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Monkeys received a maintenance number of biscuits, fruit, and peanuts each day. They were housed individually and maintained in accordance with Yale Animal Use and Care Committee guidelines for nonhuman primates.
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Delayed response was measured as follows: A well was baited in the monkey's view, then all the wells (two to four) were covered with identical plaques and an opaque screen was lowered for a randomized delay. After the delay, the animal had to move the correct plaque to obtain the reward. Performance was maintained at 75% by increasing the delays or the number of wells. The maximal delay set for a given number of wells included 0-, 10-, 20-, 30-, and 40-s delays. Monkeys were required to perform 20 trials.
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Monkeys were trained on a traditional DNMS task (20). Next, they were trained to 75% performance on two-object DNMS, where only two objects were randomly selected as the "original" and "novel" stimuli for 20 trials during a given test session.
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Haloperidol (in powder form) was obtained from RBI (Natick, MA). Daily doses were weighed out from a haloperidol:sucrose (1:99) mixture. Haloperidol was always administered (twice daily, 8 to 12 hours apart) after testing and disguised in fruit. The selective D1 agonist ABT 431 (provided by Hoechst Marion Rousell) was dissolved in nitrogen-percolated double-distilled water under dark conditions with 0.2% ascorbic acid. Individual atiquots were stored in light-protected containers at -70°C This drug was always administered (i.m.) 30 min before testing.
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For the object retrieval task, a three-dimensional clear Plexiglas box (4 inches by 4 inches) with an opening on one side was used. Animals performed nine trials per session, with the location of the opening (left, right, or front) randomized across trials. All trials were baited in the view of the monkey. The retrieval time and the number of barrier reaches were recorded. The fine motor task required the monkeys to use only the thumb and index finger to retrieve 20 treats from recessed wells on a clear Plexiglas board. The retrieval time and the number of drops were recorded.
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We thank T. A. Trakht and H. A. Findlay for their expert technical assistance and Hoechst Marion Rousell for funding this work and for their kind gift of ABT-431. Additional funding was provided by grants from the National Institutes of Mental Health (P50MH44866) and the National Institute of Drug Abuse (P01DA10160).
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