Radiation methods in nanotechnology

Journal of Engineering Physics and Thermophysics

Volumn 84, Issue 4, 2011, Pages 947-963

  Gerasimov, G Ya ^a  

^a MOSCOW STATE UNIVERSITY   (Russian Federation)

Author keywords

Carbon nanostructures; Electron beam; Finely dispersed powders; Ion beams; Ion track membranes; Lithography; Nanostructured materials; Polymeric nanocomposites; Radiation

Indexed keywords

CARBON NANOSTRUCTURES; DISPERSED POWDER; ION-TRACK MEMBRANE; NANO-STRUCTURED; POLYMERIC NANOCOMPOSITES;

ELECTRON BEAMS; FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS; GRAPHENE; IONS; NANOCOMPOSITES; NANOSTRUCTURES; POWDERS; QUANTUM THEORY;

POLYMERS;

EID: 80054985860     PISSN: 10620125     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s10891-011-0554-0     Document Type: Review

References (169)

1. I. P. Suzdalev, Nanotechnology: Physical Chemistry of Nanoclusters, Nanostructures, and Nanomaterials [inRussian], KomKniga, Moscow (2006).
2. B. Brushan (Ed.), Springer Handbook of Nanotechnology, Springer, Berlin (2010).
3. A. I. Gusev, Nanomaterials, Nanostructures, Nanotechnologies [in Russian], Nauka-Fizmatlit, Moscow (2007).
4. A. T. Larimar (Ed.), Progress in Nanotechnology Research, Nova Science Publishers, New York (2008).
5. M. Dragoman and D. Dragoman, Graphene-based quantum electronics, Prog. Quant. Electron., 33, 6,165-214 (2009).
6. M. Spotheim-Maurizot, T. Douki, M. Mostafavi, and J. Belloni (Eds.), Radiation Chemistry: from Basics to Applicationsin Material and Life Science, L'Actualite Chimique Livres, Paris (2008).
7. A. G. Chmielewski (Ed.), Emerging Applications of Radiation in Nanotechnology, IAEA TECDOC-1438,IAEA, Vienna (2005).
8. A. G. Chmielewski, D. K. Chmielewska, J. Michalik, and M. H. Sampa, Prospects and challenges in applicationof gamma, electron and ion beams in processing of nanomaterials, Nucl. Instr. Meth., B265, 1, 339-346(2007). (Pubitemid 350102691)
9. K. E. Sickafus, E. A. Kotomin, and B. P. Uberuaga (Eds.), Radiation Effects in Solids, Springer, Dordrecht(2007).
10. V. F. Reutov and S. N. Dmitriev, Ion-track nanotechnology, Ross. Khim. Zh., 46, 5, 74-80 (2002).
11. T. J. Pinnavaia and G. W. Beall (Eds.), Polymer-Clay Nanocomposites, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., New York(2000).
12. S. Matsui, Three-dimensional nanostructure fabrication by focused ion beam chemical vapor deposition, in: B.Bhushan (Ed.), Springer Handbook of Nanotechnology, Springer, Berlin (2007), pp. 179-195.
13. M. I. Baraton, Synthesis, Functionalization, and Surface Treatment of Nanoparticles, Am. Sci. Publ., Los-Angeles(2002).
14. G. Ya. Gerasimov, Formation and conversion of carbon nanostructures under radiation, Inzh.-Fiz. Zh., 83, No.4, 796-808 (2010).
15. A. S. Barnard and I. K. Snook, Transformation of graphene into graphane in the absence of hydrogen, Carbon,48, 4, 981-986 (2010).
16. A. Waheed, D. Forsyth, A. Watt, et al., The track nanotechnology, Radiat. Measur., 44, Nos. 9-10, 1109-1113(2009).
17. Y. Maekava, Y. Suzuki, M. Yoshida, K. Maeyama, and N. Yonezawa, Ion beam-induced positive imaging ofpolyimide via two step imidization, Polymer, 44, 8, 2307-2312 (2003). (Pubitemid 36362345)
18. F. Bergamini, M. Bianconi, S. Cristiani, et al., Ion track formation in low temperature silicon dioxide, Nucl.Instr. Meth., B266, 10, 2475-2478 (2008).
19. D. K. Avasthi, Y. K. Mishra, F. Singh, and J. P. Stoquert, Ion tracks in silica for engineering the embeddednanoparticles, Nucl. Instrum. Meth., B268, 19, 3027-3034 (2010).
20. S. K. Chakarvarti, Track-etch membranes enabled nano-/microtechnology: A review, Radiat. Measur., 44, Nos.9-10, 1085-1092 (2009).
21. P. Apel, Track etching technique in membrane technology, Radiat. Measur., 34, Nos. 1-6, 559-566 (2001).
22. D. Fink, L. T. Chadderton, K. Hoppe, W. R. Fahrner, A. Chandra, and A. Kiv, Swift-heavy ion track electronics(SITE), Nucl. Instrum. Meth., B261, Nos. 1-2, 727-730 (2007).
23. H. Hanot and E. Ferain, Industrial applications of ion track technology, Nucl. Instrum. Meth., B267, 6,1019-1022 (2009).
24. M.-C. Clochard, T. Berthelot, C. Baudin, et al., Ion track grafting: A way of producing low-cost and highlyproton conductive membranes for fuel cell applications, J. Power Sources, 195, 1, 223-231 (2010).
25. M. E. Toimil-Molares, V. Buschmann, D. Dobrev, et al., Single-crystalline cooper nanowires produced by electrochemicaldeposition in polymeric ion track membranes, Adv. Mater., 13, 1, 62-65 (2001). (Pubitemid 32159644)
26. L. Dauginet-De Pra, E. Ferain, R. Legras, et al., Fabrication of a new generation of track-etched templates andtheir use for the synthesis of metallic and organic nanostructures, Nucl. Instrum. Meth., B196, Nos. 1-2, 81-88(2002). (Pubitemid 35282349)
27. R. Spohr, C. Zet, B. E. Fisher, et al., Controlled fabrication of ion track nanowires and channels, Nucl. Instrum.Meth., B268, 6, 676-686 (2010).
28. Y. Maekava, H. Koshikawa, and M. Yoshida, Anisotropically conducting films consisting of sub-micron copperwires in the ion track membranes of poly(ethylene terephthalate), Polymer, 45, 7, 2291-2295 (2004). (Pubitemid 38293179)
29. K. Hoppe, W. R. Fahrner, D. Fink, et al., An ion track based approach to nano- and micro-electronics, Nucl.Instrum. Meth., B266, 8, 1642-1646 (2008).
30. A. Schultz, G. N. Akapiev, V. V. Shirkova, H. Rösler, and S. N. Dmitriev, A new method of fabrication ofheat transfer surfaces with micro-structured profile, Nucl. Instrum. Meth., B236, Nos. 1-4, 254-258 (2005). (Pubitemid 40929304)
31. E. T. Thostenson, C. Li, and T.-W. Chou, Nanocomposites in context, Compos. Sci. Technol., 65, Nos. 3-4,491-516 (2005). (Pubitemid 40084026)
32. A. K. Mikitaev, O. B. Lednev, and A. Yu. Bedanokov, Polymeric silicate nanocomposites based on organomodifiedclays, in: A. T. Larimar (Ed.), Progress in Nanotechnology Research, Nova Science Publishers, NewYork (2008), pp. 45-59.
33. R. J. Hemply, G. W. Crabtree, and M. V. Buchanan, Materials in extreme environments, Phys. Today, 62, 11,pp. 32-37 (2009).
34. R. A. Andrievskii, Thermal stability of nanomaterials, Usp. Khim., 71, 10, 967-981 (2002).
35. E. Najafi and K. Shin, Radiation resistant polymer-carbon nanotube nanocomposite thin films, Colloid. Surf.,257-258, 333-337 (2005). (Pubitemid 40379715)
36. B. A. Rozenberg and R. Tenne, Polymer-assisted fabrication of nanoparticles and nanocomposites, Prog. Polym.Sci., 33, 12, 40-112 (2008). (Pubitemid 350266042)
37. S. Pavlidou and C. D. Papaspyrides, A review on polymer-layered silicate nanocomposites, Prog. Polym.Sci., 33, 1, 1119-1198 (2008).
38. Y. Hu, O. A. Shenderova, Z. Hu, C. W. Padgett, and D. W. Brenner, Carbon nanostructures for advanced composites,Rep. Prog. Phys., 69, 6, 1847-1895 (2006). (Pubitemid 44143809)
39. A. B. Zezin, V. B. Rogacheva, V. I. Feldman, P. Afanasiev, and A. A. Zezin, From triple interpolyelectrolytemetalcomplexes to polymer-metal nanocomposites, Adv. Colloid Interface Sci., 158, Nos. 1-2, 84-93 (2010).
40. Y. Komory and K. Kuroda, Layered silicate-polymer intercalation compounds, in: T. J. Pinnavaia and G. W.Beall (Eds.), Polymer-Clay Nanocomposites, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., New York (2000), pp. 3-18.
41. L. Meszaros and T. Czvikovszky, Polyamide-6 nanocomposites with electron-beam-treated clay, Radiat. Phys.Chem., 76, Nos. 8-9, 1329-1332 (2007). (Pubitemid 46784004)
42. V. Thakur, A. Leuteritz, U. Gohs, et al., Montmorillonite nanocomposites with electron-beam modified atacticpolypropylene, Appl. Clay Sci., 49, 3, 200-204 (2010).
43. H.-J. Glôsel, F. Bauer, E. Hartmann, et al., Radiation-cured polymeric nanocomposites of enhanced surface-mechanicalproperties, Nucl. Instrum. Meth., B208, Nos. 1-4, 303-308 (2003).
44. J. Sharif, K. Z. M. Dahlan, and W. M. Z. W. Yunus, Electron beam crosslinking of poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate)/clay nanocomposites, Radiat. Phys. Chem. 76, Nos. 11-12, 1698-1702 (2007). (Pubitemid 47391365)
45. A. N. Krkljes , M. T. Marinovic-Cincovic, Z. M. Kacarevic-Popovic, and J. M. Nedeljkovic, Radiolytic synthesisand characterization of Ag-PVA nanocomposites, Eur. Polym. J., 43, 6, 2171-2176 (2007). (Pubitemid 46860357)
46. E. Planes, L. Chazeau, G. Vigier, and T. Stuhldreier, Influence of silica fillers on the ageing by gamma radiationof EDPM nanocomposites, Compos. Sci. Technol., 70, 10, 1530-1536 (2010).
47. A. G. Chmielewski, M. Haji-Saeid, and S. Ahmed, Progress in radiation processing of polymers, Nucl. Instrum.Meth., B236, Nos. 1-4, 44-54 (2005). (Pubitemid 40929276)
48. E. J. Robinette and G. R. Palmese, Synthesis of polymer-polymer nanocomposites using radiation grafting techniques,Nucl. Instrum. Meth., B236, Nos. 1-4, 216-222 (2005). (Pubitemid 40929298)
49. Z. Wang, M. Z. M. Yusop, T. Hihara, et al., Formation and growth mechanisms of ion-induced iron-carbonnanocomposites at room temperature, Appl. Surf. Sci., 256, 21, 6371-6374 (2010).
50. X. Lin, R. Zhou, J. Zhang, and S. Fei, A novel one-step electron beam irradiation method for synthesis ofAg/Cu2O nanocomposites, Appl. Surf. Sci., 256, 3, 889-893 (2009).
51. J. Gierak, D. Mailly, G. Faini, et al., Nano-fabrication with focused ion beams, Microelectron. Eng., 57-58, 865-875 (2001). (Pubitemid 32798279)
52. J. Igaki, R. Kometani, K. Nakamatsu, et al., Three-dimensional rotor fabrication by focused-ion-beam chemicalvapor-deposition, Microelectron. Eng., 83, Nos. 4-9, 1221-1224 (2006). (Pubitemid 44316453)
53. J. Igaki, K. Kanda, Y. Haruyama, et al., Comparison of FIB-CVD and EB-CVD growth characteristics, Microelectron.Eng., 83, Nos. 4-9, 1225-1228 (2006). (Pubitemid 44316455)
54. S. Matsui, T. Kaito, J. Fujita, et al., Three-dimensional nanostructure fabrication by focused-ion-beam chemicalvapor deposition, J. Vac. Sci. Technol., B18, 6, 3181-3184 (2000). (Pubitemid 32088180)
55. S. Matsui, Focused-ion-beam deposition for 3-D nanostructures fabrication, Nucl. Instrum. Meth., B257, Nos. 1-2, 758-764 (2007). (Pubitemid 46498309)
56. R. Kometani, T. Hoshino, S. Warisawa, and S. Ishihara, Growth characteristics evaluation on the 3D nanostructurefabrication by the high accuracy control of focused-ion-beam, Microelectron. Eng., 86, Nos. 4-6, 552-555(2009).
57. J. Chang, B.-K. Min, J. Kim, and L. Lin, Bimorph nano actuators synthesized by focused ion beam chemicalvapor deposition, Microelectron. Eng., 86, 11, 2364-2368 (2009).
58. R. Kometani, S. Warisawa, and S. Ishihara, 3D nanostructure growth evaluations by the real-time current monitoringon focused-ion-beam chemical vapor deposition, Microelectron. Eng., 87, Nos. 5-8, 1044-1048 (2010).
59. T. Kometani, K. Hoshino, K. Kondo, et al., Performance of nanomanipulation fabricated on glass capillary byfocused-ion-beam chemical vapor deposition, J. Vac. Sci. Technol., B23, 1, 298-301 (2005). (Pubitemid 43126571)
60. T. Kometani, K. Morita, K. Watanabe, et al., Nozzle-nanostructure fabrication on glass capillary by focused-ionbeamchemical vapor deposition and etching, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., 42, 6, 4107-4110 (2003).
61. B. G. Ershov, Nanoparticles of metals in water solutions: electronic, optical, and catalytic properties, Ross.Khim. Zh., 45, 3, 20-30 (2001).
62. S. P. Gubin, Yu. A. Koksharov, G. B. Khomutov, and G. Yu. Yurkov, Magnetic nanoparticles: methods of production,structure and properties, Usp. Khim., 74, 6, 539-574 (2005). (Pubitemid 43809344)
63. T. Hyeon, Chemical synthesis of magnetic nanoparticles, Chem. Commun., 10, 8, 927-934 (2003). (Pubitemid 36469636)
64. L. Castaldi, K. Giannakopoulos, A. Travlos, et al., CoPt nanoparticles deposited by electron beam evaporation,J. Magn. Magn. Mater., 290-291, Pt. 1, 544-546 (2005). (Pubitemid 40370622)
65. Y. Li, Y. N. Kim, E. J. Lee, W. P. Cai, and S. O. Cho, Synthesis of silver nanoparticles by electron beam irradiationof silver acetate, Nucl. Instrum. Meth., B251, 2, 425-428 (2006). (Pubitemid 44498809)
66. J. H. Sohn, L. Q. Pham, H. S. Kang, et al., Preparation of conducting silver paste with Ag nanoparticles preparedby e-beam irradiation, Radiat. Phys. Chem., 79, 11, 1149-1153 (2010).
67. T.-F. Hsieh, C.-C. Chuang, Y.-C. Chou, and C.-M. Shu, Fabrication of nanoparticles on vertically alignedmulti-wall carbon nanotubes by e-beam evaporation, Mater. Des., 31, 4, 1684-1687 (2010).
68. S. P. Bardakhanov, A. I. Korchagin, N. K. Kuksanov, et al., Nanopowder production based on technology of solidraw substances evaporation by electron beam accelerator, Mater. Sci. Eng., B132, Nos. 1-2, 204-208 (2006). (Pubitemid 44149003)
69. M. Kumar, L. Varshney, and S. Francis, Radiolytic formation of Ag clusters in aqueous polyvinyl alcohol solutionand hydrogel matrix, Radiat. Phys. Chem., 73, 1, 21-27 (2005). (Pubitemid 40249663)
70. F. Zhou, R. Zhou, X. Hao, et al., Influences of surfactant (PVA) concentration and pH on the preparation ofcooper nanoparticles by electron beam irradiation, Radiat. Phys. Chem., 77, 2, 169-173 (2008). (Pubitemid 350087687)
71. H. Remita, A. Etcheberry, and J. Belloni, Dose rate effect on bimetallic gold-palladium cluster structure, J.Phys. Chem., B107, 1, 31-36 (2003).
72. H. Remita, I. Lampre, M. Mostafavi, E. Balanzat, and S. Bouffard, Comparative study of metal clusters induced inaqueous solutions by γ-rays, electron or C6+ ion beam irradiation, Radiat. Phys. Chem., 72, 5, 575-586 (2005). (Pubitemid 39574193)
73. K. Naghavi, E. Saion, K. Rezaee, and W. M. M. Yunus, Influence of dose on particle size of colloidal silvernanoparticles synthesized by gamma radiation, Radiat. Phys. Chem., 79, 12, 1203-1208 (2010).
74. Q. Yang, K. Tang, F. Wang, C. Wang, and Y. Qian, A &gama;-irradiation reduction route to nanocrystalline CdE (E= Se, Te) at room temperature, Mater. Lett., 57, Nos. 22-23, 3508-3512 (2003).
75. C.-C. Kim, C. Wang, Y.-C. Yang, et al., X-ray synthesis of nickel-gold composite nanoparticles, Mater. Chem.Phys., 100, Nos. 2-3, 292-295 (2006). (Pubitemid 44584444)
76. K. Dick, T. Dhanasekaran, Z. Zhang, et al., Size-dependent melting of silica-encapsulated gold nanoparticles, J.Am. Chem. Soc., 124, 10, 2312-2317 (2002). (Pubitemid 34267118)
77. K. A. Valiev, Physics of Submicron Lithography [in Russian], Nauka, Moscow (1990).
78. T. R. Groves, D. Pickard, B. Rafferty, et al., Maskless electron lithography: prospects, progress, and challenges,Microelectron. Eng., 61-62, 285-293 (2002). (Pubitemid 34613377)
79. C. Vieu, F. Carcenac, A. Pepin, et al., Electron beam lithography: resolution limits and applications, Appl. Surf.Sci., 164, Nos. 1-4, 111-117 (2000).
80. L. Scalia, New challenge on lithography process for nanostructure fabrication, in: A. G. Chmielewski (Ed.),Emerging Applications of Radiation in Nanotechnology, IAEA TECDOC-1438, Vienna: IAEA (2005), pp. 213-219.
81. T. Borzenko, C. Gould, G. Schmidt, and L. W. Molenkamp, Metallic air-bridges fabricated by multiple accelerationvoltage electron beam lithography, Microelectron. Eng., 75, 2, 210-215 (2004).
82. W. Weber, G. Ilicali, J. Kretz, et al., Electron beam lithography for nanometer-scale planar double-gate transistors,Microelectron. Eng., 78-79, 206-211 (2005). (Pubitemid 40370962)
83. Y. Chen, Z. Lu, X. Wang, et al., Fabrication of ferromagnetic nanoconstructions by electron beam lithographyusing LOR/PMMA bilayer technique, Microelectron. Eng., 84, Nos. 5-8, 1499-1502 (2007). (Pubitemid 46695782)
84. Y. Sohda, H. Ohta, F. Murai, et al., Recent progress in cell-projection electron-beam lithography, Microelectron.Eng., 67-68, 78-86 (2003).
85. W. Zhang, A. Potts, D. M. Bagnall, and B. R. Davidson, High-resolution electron beam lithography for the fabricationof high-density dielectric metamaterials, Thin Solid Films, 515, Nos. 7-8, 3714-3717 (2007).
86. G. Rius, J. Llobet, J. Arcamone, et al., Electron- and ion-beam lithography for the fabrication of nanomechanicaldevices integrated on CMOS circuit, Microelectron. Eng., 86, Nos. 4-6, 1046-1049 (2009).
87. Y. Ishii and J. Taniguchi, Fabrication of three-dimensional nanoimprint mold using inorganic resist in low acceleratingvoltage electron beam lithography, Microelectron. Eng., 84, Nos. 5-8, 912-915 (2007). (Pubitemid 46678313)
88. K. Mølhave, D. N. Madsen, and P. Bøggild, A simple electron-beam lithography system, Ultramicroscopy,102, 3, 215-219 (2005). (Pubitemid 40082691)
89. J. Taniguchi, K. Koga, Y. Kogo, and I. Miyamoto, Rapid and three-dimensional nanoimprint template fabricationtechnology using ion beam lithography, Microelectron. Eng., 83, Nos. 4-9, 940-943 (2006).
90. S. Iwamitsu, M. Nagao, S. A. Pahlovy, et al., Ion beam lithography by using highly charged beam of Ar, ColloidsSurf., A313-314, 407-410 (2008). (Pubitemid 350299943)
91. B. Rout, A. D. Dymnikov, D. P. Zachry, et al., High energy heavy ion beam lithography in silicon, Nucl. Instrum.Meth., B261, Nos. 1-2, 731-735 (2007). (Pubitemid 47043104)
92. S. Iwamitsu, M. Nagao, S. A. Pahlovy, et al., Ion beam lithography by using highly charged ion beam of Ar,Colloids Surf., A313-314, 407-410 (2008). (Pubitemid 350299943)
93. P. Meyer, J. Schulz, and V. Saile, Deep X-ray lithography, in: Y. Qin (Ed.), Micromanufacturing Engineeringand Technology, Elsevier, Amsterdam (2010), pp. 202-220.
94. F. Romanato, L. Businaro, L. Vaccari, et al., Fabrication of 3D metallic photonic crystals by X-ray lithography,Microelectron. Eng., 67-68, 479-486 (2003).
95. T. Mappes, S. Achenbach, and J. Mohr, X-ray lithography for devices with high aspect ratio polymer submicronstructures, Microelectron. Eng., 84, Nos. 5-8, 1235-1239 (2007). (Pubitemid 46678369)
96. F. Romanato, M. Tormen, L. Businaro, et al., X-ray lithography for 3D microfluidic applications, Microelectron.Eng., 73-74, 870-875 (2004).
97. J. M. Rosiak, P. Ulanski, and S. Kadubowski, Conventional and radiation synthesis of polymeric nano- and microgelsand their possible applications, in: A. G. Chmielewski (Ed.), Emerging Applications of Radiation inNanotechnology, IAEA TECDOC-1438, Vienna: IAEA (2005), pp. 99-120.
98. P. Ulanski and J. M. Rosiak, The use of radiation technique in the synthesis of polymeric nanogels, Nucl. Instrum.Meth., B151, Nos. 1-4, 356-360 (1999).
99. S.-E. Park, Y.-C. Nho, and H.-I. Kim, Preparation of poly(polyethylene glycol methacrylate-co-acrylic acid) hydrogelsby radiation and their physical properties, Radiat. Phys. Chem., 69, 3, 221-227 (2004). (Pubitemid 38076909)
100. F. J. Xu, K. G. Neoh, and E. T. Kang, Bioactive surfaces and biomaterials via atom transfer radical polymerization,Prog. Polym. Sci., 34, 8, 719-761 (2009).
101. J. M. Rosiak, I. Janik, S. Kadubowski, et al., Nano-, micro- and macroscopic hydrogels synthesized by radiationtechnique, Nucl. Instrum. Meth., B208, Nos. 1-4, 325-330 (2003).
102. K. F. Arndt, T. S. Schmidt, and R. Reichelt, Thermo-sensitive poly(methyl vinyl ether) micro-gel formed byhigh energy radiation, Polymer, 42, 16, 6785-6791 (2001). (Pubitemid 32441146)
103. P. Ulanski, S. Kadukowski, and J. M. Rosiak, Synthesis of poly(acrylic acid) nanogels by preparative pulseradio-lysis, Radiat. Phys. Chem., 63, Nos. 3-6, 533-537 (2002). (Pubitemid 34226799)
104. J.-C. An, Synthesis of the combined inter- and intra-crosslinked nanohydrogels by e-beam ionizing radiation, J.Ind. Eng. Chem., 16, 5, 657-661 (2010).
105. V. Vijayabaskar, S. Bhattacharya, V. K. Tikku, and A. K. Bhowmick, Electron beam initiated modification ofacrylic elastomer in presence of polyfunctional monomers, Radiat. Phys. Chem., 71, 5, 1045-1058 (2004). (Pubitemid 39370944)
106. A. Henke, S. Kadukowski, P. Ulanski, et al., Radiation-induced cross-linking of polyvinylpyrrolidonepoly(acrylic acid) complexes, Nucl. Instrum. Meth., B236, Nos. 1-4, 391-398 (2005). (Pubitemid 40929327)
107. S. Mitra, S. Chattopadhyay, S. Sabharwal, and A. K. Bhowmick, Electron beam crosslinked gels - preparation,characterization, and their effect on the mechanical, dynamic mechanical, and rheological properties of rubbers,Radiat. Phys. Chem., 79, 3, 289-296 (2010).
108. K. Makuuchi, Critical review of radiation processing of hydrogel and polysaccharide, Radiat. Phys. Chem., 79,3, 267-271 (2010).
109. T. Xu, N. Zhang, H. L. Nichols, D. Shi, and X. Wen, Modification of nanostructural materials for biomedicalapplications, Mater. Sci. Eng., C27, 3, 579-594 (2007).
110. Yu. P. Maishev, Yu. P. Terent'ev, and S. L. Shevchuk, Sources of ions and ion-beam technologies of applyingand etching film structures for micro- and nanoelectronics, Integral, 50, 6, 18-19 (2009).
111. N. Savvides, Surface microroughness of ion-beam etched optical surfaces, J. Appl. Phys., 97, 053517,1-7 (2005). (Pubitemid 40818237)
112. 2 irradiated with focused ionbeam, Nucl. Instrum. Meth., B206, 1, 478-481 (2003).
113. S. Xu, W. Zheng, X. Yuan, H. Lv, and X. Zu, Recovery of fused surface damage resistance by ion beam ething,Nucl. Instrum. Meth., B266, 15, 3370-3374 (2008).
114. 5 for gratingassisteddirectional coupler applications, Appl. Surf. Sci., 252, 5, 1006-1012 (2005). (Pubitemid 41430405)
115. Y. Kawabata, J. Taniguchi, and I. Miyamoto, XPS studies on damage evaluation of single-crystal diamondchips processed with ion beam etching and reactive ion beam assisted chemical etching, Diamond Relat. Mater.,13, 1, 93-98 (2004). (Pubitemid 38119222)
116. V. S. Smentkowski, Trends in sputtering, Prog. Surf. Sci., 64, Nos. 1-2, 1-58 (2000). (Pubitemid 30572213)
117. A. I. Stognii, N. N. Nivitskii, and O. M. Stukalov, Ion-beam polishing of the nanodimensional relief of opticalmaterials, Pis'ma Zh. Tekh. Fiz., 28, 1, 39-48 (2002).
118. E. Bourelle, A. Suzuki, A. Sato, T. Seki, and J. Matsuo, Sidewall polishing with a gas cluster ion beam forphotonic device applications, Nucl. Instrum. Meth., B241, Nos. 1-4, 622-625 (2005). (Pubitemid 41690633)
119. Z. Insepov, A. Hassanein, J. Norem, and D. R. Swenson, Advanced surface polishing using gas cluster ionbeams, Nucl. Instrum. Meth., B261, Nos. 1-2, 664-668 (2007).
120. B. Koslowski, S. Strobel, and P. Ziemann, Ion polishing of a diamond (100) surface artificially roughened onthe nanoscale, Diamond Relat. Mater., 9, Nos. 3-6, 1159-1163 (2000).
121. V. V. Uglov, V. M. Anishchik, V. V. Astashynski, et al. Structure-phase transformation of high speed steel byvarious high intensity ion-plasma treatments, Surf. Coat. Technol., 180-181, 108-112 (2004). (Pubitemid 38464044)
122. A. A. Avdienko and K. I. Avdienko, Strengthening of the surface of structural metals and alloys by the methodof ion-beam processing, Uprochnyayushchie Tekhnologii i Pokrytiya, 12, 16-17 (2009).
123. E. Weiser, M. Peikert, C. Wenzel, et al. Improvement of Ta-based thin film barriers on cooper by ion implantationof nitrogen and oxygen, Thin Solid Films, 410, Nos. 1-2, 121-128 (2002). (Pubitemid 34613868)
124. N. N. Cherenda, V. V. Uglov, G. V. Litvinovich, and A. L. Danilyuk, The effect of Ti ions implantation onthe structure of anodic alumina films, Nucl. Instrum. Meth., B211, 2, 219-226 (2003).
125. M. Ikeyama, S. Nakao, H. Morikawa, et al., Increase of surface hardness induced by O, Ca, of P ion implantationinto titanium, Surf. Coat. Technol., 128-129, 400-403 (2000). (Pubitemid 30464358)
126. I. Tsyganov, E. Weiser, W. Matz, H. Reuther, and E. Richter, Modification of the Ti-6Al-4V alloy by ion implantationof calcium and/or phosphorus, Surf. Coat. Technol., 158-159, 318-323 (2002). (Pubitemid 35169960)
127. I. V. Tereshko, V. V. Abidzina, I. E. Elkin, et al., Formation of nanostructures in metals by low-energy ionirradiation, Surf. Coat. Technol., 201, Nos. 19-20, 8552-8556 (2007). (Pubitemid 47082285)
128. Y. Gotoh, K. Kagamimori, H. Tsuji, and J. Ishikawa, Ion beam assisted deposition of tantalum nitride thinfilms for vacuum microelectronics devices, Surf. Coat. Technol., 158-159, 729-731 (2002). (Pubitemid 35170020)
129. A. Mitsuo, T. Mori, Y. Setsuhara, S. Miyake, and T. Aizawa, Mechanical properties of zirconium films preparedby ion-beam assisted deposition, Nucl. Instrum. Meth., B206, 1, 366-370 (2003).
130. P. Mosaner, M. Bonelli, and A. Miotello, Ion beam assisted deposition of lubricant Ag(Au) films on non-planarsteel substrates, Surf. Coat. Technol., 180-181, 41-43 (2004). (Pubitemid 38464037)
131. W. Ensinger and M. Kiuchi, Ion beam assisted deposition of nitrogen-containing chromium films: a comparisonof argon vs nitrogen ions, Surf. Coat. Technol., 203, Nos. 17-18, 2763-2766 (2009).
132. 3 thin filmsprepared by ion beam assisted deposition, Surf. Coat. Technol., 256, 20, 5832-5836 (2010).
133. Y. Han, D. Kim, J.-S. Cho, Y.-W. Beag, S.-K. Koh, and V. S. Chernysh, Effects of substrate treatment on theinitial growth mode of indium-tin-oxide films, J. Appl. Phys., 97, 024910, 1-6 (2005).
134. K. A. Valiev, Yu. P. Maishev, and S. L. Shevchuk, Reactive ion-beam synthesis of thin films directly from ionbeams, Fizicheskaya Inzheneriya Poverkhnosti, 1, 1, 27-33 (2003).
135. A. V. Byeli, M. A. Belotserkovskii, and V. A. Kukareko, Microstructure and wear resistance of thermal sprayedsteel coatings ion beam implanted with nitrogen, Wear, 267, Nos. 9-10, 1757-1761 (2009).
136. M. A. Bruk, E. N. Zhikharev, A. V. Spirin, and V. A. Kal'nov, Application of thin polymer films on differentkinds of substrates by the method of polymerization of monomers from the vapor phase under the action of anelectron beam, Vysokomol. Soedin., A45, 1, 45-53 (2003).
137. P. Roose, I. Fallais, C. Vandermiers, M.-G. Olivier, and M. Poelman, Radiation curing technology: An attractivetechnology for metal coating, Prog. Org. Coat., 64, 1, 163-170 (2009).
138. El-S. A. Hegazy, H. A. Abd El-Rehim, H. Kamal, and K. A. Kandeel, Advances in radiation grafting, Nucl.Instrum. Meth., B185, Nos. 1-4, 235-240 (2001). (Pubitemid 33142315)
139. Z. Y. Xi, Y. Y. Xu, L. P. Zhu, and B. K. Zhu, Modification of polytetrafluoroethylene porous membranes byelectron beam initiated surface grafting of binary monomers, J. Membr. Sci., 339, Nos. 1-2, 33-38 (2009).
140. A. Yu. Shmykova, S. V. Mjakin, I. V. Vasiljeva, et al., Electron beam initiated grafting of methacryloxypropyl-trimethoxysilane to fused silica glass, Appl. Surf. Sci., 255, 12, 6391-6396 (2009).
141. A. Vahdat, H. Bahrami, N. Ansari, and F. Ziaie, Radiation grafting of styrene onto polypropylene fibres by a10 MeV electron beam, Radiat. Phys. Chem., 76, 5, 787-793 (2007). (Pubitemid 46349726)
142. J. Chen, D. Li, H. Koshikawa, M. Asano, and Y. Makaewa, Crosslinking and grafting of polyetheretherketonefilm by radiation techniques for application in fuel cells, J. Membr. Sci., 362, Nos. 1-2, 488-494 (2010).
143. L. Dai (Ed.), Carbon Nanotechnology, Elsevier, Amsterdam (2006).
144. A. V. Krasheninnikov and K. Nordlund, Irradiation effects in carbon nanotubes, Nucl. Instrum. Meth., B216,1, 355-366 (2004).
145. A. Ando, T. Shimizu, H. Abe, Y. Nakayama, and H. Tokumoto, Improvement of electrical contact at carbonnanotube, Pt by selective electron irradiation, Physica, E24, Nos. 1-2, 6-9 (2004).
146. A. Ishaq, L. Yan, and D. Zhu, The electrical conductivity of carbon nanotube sheets by ion beam irradiation,Nucl. Instrum. Meth., B267, 10, 1779-1782 (2009).
147. Z. Ni, Q. Li, L. Yan, J. Gong, and D. Zhu, Welding of multi-walled carbon nanotubes by ion beam irradiation,Carbon, 46, 2, 376-377 (2008).
148. J. Kotakoski, J. A. V. Pomoell, A. V. Krasheninnikov, and K. Nordlund, Irradiation-assisted substitution ofcarbon atoms with nitrogen and boron in single-walled carbon nanotubes, Nucl. Instrum. Meth., B228, Nos. 1-4, 31-36 (2005). (Pubitemid 40072355)
149. J. Onoe, T. Nakayama, M. Aono, and T. Hara, The electron transport properties of photo- and electron-beamirradiatedC60 films, J. Phys. Chem. Solids, 65, Nos. 2-3, 343-348 (2004).
150. V. Gupta, P. Scharff, and N. Miura, Synthesis of diamond on electron irradiation of C60 intercalated graphite,Mater. Lett., 59, 26, 3259-3261 (2005). (Pubitemid 41229773)
151. D. M. Guldi, Radiation chemistry of fullerenes, Studies Phys. Theor. Chem., 87, 1, 253-286 (2001). (Pubitemid 33331593)
152. A. K. Geim, Graphene: status and prospects, Science, 324, 5934, 1530-1534 (2009).
153. C. Soldano, A. Mahmood, and E. Dujardin, Production, properties and potential of graphene, Carbon, 48, No.10, 2127-2150 (2010).
154. M. I. Katsnelson and K. S. Novoselov, Graphene: new bridge between condensed matter physics and quantumelectronics, Solid State Commun., 143, Nos. 1-2, 3-13 (2007). (Pubitemid 46874504)
155. A. H. C. Neto, F. Guinea, N. M. R. Peres, K. S. Novoselov, and A. K. Geim, The electronic properties of graphene,Rev. Mod. Phys., 81, 1, 109-162 (2009).
156. J. S. Wu, W. Pisula, and K. Mullen, Graphenes as potential material for electronics, Chem. Rev., 107, No.3, 718-747 (2007). (Pubitemid 46504818)
157. Y. M. Lin, K. A. Jenkins, A. Valdes-Garcia, J. P. Small, D. B. Farmer, and P. Avouris, Operation of graphenetransistors at gigahertz frequencies, Nano Lett., 9, 1, 422-426 (2009).
158. N. L. Rangel and J. A. Seminario, Graphene terahertz generators for molecular circuits and sensors, J. Phys.Chem., A112, 51, 13699-13705 (2008).
159. M. T. Lusk and L. D. Carr, Creation of graphene allotropes using patterned defects, Carbon, 47, 9,2226-2232 (2009).
160. C. O. Girit, J. C. Meyer, R. Erni, et. al., Graphene at the edge: stability and dynamics, Science, 232, No.5922, 1705-1708 (2009).
161. O. Leenaerts, B. Partoens, and F. M. Peeters, Adsorption of small molecules on graphene, Microelectron. J.,40, Nos. 4-5, 860-862 (2009).
162. S. Casolo, O. M. Løvik, R. Martinazzo, and G. F. Tantardini, Understanding adsorption of hydrogen atoms ongraphene, J. Chem. Phys., 130, 054704, 1-10 (2009).
163. D. C. Elias, R. R. Nair, T. M. G. Mohiuddin, et al., Control of graphene's properties by reversible hydrogenation:evidence for graphane, Science, 323, 5914, 610-613 (2009).
164. D. Teweldebrhan and A. A. Balandin, Modification of graphene properties due to electron-beam irradiation,Appl. Phys. Lett., 94, 013101, 1-3 (2009).
165. G. Compagnini, F. Giannazzo, S. Sonde, V. Raineri, and E. Rimini, Ion irradiation and defects formation insingle layer graphene, Carbon, 47, 14, 3201-3207 (2009).
166. G. Ya. Gerasimov, Radiation stability of carbon nanostructures, Inzh.-Fiz. Zh., 83, 2, 369-375 (2010).
167. J. C. Meyer, C. O. Girit, M. F. Crommie, and A. Zettl, Imaging and dynamics of light atoms and moleculeson graphene, Nature, 454, 7202, 319-322 (2008). (Pubitemid 352009991)
168. K.-J. Kim, J. Choi, H. Lee, et al., Effects of 1 MeV electron beam irradiation on multilayer graphene grownon 6H-SiC(0001), J. Phys. Chem., 112, 34, 13062-13064 (2008).
169. J. D. Jones, K. K. Mahajan, W. H. Williams, P. A. Ecton, and J. M. Perez, Formation of graphane and partiallyhydrogenated graphene by electron irradiation of adsorbates on graphene, Carbon, 48, 8, 2335-2340 (2010).