Regulation of drug-metabolizing cytochrome P450 enzymes by glucocorticoids

Drug Metabolism Reviews

Volumn 42, Issue 4, 2010, Pages 621-635

  Dvorak, Zdenek ^a   Pavek, Peotr ^b  

^a PALACKÝ UNIVERSITY   (Czech Republic)

^b Charles University in Prague Faculty of Pharmacy   (Czech Republic)

Author keywords

Cytochrome P450; Drug metabolism; Glucocorticoid receptor; Glucocorticoids; Nuclear receptors

Indexed keywords

CYTOCHROME P450; DEXAMETHASONE; DNA; DRUG METABOLIZING ENZYME; GLUCOCORTICOID; GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTOR; KETOCONAZOLE; MIFEPRISTONE; MULTIPROTEIN COMPLEX;

DRUG MECHANISM; DRUG METABOLISM; ENZYME REGULATION; HORMONE RECEPTOR INTERACTION; HORMONE RESPONSIVE ELEMENT; HUMAN; NONHUMAN; PROMOTER REGION; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; RECEPTOR DOWN REGULATION; RECEPTOR UPREGULATION; REVIEW; TRANSCRIPTION REGULATION;

ANIMALS; CYTOCHROME P-450 ENZYME SYSTEM; GLUCOCORTICOIDS; HUMANS; PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS; RECEPTORS, GLUCOCORTICOID;

EID: 77957557404     PISSN: 03602532     EISSN: 10979883     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3109/03602532.2010.484462     Document Type: Review

References (175)

1. Adcock, I. M., Caramori, G. (2001). Cross-talk between proinflammatory transcription factors and glucocorticoids. Immunol Cell Biol 79:376-384.
2. Amakura, Y., Tsutsumi, T., Sasaki, K., Nakamura, M., Yoshida, T., Maitani, T. (2008). Influence of food polyphenols on aryl hydrocarbon receptor-signaling pathway estimated by in vitro bioassay. Phytochemistry 69:3117-3130.
3. Aouabdi, S., Gibson, G., Plant, N. (2006). Transcriptional regulation of the PXR gene: identification and characterization of a functional peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha-binding site within the proximal promoter of PXR. Drug Metab Dispos 34:138-144.
4. Ashida, H., Nishiumi, S., Fukuda, I. (2008). An update on the dietary ligands of the AhR. Exp Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 4:1429-1447.
5. Assenat, E., Gerbal-Chaloin, S., Larrey, D., Saric, J., Fabre, J. M., Maurel, P., et al. (2004). Interleukin 1beta inhibits CAR-induced expression of hepatic genes involved in drug and bilirubin clearance. Hepatology 40:951-960.
6. Audet-Walsh, E., Lachaud, A. A., Anderson, A. (2008). The CYP2B2 5' flank contains a complex glucocorticoid response unit. Biochem Pharmacol 76:1298-1306.
7. Bachleda, P., Dvorak, Z. (2008). Pharmacological inhibitors of JNK and ERK kinases SP600125 and U0126 are not appropriate tools for studies of drug metabolism because they activate aryl hydrocarbon receptor. Gen Physiol Biophys 27:143-145.
8. Bandiera, S., Weidlich, S., Harth, V., Broede, P., Ko, Y., Friedberg, T. (2005). Proteasomal degradation of human CYP1B1: effect of the Asn453Ser polymorphism on the post-translational regulation of CYP1B1 expression. Mol Pharmacol 67:435-443.
9. Barwick, J. L., Quattrochi, L. C., Mills, A. S., Potenza, C., Tukey, R. H., Guzelian, P. S. (1996). Trans-species gene transfer for analysis of glucocorticoid-inducible transcriptional activation of transiently expressed human CYP3A4 and rabbit CYP3A6 in primary cultures of adult rat and rabbit hepatocytes. Mol Pharmacol 50:10-16.
10. Beischlag, T. V., Taylor, R. T., Rose, D. W., Yoon, D., Chen, Y., Lee, W. H., et al. (2004). Recruitment of thyroid hormone receptor/retino- blastoma-interacting protein 230 by the aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator is required for the transcriptional response to both dioxin and hypoxia. J Biol Chem 279:54620-54628.
11. Bertilsson, G., Heidrich, J., Svensson, K., Asman, M., Jendeberg, L., Sydow-Backman, M., et al. (1998). Identification of a human nuclear receptor defines a new signaling pathway for CYP3A induction. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 95:12208-12213.
12. Biddie, S. C., Hager, G. L. (2009). Glucocorticoid receptor dynamics and gene regulation. Stress 12:193-205.
13. Bielefeld, K. A., Lee, C., Riddick, D. S. (2008). Regulation of aryl hydrocarbon receptor expression and function by glucocorticoids in mouse hepatoma cells. Drug Metab Dispos 36:543-551.
14. Bock, K. W., Bock-Hennig, B. S. (2010). UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs): from purification of Ah-receptor-inducible UGT1A6 to coordinate regulation of subsets of CYPs, UGTs, and ABC transporters by nuclear receptors. Drug Metab Rev 42:5-12.
15. Bock, K. W., Kohle, C. (2005). Ah receptor- and TCDD-mediated liver tumor promotion: clonal selection and expansion of cells evading growth arrest and apoptosis. Biochem Pharmacol 69:1403-1408.
16. Burk, O., Koch, I., Raucy, J., Hustert, E., Eichelbaum, M., Brockmoller, J., et al. (2004). The induction of cytochrome P450 3A5 (CYP3A5) in the human liver and intestine is mediated by the xenobiotic sensors pregnane X receptor (PXR) and constitutively activated receptor (CAR). J Biol Chem 279:38379-38385.
17. Celander, M., Hahn, M. E., Stegeman, J. J. (1996). Cytochromes P450 (CYP) in the Poeciliopsis lucida hepatocellular carcinoma cell line (PLHC-1): dose- and time-dependent glucocorticoid potentiation of CYP1A induction without induction of CYP3A. Arch Biochem Biophys 329:113-122.
18. Chen, Y., Ferguson, S. S., Negishi, M., Goldstein, J. A. (2003). Identification of constitutive androstane receptor and gluco- corticoid receptor binding sites in the CYP2C19 promoter. Mol Pharmacol 64:316-324.
19. Chen, Y., Ferguson, S. S., Negishi, M., Goldstein, J. A. (2004). Induction of human CYP2C9 by rifampicin, hyperforin, and phenobarbital is mediated by the pregnane X receptor. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 308:495-501.
20. Chen, Y., Goldstein, J. A. (2009). The transcriptional regulation of the human CYP2C genes. Curr Drug Metab 10:567-578.
21. Curi-Pedrosa, R., Daujat, M., Pichard, L., Ourlin, J. C., Clair, P., Gervot, L., et al. (1994). Omeprazole and lansoprazole are mixed inducers of CYP1A and CYP3A in human hepatocytes in primary culture. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 269:384-392.
22. Daujat, M., Clair, P., Astier, C., Fabre, I., Pineau, T., Yerle, M., et al. Induction, regulation, and messenger half-life of cytochromes P450 IA1, IA2, and IIIA6 in primary cultures of rabbit hepatocytes. CYP 1A1, 1A2, and 3A6 chromosome location in the rabbit and evidence that post-transcriptional control of gene IA2 does not involve mRNA stabilization. Eur J Biochem 200:501-510.
23. Daujat, M., Charrasse, S., Fabre, I., Lesca, P., Jounaidi, Y., Larroque, C., et al. (1996) Induction of CYP1A1 gene by benzimidazole derivatives during Caco-2 cell differentiation. Evidence for an aryl- hydrocarbon receptor-mediated mechanism. Eur J Biochem 237:642-652.
24. Daujat, M., Peryt, B., Lesca, P., Fourtanier, G., Domergue, J., Maurel, P. Omeprazole, an inducer of human CYP1A1 and 1A2, is not a ligand for the Ah receptor. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 188:820-825.
25. De Bosscher, K., Vanden Berghe, W., Haegeman, G. (2000). Mechanisms of anti-inflammatory action and of immunosuppression by glucocorticoids: negative interference of activated glucocorticoid receptor with transcription factors. J Neuroimmunol 109:16-22.
26. DeFranco, D. B. (2002). Navigating steroid hormone receptors through the nuclear compartment. Mol Endocrinol 16:1449-1455.
27. Delaporte, E., Renton, K. W. (1997). Cytochrome P4501A1 and cytochrome P4501A2 are downregulated at both transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels by conditions resulting in interferon- alpha/beta induction. Life Sci 60:787-796.
28. Denison, M. S., Nagy, S. R. (2003). Activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor by structurally diverse exogenous and endogenous chemicals. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 43:309-334.
29. di Masi, A., Marinis, E. D., Ascenzi, P., Marino, M. (2009). Nuclear receptors CAR and PXR: molecular, functional, and biomedical aspects. Mol Aspects Med 30:297-343.
30. Dixit, S. G., Tirona, R. G., Kim, R. B. (2005). Beyond CAR and PXR. Curr Drug Metab 6:385-397.
31. Drocourt, L., Ourlin, J. C., Pascussi, J. M., Maurel, P., Vilarem, M. J. (2002). Expression of CYP3A4, CYP2B6, and CYP2C9 is regulated by the vitamin D receptor pathway in primary human hepato- cytes. J Biol Chem 277:25125-25132.
32. Duma, D., Jewell, C. M., Cidlowski, J. A. (2006). Multiple glucocorticoid receptor isoforms and mechanisms of post-translational modification. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 102:11-21.
33. Duret, C., Daujat-Chavanieu, M., Pascussi, J. M., Pichard-Garcia, L., Balaguer, P., Fabre, J. M. et al. (2006). Ketoconazole and miconazole are antagonists of the human glucocorticoid receptor: consequences on the expression and function of the constitutive androstane receptor and the pregnane X receptor. Mol Pharmacol 70:329-339.
34. Dvorak, Z., Modriansky, M., Pichard-Garcia, L., Balaguer, P., Vilarem, M. J., Ulrichova, J. et al. (2003). Colchicine down- regulates cytochrome P450 2B6, 2C8, 2C9, and 3A4 in human hepatocytes by affecting their glucocorticoid receptor-mediated regulation. Mol Pharmacol 64:160-169.
35. Dvorak, Z., Ulrichova, J., Pichard-Garcia, L., Modriansky, M., Maurel, P. (2002). Comparative effect of colchicine and colchi- ceine on cytotoxicity and CYP gene expression in primary human hepatocytes. Toxicol In Vitro 16:219-227.
36. Dvorak, Z., Vrzal, R., Henklova, P., Jancova, P., Anzenbacherova, E., Maurel, P., et al. (2008a). JNK inhibitor SP600125 is a partial agonist of human aryl hydrocarbon receptor and induces CYP1A1 and CYP1A2 genes in primary human hepatocytes. Biochem Pharmacol 75:580-588.
37. Dvorak, Z., Vrzal, R., Pavek, P., Ulrichova, J. (2008b). An evidence for regulatory cross-talk between aryl hydrocarbon receptor and glu- cocorticoid receptor in HepG2 cells. Physiol Res 57:427-435.
38. El-Sankary, W., Bombail, V., Gibson, G. G., Plant, N. (2002). Glucocorticoid-mediated induction of CYP3A4 is decreased by disruption of a protein: DNA interaction distinct from the pregnane X receptor response element. Drug Metab Dispos 30:1029-1034.
39. El-Sankary, W., Plant, N. J., Gibson, G. G., Moore, D. J. (2000). Regulation of the CYP3A4 gene by hydrocortisone and xenobi- otics: role of the glucocorticoid and pregnane X receptors. Drug Metab Dispos 28:493-496.
40. Elbekai, R. H., El-Kadi, A. O. (2007). Transcriptional activation and post-transcriptional modification of Cyp1a1 by arsenite, cadmium, and chromium. Toxicol Lett 172:106-119.
41. Esser, C. (2009). The immune phenotype of AhR null mouse mutants: not a simple mirror of xenobiotic receptor overactivation. Biochem Pharmacol 77:597-607.
42. Esser, C., Rannug, A., Stockinger, B. (2009). The aryl hydrocarbon receptor in immunity. Trends Immunol 30:447-454.
43. Fallone, F., Villard, P. H., Decome, L., Seree, E., Meo, M., Chacon, C., et al. (2005). PPARalpha activation potentiates AhR-induced CYP1A1 expression. Toxicology 216:122-128.
44. Fallone, F., Villard, P. H., Seree, E., Rimet, O., Nguyen, Q. B., Bourgarel- Rey, V., et al. (2004). Retinoids repress Ah receptor CYP1A1 induction pathway through the SMRT corepressor. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 322:551-556.
45. Faucette, S. R., Sueyoshi, T., Smith, C. M., Negishi, M., Lecluyse, E. L., Wang, H. (2006). Differential regulation of hepatic CYP2B6 and CYP3A4 genes by constitutive androstane receptor but not pregnane X receptor. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 317:1200-1209.
46. Faucette, S. R., Wang, H., Hamilton, G. A., Jolley, S. L., Gilbert, D., Lindley, C., et al. (2004). Regulation of CYP2B6 in primary human hepatocytes by prototypical inducers. Drug Metab Dispos 32:348-358.
47. Faucette, S. R., Zhang, T. C., Moore, R., Sueyoshi, T., Omiecinski, C. J., Lecluyse, E. L., et al. (2007). Relative activation of human pregnane X receptor versus constitutive androstane receptor defines distinct classes of CYP2B6 and CYP3A4 inducers. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 320:72-80.
48. Ferguson, S. S., Chen, Y., Lecluyse, E. L., Negishi, M., Goldstein, J. A. (2005). Human CYP2C8 is transcriptionally regulated by the nuclear receptors constitutive androstane receptor, pregnane X receptor, glucocorticoid receptor, and hepatic nuclear factor 4alpha. Mol Pharmacol 68:747-757. (Pubitemid 41206028)
49. Ferguson, S. S., Lecluyse, E. L., Negishi, M., Goldstein, J. A. (2002). Regulation of human CYP2C9 by the constitutive androstane receptor: discovery of a new distal binding site. Mol Pharmacol 62:737-746.
50. Forman, B. M., Tzameli, I., Choi, H. S., Chen, J., Simha, D., Seol, W., et al. (1998). Androstane metabolites bind to and deactivate the nuclear receptor CAR-beta. Nature 395:612-615.
51. Freeman, J. E., Wolf, C. R. (1994). Evidence against a role for serine 129 in determining murine cytochrome P450 Cyp2e-1 protein levels. Biochemistry 33:13963-13966.
52. Froy, O. (2009). Cytochrome P450 and the biological clock in mammals. Curr Drug Metab 10:104-115.
53. Fukuda, I., Mukai, R., Kawase, M., Yoshida, K., Ashida, H. (2007). Interaction between the aryl hydrocarbon receptor and its antagonists, flavonoids. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 359: 822-827. (Pubitemid 46899026)
54. Galliher-Beckley, A. J., Cidlowski, J. A. (2009). Emerging roles of glu- cocorticoid receptor phosphorylation in modulating glucocor- ticoid hormone action in health and disease. IUBMB Life 61: 979-986.
55. Gasiewicz, T. A., Henry, E. C., Collins, L. L. (2008). Expression and activity of aryl hydrocarbon receptors in development and cancer. Crit Rev Eukaryot Gene Expr 18:279-321.
56. Gatti, R., Antonelli, G., Prearo, M., Spinella, P., Cappellin, E., De Palo, E. F. (2009). Cortisol assays and diagnostic laboratory procedures in human biological fluids. Clin Biochem 42:1205-1217.
57. George, A. A., Schiltz, R. L., Hager, G. L. (2009). Dynamic access of the glucocorticoid receptor to response elements in chromatin. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 41:214-224.
58. Gerbal-Chaloin, S., Daujat, M., Pascussi, J. M., Pichard-Garcia, L., Vilarem, M. J., Maurel, P. (2002). Transcriptional regulation of CYP2C9 gene. Role of glucocorticoid receptor and constitutive androstane receptor. J Biol Chem 277:209-217.
59. Gerbal-Chaloin, S., Pascussi, J. M., Pichard-Garcia, L., Daujat, M., Waechter, F., Fabre, J. M., et al. (2001). Induction of CYP2C genes in human hepatocytes in primary culture. Drug Metab Dispos 29:242-251.
60. Gibson, G. G., Plant, N. J., Swales, K. E., Ayrton, A., El-Sankary, W. (2002). Receptor-dependent transcriptional activation of cyto- chrome P4503A genes: induction mechanisms, species differences and interindividual variation in man. Xenobiotica 32:165-206.
61. Goodwin, B., Moore, L. B., Stoltz, C. M., McKee, D. D., Kliewer, S. A. (2001). Regulation of the human CYP2B6 gene by the nuclear pregnane X receptor. Mol Pharmacol 60:427-431. (Pubitemid 32781548)
62. Gottlicher, M., Heck, S., Herrlich, P. (1998). Transcriptional cross-talk, the second mode of steroid hormone receptor action. J Mol Med 76:480-489.
63. Gouedard, C., Barouki, R., Morel, Y. (2004a). Dietary polyphenols increase paraoxonase 1 gene expression by an aryl hydrocarbon receptor-dependent mechanism. Mol Cell Biol 24: 5209-5222.
64. Gouedard, C., Barouki, R., Morel, Y. (2004b). Induction of the paraox- onase-1 gene expression by resveratrol. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 24:2378-2383.
65. Graham, M. J., Lake, B. G. (2008). Induction of drug metabolism: species differences and toxicological relevance. Toxicology 254:184-191.
66. Gross, K. L., Cidlowski, J. A. (2008). Tissue-specific glucocorti- coid action: a family affair. Trends Endocrinol Metab 19: 331-339.
67. Guenthner, T. M., Nebert, D. W. (1977). Cytosolic receptor for aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase induction by polycyclic aromatic compounds. Evidence for structural and regulatory variants among established cell cultured lines. J Biol Chem 252: 8981-8989.
68. Harper, P. A., Riddick, D. S., Okey, A. B. (2006). Regulating the regulator: factors that control levels and activity of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor. Biochem Pharmacol 72:267-279.
69. Head, J. L., Lawrence, B. P. (2009). The aryl hydrocarbon receptor is a modulator of antiviral immunity. Biochem Pharmacol 77:642-653.
70. Herrlich, P. (2001). Cross-talk between glucocorticoid receptor and AP-1. Oncogene 20:2465-2475.
71. Honkakoski, P., Zelko, I., Sueyoshi, T., Negishi, M. (1998). The nuclear orphan receptor CAR-retinoid X receptor heterodimer activates the phenobarbital-responsive enhancer module of the CYP2B gene. Mol Cell Biol 18:5652-5658.
72. Huan, J. Y., Streicher, J. M., Bleyle, L. A., Koop, D. R. (2004). Proteasome-dependent degradation of cytochromes P450 2E1 and 2B1 expressed in tetracycline-regulated HeLa cells. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 199:332-343.
73. Huss, J. M., Kasper, C. B. (1998). Nuclear receptor involvement in the regulation of rat cytochrome P450 3A23 expression. J Biol Chem 273:16155-16162.
74. Igarashi, M., Yogiashi, Y., Mihara, M., Takada, I., Kitagawa, H., Kato, S. (2007). Vitamin K induces osteoblast differentiation through pregnane X receptor-mediated transcriptional control of the Msx2 gene. Mol Cell Biol 27:7947-7954.
75. Itoh, M., Nakajima, M., Higashi, E., Yoshida, R., Nagata, K., Yamazoe, Y., et al. (2006). Induction of human CYP2A6 is mediated by the pregnane X receptor with peroxisome proliferator- activated receptor-gamma coactivator 1alpha. J Pharmacol Exp Ther319:693-702.
76. Jaiswal, A. K., Haaparanta, T., Luc, P. V., Schembri, J., Adesnik, M. (1990). Glucocorticoid regulation of a phenobarbital-inducible cytochrome P-450 gene: the presence of a functional glucocorticoid response element in the 5'-flanking region of the CYP2B2 gene. Nucleic Acids Res 18:4237-4242.
77. Kakizaki, S., Yamazaki, Y., Takizawa, D., Negishi, M. (2008). New insights on the xenobiotic-sensing nuclear receptors in liver diseases-CAR and PXR. Curr Drug Metab 9:614-621.
78. Klaassen, C. D., Slitt, A. L. (2005). Regulation of hepatic transporters by xenobiotic receptors. Curr Drug Metab 6:309-328.
79. Kliewer, S. A., Moore, J. T., Wade, L., Staudinger, J. L., Watson, M. A., Jones, S. A., et al. (1998). An orphan nuclear receptor activated by pregnanes defines a novel steroid signaling pathway. Cell 92:73-82.
80. Kocarek, T. A., Mercer-Haines, N. A. (2002). Squalestatin 1-inducible expression of rat CYP2B: evidence that an endogenous isopre- noid is an activator of the constitutive androstane receptor. Mol Pharmacol 62:1177-1186.
81. Kohalmy, K., Tamasi, V., Kobori, L., Sarvary, E., Pascussi, J. M., Porrogi, P., et al. (2007). Dehydroepiandrosterone induces human CYP2B6 through the constitutive androstane receptor. Drug Metab Dispos 35:1495-1501.
82. Kohle, C., Bock, K. W. (2009). Coordinate regulation of human drug- metabolizing enzymes, and conjugate transporters by the Ah receptor, pregnane X receptor, and constitutive androstane receptor. Biochem Pharmacol 77:689-699.
83. Konno, Y., Negishi, M., Kodama, S. (2008). The roles of nuclear receptors CAR and PXR in hepatic energy metabolism. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 23:8-13.
84. Lam, S., Partovi, N., Ting, L. S., Ensom, M. H. (2008). Corticosteroid interactions with cyclosporine, tacrolimus, mycophenolate, and sirolimus: fact or fiction? Ann Pharmacother 42:1037-1047.
85. Landes, N., Pfluger, P., Kluth, D., Birringer, M., Ruhl, R., Bol, G. F., et al. (2003). Vitamin E activates gene expression via the pregnane X receptor. Biochem Pharmacol 65:269-273.
86. Lee, C. M., Kim, B. Y., Li, L., Morgan, E. T. (2008). Nitric oxide-dependent proteasomal degradation of cytochrome P450 2B proteins. J Biol Chem 283:889-898.
87. Lekas, P., Tin, K. L., Lee, C., Prokipcak, R. D. (2000). The human cytochrome P450, 1A1 mRNA, is rapidly degraded in HepG2 cells. Arch Biochem Biophys 384:311-318.
88. Linder, M. W., Falkner, K. C., Srinivasan, G., Hines, R. N., Prough, R. A. (1999). Role of canonical glucocorticoid responsive elements in modulating expression of genes regulated by the arylhydrocar- bon receptor. Drug Metab Rev 31:247-271.
89. Lu, N. Z., Cidlowski, J. A. (2006). Glucocorticoid receptor iso- forms generate transcription specificity. Trends Cell Biol 16: 301-307.
90. Luo, G., Guenthner, T., Gan, L. S., Humphreys, W. G. (2004). CYP3A4 induction by xenobiotics: biochemistry, experimental methods, and impact on drug discovery and development. Curr Drug Metab 5:483-505.
91. Marlowe, J. L., Puga, A. (2005). Aryl hydrocarbon receptor, cell cycle regulation, toxicity, and tumorigenesis. J Cell Biochem 96:1174-1184.
92. Martinez-Jimenez, C. P., Jover, R., Donato, M. T., Castell, J. V., Gomez- Lechon, M. J. (2007). Transcriptional regulation and expression of CYP3A4 in hepatocytes. Curr Drug Metab 8:185-194.
93. Martini, R., Ingelman-Sundberg, M., Murray, M. (1997). Pretranslational and post-translational regulation of rat hepatic CYPs 3A2 and 2E1 by disulfiram. Biochem Pharmacol 54:1323-1329.
94. Mathis, J. M., Prough, R. A., Hines, R. N., Bresnick, E., Simpson, E. R. (1986a). Regulation of cytochrome P-450c by glucocorticoids and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in cultured fetal rat hepato- cytes. Arch Biochem Biophys 246:439-448.
95. Mathis, J. M., Prough, R. A., Simpson, E. R. (1986b). Synergistic induction of monooxygenase activity by glucocorticoids and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in human fetal hepatocytes in primary monolayer culture. Arch Biochem Biophys 244: 650-661.
96. Matsubara, T., Yoshinari, K., Aoyama, K., Sugawara, M., Sekiya, Y., Nagata, K., et al. (2008). Role of vitamin D receptor in the litho- cholic acid-mediated CYP3A induction in vitro and in vivo. Drug Metab Dispos 36:2058-2063.
97. Mattingly, C. J., Toscano, W. A. (2001). Post-transcriptional silencing of cytochrome P4501A1 (CYP1A1) during zebrafish (Danio rerio) development. Dev Dyn 222:645-654.
98. Miller, G. E., Chen, E., Zhou, E. S. (2007). If it goes up, must it come down? Chronic stress and the hypothalamic-pituitary- adrenocortical axis in humans. Psychol Bull 133:25-45.
99. Monostory, K., Kohalmy, K., Prough, R. A., Kobori, L., Vereczkey, L. (2005). The effect of synthetic glucocorticoid, dexamethasone on CYP1A1 inducibility in adult rat and human hepatocytes. FEBS Lett 579:229-235.
100. Monostory, K., Pascussi, J. M., Kobori, L., Dvorak, Z. (2009). Hormonal regulation of CYP1A expression. Drug Metab Rev 41:547-572.
101. Moon, Y. J., Wang, X., Morris, M. E. (2006). Dietary flavonoids: effects on xenobiotic and carcinogen metabolism. Toxicol In Vitro 20:187-210.
102. Moreau, A., Teruel, C., Beylot, M., Albalea, V., Tamasi, V., Umbdenstock, T., et al. (2009). A novel pregnane X receptor and S14-mediated lipogenic pathway in human hepatocyte. Hepatology 49:2068-2079.
103. Moreau, A., Vilarem, M. J., Maurel, P., Pascussi, J. M. (2008). Xenoreceptors CAR and PXR activation and consequences on lipid metabolism, glucose homeostasis, and inflammatory response. Mol Pharm 5:35-41.
104. Morishima, Y., Peng, H. M., Lin, H. L., Hollenberg, P. F., Sunahara, R. K., Osawa, Y., et al. (2005). Regulation of cytochrome P450 2E1 by heat shock protein 90-dependent stabilization and CHIP-dependent proteasomal degradation. Biochemistry 44:16333-16340.
105. Murphy, K. A., Quadro, L., White, L. A. (2007). The intersection between the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR)- and retinoic acid- signaling pathways. Vitam Horm 75:33-67.
106. Murray, I. A., Perdew, G. H. (2008). Omeprazole stimulates the induction of human insulin-like growth factor binding protein-1 through aryl hydrocarbon receptor activation. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 324:1102-1110.
107. Nguyen, L. P., Bradfield, C. A. (2008). The search for endogenous activators of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor. Chem Res Toxicol 21:102-116.
108. Ogg, M. S., Williams, J. M., Tarbit, M., Goldfarb, P. S., Gray, T. J., Gibson, G. G. (1999). A reporter gene assay to assess the molecular mechanisms of xenobiotic-dependent induction of the human CYP3A4 gene in vitro. Xenobiotica 29:269-279.
109. Ohno, M., Yamaguchi, I., Ito, T., Saiki, K., Yamamoto, I., Azuma, J. (2000). Circadian variation of the urinary 6beta-hydroxycortisol to cortisol ratio that would reflect hepatic CYP3A activity. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 55:861-865.
110. Ohtake, F., Fujii-Kuriyama, Y., Kato, S. (2009). AhR acts as an E3 ubiq- uitin ligase to modulate steroid receptor functions. Biochem Pharmacol 77:474-484.
111. Onica, T., Nichols, K., Larin, M., Ng, L., Maslen, A., Dvorak, Z., et al. (2008). Dexamethasone-mediated upregulation of human CYP2A6 involves the glucocorticoid receptor and increased binding of hepatic nuclear factor 4{alpha} to the proximal promoter. Mol Pharmacol 73:451-460.
112. Pan, J., Hong, J. Y., Yang, C. S. (1992). Post-transcriptional regulation of mouse renal cytochrome P450 2E1 by testosterone. Arch Biochem Biophys 299:110-115.
113. Pascussi, J. M., Busson-Le Coniat, M., Maurel, P., Vilarem, M. J. (2003a). Transcriptional analysis of the orphan nuclear receptor constitutive androstane receptor (NR1I3) gene promoter: identification of a distal glucocorticoid response element. Mol Endocrinol 17:42-55.
114. Pascussi, J. M., Drocourt, L., Fabre, J. M., Maurel, P., Vilarem, M. J. (2000a). Dexamethasone induces pregnane X receptor and retinoid X receptor-alpha expression in human hepatocytes: synergistic increase of CYP3A4 induction by pregnane X receptor activators. Mol Pharmacol 58:361-372.
115. Pascussi, J. M., Drocourt, L., Gerbal-Chaloin, S., Fabre, J. M., Maurel, P., Vilarem, M. J. (2001). Dual effect of dexamethasone on CYP3A4 gene expression in human hepatocytes. Sequential role of glucocorticoid receptor and pregnane X receptor. Eur J Biochem 268:6346-6358.
116. Pascussi, J. M., Dvorak, Z., Gerbal-Chaloin, S., Assenat, E., Maurel, P., Vilarem, M. J. (2003b). Pathophysiological factors affecting CAR gene expression. Drug Metab Rev 35:255-268.
117. Pascussi, J. M., Gerbal-Chaloin, S., Drocourt, L., Maurel, P., Vilarem, M. J. (2003c). The expression of CYP2B6, CYP2C9, and CYP3A4 genes: a tangle of networks of nuclear and steroid receptors. Biochim Biophys Acta 1619:243-253.
118. Pascussi, J. M., Gerbal-Chaloin, S., Duret, C., Daujat-Chavanieu, M., Vilarem, M. J., Maurel, P. (2008). The tangle of nuclear receptors that controls xenobiotic metabolism and transport: cross-talk and consequences. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 48:1-32.
119. Pascussi, J. M., Gerbal-Chaloin, S., Fabre, J. M., Maurel, P., Vilarem, M. J. (2000b). Dexamethasone enhances constitutive androstane receptor expression in human hepatocytes: consequences on cytochrome P450 gene regulation. Mol Pharmacol 58:1441-1450.
120. Pascussi, J. M., Gerbal-Chaloin, S., Pichard-Garcia, L., Daujat, M., Fabre, J. M., Maurel, P., et al. (2000c). Interleukin-6 negatively regulates the expression of pregnane X receptor and constitu- tively activated receptor in primary human hepatocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 274:707-713.
121. Pascussi, J. M., Jounaidi, Y., Drocourt, L., Domergue, J., Balabaud, C., Maurel, P., et al. (1999). Evidence for the presence of a functional pregnane X receptor response element in the CYP3A7 promoter gene. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 260:377-381.
122. Pavek, P., Cerveny, L., Svecova, L., Brysch, M., Libra, A., Vrzal, R., et al. (2007). Examination of glucocorticoid receptor alpha- mediated transcriptional regulation of P-glycoprotein, CYP3A4, and CYP2C9 genes in placental trophoblast cell lines. Placenta 28:1004-1011.
123. Pavek, P., Dvorak, Z. (2008). Xenobiotic-induced transcriptional regulation of xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes of the cytochrome P450 superfamily in human extrahepatic tissues. Curr Drug Metab, 9, 129-143
124. Pavek, P., Pospechova, K., Svecova, L., Syrova, Z., Stejskalova, L., Blazkova, J., et al. (2010). Intestinal cell-specific vitamin D receptor (VDR)-mediated transcriptional regulation of CYP3A4 gene. Biochem Pharmacol 79:277-287.
125. Pereira, T. M., Carlstedt-Duke, J., Lechner, M. C., Gustafsson, J. A. (1998). Identification of a functional glucocorticoid response element in the CYP3A1/IGC2 gene. DNA Cell Biol 17:39-49.
126. Puga, A., Ma, C., Marlowe, J. L. (2009). The aryl hydrocarbon receptor cross-talks with multiple signal transduction pathways. Biochem Pharmacol 77:713-722.
127. Raffalli-Mathieu, F., Geneste, O., Lang, M. A. (1997). Characterization of two nuclear proteins that interact with cytochrome P-450 1A2 mRNA. Regulation of RNA binding and possible role in the expression of the Cyp1a2 gene. Eur J Biochem 245: 17-24.
128. Ray, S., Swanson, H. I. (2009). Activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor by TCDD inhibits senescence: a tumor promoting event? Biochem Pharmacol 77:681-688.
129. Reichardt, H. M., Kaestner, K. H., Wessely, O., Gass, P., Schmid, W., Schutz, G. (1998). Analysis of glucocorticoid signalling by gene targeting. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 65:111-115.
130. Revel, A., Raanani, H., Younglai, E., Xu, J., Rogers, I., Han, R., et al. (2003). Resveratrol, a natural aryl hydrocarbon receptor antagonist, protects lung from DNA damage and apoptosis caused by benzo[a]pyrene. J Appl Toxicol 23:255-261.
131. Revollo, J. R., Cidlowski, J. A. (2009). Mechanisms generating diversity in glucocorticoid receptor signaling. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1179:167-178.
132. Roth, A., Looser, R., Kaufmann, M., Blattler, S. M., Rencurel, F., Huang, W., et al. (2008). Regulatory cross-talk between drug metabolism and lipid homeostasis: constitutive androstane receptor and pregnane X receptor increase Insig-1 expression. Mol Pharmacol 73:1282-1289.
133. RuhL, R. (2005). Induction of PXR-mediated metabolism by beta- carotene. Biochim Biophys Acta 1740:162-169.
134. Runge-Morris, M., Kocarek, T. A. (2005). Regulation of sulfotrans- ferases by xenobiotic receptors. Curr Drug Metab 6:299-307.
135. Rushmore, T. H., Kong, A. N. (2002). Pharmacogenomics, regulation, and signaling pathways of phase I and II drug-metabolizing enzymes. Curr Drug Metab 3:481-490.
136. Safe, S., Wormke, M. (2003). Inhibitory aryl hydrocarbon receptor- estrogen receptor alpha cross-talk and mechanisms of action. Chem Res Toxicol 16:807-816.
137. Sahi, J., Shord, S. S., Lindley, C., Ferguson, S., LeCluyse, E. L. (2009). Regulation of cytochrome P450 2C9 expression in primary cultures of human hepatocytes. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 23: 43-58.
138. Sapse, A. T. (1997). Cortisol, high cortisol diseases, and anticortisol therapy. Psychoneuroendocrinology 22(Suppl 1):S3-S10.
139. Seree, E., Villard, P. H., Pascussi, J. M., Pineau, T., Maurel, P., Nguyen, Q. B., et al. (2004). Evidence for a new human CYP1A1 regulation pathway involving PPAR-alpha and 2 PPRE sites. Gastroenterology 127:1436-1445.
140. Shimba, S., Watabe, Y. (2009). Cross-talk between the AHR signaling pathway and circadian rhythm. Biochem Pharmacol 77:560-565.
141. Schuetz, E. G., Schmid, W., Schutz, G., Brimer, C., Yasuda, K., Kamataki, T., et al. (2000). The glucocorticoid receptor is essential for induction of cytochrome P-4502B by steroids, but not for drug or steroid induction of CYP3A or P-450 reductase, in mouse liver. Drug Metab Dispos 28:268-278.
142. Schuetz, E. G., Wrighton, S. A., Barwick, J. L., Guzelian, P. S. (1984). Induction of cytochrome P-450 by glucocorticoids in rat liver. I. Evidence that glucocorticoids and pregnenolone 16 alpha-car- bonitrile regulate de novo synthesis of a common form of cytochrome P-450 in cultures of adult rat hepatocytes and in the liver in vivo. J Biol Chem 259:1999-2006.
143. Schuetz, J. D., Schuetz, E. G., Thottassery, J. V., Guzelian, P. S., Strom, S., Sun, D. (1996). Identification of a novel dexamethasone responsive enhancer in the human CYP3A5 gene and its activation in human and rat liver cells. Mol Pharmacol 49:63-72.
144. Song, I. H., Buttgereit, F. (2006). Nongenomic glucocorticoid effects to provide the basis for new drug developments. Mol Cell Endocrinol 246:142-146.
145. Sonneveld, E., Jonas, A., Meijer, O. C., Brouwer, A., Van Der Burg, B. (2007). Glucocorticoid-enhanced expression of dioxin target genes through regulation of the rat aryl hydrocarbon receptor. Toxicol Sci 99:455-469.
146. Staudinger, J. L., Goodwin, B., Jones, S. A., Hawkins-Brown, D., MacKenzie, K. I., LATOUR, A. et al. (2001). The nuclear receptor PXR is a lithocholic acid sensor that protects against liver toxicity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 98:3369-3374.
147. Steineger, H. H., Arntsen, B. M., Spydevold, O., Sorensen, H. N. (1997). Retinoid X receptor (RXR alpha) gene expression is regulated by fatty acids and dexamethasone in hepatic cells. Biochimie 79:107-110.
148. Stoltz, C., Anderson, A. (1999). Positive regulation of the rat CYP2B2 phenobarbital response unit by the nuclear receptor hex- amer half-site.nuclear factor 1 complex. Biochem Pharmacol 57:1073-1076.
149. Sutter-Dub, M. T. (2002). Rapid nongenomic and genomic responses to progestogens, estrogens, and glucocorticoids in the endocrine pancreatic B cell, the adipocyte, and other cell types. Steroids 67:77-93.
150. Tabb, M. M., Sun, A., Zhou, C., Grun, F., Errandi, J., Romero, K., et al. (2003). Vitamin K2 regulation of bone homeostasis is mediated by the steroid and xenobiotic receptor SXR. J Biol Chem 278:43919-43927.
151. Tirona, R. G., Kim, R. B. (2005). Nuclear receptors and drug disposition gene regulation. J Pharm Sci 94:1169-1186.
152. Traber, M. G. (2004). Vitamin E, nuclear receptors, and xenobiotic metabolism. Arch Biochem Biophys 423:6-11.
153. Urquhart, B. L., Tirona, R. G., Kim, R. B. (2007). Nuclear receptors and the regulation of drug-metabolizing enzymes and drug transporters: implications for interindividual variability in response to drugs. J Clin Pharmacol 47:566-578.
154. Villikka, K., Kivisto, K. T., Neuvonen, P. J. (1998). The effect of dex- amethasone on the pharmacokinetics of triazolam. Pharmacol Toxicol 83:135-138.
155. Vrzal, R., Daujat-Chavanieu, M., Pascussi, J. M., Ulrichova, J., Maurel, P., Dvorak, Z. (2008). Microtubules-interfering agents restrict aryl hydrocarbon receptor-mediated CYP1A2 induction in primary cultures of human hepatocytes via c-jun-N-terminal kinase and glucocorticoid receptor. Eur J Pharmacol 581:244-254.
156. Vrzal, R., Stejskalova, L., Monostory, K., Maurel, P., Bachleda, P., Pavek, P., et al. (2009). Dexamethasone controls aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR)-mediated CYP1A1 and CYP1A2 expression and activity in primary cultures of human hepatocytes. Chem Biol Interact 179:288-296.
157. Vrzal, R., Ulrichova, J., Dvorak, Z., Pavek, P. (2007). Glucocorticoid receptor functions in HeLa cells are perturbed by 2,3,8,9-tetra- chlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD). Drug Metab Lett 1:311-314.
158. Vrzal, R., Zdarilova, A., Ulrichova, J., Blaha, L., Giesy, J. P., Dvorak, Z. (2005). Activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor by berberine in HepG2 and H4IIE cells: biphasic effect on CYP1A1. Biochem Pharmacol 70:925-936.
159. Wada, T., Gao, J., Xie, W. (2009). PXR and CAR in energy metabolism. Trends Endocrinol Metab 20:273-279.
160. Wallace, A. D., Cidlowski, J. A. (2001). Proteasome-mediated glucocorticoid receptor degradation restricts transcriptional signaling by glucocorticoids. J Biol Chem 276:42714-42721.
161. Wan, Y. J., Wang, L., Wu, T. C. (1994). Dexamethasone increases the expression of retinoid X receptor genes in rat hepatoma cell lines. Lab Invest 70:547-552.
162. Wang, H., Faucette, S., Moore, R., Sueyoshi, T., Negishi, M., LeCluyse, E. (2004). Human constitutive androstane receptor mediates induction of CYP2B6 gene expression by phenytoin. J Biol Chem 279:29295-29301.
163. Wang, H., Faucette, S. R., Gilbert, D., Jolley, S. L., Sueyoshi, T., Negishi, M., et al. (2003). Glucocorticoid receptor enhancement of pregnane X receptor-mediated CYP2B6 regulation in primary human hepatocytes. Drug Metab Dispos 31:620-630.
164. Wang, K., Chen, S., Xie, W., Wan, Y. J. (2008). Retinoids induce cytochrome P450 3A4 through RXR/VDR-mediated pathway. Biochem Pharmacol 75:2204-2213.
165. Watkins, P. B., Murray, S. A., Winkelman, L. G., Heuman, D. M., Wrighton, S. A., Guzelian, P. S. (1989). Erythromycin breath test as an assay of glucocorticoid-inducible liver cytochromes P-450. Studies in rats and patients. J Clin Invest 83:688-697.
166. Watkins, P. B., Wrighton, S. A., Maurel, P., Schuetz, E. G., Mendez- Picon, G., Parker, G. A., et al. (1985). Identification of an inducible form of cytochrome P-450 in human liver. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 82:6310-6314.
167. Wrighton, S. A., Schuetz, E. G., Watkins, P. B., Maurel, P., Barwick, J., Bailey, B. S., et al. (1985). Demonstration in multiple species of inducible hepatic cytochromes P-450 and their mRNAs related to the glucocorticoid- inducible cytochrome P-450 of the rat. Mol Pharmacol 28:312-321.
168. Xu, C., Li, C. Y., Kong, A. N. (2005). Induction of phase I, II, and III drug metabolism/transport by xenobiotics. Arch Pharm Res 28:249-268.
169. Yamaguchi, S., Murata, Y., Nagaya, T., Hayashi, Y., Ohmori, S., Nimura, Y., et al. (1999). Glucocorticoids increase retinoid-X receptor alpha (RXRalpha) expression and enhance thyroid hormone action in primary cultured rat hepatocytes. J Mol Endocrinol 22:81-90.
170. Yoshinari, K., Ueda, R., Kusano, K., Yoshimura, T., Nagata, K., Yamazoe, Y. (2008). Omeprazole transactivates human CYP1A1 and CYP1A2 expression through the common regulatory region containing multiple xenobiotic-responsive elements. Biochem Pharmacol 76:139-145.
171. Yudt, M. R., Cidlowski, J. A. (2001). Molecular identification and characterization of a and b forms of the glucocorticoid receptor. Mol Endocrinol 15:1093-1103.
172. Zangar, R. C., Bollinger, N., Verma, S., Karin, N. J., Lu, Y. (2008). The nuclear factor-kappa B pathway regulates cytochrome P450 3A4 protein stability. Mol Pharmacol 73:1652-1658.
173. Zangar, R. C., Kimzey, A. L., Okita, J. R., Wunschel, D. S., Edwards, R. J., Kim, H., et al. (2002). Cytochrome P450 3A conjugation to ubiquitin in a process distinct from classical ubiquitination pathway. Mol Pharmacol 61:892-904.
174. Zhou, J., Zhang, J., Xie, W. (2005). Xenobiotic nuclear receptor-mediated regulation of UDP-glucuronosyl-transferases. Curr Drug Metab 6:289-298.
175. Zilliacus, J., Wright, A. P., Carlstedt-Duke, J., Gustafsson, J. A. (1995). Structural determinants of DNA-binding specificity by steroid receptors. Mol Endocrinol 9:389-400.