 157 (1988) 713-717.
38. Kohri, K., Nata, K., Yonekura, H., Nagai, A., Konno, K. and Okamoto, H., Cloning and structural determination of human peptide YY cDNA and gene, Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1173 (1993) 345-349.
39. Herzog, H., Genomic organisation and localisation of the gene for the human peptide YY, GenBank accession code L25648., (1993).
40. Herzog, H., Hort, Y., Schneider, R. and Shine, J., Seminalplasmin: Recent evolution of another member of the neuropeptide Y gene family, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 92 (1995) 594-598.
41. Leiter, A.B., Toder, A., Wolfe, H.J., Taylor, I.L., Cooperman, S., Mandel, G. and Goodman, R.H., Peptide YY: Structure of the precursor and expression in exocrine pancreas, J. Biol. Chem., 262 (1987) 12984-12988.
42. Krasinski, S.D., Wheeler, M.B. and Leiter, A.B., Isolation, characterization, and developmental expression of the rat peptide-YY gene, Mol. Endocrinol., 5 (1991) 433-440.
43. Adrian, T.E. and Conlon, J.M., Novel sequence for peptide YY in the guinea pig, Gastroenterology, 100 (1991) A628.
44. Conlon, J.M. and O'Harte, F., The primary structure of a PYY-related peptide from chicken intestine suggests an anomalous site of cleavage of the signal peptide in preproPYY, FEBS Lett., 313 (1992) 225-228.
45. Mor, A., Chartrel, N., Vaudry, H. and Nicolas, P., Skin peptide tyrosine-tyrosine, a member of the pancreatic polypeptide family: Isolation, structure, synthesis, and endocrine activity, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 91 (1994) 10295-10299.
46. Conlon, J.M., Chartrel, N. and Vaudry, H., Primary structure of frog PYY: implications for the molecular evolution of the pancreatic polypeptide family, Peptides, 13 (1992) 145-149.
47. Barton, C.L., Shaw, C., Halton, D.W. and Thim, L., Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) neuropeptide Y, Peptides, 13 (1992) 1159-1163.
48. Kimmel, J.R., Plisetskaya, E.M., Pollock, H.G., Hamilton, J.W., Rouse, J.B., Ebner, K.E. and Rawitch, A.B., Structure of a peptide from coho salmon endocrine pancreas with homology to neuropeptide Y, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 141 (1986) 1084-1091.
49. Conlon, M.J., Bjenning, C., Moon, T.W., Youson, J.H. and Thim, L., Neuropeptide Y-related peptides from the pancreas of a teleostean (eel), holostean (bowfin) and elasmobranch (skate) fish, Peptides, 12 (1991) 221-226.
50. Pollock, H.G., Kimmel, J.R., Hamilton, J.W., Rouse, J.B., Ebner, K.E., Lance, V. and Rawitch, A.B., Isolation and structures of alligator gar (Lepisosteus spatula) insulin and pancreatic polypeptide, Gen. Comp. Endocrinol., 67 (1987) 375-382.
51. Pan, J.-Z., Shaw, C., Halton, D.W., Thim, L. and Whittaker, V.P., Peptide leucine-tyrosine (PLY): A novel neuropeptide Y-related peptide from the intestine of the electric ray (Torpedo marmorata), Regul. Pept., 39 (1992) 271.
52. Pan, J.Z., Shaw, C., Halton, D.W., Thim, L., Johnston, C.F. and Buchanan, K.D., The primary structure of peptide Y (PY) of the spiny dogfish, Squalus acanthias: immunocytochemical localisation and isolation from the pancreas, Comp. Biochem. Physiol., 102 (1992) 1-5.
53. Conlon, J.M., Balasumbramaniam, A. and Hazon, N., Structural characterization and biological activity of a neuropeptide Y-related peptide from the dogfish, Scyliorhinus canicula, Endocrinology, 128 (1991) 2273-2279.
54. Conlon, J.M., Bjørnholm, B., Jørgensen, F.S., Youson, J.H. and Schwartz, T.W., Primary structure and conformational analysis of peptide methionine-tyrosine, a peptide related to neuropeptide Y and peptide YY isolated from lamprey intestine, Eur. J. Biochem., 199 (1991) 293-298.
55. Andrews, P.C., Hawke, D., Shively, J.E. and Dixon, J.E., A nonamidated peptide homologous to porcine peptide YY and neuropeptide YY, Endocrinol., 116 (1985) 2677-2681.
56. Balasubramaniam, A., Andrews, P.C., Renugopalakrishnan, V. and Rigel, D.F., Glycine-extended anglerfish peptide YG (aPY) a neuropeptide Y (NPY) homologue may be a precursor of a biologically active peptide, Peptides, 10 (1989) 581-585.
57. Conlon, J.M., Schmidt, W.E., Gallwitz, B., Falkmer, S. and Thim, L., Characterization of an amidated form of pancreatic polypeptide from the daddy sculpin (Cottus scorpius), Regul. Pept., 16 (1986) 261-268.
58. Cutfield, S.M., Carne, A. and Cutfield, J.F., The amino-acid sequences of sculpin islet somatostatin-28 and peptide YY, FEBS Lett., 214 (1987) 57-61.
59. Nguyen, T.M., Wright, J.R.J., Nielsen, P.F. and Conlon, J.M., Characterization of the pancreatic hormones from the Brockmann body of the tilapia: implications for islet xenograft studies, Comp. Biochem. Physiol., 111C (1995) 33-44.
60. Chance, R.E., Johnson, M.G., Hoffman, J.A. and Lin, T.-M., Pancreatic polypeptide: a newly recognized hormone. In Baba, S., Kaneko, T. and Yanaihara, N. (Eds.), Proinsulin, Insulin, C-peptide, Excerpta Medica, Amsterdam, 1979, pp. 419-425.
61. Chen, Z.-w., Bergman, T., Östenson, C.-G., Höög, A., Näslund, J., Norberg, Å., Carlquist, M., Efendic, S., Mutt, V. and Jörnvall, H., A porcine gut polypeptide identical to the pancreatic hormone PP (pancreatic polypeptide), FEBS Lett., 341 (1994) 239-243.
62. Chance, R.E., Moon, N.E. and Johnson, M.G., Human pancreatic polypeptide (HPP) and bovine pancreatic polypeptide (BPP), In Jaffe, B.M. and Behrman, H.R. (Eds.), Methods of Hormone Radioimmunoassay. Academic Press, New York, San Francisco, and London, 1979, pp. 657-672.
63. Henry, J.S., Lance, V.A. and Conlon, J.M., Primary structure of pancreatic polypeptide from four species of Perissodactyla (Przewalski's horse, zebra, rhino, tapir), Gen. Comp. Endocrinol., 84 (1991) 440-446.
64. Nielsen, H.V., Gether, U. and Schwartz, T.W., Cat pancreatic eicosapeptide and its biosynthetic intermediate, Biochem. J., 240 (1986) 69-74.
65. Leiter, A.B., Keutmann, H.T. and Goodman, R.H., Structure of a precursor to human pancreatic polypeptide, J. Biol. Chem., 259 (1984) 14702-14705.
66. Boel, E., Schwartz, T.W., Norris, K.E. and Fiil, N.P., A cDNA encoding a small common precursor for human pancreatic polypeptide and pancreatic icosapeptide, EMBO J., 3 (1984) 909-912.
67. Takeuchi, T. and Yamada, T., Isolation of a cDNA clone encoding pancreatic polypeptide, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 82 (1985) 1536-1539.
68. Leiter, A.B., Montminy, M.R., Jamieson, E. and Goodman, R.H., Exons of the human pancreatic polypeptide gene define functional domains of the precursor, J. Biol. Chem., 260 (1985) 13013-13017.
69. Marks, N.J., Shaw, C., Halton, D.W., Curry, W.J. and Thim, L., Rabbit pancreatic polypeptide, Comp. Biochem. Physiol., 106B (1993) 883-887.
70. Kimmel, J.R., Pollock, H.G., Chance, R.E., Johnson, M.G., Reeve, J.R., Taylor, I.L., Miller, C. and Shively, J.E., Pancreatic polypeptide from rat pancreas, Endocrinol., 114 (1984) 1725-1731.
71. Yamamoto, H., Nata, K. and Okamoto, H., Mosaic evolution of prepropancreatic polypeptide, J. Biol. Chem., 261 (1986) 6156-6159.
72. Yonekura, H., Nata, K., Watanabe, T., Kurashina, Y., Yamamoto, H. and Okamoto, H., Mosaic evolution of prepropancreatic polypeptide. II. Structural conservation and divergence in pancreatic polypeptide gene, J. Biol. Chem., 263 (1988) 2990-2997.
73. Marks, N.J., Shaw, C., Halton, D.W. and Thim, L., The primary structure of pancreatic polypeptide from a primitive insectivorous mammal, the European hedgehog (Erinaceous europaeus), Regul. Pept., 47 (1993) 179-185.
74. Eng, J., Huang, C.-G., Pan, Y.-C.E., Hulmes, J.D. and Yalow, R.S., Guinea pig pancreatic polypeptide: Structure and pancreatic content, Peptides, 8 (1987) 165-168.
75. Blackstone, C.D., Seino, S., Takeuchi, T., Yamada, T. and Steiner, D.F., Novel organization and processing of the guinea pig pancreatic polypeptide precursor, J. Biol. Chem., 263 (1988) 2911-2916.
76. Eng, J., Kleinman, W.A. and Chu, L.-S., Purification of peptide hormones from chinchilla pancreas by chemical assay., Peptides, 11 (1990) 683-685.
77. Kimmel, J.R., Hayden, L.J. and Pollock, H.G., Isolation and characterization of a new pancreatic polypeptide hormone, J. Biol. Chem., 250 (1975) 9369-9374.
78. Marks, N.J., Shaw, C., Halton, D.W. and Thim, L., The corrected primary structure of chicken (avian) pancreatic polypeptide, Regul. Pept., 52 (1994) 159-164.
79. Nata, K., Sugimoto, T., Kohri, K., Hidaka, H., Hattori, E., Yamamoto, H., Yonekura, H. and Okamoto, H., Structure determination and evolution of the chicken cDNA and gene encoding prepropancreatic polypeptide, Gene, 130 (1993) 183-189.
80. Blundell, T.L., Pitts, J.E., Tickle, I.J., Wood, S.P. and Wu, C.-W., X-ray analysis (1.4-Å resolution) of avian pancreatic polypeptide: Small globular protein hormone, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 78 (1981) 4175-4179.
81. Barton, C.L., Shaw, C., Halton, D.W. and Thim, L., Isolation and structural characterisation of herring gull (Larus argentatus) pancreatic polypeptide, Gen. Comp. Endocrinol., 93 (1994) 255-259.
82. Marks, N.J., Shaw, C., Halton, D.W., Maule, A.G., Curry, W.J., Verhaert, P. and Thim, L., Isolation and primary structure of a novel avian pancreatic polypeptide from five species of Eurasian crow, Regul. Pept., 47 (1993) 187-194.
83. Xu, Y., Lin, N. and Zhan, Y., Isolation and sequence determination of goose pancreatic polypeptide, Scientia Sinica (Series B), 27 (1984) 590-592.
84. Litthauer, D. and Oelofsen, W., Purification and primary structure of ostrich pancreatic polypeptide, Int. J. Pept. Protein Res., 29 (1987) 739-745.
85. Lance, V., Hamilton, J.W., Rouse, J.B., Kimmel, J.R. and Pollock, H.G., Isolation and characterization of reptilian insulin, glucagon, and pancreatic polypeptide: Complete amino acid sequence of alligator (Alligator mississippiensis) insulin and pancreatic polypeptide, Gen. Comp. Endocrinol., 55 (1984) 112-124.
86. Pollock, H.G., Hamilton, J.W., Rouse, J.B., Ebner, K.E. and Rawitch, A.B., Isolation of peptide hormones form the pancreas of the bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana), J. Biol. Chem., 263 (1988) 9746-9751.
87. Cavanaugh, E.S., Nielsen, P.F. and Conlon, J.M., Isolation and structural characterization of progucagon-derived peptides, pancreatic polypeptide and somatostatin from the urodele Amphiuma tridactylum, Gen. Comp. Endocrinol., (1995) in press.
88. Larhammar, D., Söderberg, C. and Blomqvist, A.G., Evolution of the neuropeptide Y family of peptides. In Wahlestedt, C. Colmers, W.F. (Eds.), The Neurobiology of Neuropeptide Y and Related Peptides. Humana Press, Clifton, N.J., 1993, pp. 1-42.
89. Grundemar, L. and Håkanson, R., Neuropeptide Y effector systems: perspectives for drug development., Trends Pharmacol. Sci., 15 (1994) 153-159.
90. 2 radioligands, J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 272 (1995) 673-680.
91. 1 receptor agonist, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 87 (1990) 182-186.
92. Nelson, J.S., Fishes of the World, 3rd Edn., Wiley, New York, 1994.
93. Kemp, T.S., Haemothermia or Archosauria? The interrelationships of mammals, birds and crocodiles, Zool. J. Linnean Soc., 92 (1988) 67-104.
94. Larhammar, D. and Milner, R.J., Phylogenetic relationship of birds with crocodiles and mammals as deduced from protein sequences, Mol. Biol. Evol., 6 (1989) 693-696.
95. Baker, E., Hort, Y.J., Ball, H., Sutherland, G.R., Shine, J. and Herzog, H., Assignment of the human neuropeptide Y gene to chromosome 7p15.1 by nonisotopic in situ hybridization, Genomics, 26 (1995) 163-164.
96. Hort, Y., Baker, E., Sutherland, G.R., Shine, J. and Herzog, H., Gene duplication of the human peptide YY gene (PYY) generated the pancreatic polypeptide gene (PPY) on chromosome 17q21.1, Genomics, 26 (1995) 77-83.
97. Ohno, S., Evolution by Gene Duplication., Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1970.
98. Urano, A., Hyodo, S. and Suzuki, M., Molecular evolution of neurohypophysial hormone precursors. In Joosse, J., Buijs, R.M. and Tilders, F.J.H. (Eds.), Prog. Brain Res., Vol. 92, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1992, pp. 39-46.
99. Sherwood, N.M., Lovejoy, D.A. and Coe, I.R., Origin of mammalian gonadotropin-releasing hormone, Endocr. Rev., 14 (1993) 241-254.
100. Garcia-Fernàndez, J. and Holland, P.W.H., Archetypal organization of the amphioxus Hox gene cluster, Nature, 370 (1994) 563-566.
101. Holland, P.W.H., Garcia-Fernàndez, J., Williams, N.A. and Sidow, A., Gene duplications and the origins of vertebrate development, Development, Suppl., (1994) 135-133.
102. Upchurch, B.H., Aponte, G.W. and Leiter, A.B., Expression of peptide YY in all four islet cell types in the developing mouse pancreas suggests a common peptide YY-producing progenitor, Development, 120 (1994) 245-252.
103. Blomqvist, A.G., Roubos, E.W., Larhammar, D. and Martens, G.J., Cloning and sequence analysis of a neuropeptide Y/peptide YY receptor Y1 cDNA from Xenopus laevis, Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1261 (1995) 439-441.
104. Rose, P.M., Fernandes, P., Lynch, J.S., Frazier, S.T., Fisher, S.M., Kodukula, K., Kienzle, B. and Seethala, R., Cloning and functional expression of a cDNA encoding a human type 2 neuropeptide Y receptor, J. Biol. Chem., 270 (1995) 22661-22664.