Carbon nanostructures for advanced composites

Reports on Progress in Physics

Volumn 69, Issue 6, 2006, Pages 1847-1895

  Hu, Yanhong ^a   Shenderova, Olga A ^a   Hu, Zushou ^a   Padgett, Clifford W ^a   Brenner, Donald W ^a  

^a North Carolina State University   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 33746651196     PISSN: 00344885     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1088/0034-4885/69/6/R05     Document Type: Article

References (309)

1. Fahy S, Louie S G and Cohen M L 1987 Theoretical total-energy study of the transformation of graphite into hexagonal diamond Phys. Rev. B 35 7623
2. Frenklach M, Taki S and Matula R A 1983 A conceptual-model for soot formation in pyrolysis of aromatic-hydrocarbons Combust. Flame 49 275
3. Su W P, Schrieffer J R and Heeger A J 1979 Solitons in polyacetylene Phys. Rev. Lett. 42 1698
4. Devries R C 1987 Synthesis of diamond under metastable conditions Annu. Rev. Mater. Sci. 17 161
5. Collins A T 1989 Diamond electronic devices - a critical-appraisal Semicond. Sci. Technol. 4 605
6. 60: Buckminsterfullerene Nature 318 162
7. 60-a new form of carbon Nature 347 354
8. Iijima S 1991 Helical microtubules of graphitic carbon Nature 354 56
9. Terrones M 2003 Science and technology of the twenty-first century: synthesis, properties and applications of carbon nanotubes Annu. Rev. Mater. Res. 33 419
10. Deheer W A, Chatelain A and Ugarte D 1995 A carbon nanotube field-emission electron source Science 270 1179
11. Zhang J, Cheng Y, Lee Y Z, Gao B, Qiu Q, Lin W L, Lalush D, Lu J P and Zhou O 2005 A nanotube-based field emission X-ray source for microcomputed tomography Rev. Sci. Instrum. 76 094301
12. Graham A P et al 2005 How do carbon nanotubes fit into the semiconductor roadmap? Appl. Phys. A 80 1141
13. Nguyen C V, Ye Q and Meyyappan M 2005 Carbon nanotube tips for scanning probe microscopy: Fabrication and high aspect ratio nanometrology Meas. Sci. Technol. 16 2138
14. Shenderova O A, Zhirnov V V and Brenner D W 2002 Carbon nanostructures Crit. Rev. Solid State Mater. Sci. 27 227
15. Shenderova O A, Padgett C W, Hu Z and Brenner D W 2005 Diamond nanorods J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B 23 2457
16. Mintmire J W, Dunlap B I and White C T 1992 Are fullerene tubules metallic Phys. Rev. Lett. 68 631
17. Wildoer J W G, Venema L C, Rinzler A G, Smalley R E and Dekker C 1998 Electronic structure of atomically resolved carbon nanotubes Nature 391 59
18. Iijima S, Brabec C, Maiti A and Bernholc J 1996 Structural flexibility of carbon nanotubes J. Chem. Phys. 104 2089
19. Badziag P, Verwoerd W S, Ellis W P and Greiner N R 1990 Nanometre-sized diamonds are more stable than graphite Nature 343 244
20. Greiner N R, Phillips D S, Johnson J D and Volk F 1988 Diamonds in detonation soot Nature 333 440
21. Dubrovinskaia N, Dubrovinsky L, Crichton W, Langenhorst F and Richter A 2005 Aggregated diamond nanorods, the densest and least compressible form of carbon Appl. Phys. Lett. 87 083106
22. Heimann R B, Evsyukov S E and Koga Y 1997 Carbon allotropes: a suggested classification scheme based on valence orbital hybridization Carbon 35 1654
23. Inagaki M 2000 New Carbons (Amsterdam: Elsevier)
24. Shenderova O, Hu Z and Brenner D 2005 Synthesis, Properties and Applications of Ultrananocrystalline Diamond (NATO Science Series) ed D Gruen et al (Amsterdam: Springer) p 1
25. Dahl J E, Liu S G and Carlson R M K 2003 Isolation and structure of higher diamondoids, nanometer-sized diamond molecules Science 299 96
26. Raty J Y, Galli G, Bostedt C, van Buuren T W and Terminello L J 2003 Quantum confinement and fullerenelike surface reconstructions in nanodiamonds Phys. Rev. Lett. 90 037401
27. Zhu H W, Xu C L, Wu D H, Wei B Q, Vajtai R and Ajayan P M 2002 Direct synthesis of long single-walled carbon nanotube strands Science 296 884
28. Baik E S, Baik Y J, Lee S W and Jeon D 2000 Fabrication of diamond nano-whiskers Thin Solid Films 377 295
29. Shenderova O A, Areshkin D and Brenner D W 2003 Bonding and stability of hybrid diamond/nanotube structures Mol. Simul. 29 259
30. Gruen D, Curtiss L and Zapol P 2005 Synthesis of ultrananocrystalline diamond/nanotube self-composites by direct insertion of carbon dimer molecules into carbon bonds Eur. Diamond Conf. (Toulouse, France, 11-16 September)
31. Ajayan P M, Schadler L S and Braun P V 2003 Nanocomposites Science and Technology (Weinheim: Wiley-VCH)
32. Calvert P 1999 Nanotube composites - a recipe for strength Nature 399 210
33. Han C D and Lem K W 1983 Rheology of unsaturated polyester resins.1. Effects of filler and low-profile additive on the rheological behavior of unsaturated polyester resin J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 28 743
34. Yong V and Hahn H T 2004 Processing and properties of SiC/vinyl ester nanocomposites Nanotechnology 15 1338
35. Ebbesen T W 1997 Carbon Nanotubes: Preparation and Properties ed T W Ebbesen (Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press) p 139
36. von Helden G, Hsu M T, Gotts N and Bowers M T 1993 Carbon cluster cations with up to 84 atoms - structures, formation mechanism, and reactivity J. Phys. Chem. 97 8182
37. Yarris L 1993 Carbon cages: LBL scientists study fullerenes http://www.lbl.gov/Science-Articles/Archive/fullerenes
38. 60, and soot Science 242 1139
39. Cheung J T and Sankur H 1988 Growth of thin-films by laser-induced evaporation CRC Crit. Rev. Solid State Mater. Sci. 15 63
40. 36, and the solvated buckide ion J. Phys. Chem. 94 (24) 8634
41. Lamb L D and Huffman D R 1993 Fullerene production J. Phys. Chem. Solids 54 1635
42. 70 Science 252 548
43. Howard J B, Lafleur A L, Makarovsky Y, Mitra S, Pope C J and Yadav T K 1992 Fullerenes synthesis in combustion Carbon 30 1183
44. Dresselhaus M S, Dresselhaus G and Eklund P C 1996 Science of Fullerenes and Carbon Nanotubes (San Diego: Acadmic)
45. 60) and the birth and infancy of fulleroids Acc. Chem. Res. 25 157
46. Taylor R and Walton D R M 1993 The chemistry of fullerenes Nature 363 685
47. 70 by alkali-metal doping Nature 350 320
48. 70 fullerenes Carbon 30 1203
49. 60-proof and characterization of the soccer-ball framework Acc. Chem. Res. 25 150
50. 60) Acc. Chem. Res. 25 134
51. Barrera E V, Sims J, Callahan D L, Provenzano V, Milliken J and Holtz R L 1994 Processing of fullerene-reinforced composites J. Mater. Res. 9 2662
52. Garibay-Febles V, Calderon H A, Robles-Hernadez F C, Umemoto M, Masuyama K and Cabanas-Moreno J G 2000 Production and characterization of (Al, Fe)-C (graphite or fullerene) composites prepared by mechanical alloying Mater. Manuf. Process. 15 547
53. Calleja F J B, Giri L, Asano T, Mieno T, Sakurai S, Ohnuma M and Sawatari C 1996 Structure and mechanical properties of polyethylene-fullerene composites J. Mater. Sci. 31 5153
54. Gladchenko S V, Polotskaya G A, Gribanov A V and Zgonnik V N 2002 The study of polystyrene-fullerene solid-phase composites Tech. Phys. 47 102
55. 60-inorganic hybrid composites J. Mater. Res. 20 1113
56. Wang Y 1992 Photoconductivity of fullerene-doped polymers Nature 356 585
57. Sariciftci N S, Smilowitz L, Heeger A J and Wudl F 1992 Photoinduced electron-transfer from a conducting polymer to buckminsterfullerene Science 258 1474
58. Brabec C J, Dyakonov V, Sariciftci N S, Graupner W, Leising G and Hummelen J C 1998 Investigation of photoexcitations of conjugated polymer/fullerene composites embedded in conventional polymers J. Chem. Phys. 109 1185
59. Zakhidov A A, Araki H, Tada K and Yoshino K 1996 Fullerene-conducting polymer composites: Intrinsic charge transfer processes and doping effects Synth. Met. 77 127
60. Miller E K, Lee K, Cornil J, Pei Q, Wudl F, Heeger A J and Bredas J L 1997 Observation of photoinduced charge transfer in conducting polymer fullerene composites using a high-bandgap polymer Synth. Met. 84 631
61. Yoshino K, Kajii H, Araki H, Sonoda T, Take H and Lee S 1999 Electrical and optical properties of conducting polymer-fullerene and conducting polymer-carbon nanotube composites Fullerene Sci. Technol. 7 695
62. Dyakonov V, Zoriniants G, Scharber M, Brabec C J, Janssen R A J, Hummelen J C and Sariciftci N S 1999 Photoinduced charge carriers in conjugated polymer-fullerene composites studied with light-induced electron-spin resonance Phys. Rev. B 59 8019
63. Zerza G, Brabec C J, Cerullo G, De Silvestri S and Sariciftci N S 2001 Ultrafast charge transfer in conjugated polymer-fullerene composites Synth. Met. 119 637
64. Pasimeni L, Franco L, Ruzzi M, Mucci A, Schenetti L, Luo C, Guldi D M, Kordatos K and Prato M 2001 Evidence of high charge mobility in photoirradiated polythiophene-fullerene composites J. Mater. Chem. 11 981
65. Pasimeni L, Ruzzi M, Prato M, Da Ros T, Barbarella G and Zambianchi M 2001 Spin correlated radical ion pairs generated by photoinduced electron transfer in composites of sexithiophene/fullerene derivatives: A transient EPR study Chem. Phys. 263 83
66. Lin H Z, Huang H M, He Q G and Bai F L 2003 Photophysics and applications in plastic solar cells of conjugated polymer/fullerene composites Polym. Polym. Compos. 11 679
67. Sensfuss S, Konkin A, Roth H K, Al-Ibrahim M, Zhokhavets U, Gobsch G, Krinichnyi V I, Nazmutdinova G A and Klemm E 2003 Optical and ESR studies on poly(3-alkylthiophene)/fullerene composites for solar cells Synth. Met. 137 1433
68. Marumoto K, Muramatsu Y, Takeuchi N and Kuroda S 2003 Light-induced ESR studies of polarons in regioregular poly(3-alkylthiophene)-fullerene composites Synth. Met. 135 433
69. Chirvase D, Parisi J, Hummelen J C and Dyakonov V 2004 Influence of nanomorphology on the photovoltaic action of polymer-fullerene composites Nanotechnology 15 1317
70. Lee K and Kim H 2004 Polymer photovoltaic cells based on conjugated polymer-fullerene composites Curr. Appl. Phys. 4 323
71. White C T, Robertson D H and Mintmire J W 1993 Helical and rotational symmetries of nanoscale graphitic tubules Phys. Rev. B 47 5485
72. Saito R, Dresselhaus G and Dresselhaus M S 1998 Physical Properties of Carbon Nanotubes (London: Imperial College Press)
73. White C T and Todorov T N 1998 Carbon nanotubes as long ballistic conductors Nature 393 240
74. Robertson D H, Brenner D W and Mintmire J W 1992 Energetics of nanoscale graphitic tubules Phys. Rev. B 45 12592
75. Dresselhaus M S and Avouris P 2001 Carbon Nanotubes: Synthesis, Properties and Applications ed M S Dresselhaus et al (Berlin: Springer) p 1
76. Cuomo G 2005 private communication
77. Ebbesen T W and Ajayan P M 1992 Large-scale synthesis of carbon nanotubes Nature 358 220
78. Ajayan P M, Lambert J M, Bernier P, Barbedette L, Colliex C and Planeix J M 1993 Growth morphologies during cobalt-catalyzed single-shell carbon nanotube synthesis Chem. Phys. Lett. 215 509
79. Bethune D S, Kiang C H, Devries M S, Gorman G, Savoy R, Vazquez J and Beyers R 1993 Cobalt-catalyzed growth of carbon nanotubes with single-atomic- layerwalls Nature 363 605
80. Ebbesen T W, Hiura H, Fujita J, Ochiai Y, Matsui S and Tanigaki K 1993 Patterns in the bulk growth of carbon nanotubes Chem. Phys. Lett. 209 83
81. Iijima S and Ichihashi T 1993 Single-shell carbon nanotubes of 1-nm diameter Nature 363 603
82. Ebbesen T W 1994 Carbon nanotubes Annu. Rev. Mater. Sci. 24 235
83. Journet C, Maser W K, Bernier P, Loiseau A, de la Chapelle M L, Lefrant S, Deniard P, Lee R and Fischer J E 1997 Large-scale production of single-walled carbon nanotubes by the electric-arc technique Nature 388 756
84. Guo T, Nikolaev P, Rinzler A G, Tomanek D, Colbert D T and Smalley R E 1995 Self-assembly of tubular fullerenes J. Phys. Chem. 99 10694
85. Guo T, Nikolaev P, Thess A, Colbert D T and Smalley R E 1995 Catalytic growth of single-walled nanotubes by laser vaporization Chem. Phys. Lett. 243 49
86. Thess A et al 1996 Crystalline ropes of metallic carbon nanotubes Science 273 483
87. Liu J et al 1998 Fullerene pipes Science 280 1253
88. Rinzler A G et al 1998 Large-scale purification of single-wall carbon nanotubes: Process, product, and characterization Appl. Phys. A 67 29
89. y targets at high temperature J. Phys. Chem. B 102 10201
90. 2 laser ablation and Nd: YAG laser ablation J. Phys. Chem. B 103 3576
91. Zhang Y and Iijima S 1999 Formation of single-wall carbon nanotubes by laser ablation of fullerenes at low temperature Appl. Phys. Lett. 75 3087
92. Qin L C and Iijima S 1997 Structure and formation of raft-like bundles of single-walled helical carbon nanotubes produced by laser evaporation Chem. Phys. Lett. 269 65
93. Yudasaka M, Komatsu T, Ichihashi T and Iijima S 1997 Single-wall carbon nanotube formation by laser ablation using double-targets of carbon and metal Chem. Phys. Lett. 278 102
94. Zhang Y, Gu H and Iijima S 1998 Single-wall carbon nanotubes synthesized by laser ablation in a nitrogen atmosphere Appl. Phys. Lett. 73 3827
95. Li W Z, Xie S S, Qian L X, Chang B H, Zou B S, Zhou W Y, Zhao R A and Wang G 1996 Large-scale synthesis of aligned carbon nanotubes Science 274 1701
96. Sen R, Govindaraj A and Rao C N R 1997 Carbon nanotubes by the metallocene route Chem. Phys. Lett. 267 276
97. Ren Z F, Huang Z P, Xu J W, Wang J H, Bush P, Siegal M P and Provencio P N 1998 Synthesis of large arrays of well-aligned carbon nanotubes on glass Science 282 1105
98. Cheng H M, Li F, Su G, Pan H Y, He L L, Sun X and Dresselhaus M S 1998 Large-scale and low-cost synthesis of single-walled carbon nanotubes by the catalytic pyrolysis of hydrocarbons Appl. Phys. Lett. 72 3282
99. Huang Z P, Wu J W, Ren Z F, Wang J H, Siegal M P and Provencio P N 1998 Growth of highly oriented carbon nanotubes by plasma-enhanced hot filament chemical vapor deposition Appl. Phys. Lett. 73 3845
100. Nikolaev P, Bronikowski M J, Bradley R K, Rohmund F, Colbert D T, Smith K A and Smalley R E 1999 Gas-phase catalytic growth of single-walled carbon nanotubes from carbon monoxide Chem. Phys. Lett. 313 91
101. Cassell A M, Raymakers J A, Kong J and Dai H J 1999 Large scale CVD synthesis of single-walled carbon nanotubes J. Phys. Chem. B 103 6484
102. Su M, Zheng B and Liu J 2000 A scalable CVD method for the synthesis of single-walled carbon nanotubes with high catalyst productivity Chem. Phys. Lett. 322 321
103. Bower C, Zhu W, Jin S H and Zhou O 2000 Plasma-induced alignment of carbon nanotubes Appl. Phys. Lett. 77 830
104. Lee C J, Lyu S C, Cho Y R, Lee J H and Cho K I 2001 Diameter-controlled growth of carbon nanotubes using thermal chemical vapor deposition Chem. Phys. Lett. 341 245
105. Ho G W, Wee A T S, Lin J and Tjiu W C 2001 Synthesis of well-aligned multiwalled carbon nanotubes on Ni catalyst using radio frequency plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition Thin Solid Films 388 73
106. Delzeit L, McAninch I, Cruden B A, Hash D, Chen B, Han J and Meyyappan M 2002 Growth of multiwall carbon nanotubes in an inductively coupled plasma reactor J. Appl. Phys. 91 6027
107. Ducati C, Alexandrou I, Chhowalla M, Amaratunga G A J and Robertson J 2002 Temperature selective growth of carbon nanotubes by chemical vapor deposition J. Appl. Phys. 92 3299
108. Franklin N R, Wang Q, Tombler T W, Javey A, Shim M and Dai H J 2002 Integration of suspended carbon nanotube arrays into electronic devices and electromechanical systems Appl. Phys. Lett. 81 913
109. Hata K, Futaba D N, Mizuno K, Namai T, Yumura M and Iijima S 2004 Water-assisted highly efficient synthesis of impurity-free single-walled carbon nanotubes Science 306 1362
110. Dai H 2001 Carbon Nanotubes: Synthesis, Structure, Properties, and Applications ed M S Drsselhaus et al (Berlin: Springer) p 29
111. Moravsky A P, Wexler E M and Loutfy R O 2005 Carbon Nanotubes: Science and Applications ed M Meyyappan (Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press) p 65
112. Thostenson E T, Ren Z F and Chou T W 2001 Advances in the science and technology of carbon nanotubes and their composites: a review Compos. Sci. Technol. 61 1899
113. Sinnott S B and Andrews R 2001 Carbon nanotubes: Synthesis, properties, and applications CRC Crit. Rev. Solid State Mater. Sci. 26 145
114. Meyyappan M 2005 Carbon Nanotubes: Science and Applications ed M Meyyappan (Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press) p 99
115. Han J, Yang W S, Yoo J B and Park C Y 2000 Growth and emission characteristics of vertically well-aligned carbon nanotubes grown on glass substrate by hot filament plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition J. Appl. Phys. 88 7363
116. Ren Z F, Huang Z P, Wang D Z, Wen J G, Xu J W, Wang J H, Calvet L E, Chen J, Klemic J F and Reed M A 1999 Growth of a single freestanding multiwall carbon nanotube on each nanonickel dot Appl. Phys. Lett. 75 1086
117. Yang Q, Chen W, Xiao C, Hirose A and Sammynaiken R 2005 Simultaneous growth of well-aligned diamond and graphitic carbon nanostructures through graphite etching Diamond Relat. Mater. 14 1683
118. Hofmann S, Cantoro M, Kleinsorge B, Casiraghi C, Parvez A, Robertson J and Ducati C 2005 Effects of catalyst film thickness on plasma-enhanced carbon nanotube growth J. Appl. Phys. 98 034308
119. Yumura M 1999 The Science and Technology of Carbon Nanotubes ed K Tanaka et al (Oxford: Elsevier Science) p 2
120. Bakandritsos A, Simopoulos A and Petridis D 2005 Carbon nanotube growth on a swellable clay matrix Chem. Mater. 17 3468
121. Chen Q D and Dai L M 2000 Plasma patterning of carbon nanotubes Appl. Phys. Lett. 76 2719
122. Fan S S, Chapline M G, Franklin N R, Tombler T W, Cassell A M and Dai H J 1999 Self-oriented regular arrays of carbon nanotubes and their field emission properties Science 283 512
123. Dai H J, Kong J, Zhou C W, Franklin N, Tombler T, Cassell A, Fan S S and Chapline M 1999 Controlled chemical routes to nanotube architectures, physics, and devices J. Phys. Chem. B 103 11246
124. Ebbesen T W, Ajayan P M, Hiura H and Tanigaki K 1994 Purification of nanotubes Nature 367 519
125. Hiura H, Ebbesen T W and Tanigaki K 1995 Opening and purification of carbon nanotubes in high yields Adv. Mater. 7 275
126. Bandow S, Asaka S, Zhao X and Ando Y 1998 Purification and magnetic properties of carbon nanotubes Appl. Phys. A 67 23
127. Duesberg G S, Muster J, Krstic V, Burghard M and Roth S 1998 Chromatographic size separation of single-wall carbon nanotubes Appl. Phys. A 67 117
128. Harris P J F 1999 Carbon Nanotubes and Related Structures: New Materials for the Twenty-first Century (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press)
129. Sinnott S B 2002 Chemical functionalization of carbon nanotubes: a review J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol. 2 113
130. Srivastava D, Brenner D W, Schall J D, Ausman K D, Yu M F and Ruoff R S 1999 Predictions of enhanced chemical reactivity at regions of local conformational strain on carbon nanotubes: Kinky chemistry J. Phys. Chem. B 103 4330
131. Saito T, Matsushige K and Tanaka K 2002 Chemical treatment and modification of multi-walled carbon nanotubes Physica B 323 280
132. Ebbesen T W 1996 Wetting, filling and decorating carbon nanotubes J. Phys. Chem. Solids 57 951
133. Chen J, Hamon M A, Hu H, Chen Y S, Rao A M, Eklund P C and Haddon R C 1998 Solution properties of single-walled carbon nanotubes Science 282 95
134. Hamon M A, Chen J, Hu H, Chen Y S, Itkis M E, Rao A M, Eklund P C and Haddon R C 1999 Dissolution of single-walled carbon nanotubes Adv. Mater. 11 834
135. Hamwi A, Alvergnat H, Bonnamy S and Beguin F 1997 Fluorination of carbon nanotubes Carbon 35 723
136. Mickelson E T, Huffman C B, Rinzler A G, Smalley R E, Hauge R H and Margrave J L 1998 Fluorination of single-wall carbon nanotubes Chem. Phys. Lett. 296 188
137. Kelly K F, Chiang I W, Mickelson E T, Hauge R H, Margrave J L, Wang X, Scuseria G E, Radloff C and Halas N J 1999 Insight into the mechanism of sidewall functionalization of single-walled nanotubes: an STM study Chem. Phys. Lett. 313 445
138. Stevens J L, Huang A Y, Peng H Q, Chiang L W, Khabashesku V N and Margrave J L 2003 Sidewall amino-functionalization of single-walled carbon nanotubes through fluorination and subsequent reactions with terminal diamines Nano Lett. 3 331
139. Touhara H, Inahara J, Mizuno T, Yokoyama Y, Okanao S, Yanagiuch K, Mukopadhyay I, Kawasaki S, Okino F and Shirai H 2002 Property control of new forms of carbon materials by fluorination J. Fluorine Chem. 114 181
140. Marcoux P R, Schreiber J, Batail P, Lefrant S, Renouard J, Jacob G, Albertini D and Mevellec J Y 2002 A spectroscopic study of the fluorination and defluorination reactions on single-walled carbon nanotubes Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 4 2278
141. An K H, Heo J G, Jeon K G, Bae D, Jo C S, Yang C W, Park C Y, Lee Y H, Lee Y S and Chung Y S 2002 X-ray photoemission spectroscopy study of fluorinated single-walled carbon nanotubes Appl. Phys. Lett. 80 4235
142. 4 plasma Appl. Phys. Lett. 83 2426
143. Zhang L, Kiny V U, Peng H Q, Zhu J, Lobo R F M, Margrave J L and Khabashesku V N 2004 Sidewall functionalization of single-walled carbon nanotubes with hydroxyl group-terminated moieties Chem. Mater. 16 2055
144. Terrones M, Terrones H, Banhart F, Charlier J C and Ajayan P M 2000 Coalescence of single-walled carbon nanotubes Science 288 1226
145. Kiang C H, Goddard W A, Beyers R and Bethune D S 1996 Structural modification of single-layer carbon nanotubes with an electron beam J. Phys. Chem. 100 3749
146. Ajayan P M, Ravikumar V and Charlier J C 1998 Surface reconstructions and dimensional changes in single-walled carbon nanotubes Phys. Rev. Lett. 81 1437
147. Banhart F 2001 The formation of a connection between carbon nanotubes in an electron beam Nano Lett. 1 329
148. Kis A, Csanyi G, Salvetat J P, Lee T N, Couteau E, Kulik A J, Benoit W, Brugger J and Forro L 2004 Reinforcement of single-walled carbon nanotube bundles by intertube bridging Nature Mater. 3 153
149. Chen Q D, Dai L M, Gao M, Huang S M and Mau A 2001 Plasma activation of carbon nanotubes for chemical modification J. Phys. Chem. B 105 618
150. Ni B, Andrews R, Jacques D, Dali Q, Wijesundara M B J, Yongsoo C, Hanley L and Sinnott S B 2001 A combined computational and experimental study of ion-beam modification of carbon nanotube bundles J. Phys. Chem. B 105 12719
151. Khare B, Meyyappan M, Moore M H, Wilhite P, Imanaka H and Chen B 2003 Proton irradiation of carbon nanotubes Nano Lett. 3 643
152. Ni B and Sinnott S B 2000 Chemical functionalization of carbon nanotubes through energetic radical collisions Phys. Rev. B 61 R16343
153. Huhtala M, Krasheninnikov A V, Aittoniemi J, Stuart S J, Nordlund K and Kaski K 2004 Improved mechanical load transfer between shells of multiwalled carbon nanotubes Phys. Rev. B 70 045404
154. Krasheninnikov A V, Nordlund K, Sirvio M, Salonen E and Keinonen J 2001 Formation of ion-irradiation-induced atomic-scale defects on walls of carbon nanotubes Phys. Rev. B 63 245405
155. Salonen E, Krasheninnikov A V and Nordlund K 2002 Ion-irradiation-induced defects in bundles of carbon nanotubes Nucl. Instrum. Methods B 193 603
156. Jang I, Sinnott S B, Danailov D and Keblinski P 2004 Molecular dynamics simulation study of carbon nanotube welding under electron beam irradiation Nano Lett. 4 109
157. da Silva A J R, Fazzio A and Antonelli A 2005 Bundling up carbon nanotubes through Wigner defects Nano Lett. 5 1045
158. Sammalkorpi M, Krasheninnikov A V, Kuronen A, Nordlund K and Kaski K 2005 Irradiation-induced stiffening of carbon nanotube bundles Nucl. Instrum. Methods B 228 142
159. Stahl H, Appenzeller J, Martel R, Avouris P and Lengeler B 2000 Intertube coupling in ropes of single-wall carbon nanotubes Phys. Rev. Lett. 85 5186
160. Garg A and Sinnott S B 1998 Effect of chemical functionalization on the mechanical properties of carbon nanotubes Chem. Phys. Lett. 295 273
161. Brenner D W, Shenderova O A, Areshkin D A, Schall J D and Frankland S J V 2002 Atomic modeling of carbon-based nanostructures as a tool for developing new materials and technologies Comput. Modelling Eng. Sci. 3 643
162. Andrews R, Jacques D, Rao A M, Derbyshire F, Qian D, Fan X, Dickey E C and Chen J 1999 Continuous production of aligned carbon nanotubes: A step closer to commercial realization Chem. Phys. Lett. 303 467
163. Desai A V and Haque M A 2005 Mechanics of the interface for carbon nanotube-polymer composites Thin-Walled Struct. 43 1787
164. Ding W, Eitan A, Fisher F T, Chen X, Dikin D A, Andrews R, Brinson L C, Schadler L S and Ruoff R S 2003 Direct observation of polymer sheathing in carbon nanotube-polycarbonate composites Nano Lett. 3 1593
165. Belytschko T, Xiao S P, Schatz G C and Ruoff R S 2002 Atomistic simulations of nanotube fracture Phys. Rev. B 65 235430
166. Cadek M, Coleman J N, Barron V, Hedicke K and Blau W J 2002 Morphological and mechanical properties of carbon-nanotube-reinforced semicrystalline and amorphous polymer composites Appl. Phys. Lett. 81 5123
167. Ruan S L, Gao P, Yang X G and Yu T X 2003 Toughening high performance ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene using multiwalled carbon nanotubes Polymer 44 5643
168. Liu T X, Phang I Y, Shen L, Chow S Y and Zhang W D 2004 Morphology and mechanical properties of multiwalled carbon nanotubes reinforced nylon-6 composites Macromolecules 37 7214
169. Chang T E, Jensen L R, Kisliuk A, Pipes R B, Pyrz R and Sokolov A P 2005 Microscopic mechanism of reinforcement in single-wall carbon nanotube/polypropylene nanocomposite Polymer 46 439
170. Dalton A B, Collins S, Munoz E, Razal J M, Ebron V H, Ferraris J P, Coleman J N, Kim B G and Baughman R H 2003 Super-tough carbon-nanotube fibres-these extraordinary composite fibres can be woven into electronic textiles Nature 423 703
171. Sandler J, Shaffer M S P, Prasse T, Bauhofer W, Schulte K and Windle A H 1999 Development of a dispersion process for carbon nanotubes in an epoxy matrix and the resulting electrical properties Polymer 40 5967
172. McCarthy B, Coleman J N, Czerw R, Dalton A B, Byrne H J, Tekleab D, Iyer P, Ajayan P M, Blau W J and Carroll D L 2001 Complex nano-assemblies of polymers and carbon nanotubes Nanotechnology 12 187
173. Shaffer M S P and Windle A H 1999 Fabrication and characterization of carbon nanotube/poly(vinyl alcohol) composites Adv. Mater. 11 937
174. Yang S Y, Castilleja J R, Barrera E V and Lozano K 2004 Thermal analysis of an acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene/SWNT composite Polym. Degrad. Stab. 83 383
175. Wagner H D, Lourie O, Feldman Y and Tenne R 1998 Stress-induced fragmentation of multiwall carbon nanotubes in a polymer matrix Appl. Phys. Lett. 72 188
176. Lourie O and Wagner H D 1999 Evidence of stress transfer and formation of fracture clusters in carbon nanotube-based composites Compos. Sci. Technol. 59 975
177. Qian D, Dickey E C, Andrews R and Rantell T 2000 Load transfer and deformation mechanisms in carbon nanotube- polystyrene composites Appl. Phys. Lett. 76 2868
178. McCarthy B et al 2002 A microscopic and spectroscopic study of interactions between carbon nanotubes and a conjugated polymer J. Phys. Chem. B 106 2210
179. Barber A H, Cohen S R and Wagner H D 2003 Measurement of carbon nanotube-polymer interfacial strength Appl. Phys. Lett. 82 4140
180. Schadler L S, Giannaris S C and Ajayan P M 1998 Load transfer in carbon nanotube epoxy composites Appl. Phys. Lett. 73 3842
181. Song Y S and Youn J R 2004 Properties of epoxy nanocomposites filled with carbon nanomaterials E-Polymers 080
182. Suhr J, Koratkar N, Keblinski P and Ajayan P 2005 Viscoelasticity in carbon nanotube composites Nature Mater. 4 134
183. Salvetat J P, Briggs G A D, Bonard J M, Bacsa R R, Kulik A J, Stockli T, Burnham N A and Forro L 1999 Elastic and shear moduli of single-walled carbon nanotube ropes Phys. Rev. Lett. 82 944
184. Ajayan P M, Schadler L S, Giannaris C and Rubio A 2000 Single-walled carbon nanotube-polymer composites: Strength and weakness Adv. Mater. 12 750
185. Liu L Q and Wagner H D 2005 Rubbery and glassy epoxy resins reinforced with carbon nanotubes Compos. Sci. Technol. 65 1861
186. Gojny F H, Nastalczyk J, Roslaniec Z and Schulte K 2003 Surface modified multi-walled carbon nanotubes in CNT/epoxy-composites Chem. Phys. Lett. 370 820
187. Gojny F H, Wichmann M H G, Fiedler B and Schulte K 2005 Influence of different carbon nanotubes on the mechanical properties of epoxy matrix composites-a comparative study Compos. Sci. Technol. 65 2300
188. Skakalova V, Dettlaff-Weglikowska U and Roth S 2005 Electrical and mechanical properties of nanocomposites of single wall carbon nanotubes with PMMA Synth. Met. 152 349
189. Zhu J, Kim J D, Peng H Q, Margrave J L, Khabashesku V N and Barrera E V 2003 Improving the dispersion and integration of single-walled carbon nanotubes in epoxy composites through functionalization Nano Lett. 3 1107
190. Zhu J, Peng H Q, Rodriguez-Macias F, Margrave J L, Khabashesku V N, Imam A M, Lozano K and Barrera E V 2004 Reinforcing epoxy polymer composites through covalent integration of functionalized nanotubes Adv. Funct. Mater. 14 643
191. Ramanathan T, Liu H and Brinson L C 2005 Functionalized SWNT/polymer nanocomposites for dramatic property improvement J. Polym. Sci. B 43 2269
192. Viswanathan G, Chakrapani N, Yang H C, Wei B Q, Chung H S, Cho K W, Ryu C Y and Ajayan P M 2003 Single-step in situ synthesis of polymer-grafted single-wall nanotube composites J. Am. Chem. Soc. 125 9258
193. Blake R, Gun'ko Y K, Coleman J, Cadek M, Fonseca A, Nagy J B and Blau W J 2004 A generic organometallic approach toward ultra-strong carbon nanotube polymer composites J. Am. Chem. Soc. 126 10226
194. Bhattacharyya S, Sinturel C, Salvetat J P and Saboungi M L 2005 Protein-functionalized carbon nanotube-polymer composites Appl. Phys. Lett. 86 113104
195. Stephan C, Nguyen T P, de la Chapelle M L, Lefrant S, Journet C and Bernier P 2000 Characterization of singlewalled carbon nanotubes-PMMA composites Synth. Met. 108 139
196. Potschke P, Bhattacharyya A R and Janke A 2004 Melt mixing of polycarbonate with multiwalled carbon nanotubes: Microscopic studies on the state of dispersion Eur. Polym. J. 40 137
197. Gojny F H, Wichmann M H G, Kopke U, Fiedler B and Schulte K 2004 Carbon nanotube-reinforced epoxy-composites: Enhanced stiffness and fracture toughness at low nanotube content Compos. Sci. Technol. 64 2363
198. Zhang D W, Shen L, Phang I Y and Liu T X 2004 Carbon nanotubes reinforced nylon-6 composite prepared by simple melt-compounding Macromolecules 37 256
199. Gong X Y, Liu J, Baskaran S, Voise R D and Young J S 2000 Surfactant-assisted processing of carbon nanotube/polymer composites Chem. Mater. 12 1049
200. Regev O, ElKati P N B, Loos J and Koning C E 2004 Preparation of conductive nanotube-polymer composites using latex technology Adv. Mater. 16 248
201. Safadi B, Andrews R and Grulke E A 2002 Multiwalled carbon nanotube polymer composites: Synthesis and characterization of thin films J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 84 2660
202. Graff R A, Swanson J P, Barone P W, Baik S, Heller D A and Strano M S 2005 Achieving individual-nanotube dispersion at high loading in single-walled carbon nanotube composites Adv. Mater. 17 980
203. Tang B Z and Xu H Y 1999 Preparation, alignment, and optical properties of soluble poly(phenylacetylene)-wrapped carbon nanotubes Macromolecules 32 2569
204. Zhang X T, Zhang J, Wang R M, Zhu T and Liu Z F 2004 Surfactant-directed polypyrrole/CNT nanocables: Synthesis, characterization, and enhanced electrical properties Chem. Phys. Chem. 5 998
205. Datsyuk V, Guerret-Piecourt C, Dagreou S, Billon L, Dupin J C, Flahaut E, Peigney A and Laurent C 2005 Double walled carbon nanotube/polymer composites via in situ nitroxide mediated polymerisation of amphiphilic block copolymers Carbon 43 873
206. Uchida T and Kumar S 2005 Single wall carbon nanotube dispersion and exfoliation in polymers J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 98 985
207. Ajayan P M, Stephan O, Colliex C and Trauth D 1994 Aligned carbon nanotube arrays formed by cutting a polymer resin-nanotube composite Science 265 1212
208. Haggenmueller R, Gommans H H, Rinzler A G, Fischer J E and Winey K I 2000 Aligned single-wall carbon nanotubes in composites by melt processing methods Chem. Phys. Lett. 330 219
209. Jin L, Bower C and Zhou O 1998 Alignment of carbon nanotubes in a polymer matrix by mechanical stretching Appl. Phys. Lett. 73 1197
210. Martin C A, Sandler J K W, Windle A H, Schwarz M K, Bauhofer W, Schulte K and Shaffer M S P 2005 Electric field-induced aligned multi-wall carbon nanotube networks in epoxy composites Polymer 46 877
211. Raravikar N R, Schadler L S, Vijayaraghavan A, Zhao Y P, Wei B Q and Ajayan P M 2005 Synthesis and characterization of thickness-aligned carbon nanotube-polymer composite films Chem. Mater. 17 974
212. Ko F K et al 2002 Structure and properties of carbon nanotube reinforced nanocomposites 43rd AIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS Structures, Structural Dynamics, and Materials Conf. (Denver, CO, 22-25 April)
213. Olek M, Ostrander J, Jurga S, Mohwald H, Kotov N, Kempa K and Giersig M 2004 Layer-by-layer assembled composites from multiwall carbon nanotubes with different morphologies Nano Lett. 4 1889
214. Hwang G L and Hwang K C 2001 Carbon nanotube reinforced ceramics J. Mater. Chem. 11 1722
215. Zhan G D, Kuntz J D, Wan J L and Mukherjee A K 2003 Single-wall carbon nanotubes as attractive toughening agents in alumina-based nanocomposites Nature Mater. 2 38
216. Borrmann T, Edgar K, McFarlane A J, Spencer J L and Johnston J H 2004 Calcium silicate-carbon nanotube composites Curr. Appl. Phys. 4 359
217. Kuzumaki T, Miyazawa K, Ichinose H and Ito K 1998 Processing of carbon nanotube reinforced aluminium composite J. Mater. Res. 13 2445
218. Dong S R, Tu J P and Zhang X B 2001 An investigation of the sliding wear behavior of Cu-matrix composite reinforced by carbon nanotubes Mater. Sci. Eng. A 313 83
219. Noguchi T, Magario A, Fukazawa S, Shimizu S, Beppu J and Seki M 2004 Carbon nanotube/aluminium composites with uniform dispersion Mater. Trans. 45 602
220. Peigney A, Laurent C, Dumortier O and Rousset A 1998 Carbon nanotubes Fe alumina nanocomposites: I. Influence of the Fe content on the synthesis of powders J. Euro. Ceram. Soc. 18 1995
221. Laurent C, Peigney A, Dumortier O and Rousset A 1998 Carbon nanotubes Fe alumina nanocomposites. Part II: Microstructure and mechanical properties of the hot-pressed composites J. Euro. Ceram. Soc. 18 2005
222. Flahaut E, Peigney A, Laurent C, Marliere C, Chastel F and Rousset A 2000 Carbon nanotube-metal-oxide nanocomposites: Microstructure, electrical conductivity and mechanical properties Acta Mater. 48 3803
223. Zhan G D and Mukherjee A K 2004 Carbon nanotube reinforced alumina-based ceramics with novel mechanical, electrical, and thermal properties International J. Appl. Ceram. Technol. 1 161
224. Lupo F, Kamalakaran R, Scheu C, Grobert N and Ruhle M 2004 Microstructural investigations on zirconium oxide-carbon nanotube composites synthesized by hydrothermal crystallization Carbon 42 1995
225. An L N et al 2004 Carbon-nanotube-reinforeed polymer-derived ceramic composites Adv. Mater. 16 2036
226. Odegard G M, Gates T S, Wise K E, Park C and Siochi E J 2003 Constitutive modeling of nanotube-reinforced polymer composites Compos. Sci. Technol. 63 1671
227. Odegard G M, Frankland S J V and Gates T S 2003 The effect of chemical functionalization on mechanical properties of nanotube/polymer composites 44th AIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS Structures, Structural Dynamics, and Materials Conf. (Norfolk, VA, 7-10 April)
228. Lagoudas D C and Seidel G D 2004 Effective elastic properties of carbon nanotube reinforced composites 45th AIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS Structures, Structural Dynamics, and Materials Conf. (Palm Springs, CA, 19-22 April)
229. Pipes R B and Hubert P 2002 Helical carbon nanotube arrays: Mechanical properties Compos. Sci. Technol. 62 419
230. Pipes R B and Hubert P 2003 Helical carbon nanotube arrays: Thermal expansion Compos. Sci. Technol. 63 1571
231. Pipes R B and Hubert P 2003 Scale effects in carbon nanostrutures: Self-similar analysis Nano Lett. 3 239
232. Xiao T and Liao K 2004 A nonlinear pullout model for unidirectional carbon nanotube-reinforced composites Composites B 35 211
233. Thostenson E T and Chou T W 2003 On the elastic properties of carbon nanotube-based composites: Modelling and characterization J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 36 573
234. Yoon J, Ru C Q and Mioduchowski A 2003 Vibration of an embedded multiwall carbon nanotube Compos. Sci. Technol. 63 1533
235. Zhang Y C and Wang X 2005 Thermal effects on interfacial stress transfer characteristics of carbon nanotubes/polymer composites Int. J. Solids Struct. 42 5399
236. Adams D F 1970 Inelastic analysis of a unidirectional composite subjected to transverse normal loading J. Compos. Mater. 4 310
237. Dvorak G J, Rao M S M and Tarn J Q 1973 Yielding in unidirectional composites under external loads and temperature changes J. Compos. Mater. 7 194
238. Lin T H, Salinas D and Ito Y M 1972 Elastic-plastic analysis of unidirectional composites J. Appl. Phys. 6 48
239. Liu Y J and Chen X L 2003 Evaluations of the effective material properties of carbon nanotube-based composites using a nanoscale representative volume element Mech. Mater. 35 69
240. Chen X L and Liu Y J 2004 Square representative volume elements for evaluating the effective material properties of carbon nanotube-based composites Comput. Mater. Sci. 29 1
241. Fisher F T, Bradshaw R D and Brinson L C 2003 Fiber waviness in nanotube-reinforced polymer composites-1: Modulus predictions using effective nanotube properties Compos. Sci. Technol. 63 1689
242. Bradshaw R D, Fisher F T and Brinson L C 2003 Fiber waviness in nanotube-reinforced polymer composites-II: Modeling via numerical approximation of the dilute strain concentration tensor Compos. Sci. Technol. 63 1705
243. Li C Y and Chou T W 2003 Multiscale modeling of carbon nanotube reinforced polymer composites J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol. 3 423
244. Zhang J M, Tanaka M and Matsumoto T 2004 A simplified approach for heat conduction analysis of CNT-based nano-composites Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Eng. 193 5597
245. Lusti H R and Gusev A A 2004 Finite element predictions for the thermoelastic properties of nanotube reinforced polymers Modelling Simul. Mater. Sci. Eng. 12 S107
246. Maiti A, Wescott J and Kung P 2005 Nanotube-polymer composites: Insights from Flory-Huggins theory and mesoscale simulations Mol. Simul. 31 143
247. Namilae S and Chandra N 2005 Multiscale model to study the effect of interfaces in carbon nanotube-based composites J. Eng. Mater. Technol.-Trans. ASME 127 222
248. Chandra N, Namilae S and Srinivasan A 2004 Materials Processing and Design: Modeling, Simulation and Applications (NUMIFORM 2004) ed S Ghosh et al (Melville, NY: American Institute of Physics) p 1571
249. Gates T S, Odegard G M, Frankland S J V and Clancy T C 2005 Computational materials: Multi-scale modeling and simulation of nanostructured materials Compos. Sci. Technol. 65 2416
250. Park H S and Liu W K 2004 An introduction and tutorial on multiple-scale analysis in solids Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Eng. 193 1733
251. Brenner D, Shenderova O and Areshkin D 1998 Reviews in Computational Chemistry ed K B Lipkowitz and D B Boyd (New York: VCH) p 213
252. Burkert U and Allinger N L 1982 Molecular Mechanics, ACS Monograph 177 (Washington, DC: American Chemical Society)
253. Tersoff J 1986 New empirical-model for the structural-properties of silicon Phys. Rev. Lett. 56 632
254. Tersoff J 1989 Modeling solid-state chemistry-interatomic potentials for multicomponent systems Phys. Rev. B 39 5566
255. Brenner D W 1990 Empirical potential for hydrocarbons for use in simulating the chemical vapor-deposition of diamond films Phys. Rev. B 42 9458
256. Brenner D W 2000 The art and science of an analytic potential Phys. Status Solidi b 217 23
257. Brenner D W, Shenderova O A, Harrison J A, Stuart S J, Ni B and Sinnott S B 2002 A second-generation reactive empirical bond order (REBO) potential energy expression for hydrocarbons J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 14 783
258. Frankland S J V, Caglar A, Brenner D W and Griebel M 2002 Molecular simulation of the influence of chemical cross-links on the shear strength of carbon nanotube-polymer interfaces J. Phys. Chem. B 106 3046
259. Frankland S J V, Harik V M, Odegard G M, Brenner D W and Gates T S 2003 The stress-strain behavior of polymer-nanotube composites from molecular dynamics simulation Compos. Sci. Technol. 63 1655
260. Griebel M and Hamaekers J 2004 Molecular dynamics simulations of the elastic moduli of polymer-carbon nanotube composites Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Eng. 193 1773
261. Wei C Y, Srivastava D and Cho K 2004 Structural ordering in nanotube polymer composites Nano Lett. 4 1949
262. Al-Haik M, Hussaini M Y and Garmestani H 2005 Adhesion energy in carbon nanotube-polyethylene composite: effect of chirality J. Appl. Phys. 97 074306
263. Frankland S J V and Harik V M 2003 Analysis of carbon nanotube pull-out from a polymer matrix Surf. Sci. 525 L103
264. Liao K and Li S 2001 Interfacial characteristics of a carbon nanotube-polystyrene composite system Appl. Phys. Lett. 79 4225
265. Yang M J, Koutsos V and Zaiser M 2005 Interactions between polymers and carbon nanotubes: A molecular dynamics study J. Phys. Chem. B 109 10009
266. Lordi V and Yao N 2000 Molecular mechanics of binding in carbon-nanotube-polymer composites J. Mater. Res. 15 2770
267. Gou J H, Liang Z Y, Zhang C and Wang B 2005 Computational analysis of effect of single-walled carbon nanotube rope on molecular interaction and load transfer of nanocomposites Composites B 36 524
268. Simeoni M, De Luca C, Picozzi S, Santucci S and Delley B 2005 Interaction between zigzag single-wall carbon nanotubes and polymers: A density-functional study J. Chem. Phys. 122 214710
269. Yakobson B I 1998 Mechanical relaxation and "intramolecular plasticity" in carbon nanotubes Appl. Phys. Lett. 72 918
270. Nardelli M B, Yakobson B I and Bernholc J 1998 Brittle and ductile behavior in carbon nanotubes Phys. Rev. Lett. 81 4656
271. Namilae S, Chandra N and Shet C 2004 Mechanical behavior of functionalized nanotubes Chem. Phys. Lett. 387 247
272. Jang I and Sinnott S B 2004 Dependence of plasma-induced modification of polymer surfaces on polyatomic ion chemistry Appl. Phys. Lett. 84 5118
273. Hu Y, Jang I and Sinnott S B 2003 Modification of carbon nanotube-polystyrene matrix composites through polyatomic-ion beam deposition: Predictions from molecular dynamics simulations Compos. Sci. Technol. 63 1663
274. Hu Y H and Sinnott S B 2004 Molecular dynamics simulations of polyatomic-ion beam deposition-induced chemical modification of carbon nanotube/polymer composites J. Mater. Chem. 14 719
275. Mylvaganam K and Zhang L C 2004 Chemical bonding in polyethylene-nanotube composites: A quantum mechanics prediction J. Phys. Chem. B 108 5217
276. Wei C Y, Srivastava D and Cho K J 2002 Thermal expansion and diffusion coefficients of carbon nanotube-polymer composites Nano Lett. 2 647
277. Hone J, Whitney M, Piskoti C and Zettl A 1999 Thermal conductivity of single-walled carbon nanotubes Phys. Rev. B 59 R2514
278. Yi W, Lu L, Zhang D L, Pan Z W and Xie S S 1999 Linear specific heat of carbon nanotubes Phys. Rev. B 59 R9015
279. Hone J, Llaguno M C, Nemes N M, Johnson A T, Fischer J E, Walters D A, Casavant M J, Schmidt J and Smalley R E 2000 Electrical and thermal transport properties of magnetically aligned single wall carbon nanotube films Appl. Phys. Lett. 77 666
280. Biercuk M J, Llaguno M C, Radosavljevic M, Hyun J K, Johnson A T and Fischer J E 2002 Carbon nanotube composites for thermal management Appl. Phys. Lett. 80 2767
281. Shenogina N, Shenogin S, Xue L and Keblinski P 2005 On the lack of thermal percolation in carbon nanotube composites Appl. Phys. Lett. 87 133106
282. Berber S, Kwon Y K and Tomanek D 2000 Unusually high thermal conductivity of carbon nanotubes Phys. Rev. Lett. 84 4613
283. Osman M A and Srivastava D 2001 Temperature dependence of the thermal conductivity of single-wall carbon nanotubes Nanotechnology 12 21
284. Che J W, Cagin T and Goddard W A 2000 Thermal conductivity of carbon nanotubes Nanotechnology 11 65
285. Maruyama S 2002 A molecular dynamics simulation of heat conduction in finite length SWNTs Physica B 323 193
286. Padgett C W and Brenner D W 2004 Influence of chemisorption on the thermal conductivity of single-wall carbon nanotubes Nano Lett. 4 1051
287. Fujii M, Zhang X, Xie H Q, Ago H, Takahashi K, Ikuta T, Abe H and Shimizu T 2005 Measuring the thermal conductivity of a single carbon nanotube Phys. Rev. Lett. 95 074306
288. Kim P, Shi L, Majumdar A and McEuen P L 2001 Thermal transport measurements of individual multiwalled nanotubes Phys. Rev. Lett. 87 215502
289. Pop E, Mann D, Wang Q, Goodson K and Dai H J 2006 Thermal conductance of an individual single-wall carbon nanotube above room temperature Nano Lett. 6 96
290. Mingo N and Broido D A 2005 Carbon nanotube ballistic thermal conductance and its limits Phys. Rev. Lett. 95 096105
291. Shenderova O and McGuire G 2006 Handbook of Nanomaterials ed Y Gogotsi (Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press) p 201
292. Gruen D, Shenderova O and Vul A 2005 Synthesis, Properties and Applications of Ultrananocrystalline Diamond (NATO Science Series) (Amsterdam: Springer)
293. Dolmatov V Y 2001 Detonation synthesis ultradispersed diamonds: Properties and applications Russ. Chem. Rev. 70 687
294. Shenderova O and Gruen D 2006 Ultrananocrystalline Diamond: Synthesis, Properties and Applications (Norwich, NY: Willliam-Andrew Publishing)
295. Tyler T, Zhirnov V V, Kvit A V, Kang D and Hren J J 2003 Electron emission from diamond nanoparticles on metal tips Appl. Phys. Lett. 82 2904
296. Dolmatov V Y 2006 Ultrananocrystalline Diamond: Synthesis, Properties and Applications ed O Shenderova and D Gruen (Norwich, NY: William-Andrew Publishing) Chapter 14
297. Barnard A S 2005 Synthesis, Properties and Applications of Ultrananocrystalline Diamond (NATO Science Series) ed D Gruen et al (Amsterdam: Springer) p 25
298. Ando Y, Nishibayashi Y and Sawabe A 2004 'Nano-rods' of single crystalline diamond Diamond Relat. Mater. 13 633
299. Kobashi K et al 2003 Fibrous structures on diamond and carbon surfaces formed by hydrogen plasma under direct current bias and field electron-emission properties J. Mater. Res. 18 305
300. Chih Y K, Chen C H, Hwang J, Lee A P and Kou C S 2004 Formation of nano-scale tubular structure of single crystal diamond Diamond Relat. Mater. 13 1614
301. Sun L T, Gong J L, Zhu D Z, Zhu Z Y and He S X 2004 Diamond nanorods from carbon nanotubes Adv. Mater. 16 1849
302. Shenderova O, Brenner D and Ruoff R S 2003 Would diamond nanorods be stronger than fullerene nanotubes? Nano Lett. 3 805
303. Shenderova O and McGuire G (unpublished)
304. Banerjee K, Souri S J, Kapur P and Saraswat K C 2001 3D ICs: A novel chip design for improving deep-submicrometer interconnect performance and systems-on-chip integration Proc. of the IEEE 89 602
305. Vaia R A and Giannelis E P 2001 Polymer nanocomposites: status and opportunities MRS Bull. 26 394
306. Mayo S L, Olafson B D and Goddard W A 1990 DREIDING-a generic force-field for molecular simulations J. Phys. Chem. 94 8897
307. Allen M P and Tildesley D J 1987 Computer Simulation of Liquids (Oxford: Clarendon)
308. Smith W and Forester T R 1996 The council for the Central Laboratory of the Research Councils (Nr. Warrington England UK: Daresbury Laboratory at Daresbury) (copyright)
309. Muller-Plathe F 1997 A simple nonequilibrium molecular dynamics method for calculating the thermal conductivity J. Chem. Phys. 106 6082