Contributions of Glutamate and GABA Systems to the Neurobiology and Treatment of Schizophrenia

Schizophrenia: Third Edition

Volumn , Issue , 2011, Pages 433-461

  Krystal, John H ^a,b   Moghaddam, Bita ^c  

^a YALE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b VA CONNECTICUT HEALTHCARE SYSTEM   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH   (United States)

Author keywords

Contributions of glutamate and GABA systems to neurobiology and treatment of schizophrenia; Drugs, enhancing glutamatergic activation cognitive deficits and reductions in cortical metabolism; GABA receptors alterations in GABA receptor populations heritable vulnerability to schizophrenia; Glutamate receptor subunit and synaptic proteins in schizophrenia using postmortem brain samples; Glutamate related synaptic proteins marked by a high degree of heterogeneity; Glutamatergic and GABAergic neuropathology in schizophrenia; Glutamatergic neuropathology, in schizophrenia and reduced glutamate neural connectivity; Metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR); NMDA receptors, stimulated molecules of glutamate and glycine bind to a receptor, "activated" by membrane depolarization; Two approaches, reducing glutamate release blocking voltage gated cation channels and stimulating Group II mGlu receptors

Indexed keywords

EID: 84859007725     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1002/9781444327298.ch21     Document Type: Chapter

References (434)

1. Abekawa, T., Ito, K., Nakagawa, S. & Koyama, T.(2007) Prenatal exposure to an NMDA receptor antagonist, MK-801 reduces density of parvalbumin-immunoreactive GABAergic neurons in the medial prefrontal cortex and enhances phencyclidine - induced hyperlocomotion but not behavioral sensitization to methamphetamine in postpubertal rats. Psychopharmacology (Berlin) 192, 303-316.
2. Aberg, K., Saetre, P., Lindholm, E. et al.(2006) Human QKI, a new candidate gene for schizophrenia involved in myelination . American Journal of Medical Genetics B Neuropsychiatric Genetics 141, 84-90.
3. Abi-Dargham, A. & Moore, H.(2003) Prefrontal DA transmission at D 1 receptors and the pathology of schizophrenia. Neuroscientist 9, 404-416.
4. Abi-Dargham, A., Laruelle, M., Krystal, J. et al.(1999) No evidence of altered in vivo benzodiazepine receptor binding in schizophrenia. Neuropsychopharmacology 20, 650-661.
5. Abi-Saab, W., Seibyl, J.P., D'Souza, D.C. et al.(2002) Ritanserin antagonism of m-chlorophenylpiperazine effects in neuroleptic-free schizophrenics patients: support for serotonin-2 receptor modulation of schizophrenia symptoms. Psychopharmacology (Berlin) 162, 55-62.
6. Absalom, A.R., Lee, M, Menon, D.K. et al.(2007) Predictive performance of the Domino, Hijazi, and Clements models during low-dose target-controlled ketamine infusions in healthy volunteers . British Journal of Anaesthesia 98, 615-623.
7. Addington, A.M., Gornick, M., Duckworth, J. et al.(2005) GAD1 (2q31.1), which encodes glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD67), is associated with childhood-onset schizophrenia and cortical gray matter volume loss. Molecular Psychiatry 10, 581-588.
8. Adler, C.M., Malhotra, A.K., Elman, I. et al.(1999) Comparison of ketamine-induced thought disorder in healthy volunteers and thought disorder in schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry 156, 1646-1649.
9. Akahane, A., Kunugi, H., Tanaka, H. & Nanko, S.(2002) Association analysis of polymorphic CGG repeat in 5'UTR of the reelin and VLDLR genes with schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research 58, 37-41.
10. Akbarian, S., Bunney, W.E., Jr., Potkin, S.G. et al.(1993a) Altered distribution of nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate - diaphorase cells in frontal lobe of schizophrenics implies disturbances of cortical development. Archives of General Psychiatry 50, 169-177.
11. Akbarian, S., Vinuela, A., Kim, J.J., Potkin, S.G., Bunney, W.E. , Jr. & Jones, E.G.(1993b) Distorted distribution of nicotinamide - adenine dinucleotide phosphate-diaphorase neurons in temporal lobe of schizophrenics implies anomalous cortical development. Archives of General Psychiatry 50, 178-187.
12. Akbarian, S., Kim, J.J., Potkin, S.G. et al. (1995) Gene expression for glutamic acid decarboxylase is reduced without loss of neurons in prefrontal cortex of schizophrenics. Archives of General Psychiatry 52, 258-266.
13. Akbarian, S., Sucher, N.J., Bradley, D. e t al .(1996) Selective alterations in gene expression for NMDA receptor subunits in prefrontal cortex of schizophrenics. Journal of Neuroscience 16 , 19-30.
14. Albalushi, T., Horiuchi, Y., Ishiguro, H. et al.(2008) Replication study and meta-analysis of the genetic association of GRM3 gene polymorphisms with schizophrenia in a large Japanese case-control population. American Journal of Medical Genetics B Neuropsychiatric Genetics 147, 392-396.
15. Alzheimer, A.(1907) Beitr ä ge zur Pathologischen Anatomie der Hirnrinde und zur anatomiscen Grundlage der Psychozen. Mschr Psychiat Neurol 2, 82-120.
16. Anand, A., Charney, D.S., Cappiello, A., Berman, R.M., Oren , D.A. & Krystal, J.H.(2000) Lamotrigine attenuates ketamine effects in humans: support for hyperglutamatergic effects of NMDA antagonists. Archives of General Psychiatry 57 , 270-276.
17. Anderson, S.A., Classey, J.D., Conde, F., Lund, J.S. & Lewis, D.A. (1995) Synchronous development of pyramidal neuron dendritic spines and parvalbumin-immunoreactive chandelier neuron axon terminals in layer III of monkey prefrontal cortex. Neuroscience 67, 7-22.
18. Ango, F., Pin, J.P., Tu, J.C. et al.(2000) Dendritic and axonal targeting of type 5 metabotropic glutamate receptor is regulated by homer1 proteins and neuronal excitation. Journal of Neuroscience 20, 8710-8716.
19. Arai, A.C. & Kessler, M.(2007) Pharmacology of ampakine modulators: from AMPA receptors to synapses and behavior. Current Drug Targets 8, 583-602.
20. Arnold, S.E., Franz, B.R., Gur, R.C. et al.(1995) Smaller neuron size in schizophrenia in hippocampal subfi elds that mediate cortical-hippocampal interactions. American Journal of Psychiatry 152, 738-748.
21. Asai, Y., Takano, A., Ito, H. et al.(2008) GABA(A)/Benzodiazepine receptor binding in patients with schizophrenia using [(11)C] Ro15-4513, a radioligand with relatively high affi nity for alpha5 subunit. Schizophrenia Research 99, 333-340.
22. Bachus, S.E., Hyde, T.M., Herman, M.M., Egan, M.F. & Kleinman , J.E.(1997) Abnormal cholecystokinin mRNA levels in entorhinal cortex of schizophrenics. Journal of Psychiatric Research 31 , 233-256.
23. Barr, A.M., Fish, K.N. & Markou, A.(2007) The reelin receptors VLDLR and ApoER2 regulate sensorimotor gating in mice. Neuropharmacology 52, 1114-1123.
24. Beasley, C.L. & Reynolds, G.P.(1997) Parvalbumin - immunoreactive neurons are reduced in the prefrontal cortex of schizophrenics. Schizophrenia Research 24, 349-355.
25. Beasley, C.L., Zhang, Z.J., Patten, I. & Reynolds, G.P.(2002) Selective defi cits in prefrontal cortical GABAergic neurons in schizophrenia defi ned by the presence of calcium-binding proteins. Biological Psychiatry 52, 708-715.
26. Behar, T.N., Scott, C.A., Greene, C.L. et al.(1999) Glutamate acting at NMDA receptors stimulates embryonic cortical neuronal migration. Journal of Neuroscience 19, 4449-4461.
27. Behrens, M.M., Ali, S.S., Dao, D.N. et al.(2007) Ketamine-induced loss of phenotype of fast-spiking interneurons is mediated by NADPH-oxidase. Science 318, 1645-1647.
28. Bendel, O., Meijer, B., Hurd, Y. & von Euler, G.(2005) Cloning and expression of the human NMDA receptor subunit NR3B in the adult human hippocampus. Neuroscience Letters 377 , 31-36.
29. Bendikov, I., Nadri, C., Amar, S. et al.(2007) A CSF and postmortem brain study of D-serine metabolic parameters in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research 90, 41-51.
30. Benes, F.M. & Berretta, S.(2001) GABAergic interneurons: implications for understanding schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology 25, 1-27.
31. Benes, F.M., Davidson, J. & Bird, E.D.(1986) Quantitative cytoarchitectural studies of the cerebral cortex of schizophrenics. Archives of General Psychiatry 43, 31-35.
32. Benes, F.M., McSparren, J., Bird, E.D., SanGiovanni, J.P. & Vincent, S.L.(1991) Defi cits in small interneurons in prefrontal and cingulate cortices of schizophrenic and schizoaffective patients. Archives of General Psychiatry 48, 996-1001.
33. Benes, F.M., Vincent, S.L., Alsterberg, G., Bird, E.D. & SanGiovanni, J.P.(1992) Increased GABAA receptor binding in superfi cial layers of cingulate cortex in schizophrenics. Journal of Neuroscience 12, 924-929.
34. Benes, F.M., Vincent, S.L., Marie, A. & Khan, Y.(1996) Up - regulation of GABAA receptor binding on neurons of the prefrontal cortex in schizophrenic subjects. Neuroscience 75 , 1021-1031.
35. Benes, F.M., Wickramasinghe, R., Vincent, S.L., Khan, Y. & Todtenkopf, M.(1997) Uncoupling of GABA(A) and benzodiazepine receptor binding activity in the hippocampal formation of schizophrenic brain. Brain Research 755, 121-129.
36. Benes, F.M., Todtenkopf, M.S., Logiotatos, P. & Williams, M. (2000) Glutamate decarboxylase(65)-immunoreactive terminals in cingulate and prefrontal cortices of schizophrenic and bipolar brain. Journal of Chemical Neuroanatomy 20, 259-269.
37. Benes, F.M., Todtenkopf, M.S. & Kostoulakos, P.(2001) GluR5,6,7 subunit immunoreactivity on apical pyramidal cell dendrites in hippocampus of schizophrenics and manic depressives. Hippocampus 11, 482-491.
38. Benes, F.M., Lim, B., Matzilevich, D., Walsh, J.P., Subburaju, S. & Minns, M.(2007) Regulation of the GABA cell phenotype in hippocampus of schizophrenics and bipolars. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 104, 10164-10166.
39. Beneyto, M., Kristiansen, L.V., Oni-Orisan, A., McCullumsmith , R.E. & Meador-Woodruff, J.H.(2007) Abnormal glutamate receptor expression in the medial temporal lobe in schizophrenia and mood disorders. Neuropsychopharmacology 32 , 1888-1902.
40. Beneyto, M. & Meador-Woodruff, J.H.(2006) Lamina-specifi c abnormalities of AMPA receptor traffi cking and signaling molecule transcripts in the prefrontal cortex in schizophrenia. Synapse 60, 585-598.
41. Bennett, J.P., Jr., Enna, S.J., Bylund, D.B., Gillin, J.C., Wyatt, R.J. & Snyder, S.H.(1979) Neurotransmitter receptors in frontal cortex of schizophrenics. Archives of General Psychiatry 36 , 927-934.
42. Bergeron, R., Meyer, T.M., Coyle, J.T. & Greene, R.W.(1998) Modulation of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor function by glycine transport. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 95, 15730-15734.
43. Bergeron, R., Imamura, Y., Frangioni, J.V., Greene, R.W. & Coyle, J.T.(2007) Endogenous N-acetylaspartylglutamate reduced NMDA receptor-dependent current neurotransmission in the CA1 area of the hippocampus. Journal of Neurochemistry 100, 346-357.
44. Bettler, B., Kaupmann, K., Mosbacher, J. & Gassmann, M.(2004) Molecular structure and physiological functions of GABA(B) receptors. Physiology Reviews 84, 835-867.
45. Bishop, J.R., Ellingrod, V.L., Moline, J. & Miller, D.(2005) Association between the polymorphic GRM3 gene and negative symptom improvement during olanzapine treatment. Schizophrenia Research 77, 253-260.
46. Bjarnadottir, M., Misner, D.L., Haverfi eld-Gross, S. et al.(2007) Neuregulin1 (NRG1) signaling through Fyn modulates NMDA receptor phosphorylation: differential synaptic function in NRG1 ??/ -?knock-outs compared with wild-type mice. Journal of Neuroscience 27, 4519-4529.
47. Black, J.E., Kodish, I.M., Grossman, A.W., et al.(2004) Pathology of layer V pyramidal neurons in the prefrontal cortex of patients with schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry 161 , 742-754.
48. Borghese, C.M., St ó rustova, S í., Ebert, B. et al.(2006) The delta subunit of ??- aminobutyric acid type A receptors does not confer sensitivity to low concentrations of ethanol. Journal of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics 316 , 1360-1368.
49. Bortolotto, Z.A., Nistico, R., More, J.C., Jane, D.E. & Collingridge , G.L.(2005) Kainate receptors and mossy fi ber LTP. Neurotoxicology 26, 769-777.
50. Braun, I., Genius, J., Grunze, H., Bender, A., Moller, H.J. & Rujescu, D.(2007) Alterations of hippocampal and prefrontal GABAergic interneurons in an animal model of psychosis induced by NMDA receptor antagonism. Schizophrenia Research 97, 254-263.
51. Bray, N.J., Preece, A., Williams, N.M. et al.(2005) Haplotypes at the dystrobrevin binding protein 1 (DTNBP1) gene locus mediate risk for schizophrenia through reduced DTNBP1 expression. Human Molecular Genetics 14, 1947-1954.
52. Breese, G.R., Knapp, D.J. & Moy, S.S.(2002) Integrative role for serotonergic and glutamatergic receptor mechanisms in the action of NMDA antagonists: potential relationships to antipsychotic drug actions on NMDA antagonist responsiveness. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews 26, 441-455.
53. Bressan, R.A., Erlandsson, K., Mulligan, R.S. et al.(2004) A bolus/infusion paradigm for the novel NMDA receptor SPET tracer [123I]CNS 1261. Nuclear Medicine and Biology 31 , 155-164.
54. Bressan, R.A., Erlandsson, K., Stone, J.M. et al.(2005) Impact of schizophrenia and chronic antipsychotic treatment on [123I] CNS-1261 binding to N - methyl-D-aspartate receptors in vivo . Biological Psychiatry 58, 41-46.
55. Brickley S.G, Cull-Candy, S.G. & Farrant, M.(1999) Single - channel properties of synaptic and extrasynaptic GABAA receptors suggest differential targeting of receptor subtypes. Journal of Neuroscience 19, 2960-2973.
56. Brigman, J.L., Padukiewicz, K.E., Sutherland, M.L. & Rothblat , L.A.(2006) Executive functions in the heterozygous reeler mouse model of schizophrenia. Behavioral Neuroscience 120 , 984-988.
57. Brody, S.A, Geyer, M.A. & Large, C.H.(2003) Lamotrigine prevents ketamine but not amphetamine-induced defi cits in prepulse inhibition in mice. Psychopharmacology (Berlin) 169 , 240-246.
58. Buchanan, R.W, Javitt DC, Marder SR et al.(2007) The Cognitive and Negative Symptoms in Schizophrenia Trial (CONSIST): the effi cacy of glutamatergic agents for negative symptoms and cognitive impairments. American Journal of Psychiatry 164 , 1593-1602.
59. Burbaeva, G., Boksha, I.S., Turishcheva, M.S., Vorobyeva, E.A. , Savushkina, O.K. & Tereshkina, E.B.(2003) Glutamine synthetase and glutamate dehydrogenase in the prefrontal cortex of patients with schizophrenia. Progress in Neuropsychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry 27, 675-680.
60. Burnet, P.W.J., Eastwood, S.L., Bristow, G.C. et al.(2008) D - amino acid oxidase activity and expression are increased in schizophrenia. Molecular Psychiatry 13, 658-660.
61. Burns, J., Job, D., Bastin, M.E. et al.(2003) Structural disconnectivity in schizophrenia: a diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging study. British Journal of Psychiatry 182, 439-443.
62. Busatto, G.F., Pilowsky, L.S., Costa, D.C. et al.(1997) Correlation between reduced in vivo benzodiazepine receptor binding and severity of psychotic symptoms in schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry 154, 56-63.
63. Byne, W., Kidkardnee, S., Tatusov, A., Yiannoulos, G. , Buchsbaum, M.S. & Haroutunian, V.(2006) Schizophrenia - associated reduction of neuronal and oligodendrocyte numbers in the anterior principal thalamic nucleus. Schizophrenia Research 85, 245-253.
64. Byne, W., Dracheva, S., Chin, B., Schmeidler, J.M., Davis, K.L. & Haroutunian, V.(2008) Schizophrenia and sex associated differences in the expression of neuronal and oligodendrocyte - specifi c genes in individual thalamic nuclei. Schizophrenia Research 98, 118-128.
65. Cai, J.X. & Arnsten, A.F.(1997) Dose-dependent effects of the dopamine D1 receptor agonists A77636 or SKF81297 on spatial working memory in aged monkeys. Journal of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics 283, 183-189.
66. Cartmell, J., Monn, J.A. & Schoepp, D.D.(1999) The metabotropic glutamate 2/3 receptor agonists LY354740 and LY379268 umaselectively attenuate phencyclidine versus d-amphetamine motor behaviors in rats. Journal of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics 291, 161-170.
67. Cascella, N.G., Macciardi, F., Cavallini, C. & Smeraldi, E.(1994) d-cycloserine adjuvant therapy to conventional neuroleptic treatment in schizophrenia: an open-label study. Journal of Neural Transmission Genetics Section 95, 105-111.
68. Castner, S.A. & Williams, G.V.(2007) Tuning the engine of cognition: a focus on NMDA/D1 receptor interactions in prefrontal cortex. Brain Cognition 63, 94-122.
69. Castner, S.A., Williams, G.V. & Goldman-Rakic, P.S.(2000) Reversal of antipsychotic-induced working memory defi cits by short-term dopamine D1 receptor stimulation. Science 287 , 2020-2022.
70. Cepeda, C. & Levine, M.S.(2006) Where do you think you are going? The NMDA-D1 receptor trap. Science STKE , pe20.
71. Chan, M.H., Chiu, P.H., Sou, J.H. & Chen, H.H.(2008) Attenuation of ketamine-evoked behavioral responses by mGluR5 positive modulators in mice. Psychopharmacology (Berlin) 198, 141-148.
72. Chatterton, J.E., Awobuluyi, M., Premkumar, L.S. et al.(2002) Excitatory glycine receptors containing the NR3 family of NMDA receptor subunits. Nature 415, 793-798.
73. Chebib, M.(2004) GABAC receptor ion channels. Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology 31, 800-804.
74. Cheffi ngs, C.M. & Colquhoun, D.(2000) Single channel analysis of a novel NMDA channel from Xenopus oocytes expressing recombinant NR1a, NR2A and NR2D subunits. Journal of Physiology 526, 481-491.
75. Cho, R.Y., Konecky, R.O. & Carter, C.S.(2006) Impairments in frontal cortical gamma synchrony and cognitive control in schizophrenia. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 103, 19878-19883.
76. Chumakov, I., Blumenfeld, M., Guerassimenko, O. et al.(2002) Genetic and physiological data implicating the new human gene G72 and the gene for D-amino acid oxidase in schizophrenia . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 99 , 13675-13680.
77. Clarke, R.J. & Johnson, J.W.(2006) NMDA receptor NR2 subunit dependence of the slow component of magnesium unblock. Journal of Neuroscience 26, 5825-5834.
78. Cohen, B.D., Rosenbaum, G., Luby, E.D. & Gottlieb, J.S.(1962) Comparison of phencyclidine hydrochloride (sernyl) with other drugs: simulation of schizophrenic performance with phencyclidine hydrochloride (sernyl), lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD-25), amobarbital (amytal) sodium; II. symbolic and sequential thinking. Archives of General Psychiatry 6, 79-85.
79. Conti, F., Minelli, A., DeBiasi, S. & Melone, M.(1997) Neuronal and glial localization of NMDA receptors in the cerebral cortex. Molecular Neurobiology 14, 1-18.
80. Contreras, P.C.(1990) D-serine antagonized phencyclidine - and MK-801-induced stereotyped behavior and ataxia. Neuropharmacology 29, 291-293.
81. Coppel, D.L., Bovill, J.G. & Dundee, J.W.(1973) The taming of ketamine. Anaesthesia 28, 293-296.
82. Corfas, G., Roy, K. & Buxbaum, J.D.(2004) Neuregulin 1-erbB signaling and the molecular/cellular basis of schizophrenia. Nature Neuroscience 7, 575-580.
83. Corssen, G. & Domino, E.F.(1966) Dissociative anesthesia: further pharmacologic studies and fi rst clinical experience with the phencyclidine derivative CI-581. Anesthesia & Analgesia 45, 29-40.
84. Corti, C., Crepaldi, L., Mion, S., Roth, A.L., Xuereb, J.H. & Ferraguti, F.(2007) Altered dimerization of metabotropic glutamate receptor 3 in schizophrenia. Biological Psychiatry 62 , 747-755.
85. Costa, E., Davis, J., Grayson, D.R., Guidotti, A., Pappas, G.D. & Pesold, C.(2001) Dendritic spine hypoplasticity and downregulation of reelin and GABAergic tone in schizophrenia vulnerability. Neurobiological Disease 8, 723-742.
86. Costa, E., Chen, Y., Davis, J. et al.(2002) REELIN and schizophrenia: a disease at the interface of the genome and the epigenome . Molecular Intervention 2, 47-57.
87. Costa, E., Grayson, D.R. & Guidotti, A.(2003) Epigenetic downregulation of GABAergic function in schizophrenia: potential for pharmacological intervention? Molecular Intervention 3 , 220-229.
88. Costa, E., Davis, J.M., Dong, E. et al.(2004) A GABAergic cortical defi cit dominates schizophrenia pathophysiology. Critical Reviews in Neurobiology 16, 1-23.
89. Cotter, D., Landau, S., Beasley, C. et al.(2002) The density and spatial distribution of GABAergic neurons, labelled using calcium binding proteins, in the anterior cingulate cortex in major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, and schizophrenia . Biological Psychiatry 51, 377-386.
90. Crandall, J.E., McCarthy, D.M., Araki, K.Y., Sims, J.R., Ren, J.Q. & Bhide, P.G.(2007) Dopamine receptor activation modulates GABA neuron migration from the basal forebrain to the cerebral cortex. Journal of Neuroscience 27, 3813-3822.
91. Crook, J.M., Akil, M., Law, B.C., Hyde, T.M. & Kleinman, J.E. (2002) Comparative analysis of group II metabotropic glutamate receptor immunoreactivity in Brodmann's area 46 of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex from patients with schizophrenia and normal subjects. Molecular Psychiatry 7, 157-164.
92. Cross, A.J., Crow, T.J. & Owen, F.(1979) Gamma-aminobutyric acid in the brain in schizophrenia. Lancet 1, 560-561.
93. Cunningham, M.O., Hunt, J., Middleton, S. et al.(2006) Region - specifi c reduction in entorhinal gamma oscillations and parvalbumin-immunoreactive neurons in animal models of psychiatric illness. Journal of Neuroscience 26, 2767-2776.
94. Damadzic, R., Bigelow, L.B., Krimer, L.S. e t al .(2001) A quantitative immunohistochemical study of astrocytes in the entorhinal cortex in schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and major depression: absence of signifi cant astrocytosis. Brain Research Bulletin 55, 611-618.
95. Danysz, W.(2002) CX-516 Cortex pharmaceuticals. Current Opinion in Investigative Drugs 3, 1081-1088.
96. Davis, K.L., Stewart, D.G., Friedman, J.I. et al.(2003) White matter changes in schizophrenia: evidence for myelin-related dysfunction. Archives of General Psychiatry 60, 443-456.
97. Daviss, S.R. & Lewis, D.A.(1995) Local circuit neurons of the prefrontal cortex in schizophrenia: selective increase in the density of calbindin-immunoreactive neurons. Psychiatry Research 59, 81-96.
98. Dean, B., Pavey, G., McLeod, M., Opeskin, K., Keks, N. & Copolov, D.(2001a) A change in the density of [(3)H]fl umaselectively zenil, but not [(3)H]muscimol binding, in Brodmann's Area 9 from subjects with bipolar disorder. Journal of Affective Disorders 66, 147-158.
99. Dean, B., Sundram, S., Bradbury, R., Scarr, E. & Copolov, D. (2001b) Studies on [3H]CP-55940 binding in the human central nervous system: regional specifi c changes in density of cannabinoid-1 receptors associated with schizophrenia and cannabis use. Neuroscience 103, 9-15.
100. Deng, C., Han, M. &, Huang, X.F.(2007) No changes in densities of cannabinoid receptors in the superior temporal gyrus in schizophrenia. Neuroscience Bulletin 23, 341-347.
101. Dev, K.K. & Henley, J.M.(2006) The schizophrenic faces of PICK1. Trends in Pharmacological Science 27, 57-49.
102. Di Forti, M., Morrison, P.D., Butt, A. & Murray, R.M.(2007) Cannabis use and psychiatric and cogitive disorders: the chicken or the egg? Current Opinion in Psychiatry 20, 228-234.
103. Diaz, P., Bhaskara, S., Dursun, S.M. & Deakin, B.(2005) Double - blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial of clozapine plus glycine in refractory schizophrenia negative results. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 25, 277-278.
104. Dorow, R., Horowski, R., Paschelke, G. & Amin, M.(1983) Severe anxiety induced by FG 7142, a beta-carboline ligand for benzodiazepine receptors. Lancet 2, 98-99.
105. Dracheva, S., McGurk, S.R. & Haroutunian, V.(2005) mRNA expression of AMPA receptors and AMPA receptor binding proteins in the cerebral cortex of elderly schizophrenics. Journal of Neuroscience Research 79, 868-878.
106. Dracheva, S., Davis, K.L., Chin, B., Woo, D.A., Schmeidler, J. & Haroutunian, V.(2006) Myelin-associated mRNA and protein expression defi cits in the anterior cingulate cortex and hippocampus in elderly schizophrenia patients. Neurobiological Diseases 21, 531-540.
107. Driesen, N.R., Leung, H.C., Calhoun, V.D. et al.(2008) Impairment of working memory maintenance and response in schizophrenia: functional magnetic resonance imaging evidence. Biological Psychiatry 64, 1026-1034.
108. D'Souza, D.C., Charney, D.S. & Krystal, J.H.(1995) Glycine site agonists of the NMDA receptor: a review. CNS Drug Reviews 1, 227-260.
109. D'Souza, D.C., Gil, R., Belger, A. et al.(1997) Glycine-ketamine interactions in healthy humans. 36th Annual Meeting, American College of Neuropsychopharmacology, Kona, HI, pp. 286.
110. D'Souza, D.C., Gil, R., Cassello, K. et al.(2000) IV glycine and oral D-cycloserine effects on plasma and CSF amino acids in healthy humans. Biological Psychiatry 47, 450-462.
111. D'Souza, D.C., Perry, E., MacDougall, L. et al.(2004) The psychotomimetic effects of intravenous delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol in healthy individuals: implications for psychosis. Neuropsychopharmacology 29, 1558-1572.
112. D'Souza, D.C., Abi-Saab, W.M., Madonick, S. et al.(2005) Delta - 9-tetrahydrocannabinol effects in schizophrenia: implications for cognition, psychosis, and addiction. Biological Psychiatry 57, 594-608.
113. D'Souza, D.C., Gil, R., MacDougall, L. et al.(2006) Gamma - aminobutyric acid-serotonin interactions in healthy subjects:implications for psychosis and dissociation. Biological Psychiatry 59, 128-137.
114. Dursun, S.M. & Deakin, J.F.(2001) Augmenting antipsychotic treatment with lamotrigine or topiramate in patients with treatment-resistant schizophrenia: a naturalistic case-series outcome study. Journal of Psychopharmacology 15, 297-301.
115. Eastwood, S.L. & Harrison, P.J.(1995) Decreased synaptophysin in the medial temporal lobe in schizophrenia demonstrated using immunoautoradiography. Neuroscience 69, 339-343.
116. Eastwood, S.L. & Harrison, P.J.(2001) Synaptic pathology in the anterior cingulate cortex in schizophrenia and mood disorders. A review and a Western blot study of synaptophysin, GAP-43 and the complexins. Brain Research Bulletin 55 , 569-578.
117. Eastwood, S.L. & Harrison, P.J.(2003) Interstitial white matter neurons express less reelin and are abnormally distributed in schizophrenia: towards an integration of molecular and morphologic aspects of the neurodevelopmental hypothesis. Molecular Psychiatry 8, 769, 821-831.
118. Egan, M.F., Straub, R.E., Goldberg, T.E. et al.(2004) Variation in GRM3 affects cognition, prefrontal glutamate, and risk for schizophrenia. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 101, 12604-12609.
119. Eggan, S.M., Hashimoto, T. & Lewis, D.A.(2010) Reduced cortical cannabinoid 1 receptor mRNA and protein expression in schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry (in press).
120. Erlander, M.G. & Tobin, A.J.(1991) The structural and functional heterogeneity of glutamic acid decarboxylase: a review. Neurochemical Research 16, 215-226.
121. Erreger, K., Geballe, M.T., Kristensen, A. et al.(2007) Subunit - specifi c agonist activity at NR2A -, NR2B -, NR2C -, and NR2D - containing N-methyl-D-aspartate glutamate receptors. Molecular Pharmacology 72, 907-920.
122. Falkai, P., Honer, W.G., David, S., Bogerts, B., Majtenyi, C. & Bayer, T.A.(1999) No evidence for astrogliosis in brains of schizophrenic patients. A post-mortem study. Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology 25, 48-53.
123. Farber, N.B., Newcomer, J.W. & Olney, J.W.(1999) Lamotrigine prevents NMDA antagonist neurotoxicity. Schizophrenia Research 36, 308.
124. Farmery, S.M., Owen, F., Poulter, M. & Crow, T.J.(1985) Reduced high affi nity cholecystokinin binding in hippocampus and frontal cortex of schizophrenic patients. Life Science 36 , 473-477.
125. Farrant, M. & Nusser, Z.(2005) Variations on an inhibitory theme: phasic and tonic activation of GABA(A) receptors. Nature Reviews Neuroscience 6, 215-219.
126. Fatemi, S.H., Stary, J.M., Earle, J.A., Araghi-Niknam, M. & Eagan, E.(2005) GABAergic dysfunction in schizophrenia and mood disorders as refl ected by decreased levels of glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 and 67 kDa and Reelin proteins in cerebellum . Schizophrenia Research 72, 109-122.
127. Ferrie, C.D., Robinson, R.O. & Panayiotopoulos, C.P.(1996) Psychotic and severe behavioural reactions with vigabatrin: a review. Acta Neurologica Scandinavica 93, 1-8.
128. Fisahn, A.(2005) Kainate receptors and rhythmic activity in neuronal networks: hippocampal gamma oscillations as a tool. Journal of Physiology 562, 65-72.
129. Ford, J.M., Roach, B.J., Faustman, W.O. & Mathalon, D.H.(2008) Out-of-synch and out-of-sorts: dysfunction of motor-sensory communication in schizophrenia. Biological Psychiatry 63 , 736-743.
130. Freund, T.F.(2003) Interneuron Diversity series: Rhythm and mood in perisomatic inhibition. Trends in Neuroscience 26 , 489-495
131. Fukaya, M., Hayashi, Y. & Watanabe, M.(2005) NR2 to NR3B subunit switchover of NMDA receptors in early postnatal motoneurons. European Journal of Neuroscience 21, 1432-1436.
132. Gallinat, J., Winterer, G., Herrmann, C.S. & Senkowski, D.(2004) Reduced oscillatory gamma-band responses in unmedicated schizophrenic patients indicate impaired frontal network processing. Clinical Neurophysiology 115, 1863-1874.
133. Gao, X.M., Sakai, K., Roberts, R.C., Conley, R.R., Dean, B. & Tamminga, C.A.(2000) Ionotropic glutamate receptors and expression of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subunits in subregions of human hippocampus, effects of schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry 157, 1141-1149.
134. Garey, L.J., Ong, W.Y., Patel, T.S. et al.(1998) Reduced dendritic spine density on cerebral cortical pyramidal neurons in schizophrenia . Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry 65 , 446-453.
135. Ghose, S., Weickert, C.S., Colvin, S.M. et al.(2004) Glutamate carboxypeptidase II gene expression in the human frontal and temporal lobe in schizophrenia. Neuropsychopharmacology 29 , 117-125.
136. Gillies, D., Beck, A., McCloud, A., Rathbone, J. & Gillies, D. (2005) Benzodiazepines alone or in combination with antipsychotic drugs for acute psychosis. Cochrane Database Systematic Reviews , CD003079.
137. Glantz, L.A & Lewis, D.A.(1997a) Reduction of synaptophysin immunoreactivity in the prefrontal cortex of subjects with schizophrenia. Regional and diagnostic specifi city. Archives of General Psychiatry 54, 943-952.
138. Glantz, L.A & Lewis, D.A.(1997b) Reduction of synaptophysin immunoreactivity in the prefrontal cortex of subjects with schizophrenia. Regional and diagnostic specifi city. Archives of General Psychiatry 54, 660-669.
139. Glantz, L.A & Lewis, D.A.(2000) Decreased dendritic spine density on prefrontal cortical pyramidal neurons in schizophrenia . Archives of General Psychiatry 57, 65-73.
140. Glantz, L.A., Austin, M.C. & Lewis, D.A.(2000) Normal cellular levels of synaptophysin mRNA expression in the prefrontal cortex of subjects with schizophrenia. Biological Psychiatry 48 , 389-397.
141. Goff, D.C., Henderson, D.C., Evins, A.E. & Amico, E.(1999) A placebo-controlled crossover trial of D-cycloserine added to clozapine in patients with schizophrenia. Biological Psychiatry 45, 512-514.
142. Goff, D.C., Leahy, L., Berman, I. et al.(2001) A placebo- controlled pilot study of the ampakine CX516 added to clozapine in schizophrenia . Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 21, 484-487.
143. Goff, D.C., Herz, L., Posever, T. et al.(2005) A six-month, placebo-controlled trial of D-cycloserine co-administered with conventional antipsychotics in schizophrenia patients. Psychopharmacology (Berlin) 179, 144-150.
144. Goff, D.C., Keefe, R., Citrome, L. et al.(2007) Lamotrigine as add-on therapy in schizophrenia: Results of 2 placebo - controlled trials. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 27 , 582-589
145. Goff, D.C., Lamberti, J.S., Leon, A.C. et al.(2008) A placebo - controlled add-on trial of the ampakine, CX516, for cognitive defi cits in schizophrenia. Neuropsychopharmacology 33 , 465-472
146. Goldberger, C., Gourion, D., Leroy, S. et al.(2005) Population - based and family-based association study of 5'UTR polymorphism of the reelin gene and schizophrenia. American Journal of Medical Genetics B Neuropsychiatric Genetics 137, 5-15.
147. Gozzi, A., Large, C.H., Schwarz, A., Bertani, S., Crestan, V. & Bifone, A.(2008) Differential effects of antipsychotic and glutamatergic agents on the phMRI response to phencyclidine . Neuropsychopharmacology 33, 1690-1703.
148. Greger, I.H., Ziff, E.B. & Penn, A.C.(2007) Molecular determinants of AMPA receptor subunit assembly. Trends in Neuroscience 30, 407-416.
149. Grunze, H.C., Rainnie, D.G., Hasselmo, M.E. et al.(1996) NMDA - dependent modulation of CA1 local circuit inhibition. Journal of Neuroscience 16, 2034-2043.
150. Gu, Z., Jiang, Q., Fu, A.K., Ip, N.Y. & Yan, Z.(2005) Regulation of NMDA receptors by neuregulin signaling in prefrontal cortex. Journal of Neuroscience 25, 4974-4984.
151. Guidotti, A., Auta, J., Davis, J.M. et al.(2000) Decrease in reelin and glutamic acid decarboxylase67 (GAD67) expression in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, a postmortem brain study. Archives of General Psychiatry 57, 1061-1069.
152. Guillin, O., Abi-Dargham, A. & Laruelle, M.(2007) Neurobiology of dopamine in schizophrenia. International Reviews in Neurobiology 78, 1-39.
153. Gupta, D.S., McCullumsmith, R.E., Beneyto, M., Haroutunian , V., Davis, K.L. & Meador-Woodruff, J.H.(2005) Metabotropic glutamate receptor protein expression in the prefrontal cortex and striatum in schizophrenia. Synapse 57, 123-131.
154. Hahn, C.G., Wang, H.Y., Cho, D.S. et al.(2006) Altered neuregulin 1-erbB4 signaling contributes to NMDA receptor hypofunction in schizophrenia. Nature Medicine 12, 824-828.
155. Hakak, Y., Walker, J.R., Li, C. et al.(2001) Genome-wide expression analysis reveals dysregulation of myelination-related genes in chronic schizophrenia. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 98, 4746-4751.
156. Hamdani, N., Tabeze, J.P., Ramoz, N. et al.(2008) The CNR1 gene as a pharmacogenetic factor for antipsychotics rather than a susceptibility gene for schizophrenia. European Neuropsychopharmacology 18, 34-40.
157. Harich, S., Gross, G. & Bespalov, A.(2007) Stimulation of the metabotropic glutamate 2/3 receptor attenuates social novelty discrimination defi cits induced by neonatal phencyclidine treatment. Psychopharmacology (Berlin) 192, 511-519.
158. Haroutunian, V., Katsel, P., Dracheva, S., Stewart, D.G. & Davis , K.L.(2007) Variations in oligodendrocyte-related gene expression across multiple cortical regions: implications for the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology 10, 565-573.
159. Harrison, P.J.(1999) The neuropathology of schizophrenia. A critical review of the data and their interpretation. Brain 122 , 593-624.
160. Harrison, P.J.(2004) The hippocampus in schizophrenia: a review of the neuropathological evidence and its pathophysiological implications. Psychopharmacology (Berlin) 174 , 151-162.
161. Harrison, P.J. & Weinberger, D.R.(2005) Schizophrenia genes, gene expression, and neuropathology: on the matter of their convergence. Molecular Psychiatry 10, 40-68 ; image 5.
162. Hashimoto, T. & Lewis, D.A.(2006) BDNF Val66Met polymorphism and GAD67 mRNA expression in the prefrontal cortex of subjects with schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry 163, 534-537.
163. Hashimoto, K., Fukushima, T., Shimizu, E. et al.(2003a) Decreased serum levels of D-serine in patients with schizophrenia: evidence in support of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor hypofunction hypothesis of schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry 60, 572-576.
164. Hashimoto, T., Volk, D.W., Eggan, S.M. et al.(2003b) Gene expression defi cits in a subclass of GABA neurons in the prefrontal cortex of subjects with schizophrenia. Journal of Neuroscience 23, 6315-6326.
165. Hashimoto, T., Arion, D., Unger, T. et al.(2008a) Alterations in GABA-related transcriptome in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex of subjects with schizophrenia. Molecular Psychiatry 13 , 147-161.
166. Hashimoto, T., Bazmi, H.H., Mirnics, K., Wu, Q., Sampson, A.R. & Lewis, D.A.(2008b) Conserved regional patterns of GABA - related transcript expression in the neocortex of subjects with schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry 165, 416-419.
167. Heckers, S., Stone, D., Walsh, J., Shick, J., Koul, P. & Benes, F.M. (2002) Differential hippocampal expression of glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 and 67 messenger RNA in bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry 59 , 521-529.
168. Heresco-Levy, U. & Javitt, D.C.(2004) Comparative effects of glycine and D-cycloserine on persistent negative symptoms in schizophrenia: a retrospective analysis. Schizophrenia Research 66, 89-96.
169. Heresco-Levy, U., Javitt, D.C., Ermilov, M., Mordel, C., Horowitz , A. & Kelly, D.(1996) Double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial of glycine adjuvant therapy for treatment-resistant schizophrenia. British Journal of Psychiatry 169, 610-617.
170. Heresco-Levy, U., Javitt, D.C., Ermilov, M., Mordel, C., Silipo , G. & Lichtenstein, M.(1999) Effi cacy of high-dose glycine in the treatment of enduring negative symptoms of schizophrenia . Archives of General Psychiatry 56, 29-36.
171. Heresco-Levy, U., Ermilov, M., Lichtenberg, P., Bar, G. & Javitt , D.C.(2004) High-dose glycine added to olanzapine and risperidone for the treatment of schizophrenia. Biological Psychiatry 55, 165-171.
172. Heresco-Levy, U., Javitt, D.C., Ebstein, R. et al.(2005) D-serine effi cacy as add-on pharmacotherapy to risperidone and olanzapine for treatment-refractory schizophrenia. Biological Psychiatry 57, 577-585.
173. Hermle, L., Funfgeld, M., Oepen, G. et al.(1992) Mescaline - induced psychopathological, neuropsychological, and neurometabolic effects in normal subjects: experimental psychosis as a tool for psychiatric research. Biological Psychiatry 32 , 976-991.
174. Hikida, T., Mustafa, A.K., Maeda, K. et al.(2008) Modulation of D-serine levels in brains of mice lacking PICK1. Biological Psychiatry 63, 997-1000.
175. Hires, S.A., Zhu, Y. & Tsien, R.Y.(2008) Optical measurement of synaptic glutamate spillover and reuptake by linker opti mized glutamate-sensitive fl uorescent reporters. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 105, 4411-4416.
176. Hof, P.R., Haroutunian, V., Copland, C., Davis, K.L. & Buxbaum , J.D.(2002) Molecular and cellular evidence for an oligodendrocyte abnormality in schizophrenia. Neurochemical Research 27 , 1193-1200.
177. Homayoun, H., Jackson, M.E. & Moghaddam, B.(2005) Activation of metabotropic glutamate 2/3 receptors reverses the effects of NMDA receptor hypofunction on prefrontal cortex unit activity in awake rats. Journal of Neurophysiology 93 , 1989-2001.
178. Homayoun, H. & Moghaddam, B.(2006) Bursting of prefrontal cortex neurons in awake rats is regulated by metabotropic glutamate 5 (mGlu5) receptors: rate-dependent infl uence and interaction with NMDA receptors. Cerebral Cortex 16, 93-105.
179. Homayoun, H. & Moghaddam, B.(2007) NMDA receptor hypofunction produces opposite effects on prefrontal cortex interneurons and pyramidal neurons. Journal of Neuroscience 27, 11496-11500.
180. Homayoun, H., Stefani, M.R., Adams, B.W., Tamagan, G.D. & Moghaddam, B.(2004) Functional interaction between NMDA and mGlu5 receptors: Effects on working memory, instrumental learning, motor behaviors, and dopamine release. Neuropsychopharmacology 29, 1259-1269.
181. Hong, C.J., Liao, D.L., Shih, H.L. & Tsai, S.J.(2004) Association study of PICK1 rs3952 polymorphism and schizophrenia. Neuroreport 15, 1965-1967.
182. Horowski, R. & Dorrow, R.(2002) Anxiogenic, not psychotogenic, properties of the partial inverse benzodiazepine receptor agonist FG 7142 in man. Psychopharmacology (Berlin) 162 , 223-224.
183. Huang, C.H. & Chen, C.H.(2006) Absence of association of a polymorphic GGC repeat at the 5'untranslated region of the reelin gene with schizophrenia. Psychiatry Research 142 , 89-92.
184. Huang, H.S. & Akbarian, S.(2007) GAD1 mRNA expression and DNA methylation in prefrontal cortex of subjects with schizophrenia . PLoS ONE 2, e809.
185. Idris, N.F., Repeto, P., Neill, J.C. & Large, C.H.(2005) Investigation of the effects of lamotrigine and clozapine in improving reversal-learning impairments induced by acute phencyclidine and D-amphetamine in the rat. Psychopharmacology (Berlin) 179, 336-348.
186. Ikeda, M., Iwata, N., Suzuki, T. et al.(2005) Association analysis of chromosome 5 GABAA receptor cluster in Japanese schizophrenia patients. Biological Psychiatry 58, 440-445.
187. Ikeda, M., Ozaki, N., Yamanouchi, Y. et al.(2007) No association between the glutamate decarboxylase 67 gene (GAD1) and schizophrenia in the Japanese population. Schizophrenia Research 91, 22-26.
188. Impagnatiello, F., Guidotti, A.R., Pesold, C. et al.(1998) A decrease of reelin expression as a putative vulnerability factor in schizophrenia. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 95, 15718-15723.
189. Itil, T., Keskiner, A., Kiremitci, N. & Holden, J.M.C.(1967) Effect of phencyclidine in chronic schizophrenics. Canadian Psychiatric Association Journal 12, 209-212.
190. Iwamoto, K., Bundo, M., Yamada, K. et al.(2005) DNA methylation status of SOX10 correlates with its downregulation and oligodendrocyte dysfunction in schizophrenia. Journal of Neuroscience 25, 5376-5381.
191. Javitt, D.C., Zylberman, I., Zukin, S.R., Heresco-Levy, U. & Lindenmayer, J.P.(1994) Amelioration of negative symptoms in schizophrenia by glycine. American Journal of Psychiatry 151 , 1234-1236.
192. Javitt, D.C., Balla, A., Sershen, H. & Lajtha, A.(1999) A.E. Bennett Research Award. Reversal of phencyclidine-induced effects by glycine and glycine transport inhibitors. Biological Psychiatry 45, 668-679.
193. Javitt, D.C., Silipo, G., Cienfuegos, A. et al.(2001) Adjunctive high-dose glycine in the treatment of schizophrenia. International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology 4, 385-391.
194. Jones, D.K., Catani, M., Pierpaoli, C. et al.(2006) Age effects on diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging tractography measures of frontal cortex connections in schizophrenia. Human Brain Mapping 27, 230-238.
195. Kalus, P., Senitz, D. & Beckmann, H.(1997) Altered distribution of parvalbumin-immunoreactive local circuit neurons in the anterior cingulate cortex of schizophrenic patients. Psychiatry Research 75, 49-59.
196. Kalus, P., Muller, T.J., Zuschratter, W. & Senitz, D.(2000) The dendritic architecture of prefrontal pyramidal neurons in schizophrenic patients. Neuroreport 11, 3621-3625.
197. Kawaguchi, Y.(2001) Distinct fi ring patterns of neuronal subtypes in cortical synchronized activities. Journal of Neuroscience 21, 7261-7272.
198. Kawaguchi, Y. & Kubota, Y.(1993) Correlation of physiological subgroupings of nonpyramidal cells with parvalbumin-and calbindinD28k-immunoreactive neurons in layer V of rat frontal cortex. Journal of Neurophysiology 70, 387-396.
199. Kegeles, L.S., Zea-Ponce, Y., Abi-Dargham, A., Mann, J.J. & Laruelle, M.(1999) Ketamine modulation of amphetamine - induced striatal dopamine release in humans. Biological Psychiatry 45, 20S.
200. Kendell, S.F., Krystal, J.H. & Sanacora, G.(2005) GABA and glutamate systems as therapeutic targets in depression and mood disorders. Expert Opinion in Therapeutic Targets 9 , 153-168
201. Kendler, K.S.(2004) Schizophrenia genetics and dysbindin: a corner turned? American Journal of Psychiatry 161, 1533-1536.
202. Kerwin, R., Robinson, P. & Stephenson, J.(1992) Distribution of CCK binding sites in the human hippocampal formation and their alteration in schizophrenia: a post-mortem autoradiographic study. Psychological Medicine 22, 37-43.
203. Kew, J.N. & Kemp, J.A.(2005) Ionotropic and metabotropic glutamate receptor structure and pharmacology. Psychopharmacology (Berlin) 179, 4-29.
204. Kirkpatrick, B., Xu, L., Cascella, N., Ozeki, Y., Sawa, A. & Roberts, R.C.(2006) DISC1 immunoreactivity at the light and ultrastructural level in the human neocortex. Journal of Comparative Neurology 497, 436-450.
205. Klausberger, T., Marton, L.F., O'Neill, J. et al.(2005) Complementary roles of cholecystokinin-and parvalbumin - expressing GABAergic neurons in hippocampal network oscillations. Journal of Neuroscience 25, 9782-9793.
206. Koethe, D., Llenos, I.C., Dulay, J.R. et al.(2007) Expression of CB1 cannabinoid receptor in the anterior cingulate cortex in schizo phrenia, bipolar disorder, and major depression. Journal of Neural Transmission 114, 1055-1063.
207. Kolomeets, N.S., Orlovskaya, D.D., Rachmanova, V.I. & Uranova, N.A.(2005) Ultrastructural alterations in hippocampal mossy fi ber synapses in schizophrenia: a postmortem morphometric study. Synapse 57, 47-55.
208. Komuro, H. & Rakic, P.(1993) Modulation of neuronal migration by NMDA receptors. Science 260, 95-97.
209. Kondziella, D., Brenner, E., Eyjolfsson, E.M., Markinhuhta , K.R., Carlsson, M.L. & Sonnewald, U.(2006) Glial-neuronal interactions are impaired in the schizophrenia model of repeated MK801 exposure. Neuropsychopharmacology 31 , 1880-1887.
210. Konopaske, G.T., Sweet, R.A., Wu, Q., Sampson, A. & Lewis , D.A.(2006) Regional specifi city of chandelier neuron axon terminal alterations in schizophrenia. Neuroscience 138 , 189-196.
211. Konopaske, G.T., Dorph-Petersen, K.A., Sweet, R.A. et al.(2008) Effect of chronic antipsychotic exposure on astrocyte and oligodendrocyte numbers in macaque monkeys. Biological Psychiatry 63, 759-765.
212. Kremer, I., Vass, A., Gorelik, I. et al.(2004) Placebo-controlled trial of lamotrigine added to conventional and atypical antipsychotics in schizophrenia. Biological Psychiatry 56, 441-446.
213. Kristiansen, L.V., Huerta, I., Beneyto, M. & Meador-Woodruff , J.H.(2007) NMDA receptors and schizophrenia. Current Opinion in Pharmacology 7, 48-55.
214. Krueger, D.D., Howell, J.L., Hebert, B.F., Olausson, P., Taylor , J.R. & Nairn, A.C.(2006) Assessment of cognitive function in the heterozygous reeler mouse. Psychopharmacology (Berlin) 189, 95-104.
215. Krystal, J.H.(2007) Neuroplasticity as a target for the pharmacotherapy of psychiatric disorders: new opportunities for synergy with psychotherapy. Biological Psychiatry 62 , 833-834.
216. Krystal, J.H., Seibyl, J.P., Price, L.H. et al.(1993) m-Chlorophenylpiperazine effects in neuroleptic-free schizophrenic patients. Evidence implicating serotonergic systems in the positive symptoms of schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry 50, 624-635.
217. Krystal, J.H., Karper, L.P., Seibyl, J.P. et al.(1994) Subanesthetic effects of the noncompetitive NMDA antagonist, ketamine, in humans. Psychotomimetic, perceptual, cognitive, and neuroendocrine responses. Archives of General Psychiatry 51 , 199-214.
218. Krystal, J.H., Karper, L.P., Bennett, A. et al.(1998a) Interactive effects of subanesthetic ketamine and subhypnotic lorazepam in humans. Psychopharmacology (Berlin) 135, 213-229.
219. Krystal, J.H., Karper, L.P., Bennett, A. et al.(1998b) Interactive effects of subanesthetic ketamine and subhypnotic lorazepam in humans. Psychopharmacology 135, 213-229.
220. Krystal, J.H., Petrakis, I.L., Webb, E. et al.(1998c) Dose-related ethanol-like effects of the NMDA antagonist, ketamine, in recently detoxifi ed alcoholics. Archives of General Psychiatry 55 , 354-360.
221. Krystal, J.H. & D'Souza, D.C.(1998) D-serine and the therapeutic challenge posed by the N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonist model of schizophrenia. Biological Psychiatry 44, 1075-1076.
222. Krystal, J.H., D'Souza, D.C., Karper, L.P. et al.(1999b) Interactive effects of subanesthetic ketamine and haloperidol in healthy humans. Psychopharmacology (Berlin) 145, 193-204.
223. Krystal, J.H., Belger, A., Abi-Saab, W. et al.(2000a) Glutamatergic contributions to cognitive dysfunction in schizophrenia. In: Harvey, P.D. & Sharma, T., eds. Cognitive Functioning in Schizophrenia . London: Oxford University Press, pp. 126-153.
224. Krystal, J.H., Bennett, A., Abi-Saab, D. et al.(2000b) Dissociation of ketamine effects on rule acquisition and rule implementation: possible relevance to NMDA receptor contributions to executive cognitive functions. Biological Psychiatry 47 , 137-143.
225. Krystal, J.H., Abi-Dargham, A., Laruelle, M. & Moghaddam, B. (2003a) Pharmacologic models of psychosis. In: Charney, D.S. & Nestler, E.J., eds. Neurobiology of Mental Illness . New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 287-298.
226. Krystal, J.H., D'Souza, D.C., Mathalon, D., Perry, E., Belger, A. & Hoffman, R.(2003b) NMDA receptor antagonist effects, cortical glutamatergic function, and schizophrenia: toward a paradigm shift in medication development. Psychopharmacology (Berlin) 169, 215-233.
227. Krystal, J.H., Petrakis, I.L., Mason, G., Trevisan, L. & D'Souza , D.C.(2003c) N-methyl-D-aspartate glutamate receptors and alcoholism: reward, dependence, treatment, and vulnerability . Pharmacology and Therapeutics 99, 79-94.
228. Krystal, J.H., Abi-Saab, W., Perry, E. et al.(2005a) Preliminary evidence of attenuation of the disruptive effects of the NMDA glutamate receptor antagonist, ketamine, on working memory by pretreatment with the group II metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR) agonist, LY354740, in healthy human subjects . Psychopharmacology 179, 303-309.
229. Krystal, J.H., Perry, E., Gueorgueva, R. et al.(2005b) Comparative and interactive human psychopharmacologic effects of ketamine and amphetamine: implications for glutamatergic and dopaminergic model psychoses and cognitive function. Archives of General Psychiatry 62, 985-994.
230. Krystal, J.H., Perry, E.B., Jr. & Gueorguieva, R. et al.(2005c) Comparative and interactive human psychopharmacologic effects of ketamine and amphetamine: implications for glutamatergic and dopaminergic model psychoses and cognitive function. Archives of General Psychiatry 62, 985-994.
231. Krystal, J.H., Staley, J., Mason, G. et al.(2006) Gamma - aminobutyric acid type A receptors and alcoholism: intoxication, dependence, vulnerability, and treatment. Archives of General Psychiatry 63, 957-968.
232. Kubicki, M., Westin, C.F., Maier, S.E. et al.(2002) Uncinate fasciculus fi ndings in schizophrenia: a magnetic resonance diffusion tensor imaging study. American Journal of Psychiatry 159 , 813-820.
233. Kuromitsu, J., Yokoi, A., Kawai, T. et al.(2001) Reduced neuropeptide Y mRNA levels in the frontal cortex of people with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Brain Research Gene Expression Patterns 1, 17-21.
234. Kwon, J.S., O'Donnell, B.F., Wallenstein, G.V. et al.(1999) Gamma frequency-range abnormalities to auditory stimulation in schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry 56 , 1001-1015
235. Labrie, V., Fukumura, R., Rastogi, A. et al.(2009) Serine racemase is associated with schizophrenia susceptibility in humans and in a mouse model. Human Molecular Genetics 18, 3227-3243.
236. Lahti, A.C., Koffel, B., LaPorte, D. & Tamminga, C.A.(1995) Subanesthetic doses of ketamine stimulate psychosis in schizophrenia . Neuropsychopharmacology 13, 9-19.
237. Lahti, A.C., Weiler, M.A., Parwani, A. et al.(1999) Blockade of ketamine-induced psychosis with olanzepine. Schizophrenia Research 36, 310.
238. Lahti, A.C., Weiler, M.A., Tamara Michaelidis, B.A., Parwani, A. & Tamminga, C.A.(2001) Effects of ketamine in normal and schizophrenic volunteers. Neuropsychopharmacology 25 , 455-467.
239. Lane, H.Y., Chang, Y.C., Liu, Y.C., Chiu, C.C. & Tsai, G.E.(2005) Sarcosine or D-serine add-on treatment for acute exacerbation of schizophrenia: a randomized, double-blind, placebo - controlled study. Archives of General Psychiatry 62, 1196-1204.
240. Lane, H.Y., Huang, C.L., Wu, P.L. et al.(2006) Glycine transporter I inhibitor, N-methylglycine (sarcosine), added to clozapine for the treatment of schizophrenia. Biological Psychiatry 60, 645-649.
241. Lane, H.Y., Liu, Y.C., Huang, C.L. et al.(2008) Sarcosine (N-methylglycine) treatment for acute schizophrenia: a randomized, double-blind study. Biological Psychiatry 63, 9-12.
242. Large, C.H., Webster, E.L. & Goff, D.C.(2005) The potential role of lamotrigine in schizophrenia. Psychopharmacology (Berlin) 181, 415-436.
243. Law, A.J., Lipska, B.K., Weickert, C.S. et al.(2006) Neuregulin 1 transcripts are differentially expressed in schizophrenia and regulated by 5'SNPs associated with the disease. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 103, 674-752.
244. Law, A.J., Kleinman, J.E., Weinberger, D.R. & Weickert, C.S. (2007) Disease-associated intronic variants in the ErbB4 gene are related to altered ErbB4 splice-variant expression in the brain in schizophrenia. Human Molecular Genetics 16 , 129-141.
245. Lecourtier, L., Homayoun, H., Tamagnan, G. & Moghaddam, B. (2007) Positive allosteric modulation of metabotropic glutamate 5 (mGlu5) receptors reverses N-Methyl-D-aspartate antagonist-induced alteration of neuronal fi ring in prefrontal cortex. Biological Psychiatry 62, 739-746.
246. Lerma, J.(2006) Kainate receptor physiology. Current Opinion in Pharmacology 6, 89-97.
247. Lewis, D.A. & Gonzalez-Burgos, G.(2008) Neuroplasticity of neocortical circuits in schizophrenia. Neuropsychopharmacology 33, 141-165.
248. Lewis, D.A. & Moghaddam, B.(2006) Cognitive dysfunction in schizophrenia: convergence of gamma-aminobutyric acid and glutamate alterations. Archives of Neurology 63, 1372-1376.
249. Lewis, D.A., Hashimoto, T. & Volk, D.W.(2005) Cortical inhibitory neurons and schizophrenia. Nature Review Neuroscience 6 , 312-324.
250. Li, D. & He, L.(2007) G72/G30 genes and schizophrenia: a systematic meta-analysis of association studies. Genetics 175 , 917-922.
251. Li, B., Woo, R.S., Mei, L. & Malinow, R.(2007) The neuregulin-1 receptor erbB4 controls glutamatergic synapse maturation and plasticity. Neuron 54, 583-597
252. Lilburn, J.K., Dundee, J.W., Nair, S.G., Fee, J.P. & Johnston, H.M. (1978) Ketamine sequelae. Evaluation of the ability of various premedicants to attenuate its psychic actions. Anaesthesia 33 , 307-311.
253. Linn, G.S., O'Keeffe, R.T., Lifshitz, K., Schroeder, C. & Javitt , D.C.(2007) Behavioral effects of orally administered glycine in socially housed monkeys chronically treated with phencyclidine . Psychopharmacology (Berlin) 192, 27-38.
254. Lipska, B.K., Mitkus, S.N., Mathew, S.V. et al.(2006) Functional genomics in postmortem human brain: abnormalities in a DISC1 molecular pathway in schizophrenia. Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience 8, 353-357.
255. Liu, S.J. & Zukin, R.S.(2007) Ca 2 ??- permeable AMPA receptors in synaptic plasticity and neuronal death. Trends in Neuroscience 30, 126-134.
256. Liu, J., Shi, Y., Tang, W. et al.(2005a) Positive association of the human GABA-A-receptor beta 2 subunit gene haplotype with schizophrenia in the Chinese Han population. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 334, 817-823.
257. Liu, X., Qin, W., He, G. et al.(2005b) A family-based association study of the MOG gene with schizophrenia in the Chinese population. Schizophrenia Research 73, 275-280.
258. Lo, W.S., Harano, M., Gawlik, M. et al.(2007a) GABRB2 association with schizophrenia: commonalities and differences between ethnic groups and clinical subtypes. Biological Psychiatry 61, 653-660.
259. Lo, W.S., Xu, Z., Yu, Z. e t al . (2 007b) P ositive selection within the Schizophrenia-associated GABA(A) receptor beta2 gene. PLoS ONE 2, e462.
260. Luby, E.D., Cohen, B.D., Rosenbaum, G., Gottlieb, J.S. & Kelley , R.(1959) Study of a new schizophrenomimetic drug - sernyl. Archives of Neurology Psychiatry 81, 363-369.
261. Lundorf, M.D., Buttenschon, H.N., Foldager, L. et al.(2005) Mutational screening and association study of glutamate decarboxylase 1 as a candidate susceptibility gene for bipolar affective disorder and schizophrenia. American Journal of Medical Genetics B Neuropsychiatric Genetics 135, 94-101.
262. Madeira, C., Freitas, M.E., Vargas-Lopes, C., Wolosker, H. & Panizzutti, R.(2008) Increased brain D-amino acid oxidase (DAAO) activity in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research 101 , 76-83.
263. Maeno, N., Takahashi, N., Saito, S. et al.(2007) Association of SOX10 with schizophrenia in the Japanese population. Psychiatric Genetics 17, 227-231.
264. Malhotra, A.K., Adler, C.M., Kennison, S.D., Elman, I., Pickar , D. & Breier, A.(1997a) Clozapine blunts N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonist-induced psychosis: a study with ketamine. Biological Psychiatry 42, 664-668.
265. Malhotra, A.K., Pinals, D.A., Adler, C.M. et al.(1997b) Ketamine - induced exacerbation of psychotic symptoms and cognitive impairment in neuroleptic-free schizophrenics. Neuropsychopharmacology 17, 141-150.
266. Malhotra, A.K., Pinals, D.A., Weingartner, H. et al.(1996) NMDA receptor function and human cognition: the effects of ketamine in healthy volunteers. Neuropsychopharmacology 14 , 301-307.
267. Malinow, R. & Malenka, R.C.(2002) AMPA receptor traffi cking and synaptic plasticity. Annual Review of Neuroscience 25 , 103-126.
268. Marek, G.J., Wright, R.A., Schoepp, D.D. & Aghajanian , G.K.(2000) Physiological antagonism between 5 - hydroxytryptamine(2A) and group II metabotropic glutamate receptors in prefrontal cortex. Journal of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics 292, 76-87.
269. Marenco, S., Egan, M.F., Goldberg, T.E. et al.(2002) Preliminary experience with an ampakine (CX516) as a single agent for the treatment of schizophrenia: a case series. Schizophrenia Research 57, 221-226.
270. Marenco, S., Steele, S.U., Egan, M.F. et al.(2006) Effect of metabotropic glutamate receptor 3 genotype on N-acetylaspartate measures in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. American Journal of Psychiatry 163, 740-742.
271. Marx, C.E., Stevens, R.D., Shampine, L.J. et al.(2006) Neuroactive steroids are altered in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: relevance to pathophysiology and therapeutics. Neuropsychopharmacology 31, 1249-1263.
272. Mathalon, D.H., Sullivan, E.V., Lim, K.O. & Pfefferbaum, A. (2001) Progressive brain volume changes and the clinical course of schizophrenia in men: a longitudinal magnetic resonance imaging study. Archives of General Psychiatry 58 , 148-157.
273. Matsuda, K., Fletcher, M., Kamiya, Y. & Yuzaki, M.(2003) Specifi c assembly with the NMDA receptor 3B subunit controls surface expression and calcium permeability of NMDA receptors. Journal of Neuroscience 23, 10064-10073.
274. McCullumsmith, R.E., Gupta, D., Beneyto, M. et al.(2007) Expression of transcripts for myelination-related genes in the anterior cingulate cortex in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research 90, 15-27.
275. Meador-Woodruff, J.H. & Healy, D.J.(2000) Glutamate receptor expression in schizophrenic brain. Brain Research & Brain Research Reviews 31, 288-294.
276. Meador-Woodruff, J.H., Hogg, A.J., Jr. & Smith, R.E.(2001) Striatal ionotropic glutamate receptor expression in schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and major depressive disorder. Brain Research Bulletin 55, 631-640.
277. Mehta, A.K. & Ticku, M.K.(1999) An update on GABAA receptors. Brain Research - Brain Research Reviews 29, 196-217.
278. Mellor, J.R.(2006) Synaptic plasticity of kainate receptors. Biochemistry Society Transactions 34, 949-951.
279. Meltzer, H.Y., Matsubara, S. & Lee, J.C.(1989) Classifi cation of typical and atypical antipsychotic drugs on the basis of dopamine D-1, D-2 and serotonin2 pKi values. Journal of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics 251, 238-246.
280. Menzies, L., Ooi, C., Kamath, S. et al.(2007) Effects of gamma - aminobutyric acid-modulating drugs on working memory and brain function in patients with schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry 64, 156-167.
281. Millar, J.K., Christie, S. & Porteous, D.J.(2003) Yeast two - hybrid screens implicate DISC1 in brain development and function. Biochemical Biophysics Research Communications 311 , 1019-1025.
282. Millar, J.K., Mackie, S., Clapcote, S.J. et al.(2007) Disrupted in schizophrenia 1 and phosphodiesterase 4B: towards an understanding of psychiatric illness. Journal of Physiology 584 , 401-405.
283. Mitkus, S.N., Hyde, T.M., Vakkalanka, R. et al.(2008) Expression of oligodendrocyte-associated genes in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex of patients with schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research 98, 129-138.
284. Moghaddam, B. & Adams, B.W.(1998) Reversal of phencyclidine effects by a group II metabotropic glutamate receptor agonist in rats. Science 281, 1349-1352.
285. Moghaddam, B., Adams, B., Verma, A. & Daly, D.(1997) Activation of glutamatergic neurotransmission by ketamine: a novel step in the pathway from NMDA receptor blockade to dopaminergic and cognitive disruptions associated with the prefrontal cortex. Journal of Neuroscience 17 , 2921-2927.
286. Mohler, H., Fritschy, J.M. & Rudolph, U.(2002) A new benzodiazepine pharmacology. Journal of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics 300, 2-8.
287. Morgan, C.J., Mofeez, A., Brandner, B., Bromley, L. & Curran , H.V.(2004) Acute effects of ketamine on memory systems and psychotic symptoms in healthy volunteers. Neuropsychopharmacology 29, 208-218.
288. Morita, Y., Ujike, H., Tanaka, Y. et al.(2007) A genetic variant of the serine racemase gene is associated with schizophrenia. Biological Psychiatry 61, 1200-1203.
289. Morris, D.W., Murphy, K., Kenny, N. et al.(2008a) Dysbindin (DTNBP1) and the biogenesis of lysosome-related organelles complex 1 (BLOC-1): main and epistatic gene effects are potential contributors to schizophrenia susceptibility. Biological Psychiatry 63, 24-31.
290. Morris, H.M., Hashimoto, T. & Lewis, D.A.(2008b) Alterations in somatostatin mRNA expression in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex of subjects with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. Cerebral Cortex 18, 1575-1587.
291. Munafo, M.R., Thiselton, D.L., Clark, T.G. & Flint, J.(2006) Association of the NRG1 gene and schizophrenia: a meta - analysis. Molecular Psychiatry 11, 539-546.
292. Murakami, T., Nakagome, K., Kamio, S. et al.(2002) The effects of benzodiazepines on event-related potential indices of automatic and controlled processing in schizophrenia: a preliminary report. Progress in Neuropsychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry 26, 651-661.
293. Mutsuddi, M., Morris, D.W., Waggoner, S.G., Daly, M.J. , Scolnick, E.M. & Sklar, P.(2006) Analysis of high-resolution HapMap of DTNBP1 (Dysbindin) suggests no consistency between reported common variant associations and schizophrenia . American Journal of Human Genetics 79, 903-909.
294. Nagy, Z., Westerberg, H. & Klingberg, T.(2004) Maturation of white matter is associated with the development of cognitive functions during childhood. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 16, 1227-1233.
295. Neumeister, A., Carson, R., Henry, S. et al.(2006) Cerebral metabolic effects of intravenous glycine in healthy human subjects. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 26, 595-599.
296. Newcomer, J.W., Farber, N.B., Jevtovic-Todorovic, V. et al.(1999) Ketamine-induced NMDA receptor hypofunction as model of memory impairment and psychosis. Neuropsychopharmacology 20, 106-118.
297. Newell, K.A., Deng, C. & Huang, X.F.(2006) Increased cannabinoid receptor density in the posterior cingulate cortex in schizophrenia. Experimental Brain Research 172, 556-560.
298. Niemann, S., Kanki, H., Fukui, Y. et al.(2007) Genetic ablation of NMDA receptor subunit NR3B in mouse reveals motoneu ronal and nonmotoneuronal phenotypes. European Journal of Neuroscience 26, 1407-1420.
299. Nilsson, M., Carlsson, A. & Carlsson, M.L.(1997) Glycine and D-serine decrease MK-801-induced hyperactivity in mice. Journal of Neural Transmission 104, 1195-1205.
300. Nishi, M., Hinds, H., Lu, H.P., Kawata, M. & Hayashi, Y.(2001) Motoneuron-specifi c expression of NR3B, a novel NMDA - type glutamate receptor subunit that works in a dominant - negative manner. Journal of Neuroscience 21, RC185.
301. Noga, J.T., Hyde, T.M., Bachus, S.E., Herman, M.M. & Kleinman , J.E.(2001) AMPA receptor binding in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex of schizophrenics and controls. Schizophrenia Research 48, 361-363.
302. Noga, J.T. & Wang, H.(2002) Further postmortem autoradiographic studies of AMPA receptor binding in schizophrenia. Synapse 45, 250-258.
303. Noh, J.S., Sharma, R.P., Veldic, M. et al.(2005) DNA methyltransferase 1 regulates reelin mRNA expression in mouse primary cortical cultures. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 102, 1749-1754.
304. Norberg, M.M., Krystal, J.H. & Tolin, D.F.(2008) A meta-snalysis of D-cycloserine and the facilitation of fear extinction and exposure therapy. Biological Psychiatry 63, 1118-1126.
305. Nusser, Z., Sieghart, W. & Somogyi, P.(1998) Segregation of different GABAA receptors to synaptic and extrasynaptic membranes of cerebellar granule cells. Journal of Neuroscience 18, 1693-1703.
306. O'Connor, J.A., Muly, E.C., Arnold, S.E. & Hemby, S.E.(2007) AMPA receptor subunit and splice variant expression in the DLPFC of schizophrenic subjects and rhesus monkeys chronically administered antipsychotic drugs. Schizophrenia Research 90, 28-40.
307. Ohnuma, T., Augood, S.J., Arai, H., McKenna, P.J. & Emson, P.C. (1998) Expression of the human excitatory amino acid transporter 2 and metabotropic glutamate receptors 3 and 5 in the prefrontal cortex from normal individuals and patients with schizophrenia. Brain Research Molecular Brain Research 56 , 207-217.
308. Ohnuma, T., Tessler, S., Arai, H., Faull, R.L., McKenna, P.J. & Emson, P.C.(2000) Gene expression of metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 and excitatory amino acid transporter 2 in the schizophrenic hippocampus. Brain Research Molecular Brain Research 85, 24-31.
309. Ohtsuki, T., Koga, M., Ishiguro, H. et al.(2008) A polymorphism of the metabotropic glutamate receptor mGluR7 (GRM7) gene is associated with schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research 101 , 9-16.
310. Oliet, S.H. & Mothet, J.P.(2006) Molecular determinants of D-serine-mediated gliotransmission: from release to function. Glia 54, 726-737.
311. Olszewski, R.T., Bukhari, N., Zhou, J. et al.(2004) NAAG peptidase inhibition reduces locomotor activity and some stereotypes in the PCP model of schizophrenia via group II mGluR. Journal of Neurochemistry 89, 876-885.
312. Olszewski, R.T., Wegorzewska, M.M., Monteiro, A.C. et al. (2008) Phencyclidine and dizocilpine induced behaviors reduced by N-acetylaspartylglutamate peptidase inhibition via metabotropic glutamate receptors. Biological Psychiatry 63 , 86-91
313. Ozaki, M., Sasner, M., Yano, R., Lu, H.S. & Buonanno, A.(1997) Neuregulin-beta induces expression of an NMDA-receptor subunit. Nature 390, 691-694.
314. Patil, S.T., Zhang, L., Martenyi, F. et al.(2007) Activation of mGlu2/3 receptors as a new approach to treat schizophrenia: a randomized Phase 2 clinical trial. Nature Medicine 13 , 1102-1107.
315. Paulson, L., Martin, P., Persson, A. et al.(2003) Comparative genome-and proteome analysis of cerebral cortex from MK - 801-treated rats. Journal of Neuroscience Research 71, 526-533.
316. Perry, T.L., Kish, S.J., Buchanan, J. & Hansen, S.(1979) Gamma - aminobutyric-acid defi ciency in brain of schizophrenic patients. Lancet 1, 237-239.
317. Perry, R.H., Dockray, G.J., Dimaline, R., Perry, E.K., Blessed, G. & Tomlinson, B.E.(1981) Neuropeptides in Alzheimer's disease, depression and schizophrenia. A post mortem analysis of vasoactive intestinal peptide and cholecystokinin in cerebral cortex. Journal of Neurological Science 51, 465-472.
318. Persico, A.M., Levitt, P. & Pimenta, A.F.(2006) Polymorphic GGC repeat differentially regulates human reelin gene expression levels. Journal of Neural Transmission 113, 1373-1382.
319. Petryshen, T.L., Middleton, F.A., Tahl, A.R. et al.(2005) Genetic investigation of chromosome 5q GABAA receptor subunit genes in schizophrenia. Molecular Psychiatry 10, 1074-1088 , 1057.
320. Pierri, J.N., Chaudry, A.S., Woo, T.U. & Lewis, D.A.(1999) Alterations in chandelier neuron axon terminals in the prefrontal cortex of schizophrenic subjects. American Journal of Psychiatry 156, 1709-1719.
321. Pietraszek, M., Gravius, A., Schafer, D., Weil, T., Trifanova, D. & Danysz, W.(2005) mGluR5, but not mGluR1, antagonist modifi es MK-801-induced locomotor activity and defi cit of prepulse inhibition. Neuropharmacology 49, 73-85.
322. Pilowsky, L.S., Bressan, R.A., Stone, J.M. et al.(2006) First in vivo evidence of an NMDA receptor defi cit in medication-free schizophrenic patients. Molecular Psychiatry 11, 118-119.
323. Pomarol-Clotet. E., Honey, G.D., Murray, G.K. et al.(2006) Psychological effects of ketamine in healthy volunteers. Phenomenological study. British Journal of Psychiatry 189 , 173-179.
324. Porter, R.H., Eastwood, S.L. & Harrison, P.J.(1997) Distribution of kainate receptor subunit mRNAs in human hippocampus, neocortex and cerebellum, and bilateral reduction of hippocampal GluR6 and KA2 transcripts in schizophrenia. Brain Research 751, 217-231.
325. Post, R.M.(1999) Comparative pharmacology of bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research 39, 153-158 ; discussion 163.
326. Qin, W., Gao, J., Xing, Q. et al.(2005) A family-based association study of PLP1 and schizophrenia. Neuroscience Letters 375 , 207-210.
327. Rajkowska, G., Selemon, L.D. & Goldman-Rakic, P.S.(1998) Neuronal and glial somal size in the prefrontal cortex: a postmortem morphometric study of schizophrenia and Huntington disease. Archives of General Psychiatry 55, 215-224.
328. Rajkowska, G., Miguel-Hidalgo, J.J., Makkos, Z., Meltzer, H. , Overholser, J. & Stockmeier, C.(2002) Layer-specifi c reductions in GFAP-reactive astroglia in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research 57, 127-138
329. Rapoport, J.L. & Gogtay, N.(2008) Brain neuroplasticity in healthy, hyperactive and psychotic children: insights from neuroimaging. Neuropsychopharmacology 33, 181-197.
330. Regenold, W.T., Phatak, P., Marano, C.M., Gearhart, L., Viens , C.H. & Hisley, K.C.(2007) Myelin staining of deep white matter in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and unipolar major depression. Psychiatry Research 151, 179-188.
331. Ressler, K.J., Rothbaum, B.O., Tannenbaum, L. et al.(2004) Cognitive enhancers as adjuncts to psychotherapy: use of D-cycloserine in phobic individuals to facilitate extinction of fear. Archives of General Psychiatry 61, 1136-1144.
332. Reynolds, G.P., Zhang Z.J. & Beasley, C.L.(2001) Neurochemical correlates of cortical GABAergic defi cits in schizophrenia: selective losses of calcium binding protein immunoreactivity. Brain Research Bulletin 55, 579-584.
333. Rodriguez-Moreno, A. & Sihra, T.S.(2007) Metabotropic actions of kainate receptors in the CNS. Journal of Neurochemistry 103 , 2121-2135.
334. Rosenbaum, G., Cohen, B.D., Luby, E.D., Gottlieb, J.S. & Yelen , D.(1959) Comparison of sernyl with other drugs: simulation of schizophrenic performance with sernyl, LSD-25,and amobarbital (amytal) sodium; I. attention, motor function, and proprioception. Archives of General Psychiatry 1, 651-656.
335. Ruzicka, W.B., Zhubi, A., Veldic, M., Grayson, D.R., Costa, E. & Guidotti, A.(2007) Selective epigenetic alteration of layer I GABAergic neurons isolated from prefrontal cortex of schizophrenia patients using laser-assisted microdissection. Molecular Psychiatry 12, 385-397.
336. Sakai, T., Oshima, A., Nozaki, Y., Ida, I. et al.(2008) Changes in density of calcium-binding-protein-immunoreactive GABAergic neurons in prefrontal cortex in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Neuropathology 28, 143-150.
337. Sanacora, G., Mason, G., Rothman, D.L. & Krystal, J.H.(2003) Clinical studies implementing glutamate neurotransmission in mood disorders. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1003, 292-308.
338. Sartorius, L.J., Weinberger, D.R., Hyde, T.M., Harrison, P.J. , Kleinman, J.E. & Lipska, B.K.(2008) Expression of a GRM3 splice variant is increased in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex of individuals carrying a schizophrenia risk SNP. Neuropsychopharmacology 33, 2626-2634.
339. Schell, M.J., Brady, R.O., Jr., Molliver, M.E. & Snyder, S.H.(1997) D-serine as a neuromodulator: regional and developmental localizations in rat brain glia resemble NMDA receptors. Journal of Neuroscience 17, 1604-1615.
340. Schoepp, D.D. & Conn, P.J.(2002) Metabotropic glutamate receptors . Pharmacology and Biochemical Behaviour 74, 255-256.
341. Schwab, S.G., Knapp, M., Mondabon, S. et al.(2003) Support for association of schizophrenia with genetic variation in the 6p22.3 gene, dysbindin, in sib-pair families with linkage and in an additional sample of triad families. American Journal of Human Genetics 72, 185-190.
342. Seamans, J.K. & Yang, C.R.(2004) The principal features and mechanisms of dopamine modulation in the prefrontal cortex. Progress in Neurobiology 74, 1-58.
343. Seeman, P.(1992) Dopamine receptor sequences. Therapeutic levels of neuroleptics occupy D2 receptors, clozapine occupies D4. Neuropsychopharmacology 7, 261-284
344. Selemon, L.D., Rajkowska, G. & Goldman-Rakic, P.S.(1998) Elevated neuronal density in prefrontal area 46 in brains from schizophrenic patients: application of a three-dimensional, stereologic counting method. Journal of Comparative Neurology 392, 402-412.
345. Sharma, K., Fong, D.K. & Craig, A.M.(2006) Postsynaptic protein mobility in dendritic spines: long-term regulation by synaptic NMDA receptor activation. Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience 31, 702-712.
346. Shifman, S., Johannesson, M., Bronstein, M. et al.(2008) Genome - wide association identifi es a common variant in the reelin gene that increases the risk of schizophrenia only in women. PLoS Genet 4, e28.
347. Simonini M.V., Camargo, L.M., Dong, E. et al.(2006) The benzamide MS-275 is a potent, long-lasting brain region-selective inhibitor of histone deacetylases. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science USA 103, 1587-1592.
348. Smiley, J.F., Levey, A.I., Ciliax, B.J. & Goldman-Rakic, P.S.(1994) D1 dopamine receptor immunoreactivity in human and monkey cerebral cortex: predominant and extrasynaptic localization in dendritic spines. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 91, 5720-5724.
349. Smith, S.S., Shen, H., Gong, Q.H. & Zhou, X.(2007) Neurosteroid regulation of GABA(A) receptors: Focus on the alpha4 and delta subunits. Pharmacology and Therapeutics 116, 58-76.
350. Snyder, S.H. & Kim, P.M.(2000) D-amino acids as putative neurotransmitters: focus on D-serine. Neurochemical Research 25 , 553-560.
351. Soghomonian, J.J. & Martin, D.L.(1998) Two isoforms of glutamate decarboxylase: why? Trends in Pharmacological Sciences 19, 500-505.
352. Sokolov, B.P.(2007) Oligodendroglial abnormalities in schizophrenia, mood disorders and substance abuse. Comorbidity, shared traits, or molecular phenocopies? International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology 10, 547-555.
353. Spencer, K.M., Nestor, P.G., Perlmutter, R. et al.(2004) Neural synchrony indexes disordered perception and cognition in schizophrenia. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 101, 17288-17293.
354. Spencer, K.M., Niznikiewicz, M.A., Shenton, M.E. & McCarley , R.W.(2008) Sensory-evoked gamma oscillations in chronic schizophrenia. Biological Psychiatry 63, 744-747.
355. Stark, A.K., Uylings, H.B., Sanz-Arigita, E. & Pakkenberg, B. (2004) Glial cell loss in the anterior cingulate cortex, a subregion of the prefrontal cortex, in subjects with schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry 161, 882-888.
356. Stefansson, H., Sigurdsson, E., Steinthorsdottir, V. et al.(2002) Neuregulin 1 and susceptibility to schizophrenia. American Journal of Human Genetics 71, 877-892.
357. Steffek, A.E., Haroutunian, V. & Meador-Woodruff, J.H.(2006) Serine racemase protein expression in cortex and hippocampus in schizophrenia. Neuroreport 17, 1181-1185.
358. Stell, B.M., Brickley, S.G., Tang, C.Y., Farrant, M. & Mody, I. (2003) Neuroactive steroids reduce neuronal excitability by selectively enhancing tonic inhibition mediated by delta subunit-containing GABAA receptors. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 100, 14439-14444.
359. Stell, B.M. & Mody, I.(2002) Receptors with different affi nities mediate phasic and tonic GABA(A) conductances in hippocampal neurons. Journal of Neuroscience 22, RC22.
360. Stocca, G. & Vicini, S.(1998) Increased contribution of NR2A subunit to synaptic NMDA receptors in developing rat cortical neurons. Journal of Physiology 507, 13-24.
361. Strassman, R.J., Qualls, C.R., Uhlenhuth, E.H. & Kellner, R. (1994) Dose-response study of N,N-dimethyltryptamine in humans. II. Subjective effects and preliminary results of a new rating scale. Archives of General Psychiatry 51, 98-108.
362. Straub, R.E., Jiang, Y., MacLean, C.J. et al.(2002) Genetic variation in the 6p22.3 gene DTNBP1, the human ortholog of the mouse dysbindin gene, is associated with schizophrenia. American Journal of Human Genetics 71, 337-348.
363. Straub, R.E., Lipska, B.K., Egan, M.F. et al.(2007) Allelic variation in GAD1 (GAD67) is associated with schizophrenia and infl uences cortical function and gene expression. Molecular Psychiatry 12, 854-869.
364. Supplisson, S. & Bergman, C.(1997) Control of NMDA receptor activation by a glycine transporter co-expressed in Xenopus oocytes. Journal of Neuroscience 17, 4580-4590.
365. Svensson, T.H.(2003) Alpha-adrenoceptor modulation hypothesis of antipsychotic atypicality. Progress in Neuropsychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry 27, 1145-1158.
366. Swanson, C.J. & Schoepp, D.D.(2002) The group II metabotropic glutamate receptor agonist(-)-2-oxa-4-aminobicyclo[3.1.0.] hexane-4,6-dicarboxylate (LY379268) and clozapine reverse phencyclidine-induced behaviors in monoamine-depleted rats. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 303 , 919-927.
367. Szeszko, P.R., Robinson, D.G., Ashtari, M. et al.(2007) Clinical and neuropsychological correlates of white matter abnormalities in recent onset schizophrenia. Neuropsychopharmacology 33, 976-984.
368. Takahashi, T., Svoboda, K. & Malinow, R.(2003) Experience strengthening transmission by driving AMPA receptors into synapses. Science 299, 1585-1588.
369. Takahata, R. & Moghaddam, B.(1998) Glutamatergic regulation of basal and stimulus-activated dopamine release in the prefrontal cortex. Journal of Neurochemistry 71, 1443-1449.
370. Takaki, H., Kikuta, R., Shibata, H., Ninomiya, H., Tashiro, N. & Fukumaki, Y.(2004) Positive associations of polymorphisms in the metabotropic glutamate receptor type 8 gene (GRM8) with schizophrenia. American Journal of Medical Genetics B Neuropsychiatric Genetics 128, 6-14.
371. Talbot K, Eidem WL, Tinsley CL et al.(2004) Dysbindin-1 is reduced in intrinsic, glutamatergic terminals of the hippocampal formation in schizophrenia. Journal of Clinical Investigation 113, 1353-1363.
372. Talbot, K., Cho, D.S., Ong, W.Y. et al.(2006) Dysbindin-1 is a synaptic and microtubular protein that binds brain snapin. Human Molecular Genetics 15, 3041-3054.
373. Tamminga, C.A., Crayton, J.W. & Chase, T.N.(1978) Muscimol: GABA agonist therapy in schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry 135, 746-747.
374. Tan, W., Wang, Y., Gold, B. et al.(2007) Molecular cloning of a brain-specifi c, developmentally regulated neuregulin 1 (NRG1) isoform and identifi cation of a functional promoter variant associated with schizophrenia. Journal of Biological Chemistry 282, 24343-24351.
375. Thompson, P.M., Vidal, C., Giedd, J.N. et al.(2001) Mapping adolescent brain change reveals dynamic wave of accelerated gray matter loss in very early-onset schizophrenia. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 98, 11650-11655.
376. Tiihonen J, Hallikainen T, Ryyn ä nen O-P et al.(2003) Lamotrigine in treatment-resistant schizophrenia: a randomized placebo - controlled crossover trial. Biological Psychiatry 54, 1-6.
377. Tiihonen, J., Halonen, P., Wahlbeck, K. et al.(2005) Topiramate add-on in treatment-resistant schizophrenia: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 66, 1012-1015.
378. Tkachev, D., Mimmack, M.L., Huffaker, S.J., Ryan, M. & Bahn , S.(2007) Further evidence for altered myelin biosynthesis and glutamatergic dysfunction in schizophrenia. International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology 10, 557-563.
379. Tochigi, M., Iwamoto, K., Bundo, M. et al.(2008) Methylation status of the reelin promoter region in the brain of schizophrenic patients. Biological Psychiatry 63, 530-533.
380. Todtenkopf, M.S. & Benes, F.M.(1998) Distribution of glutamate decarboxylase65 immunoreactive puncta on pyramidal and nonpyramidal neurons in hippocampus of schizophrenic brain. Synapse 29, 323-332.
381. Tooney, P.A. & Chahl, L.A.(2004) Neurons expressing calcium - binding proteins in the prefrontal cortex in schizophrenia. Progress in Neuropsychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry 28, 273-278.
382. Torrey, E.F., Barci, B.M., Webster, M.J., Bartko, J.J., Meador - Woodruff, J.H. & Knable, M.B.(2005) Neurochemical markers for schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and major depression in postmortem brains. Biological Psychiatry 57, 252-260.
383. Toth, E. & Lajtha, A.(1986) Antagonism of phencyclidine - induced hyperactivity by glycine in mice. Neurochemical Research 11, 393-400.
384. Traub, R.D., Whittington, M.A., Colling, S.B., Buzsaki, G. & Jefferys, J.G.(1996) Analysis of gamma rhythms in the rat hippocampus in vitro and in vivo . Journal of Physiology 493 , 471-484.
385. Tremolizzo, L., Doueiri, M.S., Dong, E. et al.(2005) Valproate corrects the schizophrenia-like epigenetic behavioral modifi - cations induced by methionine in mice. Biological Psychiatry 57 , 500-509.
386. Tsai, G., Passani, L.A., Slusher, B.S. et al.(1995) Abnormal excitatory neurotransmitter metabolism in schizophrenic brains. Archives of General Psychiatry 52, 829-836.
387. Tsai, S.J., Wang, Y.C. & Hong, C.J.(2000) Association study of a cannabinoid receptor gene (CNR1) polymorphism and schizophrenia . Psychiatric Genetics 10, 149-151.
388. Tsai, G., Lane, H.Y., Yang, P., Chong, M.Y. & Lange, N.(2004) Glycine transporter I inhibitor, N-methylglycine (sarcosine), added to antipsychotics for the treatment of schizophrenia. Biological Psychiatry 55, 452-456.
389. Tsai, G.E., Yang, P., Chang, Y.C. & Chong, M.Y.(2006) D-alanine added to antipsychotics for the treatment of schizophrenia. Biological Psychiatry 59, 230-234.
390. Tsien, J.Z.(2000) Linking Hebb's coincidence-detection to memory formation. Current Opinion in Neurobiology 10 , 266-273.
391. Tu, J.C., Xiao, B., Naisbitt, S. et al.(1999) Coupling of mGluR/ Homer and PSD-95 complexes by the Shank family of postsynaptic density proteins. Neuron 23, 583-592.
392. Tukker, J.J., Fuentealba, P., Hartwich, K., Somogyi, P. & Klausberger, T.(2007) Cell type-specifi c tuning of hippocampal interneuron fi ring during gamma oscillations in vivo. Journal of Neuroscience 27, 8184-8189.
393. Ujike, H., Takaki, M., Nakata, K. et al.(2002) CNR1, central cannabinoid receptor gene, associated with susceptibility to hebephrenic schizophrenia. Molecular Psychiatry 7, 515-518.
394. Uranova, N.A., Vostrikov, V.M., Orlovskaya, D.D. & Rachmanova, V.I.(2004) Oligodendroglial density in the prefrontal cortex in schizophrenia and mood disorders: a study from the Stanley Neuropathology Consortium. Schizophrenia Research 67, 269-275.
395. Uranova, N.A., Vostrikov, V.M., Vikhreva, O.V., Zimina, I.S. , Kolomeets, N.S. & Orlovskaya, D.D.(2007) The role of oligodendrocyte pathology in schizophrenia. International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology 10, 537-545.
396. Vallejo-Illarramendi, A., Torres-Ramos, M., Melone, M. , Conti, F. & Matute, C.(2005) Clozapine reduces GLT-1 expression and glutamate uptake in astrocyte cultures. Glia 50 , 276-279.
397. van Berckel, B.N., Evenblij, C.N., van Loon, B.J. et al.(1999) D-cycloserine increases positive symptoms in chronic schizophrenic patients when administered in addition to antipsychotics: a double-blind, parallel, placebo-controlled study. Neuropsychopharmacology 21, 203-210.
398. Van Tol, H.H., Bunzow, J.R., Guan, H.C. et al.(1991) Cloning of the gene for a human dopamine D4 receptor with high affi nity for the antipsychotic clozapine. Nature 350, 610-614.
399. Vawter, M.P., Crook, J.M., Hyde, T.M. et al.(2002) Microarray analysis of gene expression in the prefrontal cortex in schizophrenia: a preliminary study. Schizophrenia Research 58 , 11-20.
400. Veldic, M., Caruncho, H.J., Liu, W.S. et al.(2004) DNA - methyltransferase 1 mRNA is selectively overexpressed in telencephalic GABAergic interneurons of schizophrenia brains. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 101 , 348-353.
401. Veldic, M., Guidotti, A., Maloku, E., Davis, J.M. & Costa, E. (2005) In psychosis, cortical interneurons overexpress DNA - methyltransferase 1. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 102, 2152-2157.
402. Veldic, M., Kadriu, B., Maloku, E. e t al .(2007) Epigenetic mechanisms expressed in basal ganglia GABAergic neurons differentiate schizophrenia from bipolar disorder. Schizophrenia Research 91, 51-61.
403. Verhoeff, N.P.L. G., Soares, J.C., D'Souza, D.C. et al.(1999) [123I] iomazenil SPECT benzodiazepine receptor imaging in schizophrenia . Psychiatry Research & Neuroimaging 91, 163-173.
404. Verrall, L., Walker, M., Rawlings, N. et al.(2007) d-Amino acid oxidase and serine racemase in human brain: normal distribution and altered expression in schizophrenia. European Journal of Neuroscience 26, 1657-1669.
405. Verrall, L., Burnet, P.W.J., Betts, J.F. & Harrison, P.J.(2010) The neurobiology of D-amino acid oxidase and its involvement in schizophrenia. Molecular Psychiatry (in press).
406. Vilella, E., Costas, J., Sanjuan J. et al.(2008) Association of schizophrenia with DTNBP1 but not with DAO, DAOA, NRG1 and RGS4 nor their genetic interaction. Journal of Psychiatric Research 42, 278-288.
407. Volk, D.W., Austin, M.C., Pierri, J.N., Sampson, A.R. & Lewis , D.A.(2000) Decreased glutamic acid decarboxylase67 messenger RNA expression in a subset of prefrontal cortical gamma-aminobutyric acid neurons in subjects with schizophrenia . Archives of General Psychiatry 57, 237-245.
408. Volk, D.W., Pierri, J.N., Fritschy, J.M., Auh, S., Sampson, A.R. & Lewis, D.A.(2002) Reciprocal alterations in pre-and postsynaptic inhibitory markers at chandelier cell inputs to pyramidal neurons in schizophrenia. Cerebral Cortex 12, 1063-1070.
409. Vollenweider, F.X. & Geyer, M.A.(2001) A systems model of altered consciousness: integrating natural and drug-induced psychoses. Brain Research Bulletin 56, 495-507.
410. Vollenweider, F.X., Leenders, K.L., Oye, I., Hell, D. & Angst, J. (1997) Differential psychopathology and patterns of cerebral glucose utilisation produced by (S)-and (R)-ketamine in healthy volunteers using positron emission tomography (PET). European Neuropsychopharmacology 7, 25-38.
411. Vollenweider, F.X., Bachle, D., Umbricht, D., Geyer, M. & Hell , D.(1999) Sertindole reduces S-ketamine induced attentional defi cits in healthy volunteers Biological Psychiatry , 100S.
412. Vostrikov, V.M., Uranova, N.A. & Orlovskaya, D.D.(2007) Defi cit of perineuronal oligodendrocytes in the prefrontal cortex in schizophrenia and mood disorders. Schizophrenia Research 94, 273-280.
413. Wallner, M., Hanchar, H.J. & Olsen, R.W.(2003) Ethanol enhances alpha 4 beta 3 delta and alpha 6 beta 3 delta gamma - aminobutyric acid type A receptors at low concentrations known to affect humans.[see comment]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 100, 15218-15223.
414. Webster, M.J., Shannon Weickert, C., Herman, M.M., Hyde, T.M. & Kleinman, J.E.(2001) Synaptophysin and GAP-43 mRNA levels in the hippocampus of subjects with schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research 49, 89-98.
415. Wedenoja, J., Loukola, A., Tuulio-Henriksson, A. et al.(2008) Replication of linkage on chromosome 7q22 and association of the regional Reelin gene with working memory in schizophrenia families. Molecular Psychiatry 13, 673-684.
416. Wei, W., Zhang, N., Peng, Z., Houser, C.R. & Mody, I.(2003) Perisynaptic localization of delta subunit-containing GABA(A) receptors and their activation by GABA spillover in the mouse dentate gyrus. Journal of Neuroscience 23, 10650-10661.
417. Weickert, C.S., Straub, R.E., McClintock, B.W. et al.(2004) Human dysbindin (DTNBP1) gene expression in normal brain and in schizophrenic prefrontal cortex and midbrain. Archives of General Psychiatry 61, 544-555.
418. Whiting, P.J.(2003) GABA-A receptor subtypes in the brain: a paradigm for CNS drug discovery? Drug Discovery Today 8 , 445-450.
419. Williams, J.B., Mallorga, P.J., Jeffrey Conn, P., Pettibone, D.J. & Sur, C.(2004) Effects of typical and atypical antipsychotics on human glycine transporters. Schizophrenia Research 71 , 103-112.
420. Wohlfarth KM, Bianchi MT, Macdonald RL(2002) Enhanced neurosteroid potentiation of ternary GABA(A) receptors containing the delta subunit. Journal of Neuroscience 22 , 1541-1549.
421. Wonders, C.P. & Anderson, S.A.(2006) The origin and specifi cation of cortical interneurons. Nature Review Neuroscience 7 , 687-696.
422. Wonders, C.P., Taylor, L., Welagen, J., Mbata, I.C., Xiang, J.Z. & Anderson, S.A.(2008) A spatial bias for the origins of interneuron subgroups within the medial ganglionic eminence. Developmental Biology 314, 127-136.
423. Woo, T.U., Whitehead, R.E., Melchitzky, D.S. & Lewis, D.A. (1998) A subclass of prefrontal gamma-aminobutyric acid axon terminals are selectively altered in schizophrenia. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 95 , 5341-5346.
424. Woo, T.U., Miller, J.L. & Lewis, D.A.(1997) Schizophrenia and the parvalbumin-containing class of cortical local circuit neurons. American Journal of Psychiatry 154, 1013-1015.
425. Woo, T.U., Walsh, J.P. & Benes, F.M.(2004) Density of glutamic acid decarboxylase 67 messenger RNA-containing neurons that express the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subunit NR2A in the anterior cingulate cortex in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry 61, 649-657.
426. Woolley, M.L., Pemberton, D.J., Bate, S., Corti, C. & Jones, D.N. (2008) The mGlu2 but not the mGlu3 receptor mediates the actions of the mGluR2/3 agonist, LY379268, in mouse models predictive of antipsychotic activity. Psychopharmacology (Berlin) 196, 431-440.
427. Wroblewska, B., Wroblewski, J.T., Pshenichkin, S., Surin, A. , Sullivan, S.E. & Neale, J.H.(1997) N-acetylaspartylglutamate selectively activates mGluR3 receptors in transfected cells. Journal of Neurochemistry 69, 174-181.
428. Yang, Y.F., Qin, W., Shugart, Y.Y. et al.(2005) Possible association of the MAG locus with schizophrenia in a Chinese Han cohort of family trios. Schizophrenia Research 75, 11-19.
429. Yu, Z., Chen, J., Shi, H., Stoeber, G., Tsang, S.Y. & Xue, H.(2006) Analysis of GABRB2 association with schizophrenia in German population with DNA sequencing and one-label extension method for SNP genotyping. Clinical Biochemistry 39, 210-218.
430. Yuste, R., Majewska, A., Cash, S.S. & Denk, W.(1999) Mechanisms of calcium infl ux into hippocampal spines: heterogeneity among spines, coincidence detection by NMDA receptors, and optical quantal analysis. Journal of Neuroscience 19, 1976-1987.
431. Zai, G., King, N., Wong, G.W., Barr, C.L. & Kennedy, J.L.(2005) Possible association between the gamma-aminobutyric acid type B receptor 1 (GABBR1) gene and schizophrenia. European Neuropsychopharmacology 15, 347-352.
432. Zammit, S., Spurlock, G., Williams, H. et al.(2007) Genotype effects of CHRNA7, CNR1 and COMT in schizophrenia: interactions with tobacco and cannabis use. British Journal of Psychiatry 191, 402-407.
433. Zhao, X., Qin, S., Shi, Y. et al.(2007) Systematic study of association of four GABAergic genes: glutamic acid decarboxylase 1 gene, glutamic acid decarboxylase 2 gene, GABA(B) receptor 1 gene and GABA(A) receptor subunit beta2 gene, with schizophrenia using a universal DNA microarray. Schizophrenia Research 93, 374-384.
434. Zukin, S.R. & Zukin, R.S.(1979) Specifi c [ 3 H]phencyclidine binding in rat central nervous system. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 76, 5372-5376.