The transcriptional regulation of the human CYP2C genes

Current Drug Metabolism

Volumn 10, Issue 6, 2009, Pages 567-578

  Chen, Yuping ^a   Goldstein, Joyce A ^a  

^a NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES   (United States)

Author keywords

Drug induction; Hepatic nuclear receptor; Human CYP2C; Hypoxia; Transcription regulation

Indexed keywords

CCAAT ENHANCER BINDING PROTEIN ALPHA; CELL NUCLEUS RECEPTOR; CONSTITUTIVE ANDROSTANE RECEPTOR; CYTOCHROME P450 2C; CYTOCHROME P450 2C18; CYTOCHROME P450 2C19; CYTOCHROME P450 2C8; CYTOCHROME P450 2C9; EPOXYICOSATRIENOIC ACID; GLIBENCLAMIDE; GLIPIZIDE; HEPATOCYTE NUCLEAR FACTOR 3GAMMA; HEPATOCYTE NUCLEAR FACTOR 4ALPHA; MEPHENYTOIN; OMEPRAZOLE; PIOGLITAZONE; PREGNANE X RECEPTOR; RETINOID RELATED ORPHAN RECEPTOR ALPHA; RETINOID RELATED ORPHAN RECEPTOR GAMMA; ROSIGLITAZONE; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; WARFARIN; XENOBIOTIC AGENT;

BRAIN TISSUE; DRUG BLOOD LEVEL; DRUG CLEARANCE; DRUG HALF LIFE; DRUG METABOLISM; ENZYME ACTIVATION; ENZYME INDUCTION; GENE CONTROL; GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION; HUMAN; KIDNEY PARENCHYMA; LIVER PARENCHYMA; NONHUMAN; PROMOTER REGION; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; PROTEIN PROTEIN INTERACTION; REGULATORY MECHANISM; REVIEW; SMALL INTESTINE; TRANSCRIPTION INITIATION; TRANSCRIPTION REGULATION;

CYTOCHROME P-450 ENZYME SYSTEM; GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION; HUMANS; LIVER;

EID: 70450157394     PISSN: 13892002     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2174/138920009789375397     Document Type: Review

References (137)

1. Delozier, T. C.; Kissling, G. E.; Coulter, S. J.; Dai, D.; Foley, J. F.; Bradbury, J. A.; Murphy, E.; Steenbergen, C.; Zeldin, D. C.; Goldstein, J. A. Detection of human CYP2C8, CYP2C9, and CYP2J2 in cardiovascular tissues. Drug Metab. Dispos., 2007, 35(4), 682-688.
2. Klose, T. S.; Blaisdell, J. A.; Goldstein, J. A. Gene structure of CYP2C8 and extrahepatic distribution of the human CYP2Cs. J. Biochem. Mol. Toxicol., 1999, 13(6), 289-295.
3. Goldstein, J. A. Clinical relevance of genetic polymorphisms in the human CYP2C subfamily. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol., 2001, 52(4), 349-355.
4. Lee, C. R.; Goldstein, J. A.; Pieper, J. A. Cytochrome P450 2C9 polymorphisms: a comprehensive review of the in-vitro and human data. Pharmacogenetics, 2002, 12(3), 251-263.
5. Mega, J. L.; Close, S. L.; Wiviott, S. D.; Shen, L.; Hockett, R. D.; Brandt, J. T.; Walker, J. R.; Antman, E. M.; Macias, W.; Braunwald, E.; Sabatine, M. S. Cytochrome p-450 polymorphisms and response to clopidogrel. N. Engl. J. Med., 2009, 360(4), 354-362.
6. Marill, J.; Cresteil, T.; Lanotte, M.; Chabot, G. G. Identification of human cytochrome P450s involved in the formation of all-transretinoic acid principal metabolites. Mol. Pharmacol., 2000, 58(6), 1341-1348.
7. Fleming, I.; Michaelis, U. R.; Bredenkotter, D.; Fisslthaler, B.; Dehghani, F.; Brandes, R. P.; Busse, R. Endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor synthase(Cytochrome P450 2C9) is a functionally significant source of reactive oxygen species in coronary arteries. Circ. Res., 2001, 88(1), 44-51. (Pubitemid 32064081)
8. de Morais, S. M.; Wilkinson, G. R.; Blaisdell, J.; Nakamura, K.; Meyer, U. A.; Goldstein, J. A. The major genetic defect responsible for the polymorphism of S-mephenytoin metabolism in humans. J. Biol. Chem., 1994, 269(22), 15419-15422. (Pubitemid 24982362)
9. Dai, D.; Zeldin, D. C.; Blaisdell, J. A.; Chanas, B.; Coulter, S. J.; Ghanayem, B. I.; Goldstein, J. A. Polymorphisms in human CYP2C8 decrease metabolism of the anticancer drug paclitaxel and arachidonic acid. Pharmacogenetics, 2001, 11(7), 597-607.
10. de Morais, S. M.; Wilkinson, G. R.; Blaisdell, J.; Meyer, U. A.; Nakamura, K.; Goldstein, J. A. Identification of a new genetic defect responsible for the polymorphism of(S)-mephenytoin metabolism in Japanese. Mol. Pharmacol., 1994, 46(4), 594-598. (Pubitemid 24334747)
11. Klotz, U.; Schwab, M.; Treiber, G. CYP2C19 polymorphism and proton pump inhibitors. Basic. Clin. Pharmacol. Toxicol., 2004, 95(1), 2-8. (Pubitemid 38993131)
12. Sullivan-Klose, T. H.; Ghanayem, B. I.; Bell, D. A.; Zhang, Z. Y.; Kaminsky, L. S.; Shenfield, G. M.; Miners, J. O.; Birkett, D. J.; Goldstein, J. A. The role of the CYP2C9-Leu359 allelic variant in the tolbutamide polymorphism. Pharmacogenetics, 1996, 6(4), 341-349.
13. Sim, S. C.; Risinger, C.; Dahl, M. L.; Aklillu, E.; Christensen, M.; Bertilsson, L.; Ingelman-Sundberg, M. A common novel CYP2C19 gene variant causes ultrarapid drug metabolism relevant for the drug response to proton pump inhibitors and antidepressants. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther., 2006, 79(1), 103-113. (Pubitemid 43069582)
14. Limdi, N. A.; Arnett, D. K.; Goldstein, J. A.; Beasley, T. M.; McGwin, G.; Adler, B. K.; Acton, R. T. Influence of CYP2C9 and VKORC1 on warfarin dose, anticoagulation attainment and maintenance among European-Americans and African-Americans. Pharmacogenomics, 2008, 9(5), 511-526.
15. Limdi, N. A.; McGwin, G.; Goldstein, J. A.; Beasley, T. M.; Arnett, D. K.; Adler, B. K.; Baird, M. F.; Acton, R. T. Influence of CYP2C9 and VKORC1 1173C/T genotype on the risk of hemorrhagic complications in African-American and European-American patients on warfarin. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther., 2008, 83(2), 312-321.
16. Sarasquete, M.; Gonzalez, M.; San Miguel, J.; Garcia-Sanz, R. Bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis: genetic and acquired risk factors. Oral Dis., 2009, [Epub ahead of print].
17. Raucy, J. L.; Mueller, L.; Duan, K.; Allen, S. W.; Strom, S.; Lasker, J. M. Expression and induction of CYP2C P450 enzymes in primary cultures of human hepatocytes. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 2002, 302(2), 475-482.
18. Gerbal-Chaloin, S.; Pascussi, J. M.; Pichard-Garcia, L.; Daujat, M.; Waechter, F.; Fabre, J. M.; Carrere, N.; Maurel, P. Induction of CYP2C genes in human hepatocytes in primary culture. Drug Metab. Dispos., 2001, 29(3), 242-251. (Pubitemid 32179522)
19. Zilly, W.; Breimer, D. D.; Richter, E. Induction of drug metabolism in man after rifampicin treatment measured by increased hexobarbital and tolbutamide clearance. Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol., 1975, 9(2-3), 219-227.
20. Zhou, H. H.; Anthony, L. B.; Wood, A. J.; Wilkinson, G. R. Induction of polymorphic 4′-hydroxylation of S-mephenytoin by rifampicin. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol., 1990, 30(3), 471-475.
21. Williamson, K. M.; Patterson, J. H.; McQueen, R. H.; Adams, K. F., Jr.; Pieper, J. A. Effects of erythromycin or rifampin on losartan pharmacokinetics in healthy volunteers. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther., 1998, 63(3), 316-323.
22. Niemi, M.; Backman, J. T.; Neuvonen, M.; Neuvonen, P. J.; Kivisto, K. T. Effects of rifampin on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of glyburide and glipizide. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther., 2001, 69(6), 400-406. (Pubitemid 32554545)
23. Madan, A.; Graham, R. A.; Carroll, K. M.; Mudra, D. R.; Burton, L. A.; Krueger, L. A.; Downey, A. D.; Czerwinski, M.; Forster, J.; Ribadeneira, M. D.; Gan, L. S.; LeCluyse, E. L.; Zech, K.; Robertson, P., Jr.; Koch, P.; Antonian, L.; Wagner, G.; Yu, L.; Parkinson, A. Effects of prototypical microsomal enzyme inducers on cytochrome P450 expression in cultured human hepatocytes. Drug Metab. Dispos., 2003, 31(4), 421-431. (Pubitemid 36378519)
24. Handschin, C.; Meyer, U. A. Induction of drug metabolism: the role of nuclear receptors. Pharmacol. Rev., 2003, 55(4), 649-673. (Pubitemid 37504978)
25. Maglich, J. M.; Parks, D. J.; Moore, L. B.; Collins, J. L.; Goodwin, B.; Billin, A. N.; Stoltz, C. A.; Kliewer, S. A.; Lambert, M. H.; Willson, T. M.; Moore, J. T. Identification of a novel human constitutive androstane receptor(CAR) agonist and its use in the identification of CAR target genes. J. Biol. Chem., 2003, 278(19), 17277-17283.
26. Jackson, J. P.; Ferguson, S. S.; Negishi, M.; Goldstein, J. A. Phenytoin induction of the cyp2c37 gene is mediated by the constitutive androstane receptor. Drug Metab. Dispos., 2006, 34(12), 2003-2010.
27. Kawana, K.; Ikuta, T.; Kobayashi, Y.; Gotoh, O.; Takeda, K.; Kawajiri, K. Molecular Mechanism of Nuclear Translocation of an Orphan Nuclear Receptor, SXR. Mol. Pharmacol., 2003, 63(3), 524-531. (Pubitemid 36297321)
28. Zelko, I.; Sueyoshi, T.; Kawamoto, T.; Moore, R.; Negishi, M. The peptide near the C terminus regulates receptor CAR nuclear translocation induced by xenochemicals in mouse liver. Mol. Cell. Biol., 2001, 21(8), 2838-2846. (Pubitemid 32244927)
29. Drocourt, L.; Ourlin, J. C.; Pascussi, J. M.; Maurel, P.; Vilarem, M. J. Expression of CYP3A4, CYP2B6, and CYP2C9 is regulated by the vitamin D receptor pathway in primary human hepatocytes. J. Biol. Chem., 2002, 277(28), 25125-25132.
30. Makishima, M.; Lu, T. T.; Xie, W.; Whitfield, G. K.; Domoto, H.; Evans, R. M.; Haussler, M. R.; Mangelsdorf, D. J. Vitamin D receptor as an intestinal bile acid sensor. Science, 2002, 296(5571), 1313-1316.
31. Gerbal-Chaloin, S.; Daujat, M.; Pascussi, J. M.; Pichard-Garcia, L.; Vilarem, M. J.; Maurel, P. Transcriptional regulation of CYP2C9 gene. Role of glucocorticoid receptor and constitutive androstane receptor. J. Biol. Chem., 2002, 277(1), 209-217. (Pubitemid 34952047)
32. Ferguson, S. S.; LeCluyse, E. L.; Negishi, M.; Goldstein, J. A. Regulation of human CYP2C9 by the constitutive androstane receptor: discovery of a new distal binding site. Mol. Pharmacol., 2002, 62(3), 737-746.
33. Ferguson, S. S.; Chen, Y.; LeCluyse, E. L.; Negishi, M.; Goldstein, J. A. Human CYP2C8 is transcriptionally regulated by the nuclear receptors constitutive androstane receptor, pregnane X receptor, glucocorticoid receptor, and hepatic nuclear factor 4alpha. Mol. Pharmacol., 2005, 68(3), 747-757. (Pubitemid 41206028)
34. Chen, Y.; Ferguson, S. S.; Negishi, M.; Goldstein, J. A. Induction of human CYP2C9 by rifampicin, hyperforin, and phenobarbital is mediated by the pregnane X receptor. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 2004, 308(2), 495-501.
35. Chen, Y.; Ferguson, S. S.; Negishi, M.; Goldstein, J. A. Identification of constitutive androstane receptor and glucocorticoid receptor binding sites in the CYP2C19 promoter. Mol. Pharmacol., 2003, 64(2), 316-324.
36. Jackson, J. P.; Ferguson, S. S.; Moore, R.; Negishi, M.; Goldstein, J. A. The constitutive active/androstane receptor regulates pheny toin induction of Cyp2c29. Mol. Pharmacol., 2004, 65(6), 1397-1404.
37. Chen, Y.; Coulter, S.; Jetten, A. M.; Goldstein, J. A. Identification of Human CYP2C8 as a Retinoic Acid Receptor-Related Orphan Receptor(ROR) Target Gene. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 2009.
38. Akiyama, T. E.; Gonzalez, F. J. Regulation of P450 genes by liver-enriched transcription factors and nuclear receptors. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 2003, 1619(3), 223-234. (Pubitemid 36163418)
39. Jover, R.; Bort, R.; Gomez-Lechon, M. J.; Castell, J. V. Cytochrome P450 regulation by hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 in human hepatocytes: a study using adenovirus-mediated antisense targeting. Hepatology, 2001, 33(3), 668-675.
40. Kamiyama, Y.; Matsubara, T.; Yoshinari, K.; Nagata, K.; Kamimura, H.; Yamazoe, Y. Role of human hepatocyte nuclear factor 4alpha in the expression of drug-metabolizing enzymes and transporters in human hepatocytes assessed by use of small interfering RNA. Drug Metab. Pharmacokinet., 2007, 22(4), 287-298.
41. Wortham, M.; Czerwinski, M.; He, L.; Parkinson, A.; Wan, Y. J. Expression of constitutive androstane receptor, hepatic nuclear factor 4 alpha, and P450 oxidoreductase genes determines interindividual variability in basal expression and activity of a broad scope of xenobiotic metabolism genes in the human liver. Drug Metab. Dispos., 2007, 35(9), 1700-1710.
42. Venepally, P.; Chen, D.; Kemper, B. Transcriptional regulatory elements for basal expression of cytochrome P450IIC genes. J. Biol. Chem., 1992, 267(24), 17333-17338.
43. Kawashima, S.; Kobayashi, K.; Takama, K.; Higuchi, T.; Furihata, T.; Hosokawa, M.; Chiba, K. Involvement of hepatocyte nuclear factor 4alpha in the different expression level between CYP2C9 and CYP2C19 in the human liver. Drug Metab. Dispos., 2006, 34(6), 1012-1018. (Pubitemid 43763759)
44. Chen, Y.; Kissling, G.; Negishi, M.; Goldstein, J. A. The nuclear receptors constitutive androstane receptor and pregnane X receptor cross-talk with hepatic nuclear factor 4alpha to synergistically activate the human CYP2C9 promoter. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 2005, 314(3), 1125-1133. (Pubitemid 41205977)
45. Bort, R.; Gomez-Lechon, M. J.; Castell, J. V.; Jover, R. Role of hepatocyte nuclear factor 3 gamma in the expression of human CYP2C genes. Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 2004, 426(1), 63-72. (Pubitemid 38595130)
46. Jover, R.; Bort, R.; Gomez-Lechon, M. J.; Castell, J. V. Re-expression of C/EBP alpha induces CYP2B6, CYP2C9 and CYP2D6 genes in HepG2 cells. FEBS Lett., 1998, 431(2), 227-230.
47. de Morais, S. M.; Schweikl, H.; Blaisdell, J.; Goldstein, J. A. Gene structure and upstream regulatory regions of human CYP2C9 and CYP2C18. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 1993, 194(1), 194-201. (Pubitemid 23237919)
48. Ibeanu, G. C.; Goldstein, J. A. Transcriptional regulation of human CYP2C genes: functional comparison of CYP2C9 and CYP2C18 promoter regions. Biochemistry (Mosc)., 1995, 34(25), 8028-8036.
49. Jetten, A. M.; Joo, J. H. Retinoid-related Orphan Receptors(RORs): Roles in Cellular Differentiation and Development. Adv. Dev. Biol., 2006, 16, 313-355.
50. Kang, H. S.; Angers, M.; Beak, J. Y.; Wu, X.; Gimble, J. M.; Wada, T.; Xie, W.; Collins, J. B.; Grissom, S. F.; Jetten, A. M. Gene expression profiling reveals a regulatory role for ROR alpha and ROR gamma in phase I and phase II metabolism. Physiol. Genomics, 2007, 31(2), 281-294.
51. Pascussi, J. M.; Gerbal-Chaloin, S.; Fabre, J. M.; Maurel, P.; Vilarem, M. J. Dexamethasone enhances constitutive androstane receptor expression in human hepatocytes: consequences on cytochrome P450 gene regulation. Mol. Pharmacol., 2000, 58(6), 1441-1450.
52. Pascussi, J. M.; Drocourt, L.; Fabre, J. M.; Maurel, P.; Vilarem, M. J. Dexamethasone induces pregnane X receptor and retinoid X receptor- alpha expression in human hepatocytes: synergistic increase of CYP3A4 induction by pregnane X receptor activators. Mol. Pharmacol., 2000, 58(2), 361-372.
53. Kamiya, A.; Inoue, Y.; Gonzalez, F. J. Role of the hepatocyte nuclear factor 4alpha in control of the pregnane X receptor during fetal liver development. Hepatology, 2003, 37(6), 1375-1384.
54. Tirona, R. G.; Lee, W.; Leake, B. F.; Lan, L. B.; Cline, C. B.; Lamba, V.; Parviz, F.; Duncan, S. A.; Inoue, Y.; Gonzalez, F. J.; Schuetz, E. G.; Kim, R. B. The orphan nuclear receptor HNF4alpha determines PXR- and CAR-mediated xenobiotic induction of CYP3A4. Nat. Med., 2003, 9(2), 220-224.
55. Ding, X.; Lichti, K.; Kim, I.; Gonzalez, F. J.; Staudinger, J. L. Regulation of constitutive androstane receptor and its target genes by fasting, cAMP, hepatocyte nuclear factor alpha, and the coactivator peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator- 1alpha. J. Biol. Chem., 2006, 281(36), 26540-26551.
56. Assenat, E.; Gerbal-Chaloin, S.; Larrey, D.; Saric, J.; Fabre, J. M.; Maurel, P.; Vilarem, M. J.; Pascussi, J. M. Interleukin 1beta inhibits CAR-induced expression of hepatic genes involved in drug and bilirubin clearance. Hepatology, 2004, 40(4), 951-960.
57. Pascussi, J. M.; Gerbal-Chaloin, S.; Pichard-Garcia, L.; Daujat, M.; Fabre, J. M.; Maurel, P.; Vilarem, M. J. Interleukin-6 negatively regulates the expression of pregnane X receptor and constitutively activated receptor in primary human hepatocytes. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 2000, 274(3), 707-713.
58. Aitken, A. E.; Morgan, E. T. Gene-specific effects of inflammatory cytokines on cytochrome P450 2C, 2B6 and 3A4 mRNA levels in human hepatocytes. Drug Metab. Dispos., 2007, 35(9), 1687-1693.
59. Surapureddi, S.; Rana, R.; Reddy, J. K.; Goldstein, J. A. Nuclear receptor coactivator 6 mediates the synergistic activation of human cytochrome P-450 2C9 by the constitutive androstane receptor and hepatic nuclear factor-4alpha. Mol. Pharmacol., 2008, 74(3), 913-923.
60. Martinez-Jimenez, C. P.; Castell, J. V.; Gomez-Lechon, M. J.; Jover, R. Transcriptional activation of CYP2C9, CYP1A1, and CYP1A2 by hepatocyte nuclear factor 4alpha requires coactivators peroxisomal proliferator activated receptor-gamma coactivator 1alpha and steroid receptor coactivator 1. Mol. Pharmacol., 2006, 70(5), 1681-1692.
61. Rhee, J.; Ge, H.; Yang, W.; Fan, M.; Handschin, C.; Cooper, M.; Lin, J.; Li, C.; Spiegelman, B. M. Partnership of PGC-1alpha and HNF4alpha in the regulation of lipoprotein metabolism. J. Biol. Chem., 2006, 281(21), 14683-14690. (Pubitemid 43855173)
62. Paine, M. F.; Hart, H. L.; Ludington, S. S.; Haining, R. L.; Rettie, A. E.; Zeldin, D. C. The human intestinal cytochrome P450 "pie". Drug Metab. Dispos., 2006, 34(5), 880-886.
63. Lapple, F.; von Richter, O.; Fromm, M. F.; Richter, T.; Thon, K. P.; Wisser, H.; Griese, E. U.; Eichelbaum, M.; Kivisto, K. T. Differential expression and function of CYP2C isoforms in human intestine and liver. Pharmacogenetics, 2003, 13(9), 565-575. (Pubitemid 37168057)
64. Glaeser, H.; Drescher, S.; Eichelbaum, M.; Fromm, M. F. Influence of rifampicin on the expression and function of human intestinal cytochrome P450 enzymes. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol., 2005, 59(2), 199-206.
65. Oscarson, M.; Burk, O.; Winter, S.; Schwab, M.; Wolbold, R.; Dippon, J.; Eichelbaum, M.; Meyer, U. A. Effects of rifampicin on global gene expression in human small intestine. Pharmacogenet. Genomics, 2007, 17(11), 907-918. (Pubitemid 350293791)
66. Capdevila, J. H.; Falck, J. R.; Imig, J. D. Roles of the cytochrome P450 arachidonic acid monooxygenases in the control of systemic blood pressure and experimental hypertension. Kidney Int., 2007, 72(6), 683-689.
67. Enayetallah, A. E.; French, R. A.; Thibodeau, M. S.; Grant, D. F. Distribution of soluble epoxide hydrolase and of cytochrome P450 2C8, 2C9, and 2J2 in human tissues. J. Histochem. Cytochem., 2004, 52(4), 447-454.
68. Zeldin, D. C.; DuBois, R. N.; Falck, J. R.; Capdevila, J. H. Molecular cloning, expression and characterization of an endogenous human cytochrome P450 arachidonic acid epoxygenase isoform. Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 1995, 322(1), 76-86.
69. Wang, M. H.; Smith, A.; Zhou, Y.; Chang, H. H.; Lin, S.; Zhao, X.; Imig, J. D.; Dorrance, A. M. Downregulation of renal CYP-derived eicosanoid synthesis in rats with diet-induced hypertension. Hypertension, 2003, 42(4), 594-599.
70. Dey, A.; Williams, R. S.; Pollock, D. M.; Stepp, D. W.; Newman, J. W.; Hammock, B. D.; Imig, J. D. Altered kidney CYP2C and cyclooxygenase- 2 levels are associated with obesity-related albuminuria. Obes. Res., 2004, 12(8), 1278-1289.
71. Luo, P.; Zhou, Y.; Chang, H. H.; Zhang, J.; Seki, T.; Wang, C. Y.; Inscho, E. W.; Wang, M. H. Glomerular 20-HETE, EETs, and TGF-{beta}1 in diabetic nephropathy. Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol., 2009, 296(3), F556-563.
72. Elmarakby, A. A.; Quigley, J. E.; Pollock, D. M.; Imig, J. D. Tumor necrosis factor alpha blockade increases renal Cyp2c23 expression and slows the progression of renal damage in salt-sensitive hypertension. Hypertension, 2006, 47(3), 557-562.
73. Ng, V. Y.; Huang, Y.; Reddy, L. M.; Falck, J. R.; Lin, E. T.; Kroetz, D. L. Cytochrome P450 eicosanoids are activators of peroxisome proliferator- activated receptor alpha. Drug Metab. Dispos., 2007, 35(7), 1126-1134. (Pubitemid 46956433)
74. Nakagawa, K.; Holla, V. R.; Wei, Y.; Wang, W. H.; Gatica, A.; Wei, S.; Mei, S.; Miller, C. M.; Cha, D. R.; Price, E., Jr.; Zent, R.; Pozzi, A.; Breyer, M. D.; Guan, Y.; Falck, J. R.; Waterman, M. R.; Capdevila, J. H. Salt-sensitive hypertension is associated with dysfunctional Cyp4a10 gene and kidney epithelial sodium channel. J. Clin. Invest., 2006, 116(6), 1696-1702.
75. Muller, D. N.; Theuer, J.; Shagdarsuren, E.; Kaergel, E.; Honeck, H.; Park, J. K.; Markovic, M.; Barbosa-Sicard, E.; Dechend, R.; Wellner, M.; Kirsch, T.; Fiebeler, A.; Rothe, M.; Haller, H.; Luft, F. C.; Schunck, W. H. A peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor- alpha activator induces renal CYP2C23 activity and protects from angiotensin II-induced renal injury. Am. J. Pathol., 2004, 164(2), 521-532.
76. Nelson, D. R.; Zeldin, D.C.; Hoffman, S.M.; Maltais, L.J.; Maltais, L.J.; Wain, H.M. and Nebert, D.W. Comparison of cytochrome P450(CYP) genes from the mouse and human genomes, including nomenclature recommendations for genes, pseudogenes, and alternative- splice variants. Pharmacogenetics, 2004, 14(1), 35-118
77. Wang, H.; Zhao, Y.; Bradbury, J. A.; Graves, J. P.; Foley, J.; Blaisdell, J. A.; Goldstein, J. A.; Zeldin, D. C. Cloning, expression, and characterization of three new mouse cytochrome p450 enzymes and partial characterization of their Fatty Acid oxidation activities. Mol. Pharmacol., 2004, 65(5), 1148-1158.
78. Knupfer, H.; Knupfer, M. M.; Hotfilder, M.; Preiss, R. P450- expression in brain tumors. Oncol. Res., 1999, 11(11-12), 523-528.
79. McFayden, M. C.; Melvin, W. T.; Murray, G. I. Regional distribution of individual forms of cytochrome P450 mRNA in normal adult human brain. Biochem. Pharmacol., 1998, 55(6), 825-830.
80. Malaplate-Armand, C.; Ferrari, L.; Masson, C.; Visvikis-Siest, S.; Lambert, H.; Batt, A. M. Down-regulation of astroglial CYP2C, glucocorticoid receptor and constitutive androstane receptor genes in response to cocaine in human U373 MG astrocytoma cells. Toxicol. Lett., 2005, 159(3), 203-211.
81. Chen, Y.; Jetten, A.; Goldstein, J. The retinoic acid receptor-related orphan receptor(ROR) regulates human CYP2C8. FASEB J., 2007, 21, 886.813.
82. Hillig, T.; Krustrup, P.; Fleming, I.; Osada, T.; Saltin, B.; Hellsten, Y. Cytochrome P450 2C9 plays an important role in the regulation of exercise-induced skeletal muscle blood flow and oxygen uptake in humans. J. Physiol., 2003, 546(Pt 1), 307-314. (Pubitemid 36104990)
83. Lin, J. H. C.; Kobari, Y.; Zhu, Y.; Stemerman, M. B.; Pritchard, K. A. J. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells express P450 2C8 mRNA:cloning of endothelial P450 epoxygenase. Endothelium, 1996, 4, 219-229.
84. Fleming, I. Cytochrome p450 and vascular homeostasis. Circ. Res., 2001, 89(9), 753-762.
85. Fleming, I. DiscrEET regulators of homeostasis: epoxyeicosatrienoic acids, cytochrome P450 epoxygenases and vascular inflammation. Trends Pharmacol. Sci., 2007, 28(9), 448-452. (Pubitemid 47376754)
86. Chehal, M. K.; Granville, D. J. Cytochrome p450 2C(CYP2C) in ischemic heart injury and vascular dysfunction. Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol., 2006, 84(1), 15-20.
87. Fisslthaler, B.; Popp, R.; Michaelis, U. R.; Kiss, L.; Fleming, I.; Busse, R. Cyclic stretch enhances the expression and activity of coronary endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor synthase. Hypertension, 2001, 38(6), 1427-1432. (Pubitemid 34033428)
88. Bauersachs, J.; Christ, M.; Ertl, G.; Michaelis, U. R.; Fisslthaler, B.; Busse, R.; Fleming, I. Cytochrome P450 2C expression and EDHF-mediated relaxation in porcine coronary arteries is increased by cortisol. Cardiovasc. Res., 2002, 54(3), 669-675. (Pubitemid 34595426)
89. Fisslthaler, B.; Hinsch, N.; Chataigneau, T.; Popp, R.; Kiss, L.; Busse, R.; Fleming, I. Nifedipine increases cytochrome P4502C expression and endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor-mediated responses in coronary arteries. Hypertension, 2000, 36(2), 270-275. (Pubitemid 30626999)
90. Fisslthaler, B.; Michaelis, U. R.; Randriamboavonjy, V.; Busse, R.; Fleming, I. Cytochrome P450 epoxygenases and vascular tone: novel role for HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors in the regulation of CYP 2C expression. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 2003, 1619(3), 332-339. (Pubitemid 36160611)
91. Bertrand-Thiebault, C.; Masson, C.; Siest, G.; Batt, A. M.; Visvikis-Siest, S. Effect of HMGCoA reductase inhibitors on cytochrome P450 expression in endothelial cell line. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol., 2007, 49(5), 306-315. (Pubitemid 46855125)
92. Kobayashi, K.; Yamanaka, Y.; Iwazaki, N.; Nakajo, I.; Hosokawa, M.; Negishi, M.; Chiba, K. Identification of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors as activators for human, mouse and rat constitutive androstane receptor. Drug Metab. Dispos., 2005, 33(7), 924-929. (Pubitemid 41002773)
93. Michaelis, U. R.; Fisslthaler, B.; Barbosa-Sicard, E.; Falck, J. R.; Fleming, I.; Busse, R. Cytochrome P450 epoxygenases 2C8 and 2C9 are implicated in hypoxia-induced endothelial cell migration and angiogenesis. J. Cell Sci., 2005, 118(23), 5489-5498. (Pubitemid 43079290)
94. Treluyer, J. M.; Cheron, G.; Sonnier, M.; Cresteil, T. Cytochrome P-450 expression in sudden infant death syndrome. Biochem. Pharmacol., 1996, 52(3), 497-504. (Pubitemid 26233594)
95. Treluyer, J. M.; Benech, H.; Colin, I.; Pruvost, A.; Cheron, G.; Cresteil, T. Ontogenesis of CYP2C-dependent arachidonic acid metabolism in the human liver: relationship with sudden infant death syndrome. Pediatr. Res., 2000, 47(5), 677-683. (Pubitemid 30249859)
96. Webler, A. C.; Michaelis, U. R.; Popp, R.; Barbosa-Sicard, E.; Murugan, A.; Falck, J. R.; Fisslthaler, B.; Fleming, I. Epoxyeicosatrienoic acids are part of the VEGF-activated signaling cascade leading to angiogenesis. Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol., 2008, 295(5), C1292-1301. (Pubitemid 352790340)
97. Shindo, S.; Numazawa, S.; Yoshida, T. A physiological role of AMP-activated protein kinase in phenobarbital-mediated constitutive androstane receptor activation and CYP2B induction. Biochem. J., 2007, 401(3), 735-741. (Pubitemid 46219267)
98. Rencurel, F.; Foretz, M.; Kaufmann, M. R.; Stroka, D.; Looser, R.; Leclerc, I.; da Silva Xavier, G.; Rutter, G. A.; Viollet, B.; Meyer, U. A. Stimulation of AMP-activated protein kinase is essential for the induction of drug metabolizing enzymes by phenobarbital in human and mouse liver. Mol. Pharmacol., 2006, 70(6), 1925-1934.
99. Blattler, S. M.; Rencurel, F.; Kaufmann, M. R.; Meyer, U. A. In the regulation of cytochrome P450 genes, phenobarbital targets LKB1 for necessary activation of AMP-activated protein kinase. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 2007, 104(3), 1045-1050.
100. Rencurel, F.; Stenhouse, A.; Hawley, S. A.; Friedberg, T.; Hardie, D. G.; Sutherland, C.; Wolf, C. R. AMP-activated protein kinase mediates phenobarbital induction of CYP2B gene expression in hepatocytes and a newly derived human hepatoma cell line. J. Biol. Chem., 2005, 280(6), 4367-4373.
101. Suzuki, S.; Oguro, A.; Osada-Oka, M.; Funae, Y.; Imaoka, S. Epoxyeicosatrienoic acids and/or their metabolites promote hypoxic response of cells. J. Pharmacol. Sci., 2008, 108(1), 79-88.
102. Marques-Soares, C.; Dijols, S.; Macherey, A. C.; Wester, M. R.; Johnson, E. F.; Dansette, P. M.; Mansuy, D. Sulfaphenazole derivatives as tools for comparing cytochrome P450 2C5 and human cytochromes P450 2Cs: identification of a new high affinity substrate common to those enzymes. Biochemistry (Mosc), 2003, 42(21), 6363-6369. (Pubitemid 36665810)
103. Webler, A. C.; Popp, R.; Korff, T.; Michaelis, U. R.; Urbich, C.; Busse, R.; Fleming, I. Cytochrome P450 2C9-induced angiogenesis is dependent on EphB4. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., 2008, 28(6), 1123-1129.
104. Zhou, J.; Schmid, T.; Frank, R.; Brune, B. PI3K/Akt is required for heat shock proteins to protect hypoxia-inducible factor 1alpha from pVHL-independent degradation. J. Biol. Chem., 2004, 279(14), 13506-13513. (Pubitemid 38468875)
105. Lofgren, S.; Baldwin, R. M.; Hiratsuka, M.; Lindqvist, A.; Carlberg, A.; Sim, S. C.; Schulke, M.; Snait, M.; Edenro, A.; Fransson- Steen, R.; Terelius, Y.; Ingelman-Sundberg, M. Generation of mice transgenic for human CYP2C18 and CYP2C19: characterization of the sexually dimorphic gene and enzyme expression. Drug Metab. Dispos., 2008, 36(5), 955-962. (Pubitemid 351574895)
106. Scheer, N.; Ross, J.; Rode, A.; Zevnik, B.; Niehaves, S.; Faust, N.; Wolf, C. R. A novel panel of mouse models to evaluate the role of human pregnane X receptor and constitutive androstane receptor in drug response. J. Clin. Invest., 2008, 118(9), 3228-3239.
107. Heimark, L. D.; Gibaldi, M.; Trager, W. F.; O'Reilly, R. A.; Goulart, D. A. The mechanism of the warfarin-rifampin drug interaction in humans. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther., 1987, 42(4), 388-394.
108. Niemi, M.; Backman, J. T.; Fromm, M. F.; Neuvonen, P. J.; Kivisto, K. T. Pharmacokinetic interactions with rifampicin : clinical relevance. Clin. Pharmacokinet., 2003, 42(9), 819-850. (Pubitemid 36995083)
109. Rae, J. M.; Johnson, M. D.; Lippman, M. E.; Flockhart, D. A. Rifampin is a selective, pleiotropic inducer of drug metabolism genes in human hepatocytes: studies with cDNA and oligonucleotide expression arrays. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 2001, 299(3), 849-857.
110. Jiang, X.; Williams, K. M.; Liauw, W. S.; Ammit, A. J.; Roufogalis, B. D.; Duke, C. C.; Day, R. O.; McLachlan, A. J. Effect of St John's wort and ginseng on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of warfarin in healthy subjects. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol., 2004, 57(5), 592-599. (Pubitemid 38582179)
111. Xu, H.; Williams, K. M.; Liauw, W. S.; Murray, M.; Day, R. O.; McLachlan, A. J. Effects of St John's wort and CYP2C9 genotype on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of gliclazide. Br. J. Pharmacol., 2008, 153(7), 1579-1586.
112. Komoroski, B. J.; Zhang, S.; Cai, H.; Hutzler, J. M.; Frye, R.; Tracy, T. S.; Strom, S. C.; Lehmann, T.; Ang, C. Y.; Cui, Y. Y.; Venkataramanan, R. Induction and inhibition of cytochromes p450 by the St. John's wort constituent hyperforin in human hepatocyte cultures. Drug Metab. Dispos., 2004, 32(5), 512-518.
113. Sahi, J.; Stern, R. H.; Milad, M. A.; Rose, K. A.; Gibson, G.; Zheng, X.; Stilgenbauer, L.; Sadagopan, N.; Jolley, S.; Gilbert, D.; LeCluyse, E. L. Effects of avasimibe on cytochrome P450 2C9 expression in vitro and in vivo. Drug Metab. Dispos., 2004, 32(12), 1370-1376. (Pubitemid 39564556)
114. Fulco, P. P.; Zingone, M. M.; Higginson, R. T. Possible antiretroviral therapy-warfarin drug interaction. Pharmacotherapy, 2008, 28(7), 945-949.
115. Lim, M. L.; Min, S. S.; Eron, J. J.; Bertz, R. J.; Robinson, M.; Gaedigk, A.; Kashuba, A. D. Coadministration of lopinavir/ ritonavir and phenytoin results in two-way drug interaction through cytochrome P-450 induction. J. Acquir. Immune. Defic. Syndr., 2004, 36(5), 1034-1040.
116. Dixit, V.; Hariparsad, N.; Li, F.; Desai, P.; Thummel, K. E.; Unadkat, J. D. Cytochrome P450 enzymes and transporters induced by anti-human immunodeficiency virus protease inhibitors in human hepatocytes: implications for predicting clinical drug interactions. Drug Metab. Dispos., 2007, 35(10), 1853-1859.
117. Chang, T. K.; Yu, L.; Maurel, P.; Waxman, D. J. Enhanced cyclophosphamide and ifosfamide activation in primary human hepatocyte cultures: response to cytochrome P-450 inducers and autoinduction by oxazaphosphorines. Cancer Res., 1997, 57(10), 1946-1954.
118. Drocourt, L.; Pascussi, J. M.; Assenat, E.; Fabre, J. M.; Maurel, P.; Vilarem, M. J. Calcium channel modulators of the dihydropyridine family are human pregnane X receptor activators and inducers of CYP3A, CYP2B, and CYP2C in human hepatocytes. Drug Metab. Dispos., 2001, 29(10), 1325-1331.
119. Spina, E.; Pisani, F.; Perucca, E. Clinically significant pharmacokinetic drug interactions with carbamazepine. An update. Clin. Pharmacokinet., 1996, 31(3), 198-214. (Pubitemid 26335906)
120. Depre, M.; Van Hecken, A.; Oeyen, M.; De Lepeleire, I.; Laethem, T.; Rothenberg, P.; Petty, K. J.; Majumdar, A.; Crumley, T.; Panebianco, D.; Bergman, A.; de Hoon, J. N. Effect of aprepitant on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of warfarin. Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol., 2005, 61(5-6), 341-346. (Pubitemid 41569307)
121. Shadle, C. R.; Lee, Y.; Majumdar, A. K.; Petty, K. J.; Gargano, C.; Bradstreet, T. E.; Evans, J. K.; Blum, R. A. Evaluation of potential inductive effects of aprepitant on cytochrome P450 3A4 and 2C9 activity. J. Clin. Pharmacol., 2004, 44(3), 215-223.
122. Kutt, H. Phenobarbital: interactions with other drugs. In Antiepileptic drugs, 4th ed.; Levy, R., Mattson, R.H.; Meldrum, B.S.; Eds. Raven Press: New York, 1995; pp. 389-400.
123. Kutt, H. Phenytoin: interactions with other drugs. Part 1. Clinical aspects. In Antiepileptic drugs, 4th ed.; Levy, R., Mattson, R.H.; Meldrum, B.S.; Eds. Raven press: New York, 1995; pp. 315-328.
124. Jaakkola, T.; Backman, J. T.; Neuvonen, M.; Laitila, J.; Neuvonen, P. J. Effect of rifampicin on the pharmacokinetics of pioglitazone. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol., 2006, 61(1), 70-78.
125. Niemi, M.; Backman, J. T.; Neuvonen, P. J. Effects of trimethoprim and rifampin on the pharmacokinetics of the cytochrome P450 2C8 substrate rosiglitazone. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther., 2004, 76(3), 239-249.
126. Park, J. Y.; Kim, K. A.; Kang, M. H.; Kim, S. L.; Shin, J. G. Effect of rifampin on the pharmacokinetics of rosiglitazone in healthy subjects. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther., 2004, 75(3), 157-162. (Pubitemid 38314864)
127. Dussault, I.; Lin, M.; Hollister, K.; Wang, E. H.; Synold, T. W.; Forman, B. M. Peptide mimetic HIV protease inhibitors are ligands for the orphan receptor SXR. J. Biol. Chem., 2001, 276(36), 33309-33312. (Pubitemid 37384536)
128. Komoroski, B. J.; Parise, R. A.; Egorin, M. J.; Strom, S. C.; Venkataramanan, R. Effect of the St. John's wort constituent hyperforin on docetaxel metabolism by human hepatocyte cultures. Clin. Cancer Res., 2005, 11(19 Pt 1), 6972-6979. (Pubitemid 41428756)
129. Gustafson, D. L.; Long, M. E.; Bradshaw, E. L.; Merz, A. L.; Kerzic, P. J. P450 induction alters paclitaxel pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution with multiple dosing. Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol., 2005, 56(3), 248-254.
130. Synold, T. W.; Dussault, I.; Forman, B. M. The orphan nuclear receptor SXR coordinately regulates drug metabolism and efflux. Nat. Med., 2001, 7(5), 584-590.
131. Prueksaritanont, T.; Richards, K. M.; Qiu, Y.; Strong-Basalyga, K.; Miller, A.; Li, C.; Eisenhandler, R.; Carlini, E. J. Comparative effects of fibrates on drug metabolizing enzymes in human hepatocytes. Pharm. Res., 2005, 22(1), 71-78. (Pubitemid 40558148)
132. Feng, H. J.; Huang, S. L.; Wang, W.; Zhou, H. H. The induction effect of rifampicin on activity of mephenytoin 4′-hydroxylase related to M1 mutation of CYP2C19 and gene dose. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol., 1998, 45(1), 27-29.
133. Zhou, H. H.; Anthony, L. B.; Wood, A. J.; Wilkinson, G. R. Induction of polymorphic 4′-hydroxylation of S-mephenytoin by rifampicin. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol., 1990, 30(3), 471-475.
134. Wang, L. S.; Zhou, G.; Zhu, B.; Wu, J.; Wang, J. G.; Abd El-Aty, A. M.; Li, T.; Liu, J.; Yang, T. L.; Wang, D.; Zhong, X. Y.; Zhou, H. H. St John's wort induces both cytochrome P450 3A4-catalyzed sulfoxidation and 2C19-dependent hydroxylation of omeprazole. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther., 2004, 75(3), 191-197. (Pubitemid 38314868)
135. Wang, L. S.; Zhu, B.; Abd El-Aty, A. M.; Zhou, G.; Li, Z.; Wu, J.; Chen, G. L.; Liu, J.; Tang, Z. R.; An, W.; Li, Q.; Wang, D.; Zhou, H. H. The influence of St John's Wort on CYP2C19 activity with respect to genotype. J. Clin. Pharmacol., 2004, 44(6), 577-581.
136. Svensson, U. S.; Ashton, M.; Trinh, N. H.; Bertilsson, L.; Dinh, X. H.; Nguyen, V. H.; Nguyen, T. N.; Nguyen, D. S.; Lykkesfeldt, J.; Le, D. C. Artemisinin induces omeprazole metabolism in human beings. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther., 1998, 64(2), 160-167. (Pubitemid 28423851)
137. Burk, O.; Arnold, K. A.; Nussler, A. K.; Schaeffeler, E.; Efimova, E.; Avery, B. A.; Avery, M. A.; Fromm, M. F.; Eichelbaum, M. Antimalarial artemisinin drugs induce cytochrome P450 and MDR1 expression by activation of xenosensors pregnane X receptor and constitutive androstane receptor. Mol. Pharmacol., 2005, 67(6), 1954-1965. (Pubitemid 41007777)