Nanotechnology: Intelligent design to treat complex disease

Pharmaceutical Research

Volumn 23, Issue 7, 2006, Pages 1417-1450

  Couvreur, Patrick ^a   Vauthier, Christine ^a  

^a UNIV PARIS SUD   (France)

Author keywords

Autoimmune disease; Cancer; Drug targeting; Industrial development; Infections; Liposome; Metabolic disease; Nanoparticle; Nanotechnology; Vaccine

Indexed keywords

1,2 DIOLEOYL 3 TRIMETHYLAMMONIOPROPANE; ACICLOVIR; AMIKACIN; AMPHOTERICIN B LIPID COMPLEX; AMPICILLIN; ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; ANTIFUNGAL AGENT; ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT; ANTISENSE OLIGONUCLEOTIDE; ANTIVIRUS AGENT; CIPROFLOXACIN; DEHYDROEMETINE; DOXORUBICIN; FERRIC HYDROXIDE; FOMIVIRSEN; GANCICLOVIR; HALOFANTRINE; HEPATITIS A VACCINE; INFLEXAL; INFLUENZA VACCINE; MORPHINE; N [1 (2,3 DIOLEYLOXY)PROPYL] N,N,N TRIMETHYLAMMONIUM CHLORIDE; NANOPARTICLE; NUCLEIC ACID; PACLITAXEL; POLYMER; RADIOPHARMACEUTICAL AGENT; SMALL INTERFERING RNA; STREPTOMYCIN; TRANSDRUG; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; UNINDEXED DRUG; VACCINE; VITRAVEN; ZIDOVUDINE;

AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE; BONE INFECTION; BREAST CANCER; CANCER; CANCER THERAPY; CONTRAST ENHANCEMENT; CYTOMEGALOVIRUS INFECTION; DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM; DRUG FORMULATION; DRUG TARGETING; GENE THERAPY; HEPATITIS A; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; HYPERTHERMIC THERAPY; IMAGING SYSTEM; INFECTION; INFLUENZA; MALARIA; METABOLIC DISORDER; MICELLE; MYCOSIS; NANOTECHNOLOGY; NONHUMAN; PAIN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; TUBERCULOSIS; VISCERAL LEISHMANIASIS; WOUND INFECTION;

EID: 33745605771     PISSN: 07248741     EISSN: 1573904X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s11095-006-0284-8     Document Type: Review

References (400)

1. G. Gregoriadis E. J. Wills C. P. Swain A. S. Tavill 1974 Drug carrier potential of liposomes in cancer chemotherapy Lancet 1 1313 1316
2. C. Hu D. G. Rhodes 2000 Proniosomes: a novel drug carrier preparation Int. J. Pharm. 206 110 122
3. K. K. Jain 2005 The role of nanobiotechnology in drug discovery Drug Discov. Today 10 1435 1442
4. J. K. Vasir M. K. Maram V. D. Labhasetwar 2005 Nanosystems in drug targeting: opportunities and challenges Curr. Nanosci. 1 47 67
5. A. Bianco J. Hoebeke S. Godefroy O. Chaloin D. Pantarotto J. P. Briand S. Muller M. Prati C. D. Partidos 2005 Cationic carbon nanotubes bind to CpG oligodeoxynucleotides and enhance their immunostimulatory properties J. Am. Chem. Soc. 127 58 59
6. A. Bianco K. Costarelos M. Prato 2005 Applications of carbon nanotubes in drug delivery Curr. Opin. Chem. Biol. 9 674 679
7. N. Venkatesan J. Yoshimitsu Y. Ito N. Shibata K. Takada 2005 Liquid filled nanoparticles as a drug delivery tool for protein therapeutics Biomaterials 26 7154 7163
8. M. J. Alonso 2004 Nanomedicine for overcoming biological barriers Biomed. Pharmacother. 58 168 172
9. R. Sykes 2000 Towards the magic bullet Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents 14 1 12
10. R. H. Muller C. Jacobs O. Kayser 2001 Nanosuspensions as particulate drug formulations in therapy rational for development and what we can expect for the future Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 47 3 19
11. P. L. Felgner T. R. Gadek M. Holm R. Roman H. W. Chan M. Wenz J. P. Northrop G. M. Ringold M. Danielsen 1987 Lipofection: a highly efficient, lipid-mediated DNA-transfection procedure Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 84 7413 7417
12. J. P. Behr B. Demeneix J. P. Loeffler J. Perez-Mutul 1989 Efficient gene transfer into mammalian primary endocrine cells with lipopolyamine-coated DNA Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86 6982 6986
13. A. M. Krieg 2001 Immune effects and mechanisms of action of CpG motifs Vaccines 19 618 622
14. A. M. Krieg 2003 CpG motifs: the active ingredient in bacterial extracts? Nat. Med. 9 831 835
15. L. Wang R. K. Prekash C. A. Stein K. K. Koehn D. E. Ruffner 2003 Progress in the delivery of therapeutic oligonucleotides: organ/cellular distribution and targeted delivery of oligonucleotides in vivo Antisense Nucleic Acid Drug Dev. 13 169 189
16. T. Hügle A. Cerny 2003 Current therapy and new molecular approaches to antiviral treatment and prevention of hepatitis Crit. Rev. Med. Virol. 13 361 371
17. Z. Cui 2005 DNA vaccine Adv. Genet. 54 257 289
18. R. K. Jain 1987 Transport of molecules in the tumor interstitium: a review Cancer Res. 47 3039 3051
19. R. K. Jain 2001 Delivery of molecular medicine to solid tumors: lessons from in vivo imaging of gene expression and function J. Control. Release 74 7 25
20. M. Links R. Brown 1999 Clinical relevance of the molecular mechanisms of resistance to anti-cancer drugs Expert Rev. Mol. Med. 1999 1 21
21. R. Krishna L. D. Mayer 2000 Multidrug resistance (MDR) in cancer. Mechanisms, reversal using modulators of MDR and the role of MDR modulators in influencing the pharmacokinetics of anticancer drugs Eur. J. Pharm. Sci. 11 265 283
22. I. Brigger C. Dubernet P. Couvreur 2002 Nanoparticles in cancer therapy and diagnosis Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 54 631 651
23. J. Kreuter U. Tauber V. Illi 1979 Distribution and elimination of poly(methyl-2-14C-methacrylate) nanoparticle radioactivity after injection in rats and mice J. Pharm. Sci. 68 1443 1447
24. J. L. De Keyser J. H. Poupaert P. Dumont 1991 Poly(diethyl methylidenemalonate) nanoparticles as a potential drug carrier: preparation, distribution and elimination after intravenous and peroral administration to mice J. Pharm. Sci. 80 67 70
25. B. A. Conley M. J. Egorin M. Y. Whitacre D. C. Carter E. C. Zuhowski D. A. Van Echo 1993 Phase I and pharmacokinetic trial of liposome-encapsulated doxorubicin Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol. 33 107 112
26. N. Chiannilkulchai N. Ammoury B. Caillou J. P. Devissaguet P. Couvreur 1990 Hepatic tissue distribution of doxorubicin-loaded nanoparticles after i.v. administration in reticulosarcoma M 5076 metastasis-bearing mice Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol. 26 122 126
27. A. C. de Verdière C. Dubernet F. Nemati E. Soma M. Appel J. Ferte S. Bernard F. Puisieux P. Couvreur 1997 Reversion of multidrug resistance with polyalkylcyanoacrylate nanoparticles: towards a mechanism of action Br. J. Cancer 76 198 205
28. C. E. Soma C. Dubernet G. Barratt F. Nemati M. Appel S. Benita P. Couvreur 1999 Ability of doxorubicin-loaded nanoparticles to overcome multidrug resistance of tumor cells after their capture by macrophages Pharm. Res. 16 1710 1716
29. H. B. El-Serag A. C. Mason 1999 Rising incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma in the United States N. Engl. J. Med. 340 745 750
30. C. L. Lai P. C. Wu G. C. Chan A. S. Lok H. J. Lin 1988 Doxorubicin versus no antitumor therapy in inoperable hepatocellular carcinoma. A prospective randomized trial Cancer 62 479 483
31. L. Barraud P. Merle E. Soma L. Lefrançois S. Guerret M. Chevallier C. Dubernet P. Couvreur C. Trepo L. Vitvitski 2005 Increase of doxorubicin sensitivity by doxorubicin-loading into nanoparticles for hepatocellular carcinoma cells in vitro and in vivo J. Hepatol. 42 736 743
32. A. Gabizon S. Amselem D. Gorem R. Cohen S. Druckmann I. Fromer R. Chisin A. Peretz Y. Barenholz 1990 Preclinical and clinical experience with a doxorubicin liposome preparation J. Liposome Res. 1 491 502
33. A. Gabizon T. Peretz A. Sulkes S. Amselem R. Ben-Yosef N. Ben-Baruch R. Catane S. Biran Y. Barenholz 1989 Systemic administration of doxorubicin-containing liposomes in cancer patients: a phase I study Eur. J. Cancer Clin. Oncol. 25 1795 1803
34. M. C. Woodle D. D. Lasic 1992 Sterically stabilized liposomes Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1113 171 199
35. D. Papahadjopoulos T. M. Allen A. Gabizon E. Mayhew K. Matthay S. K. Huang K. Lee M. C. Woodle D. D. Lasic C. Redemann M. F. Martin 1991 Sterically stabilized liposomes: improvements in pharmacokinetics and antitumor therapeutic efficacy Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88 11460 11464
36. S. I. Jeon J. H. Lee J. D. Andrade P. G. De Gennes 1991 Protein-surface interactions in the presence of polyethylene oxide. I Simplified theory J. Colloid Interface Sci. 142 149 158
37. A. Gabizon R. Catane B. Uziely B. Kaufman T. Safra R. Cohen F. Martin A. Huang Y. Barenholz 1994 Prolonged circulation time and enhanced accumulation in malignant exudates of doxorubicin encapsulated in polyethylene-glycol coated liposomes Cancer Res. 54 987 992
38. L. Illum L. O. Jacobsen R. H. Muller E. Mak S. S. Davis 1987 Surface characteristics and the interaction of colloidal particles with mouse peritoneal macrophages Biomaterials 8 113 117
39. S. M. Moghimi I. S. Muir L. Illum S. S. Davis V. Kolb-Bachofen 1993 Coating particles with a block co-polymer (poloxamine-908) suppresses opsonization but permits the activity of dysopsonins in the serum Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1179 157 165
40. R. Gref Y. Minamitake M. T. Peracchia V. Trubetskoy V. Torchilin R. Langer 1994 Biodegradable long-circulating polymeric nanospheres Science 263 1600 1603
41. M. T. Peracchia S. Harnisch H. Pinto-Alphandary A. Gulik J. C. Dedieu D. Desmaële J. D'Angelo R. H. Müller P. Couvreur 1999 Visualization of in vitro protein-rejecting properties of PEGylated stealth polycyanoacrylate nanoparticle Biomaterials 20 1269 1275
42. G. Storm S. O. Belliot T. Daemen D. D. Lasic 1995 Surface modification of nanoparticles to oppose uptake by the mononuclear phagocyte system Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 17 31 48
43. S. M. Moghimi A. C. Hunter J. C. Murray 2001 Long-circulating and target-specific nanoparticles: theory to practice Pharmacol. Rev. 53 283 318
44. H. F. Dvorak J. A. Nagy J. T. Dvorak A. M. Dvorak 1988 Identification and characterization of the blood vessels of solid tumors that are leaky to circulating macromolecules Am. J. Pathol. 133 95 109
45. Y. Noguchi J. Wu R. Duncan J. Strohalm K. Ulbrich T. Akaike H. Maeda 1998 Early phase tumor accumulation of macromolecules: a great difference in clearance rate between tumor and normal tissues Jpn. J. Cancer Res. 89 307 314
46. H. Maeda J. Wu T. Sawa Y. Matsumura K. Hori 2000 Tumor vascular permeability and the EPR effect in macromolecular therapeutics: a review J. Control. Release 65 271 284
47. P. Calvo B. Gouritin H. Villarroya F. Eclancher C. Giannavola C. Klein J. P. Andreux P. Couvreur 2002 Quantification and localization of PEGylated polycyanoacrylate nanoparticles in brain and spinal cord during experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in the rat Eur. J. Neurosci. 15 1317 1326
48. P. G. Rose 2005 Pegylated liposomal doxorubicin: optimizing the dosing schedule in ovarian cancer Oncologist 10 205 214
49. A. N. Gordon C. O. Granai P. G. Rose J. Hainsworth A. Lopez C. Weissman R. Rosales T. Sharpington 2000 Phase II study of liposomal doxorubicin in platinum- and paclitaxel-refractory epithelial ovarian cancer J. Clin. Oncol. 18 3093 3100
50. A. N. Gordon J. T. Fleagle D. Guthrie D. E. Parkin M. E. Gore A. J. Lacave 2001 Recurrent epithelial ovarian carcinoma: a randomized phase III study of pegylated liposomal doxorubicin versus topotecan J. Clin. Oncol. 19 3312 3322
51. O. Lyass B. Uziely R. Ben Yosef D. Tzemach N. I. Heshing M. Lotem G. Brufman A. Gabizon 2000 Correlation of toxicity with pharmacokinetics of pegylated liposomal doxorubicin (Doxil) in metastatic breast carcinoma Cancer 89 1037 1047
52. J. M. Ferrero B. Weber D. Lepille H. Orfeuvre M. Combe F. Mayer B. Leduc H. Bourgeois D. Paraiso E. Pujate-Lauraine 2004 Carboplatin (PA) and pegylated liposomal doxorubicin in patients with advanced ovarian cancer in late (>6 months) relapse (AOCLR): survival results of a GINECO phase II trial Proc. Am. Soc. Clin. Oncol. 23 467s
53. P. Sapra T. M. Allen 2002 Internalizing antibodies are necessary for improved therapeutic efficacy of antibody-targeted liposomal drugs Cancer Res. 62 7190 7194
54. P. Sapra T. M. Allen 2003 Ligand-targeted liposomal anticancer drugs Prog. Lipid Res. 42 439 462
55. V. P. Torchilin 2005 Recent advances with liposomes as pharmaceutical carriers Nat. Rev. Drug Discov. 4 145 160
56. T. L. Andresen S. S. Jensen K. Jorgensen 2005 Advanced strategies in liposomal cancer therapy: problems and prospects of active and tumor specific drug release Prog. Lipid Res. 44 68 97
57. K. Maruyama O. Ishida T. Takizawa K. Moribe 1999 Possibility of active targeting to tumor tissues with liposomes Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 40 89 102
58. J. W. Park D. B. Kirpotin K. Hong R. Shalaby Y. Shao U. B. Nielsen J. D. Marks D. Papahadjopoulos C. C. Benz 2001 Tumor targeting using anti-her2 immunoliposomes J. Control. Release 74 95 113
59. J. A. Kamps G. A. Koning M. J. Velinova H. W. Morselt M. Wilkens A. Gorter J. Donga G. L. Scherphof 2000 Uptake of long-circulating immunoliposomes, directed against colon adenocarcinoma cells, by liver metastases of colon cancer J. Drug Target. 8 235 245
60. G. A. Koning H. W. M. Morselt A. Gorter T. M. Allen S. Zalipsky G. L. Scherphof J. A. A. M. Kamps 2003 Interaction of differently designed immunoliposomes with colon cancer cells and Kupffer cells. An in vitro comparison Pharm. Res. 20 1249 1257
61. R. M. Schiffelers G. A. Koning T. L. M. Ten Hagen M. H. A. M. Fens A. J. Schraa A. P. C. A. Janssen R. J. Kok G. Molema G. Storm 2003 Anti-tumor efficacy of tumor vasculature-targeted liposomal doxorubicin J. Control. Release 91 115 122
62. J. N. Moreira T. Ishida R. Gaspar T. M. Allen 2002 Use of the post-insertion technique to insert peptide ligands into pre-formed stealth liposomes with retention of binding activity and cytotoxicity Pharm. Res. 19 265 269
63. H. Hatakeyama H. Akita K. Maruyama T. Suhara H. Harashima 2004 Factors governing the in vivo tissue uptake of transferrin-coupled polyethylene glycol liposomes in vivo Int. J. Pharm. 281 25 33
64. D. A. Eavarone X. Yu R. V. Bellamkonda 2000 Targeted drug delivery to C6 glioma by transferrin-coupled liposomes J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 51 10 14
65. O. Ishida K. Maruyama H. Tanahashi M. Iwatsuru K. Sasaki M. Eriguchi H. Yanagie 2001 Liposomes bearing polyethyleneglycol-coupled transferrin with intracellular targeting property to the solid tumors in vivo Pharm. Res. 18 1042 1048
66. R. J. Lee P. S. Low 1994 Delivery of liposomes into cultured KB cells via folate receptor-mediated endocytosis J. Biol. Chem. 269 3198 3204
67. S. Ni S. M. Stephenson R. J. Lee 2002 Folate receptor targeted delivery of liposomal daunorubicin into tumor cells Anticancer Res. 22 2131 2135
68. X. Q. Pan H. Wang R. J. Lee 2003 Antitumor activity of folate receptor-targeted liposomal doxorubicin in a KB oral carcinoma murine xenograft model Pharm. Res. 20 417 422
69. J. J. Sudimack D. Adams J. Rotaru S. Shukla J. Yan M. Sekido R. F. Barth W. Tjarks R. J. Lee 2002 Folate receptor-mediated liposomal delivery of a lipophilic boron agent to tumor cells in vitro for neutron capture therapy Pharm. Res. 19 1502 1508
70. P. Opanasopit M. Sakai M. Nishikawa S. Kawakami F. Yamashita M. Hashida 2002 Inhibition of liver metastasis by targeting of immunomodulators using mannosylated liposome carriers J. Control. Release 80 283 294
71. B. Stella S. Arpicco M. T. Peracchia D. Desmaele J. Hoebeke M. Renoir J. D'Angelo L. Cattel P. Couvreur 2000 Design of folic acid-conjugated nanoparticles for drug targeting J. Pharm. Sci. 89 1452 1464
72. H. Wartlick K. Michaelis S. Balthasar K. Strebhardt J. Kreuter K. Langer 2004 Highly specific HER2-mediated cellular uptake of antibody-modified nanoparticles in tumour cells J. Drug Target. 12 461 471
73. M. B. Yatvin W. Kreutz B. A. Horwitz M. Shinitzky 1980 pH-sensitive liposomes: possible clinical implications Science 210 1253 1255
74. J. Shin P. Shum D. H. Thompson 2003 Acid-triggered release via dePEGylation of DOPE liposomes containing acid-labile vinyl ether PEG-lipids J. Control. Release 91 187 200
75. 2 gradients in solid tumors in vivo: high-resolution measurements reveal a lack of correlation Nat. Med. 3 177 182
76. G. Helmlinger A. Sckell M. Dellian N. S. Forbes R. K. Jain 2002 Acid production in glycolysis-impaired tumors provides new insights into tumor metabolism Clin. Cancer Res. 8 1284 1291
77. E. Fattal P. Couvreur C. Dubernet 2004 "Smart" delivery of antisense oligonucleotides by anionic pH-sensitive liposomes Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 56 931 946
78. S. Simoes J. N. Moreira C. Fonseca N. Düzgünes M. C. Pedroso de Lima 2004 On the formulation of pH-sensitive liposomes with long circulation times Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 56 947 965
79. A. Mori A. L. Klibanov V. P. Torchilin L. Huang 1991 Influence of the steric barrier activity of amphipathic poly(ethyleneglycol) and ganglioside GM1 on the circulation time of liposomes and on the target binding of immunoliposomes in vivo FEBS Lett. 284 263 266
80. K. Kono K. Zenitani T. Takagishi 1994 Novel pH-sensitive liposomes: liposomes bearing a poly(ethylene glycol) derivative with carboxyl groups Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1193 1 9
81. E. Roux M. Francis F. M. Winnik J. C. Leroux 2002 Polymer based pH-sensitive carriers as a means to improve the cytoplasmic delivery of drugs Int. J. Pharm. 242 25 36
82. D. Collins D. C. Litzinger L. Huang 1990 Structural and functional comparisons of pH-sensitive liposomes composed of phosphatidylethanolamine and three different diacylsuccinylglycerols Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1025 234 242
83. K. Kono T. Igawa T. Takagishi 1997 Cytoplasmic delivery of calcein mediated by liposomes modified with a pH-sensitive poly(ethylene glycol) derivative Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1325 143 154
84. V. A. Slepushkin S. Simoens P. Dazin M. S. Newman L. S. Guo M. C. Pedroso de Lima N. Duzgunes 1997 Sterically stabilized pH-sensitive liposomes. Intracellular delivery of aqueous contents and prolonged circulation in vivo J. Biol. Chem. 272 2382 2388
85. D. Liu L. Huang 1990 pH-Sensitive, plasma-stable liposomes with relatively prolonged residence in circulation Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1022 348 354
86. M. B. Yatvin J. N. Weinstein W. H. Dennis R. Blumenthal 1978 Design of liposomes for enhanced local release of drugs by hyperthermia Science 202 1290 1293
87. G. Kong G. Anyarambhatla W. P. Petros R. D. Braun O. M. Colvin D. Needham M. W. Dewhirst 2000 Efficacy of liposomes and hyperthermia in a human tumor xenograft model: importance of triggered drug release Cancer Res. 60 6950 6957
88. D. Needham G. Anyarambhatla G. Kong M. W. Dewhirs 2000 A new temperature-sensitive liposome for use with mild hyperthermia: characterization and testing in a human tumor xenograft model Cancer Res. 60 1197 1201
89. T. L. Andresen J. Davidsen M. Begtrup O. G. Mouritsen K. Jorgensen 2004 Enzymatic release of antitumor ether lipids by specific phospholipase A2 activation of liposome-forming prodrugs J. Med. Chem. 47 1694 1703
90. T. L. Andresen O. G. Mouritsen M. Begtrup K. Jorgensen 2002 Phospholipase A2 activity: dependence on liposome surface charge and polymer coverage Biophys. J. 82 148c
91. C. C. Pak R. K. Erukulla P. L. Ahl A. S. Janoff P. Meers 1999 Elastase activated liposomal delivery to nucleated cells Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1419 111 126
92. S. C. Davis F. C. Szoka Jr. 1998 Cholesterol phosphate derivatives: synthesis and incorporation into a phosphatase and calcium-sensitive triggered release liposome Bioconjug. Chem. 9 783 792
93. A. Mueller B. Bondurant D. F. O'Brien 2000 Visible-light stimulated destabilization of PEG-liposomes Macromolecules 33 4799 4804
94. B. Bonnemain 1998 Superparamagnetic agents in magnetic resonance imaging: physicochemical characteristics and clinical applications. A review J. Drug Target. 6 167 174
95. D. Pouliquen J. J. Le Jeune R. Perdrisot A. Ermias P. Jallet 1991 Iron oxide nanoparticles for use as an MRI contrast agent: pharmacokinetics and metabolism Magn. Reson. Imaging 9 275 283
96. E. Okon D. Pouliquen P. Okon Z. V. Kovaleva T. P. Stepanova S. G. Lavit B. N. Kudryavtsev P. Jallet 1994 Biodegradation of magnetite dextran nanoparticles in the rat. A histologic and biophysical study Lab. Invest. 71 895 903
97. A. Chachuat B. Bonnemain 1995 European clinical experience with Endorem. A new contrast agent for liver MRI in 1000 patients Radiology 35 S274 S276
98. S. Kubaska D. V. Sahani S. Saini P. F. Hahn E. Halpern 2001 Dual contrast enhanced magnetic resonance imaging of the liver with superparamagnetic iron oxide followed by gadolinium for lesion detection and characterisation Clin. Radiol. 56 410 415
99. R. Weissleder G. Elizondo D. D. Stark P. F. Hahn J. Marfil J. F. Gonzalez S. Saini L. E. Todd J. T. Ferrucci 1989 The diagnosis of splenic lymphoma by MR imaging: value of superparamagnetic iron oxide A.J.R. Am. J. Roentgenol. 152 175 180
100. A. Iannone R. L. Magin T. Walczak M. Federico H. M. Swartz A. Tomasi V. Vannini 1991 Blood clearance of dextran magnetite particles determined by a noninvasive in vivo ESR method Magn. Reson. Med. 22 435 442
101. R. Weissleder A. Bogdanov E. A. Neuwelt M. Papisov 1995 Long-circulating iron oxides for MR imaging Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 16 321 334
102. K. Turetschek S. Huber E. Floyd T. Helbich T. P. Roberts D. M. Shames K. S. Tarlo M. F. Wendland R. C. Brasch 2001 MR imaging characterization of microvessels in experimental breast tumors by using a particulate contrast agent with histopathologic correlation Radiology 218 562 569
103. Y. Anzai S. [tmp] McLachlan M. Morris R. Saxton R. B. Lufkin 1994 Dextran-coated superparamagnetic iron oxide, an MR contrast agent for assessing lymph nodes in the head and neck Am. J. Neuroradiol. 15 87 94
104. K. Lind M. Kresse N. P. Debus R. H. Muller 2002 A novel formulation for superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) particles enhancing MR lymphograpy: comparison of physicochemical properties and the in vivo behaviour J. Drug Target. 10 221 230
105. A. Moore R. Weissleder A. Bogdanov Jr. 1997 Uptake of dextran-coated monocrystalline iron oxides in tumor cells and macrophages J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 7 1140 1145
106. A. Moore J. P. Basilion E. A. Chiocca R. Weissleder 1998 Measuring transferrin receptor gene expression by NMR imaging Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1402 239 249
107. P. Varallyay G. Nesbit L. L. Muldoon R. R. Nixon J. Delashaw J. I. Cohen A. Petrillo D. Rink E. A. Neuwelt 2002 Comparison of two superparamagnetic viral-sized iron oxide particles ferumoxides and ferumoxtran-10 with a gadolinium chelate in imaging intracranial tumors Am. J. Neuroradiol. 23 510 519
108. L. G. Remsen C. I. [tmp] McCormick S. Roman-Goldstein G. Nilaver R. Weissleder A. Bogdanov I. Hellstrom R. A. Kroll E. A. Neuwelt 1996 MR of carcinoma-specific monoclonal antibody conjugated to monocrystalline iron oxide nanoparticles: the potential for noninvasive diagnosis Am. J. Neuroradiol. 17 411 418
109. D. Artemov N. Mori B. Okollie Z. M. Bhujwalla 2003 MR molecular imaging of the Her-2/neu receptor in breast cancer cells using targeted iron oxide nanoparticles Magn. Reson. Med. 49 403 408
110. M. Shinkai M. Yanase M. Suzuki H. Honda T. Wakabayashi J. Yoshida T. Kobayashi 1999 Intracellular hyperthermia for cancer using magnetite cationic liposomes J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 194 176 184
111. M. Yanase M. Shinkai H. Honda T. Wakabayashi J. Yoshida T. Kobayashi 1998 Antitumor immunity induction by intracellular hyperthermia using magnetite cationic liposomes Jpn. J. Cancer Res. 89 775 782
112. I. Hilger W. Andrä R. Hergt R. Hiergeist H. Schubert W. A. Kaiser 2001 Electromagnetic heating of breast tumors in interventional radiology: in vitro and in vivo studies in human cadavers and mice Radiology 218 570 575
113. A. Jordan P. Wust R. Scholz H. Faehling J. Krause R. Felix 1997 Magnetic fluid hyperthermia (MFH) U. Hafeli W. Schutt J. Teller U. Hdfeli W. Schutt M. Zborowski Scientific and Clinical Applications of Magnetic Carriers Plenum Press New York 569 595
114. A. Jordan R. Scholz K. Maier-Hauff M. Johannsen P. Wust J. Nadobny H. Schirra H. Schmidt S. Deger S. Loening W. Lanksch R. Felix 2001 Presentation of a new magnetic field therapy system for the treatment of human solid tumors with magnetic fluid hyperthermia J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 225 118 126
115. A. Halbreich J. Roger J. N. Pons D. Geldwerth M. F. Da Silva M. Roudier J. C. Bacri 1998 Biomedical applications of maghemite ferrofluid Biochimie 80 379 390
116. J. C. Bacri M. F. Da Silva R. Perzynski J. N. Pons J. Roger D. Sabolovic A. Halbreich 1997 Use of magnetic nanoparticles for thermolysis of cells in a ferrofluid U. Hafeli W. Schutt J. Teller U. Hdfeli W. Schutt M. Zborowski Scientific and Clinical Applications of Magnetic Carriers Plenum Press New York 597 606
117. A. Jordan R. Scholz P. Wust H. Schirra 1999 Endocytosis of dextran and silan-coated magnetite nanoparticles and the effect of intracellular hyperthermia on human mammary carcinoma cells in vitro J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 194 185 196
118. M. Shinkai B. Le H. Honda K. Yoshikawa K. Shimizu S. Saga T. Wakabayashi J. Yoshida T. Kobayashi 2001 Targeting hyperthermia for renal cell carcinoma using human MN antigen-specific magnetoliposomes Jpn. J. Cancer Res. 92 1138 1145
119. F. Sonvico S. Mornet S. Vasseur C. Dubernet D. Jaillard J. Degrouard J. Hoebeke E. Duguet P. Colombo P. Couvreur 2005 Folate-conjugated iron oxide nanoparticles for solid tumor targeting as potential "Specific Magnetic Hyperthermia Mediators: Synthesis, Physicochemical Characterization, and in Vitro Experiments" Bioconjug. Chem. 16 1181 1188
120. C. M. Pitsillides E. K. Joe X. Wie R. R. Anderson C. P. Lin 2003 Selective cell targeting with light-adsorbing microparticles and nanoparticles Biophys. J. 84 4023 4032
121. C. P. Lin M. W. Kelly S. A. Sibayan M. A. Latina R. R. Anderson 1999 Selective cell killing by microparticle absorption of pulsed laser radiation IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 5 963 968
122. F. Shi A. L. Rakhmilevich C. P. Heise K. Oshikawa P. M. Sondel N. S. Yang D. M. Mahvi 2002 Intratumoral injection of interleukin-12 plasmid DNA, either naked or in complex with cationic lipid, results in similar tumor regression in a murine model Mol. Cancer Ther. 1 949 957
123. K. Kawabata T. Takakura M. Hashida 1995 The fate of plasmid DNA after intravenous injection in mice: involvement of scavenger receptors in its hepatic uptake Pharm. Res. 12 825 830
124. K. Ewert A. Ahmad H. M. Evans H. W. Schmidt C. R. Safinya 2002 Efficient synthesis and cell-transfection properties of a new multivalent cationic lipid for nonviral gene delivery J. Med. Chem. 45 5023 5029
125. H. Gao K. M. Hui 2001 Synthesis of a novel series of cationic lipids that can act as efficient gene delivery vehicles through systematic heterocyclic substitution of cholesterol derivatives Gene Ther. 8 855 863
126. X. Gao L. Huang 1996 Potentiation of cationic liposome-mediated gene delivery by polycations Biochemistry 35 1027 1036
127. N. T. Ueno C. Bartholomeusz W. Xia P. Anklesaria E. M. Bruckheimer E. Mebel R. Paul S. Li G. H. Yo L. Huang M. C. Hung 2002 Systemic gene therapy in human xenograft tumor models by liposomal delivery of the E1A gene Cancer Res. 62 6712 6716
128. A. Y. Nikitin M. I. Juarez-Perez S. Li L. Huang W. H. Lee 1999 RB-mediated suppression of spontaneous multiple neuroendocrine neoplasia and lung metastases in Rb+/- mice Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96 3916 3921
129. T. B. Wyman F. Nicol O. Zelphati P. V. Scaria C. Plank F. C. Szoka Jr. 1997 Design, synthesis, and characterization of a cationic peptide that binds to nucleic acids and permeabilizes bilayers Biochemistry 36 3008 3017
130. G. Y. Wu C. H. Wu 1987 Receptor-mediated in vitro gene transformation by a soluble DNA carrier system J. Biol. Chem. 262 4429 4432
131. C. M. Ward M. L. Read L. W. Seymour 2001 Systemic circulation of poly(l-lysine)/DNA vectors is influenced by polycation molecular weight and type of DNA: differential circulation in mice and rats and the implications for human gene therapy Blood 97 2221 2229
132. O. Boussif F. Lezoualc'h M. A. Zanta M. D. Mergny D. Scherman B. Demeneix J. P. Behr 1995 A versatile vector for gene and oligonucleotide transfer into cells in culture and in vivo: polyethylenimine Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92 7297 7301
133. A. Kichler C. Leborgne E. Coeytaux O. Danos 2001 Polyethylenimine- mediated gene delivery: a mechanistic study J. Gene Med. 3 135 144
134. H. Lee J. H. Jeong T. G. Park 2002 PEG grafted polylysine with fusogenic peptide for gene delivery: high transfection efficiency with low cytotoxicity J. Control. Release 79 283 291
135. E. Wagner M. Zenke M. Cotten H. Beug M. L. Birnstiel 1990 Transferrin-polycation conjugates as carriers for DNA uptake into cells Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87 3410 3414
136. W. Suh J. K. Chung S. H. Park S. W. Kim 2001 Anti-JL1 antibody-conjugated poly(l-lysine) for targeted gene delivery to leukemia T cells J. Control. Release 72 171 178
137. C. M. Ward M. Pechar D. Oupicky K. Ulbrich L. W. Seymour 2002 Modification of pLL/DNA complexes with a multivalent hydrophilic polymer permits folate-mediated targeting in vitro and prolonged plasma circulation in vivo J. Gene Med. 4 536 547
138. R. Kircheis S. Schuller S. Brunner M. Ogris K. H. Heider W. Zauner E. Wagner 1999 Polycation-based DNA complexes for tumor-targeted gene delivery in vivo J. Gene Med. 1 111 120
139. G. Stingl E. B. Brocker R. Mertelsmann K. Wolff S. Schreiber E. Kampgen A. Schneeberger W. Dummer U. Brennscheid H. Veelken M. L. Birnstiel K. Zatloukal W. Schmidt G. Maass E. Wagner M. Baschle M. Giese E. R. Kempe H. A. Weber T. Voigt 1996 Phase I study to the immunotherapy of metastatic malignant melanoma by a cancer vaccine consisting of autologous cancer cells transfected with the human IL-2 gene Hum. Gene Ther. 7 551 563
140. J. Chen S. Gamou A. Takayanagi N. Shimizu 1994 A novel gene delivery system using EGF receptor-mediated endocytosis FEBS Lett. 338 167 169
141. A. Boletta A. Benigni J. Lutz G. Remuzzi M. R. Soria L. Monaco 1997 Nonviral gene delivery to the rat kidney with polyethylenimine Hum. Gene Ther. 8 1243 1251
142. M. Köping-Höggard Y. S. Mel'nikova K. M. Varum B. Lindman P. Artursson 2003 Relationship between the physical shape and the efficiency of oligomeric chitosan as a gene delivery system in vitro and in vivo J. Gene Med. 5 130 141
143. L. Vincent J. Varet J. Y. Pille H. Bompais P. Opolon A. Maksimenko C. Malvy M. Mirshahi H. Lu J. P. Vannier C. Soria H. Li 2003 Efficacy of dendrimer-mediated angiostatin and TIMP-2 gene delivery on inhibition of tumor growth and angiogenesis: in vitro and in vivo studies Int. J. Cancer. 105 419 429
144. P. Van de Wetering J. Y. Cherng H. Talsma W. E. Hennink 1997 Relation between transfection efficiency and cytotoxicity of poly(2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate)/plasmid complexes J. Control. Release 49 59 69
145. A. El-Aneed 2004 An overview of current delivery systems in cancer gene therapy J. Control. Release 94 1 14
146. C. Chavany T. Saison-Behmoaras T. Le Doan F. Puisieux P. Couvreur C. Hélène 1994 Adsorption of oligonucleotides onto polyisohexylcyanoacrylate nanoparticles protects them against nucleases and increase their cellular uptake Pharm. Res. 11 1370 1378
147. G. Schwab C. Chavany I. Duroux G. Goubin J. Lebeau C. Hélène T. Saison-Behmoaras 1994 Antisense oligonucleotides adsorbed to polyalkylcyanoacrylate nanoparticles specifically inhibit mutated Ha-ras-mediated cell proliferation and tumorigenicity in nude mice Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91 10460 10464
148. L. Tondelli A. Ricca M. Laus M. Lelli G. Citro 1998 Highly efficient cellular uptake of c-myb antisense oligonucleotides through specifically designed polymeric nanospheres Nucleic Acids Res. 26 5425 5431
149. A. R. Thierry A. Rahman A. Dritschilo 1993 Overcoming multidrug resistance in human tumor cells using free and liposomally encapsulated antisense oligodeoxynucleotides Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 190 952 960
150. S. Vinogradov E. Batrakova A. Kabanov 1999 Poly(ethylene glycol)-polyethyleneimine NanoGel TM particles: novel drug delivery systems for antisense oligonucleotides Colloids Surf., B Biointerfaces 16 291 304
151. W. A. May M. L. Gishizky S. L. Lessnick L. B. Lunsford B. C. Lewis O. Delattre J. Zucman G. Thomas C. T. Dennt 1993 Ewing sarcoma 11;22 translocation produces a chimeric transcription factor that requires the DNA-binding domain encoded by FLI1 for transformation Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90 5752 5756
152. K. Tanaka T. Iwakuma K. Harimaya H. Sato Y. Iwamoto 1997 EWS-Fli1 antisense oligodeoxynucleotide inhibits proliferation of human Ewing's sarcoma and primitive neuroectodermal tumor cells J. Clin. Invest. 99 239 247
153. G. Lambert J. R. Bertrand E. Fattal F. Subra H. Pinto-Alphandary C. Malvy C. Auclair P. Couvreur 2000 EWS Fli-1 antisense nanocapsules inhibits Ewing sarcoma-related tumor in mice Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 279 401 406
154. A. Maksimenko C. Malvy G. Lambert J. R. Bertrand E. Fattal J. Maccario P. Couvreur 2003 Oligonucleotides targeted against a junction oncogene are made efficient by nanotechnologies Pharm. Res. 20 1565 1567
155. N. Toub C. Angiari D. Eboué E. Fattal J. P. Tenu T. Le Doan P. Couvreur 2005 Cellular fate of oligonucleotides when delivered by nanocapsules of poly(isobutylcyanoacrylate) J. Control. Release 106 209 213
156. Z. Hassani G. F. Lemkine P. Erbacher K. Palmier G. Alfama C. Giovannangeli J. P. Behr B. A. Demeneix 2005 Lipid-mediated siRNA delivery down-regulates exogenous gene expression in the mouse brain at picomolar levels J. Gene Med. 7 198 207
157. Y. Zhang Y. F. Zhang J. Bryant A. Charles R. J. Boado W. M. Pardridge 2004 Intravenous RNA interference gene therapy targeting the human epidermal growth factor receptor prolongs survival in intracranial brain cancer Clin. Cancer Res. 10 3667 3677
158. World Health Organisation. Number of Confirmed Cases of Poliomyelitis 2002-2005 (as of 12 September 2005), http://www.emro.who.int/polio/ (accessed 16 September 2005), part of http://www.who.int (accessed 16 September 2005).
159. World Health Organisation. Smallpox, http://www.who.int/topics/smallpox/ en/ (accessed 16 September 2005), part of http://www.who.int (accessed 16 September 2005).
160. S. Maesaki 2002 Drug delivery system of anti-fungal and parasitic agents Curr. Pharm. Des. 8 433 440
161. B. Dupont 2002 Overview of the lipid formulations of amphothericin B J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 49 31 36
162. O. Ringden 2002 Ten years' experience with liposomal amphotericin B in transplant recipients at Huddinge University Hospital J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 49 51 55
163. S. L. Croft G. H. Coombs 2003 Leishmaniasis-current chemotherapy and recent advances in the search for novel drugs Trends Parasitol. 19 502 508
164. A. W. K. Ng K. M. Wasan 2003 Development of liposomal polyene antibiotics: an historical perspective J. Pharm. Pharm. Sci. 6 67 83
165. W. J. Gibbs R. H. Drew J. R. Perfect 2005 Liposomal amphotericin B: clinical experience and perspectives Expert Rev. Anti-infect. Ther. 3 167 181
166. M. Owais G. C. Varshney A. Choudhury S. Chandra C. M. Gupta 1995 Chloroquine encapsulated in malaria-infected erythrocyte-specific antibody-bearing liposomes effectively controls chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium berghei infections in mice Antimicrob. Agents. Chemother. 39 180 184
167. J. P. Adler-Moore R. T. Proffitt 1993 Development, characterization, efficacy and mode of action of Ambisome®, a unilamellar liposome formulation of amphotericin B J. Liposome Res. 3 429 450
168. H. W. Murray 2004 Progress in the treatment of a neglected infectious disease: visceral leishmaniasis Expert Rev. Anti-infect. Ther. 2 279 292
169. H. W. Murray 2004 Treatment of visceral leishmaniasis in 2004 Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 71 787 794
170. M. Larabi V. Yardley P. M. Loiseau M. Appel P. Legrand A. Gulik C. Boris S. Croft G. Barratt 2003 Toxicity and antileishmanial activity of a new stable lipid suspension of amphothericin B Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 47 3774 3779
171. M. K. Basu S. Lala 2004 Macrophage specific drug delivery in experimental leishmaniasis Curr. Mol. Med. 4 681 689
172. P. Legrand G. Barratt V. Mosqueira H. Fessi J. P. Devissaguet 1999 Polymeric nanocapsules as drug delivery systems: a review Sci. Tech. Pharm. 9 411 418
173. R. Gaspar V. Preat F. R. Opperdoes M. Rolland 1992 Macrophage activation by polymeric nanoparticles of polyalkylcyanoacrylates: activity against intracellular Leishmania donovani associated with hydrogen peroxide production Pharm. Res. 9 782 787
174. M. Fouarge M. Dewulf P. Couvreur M. Rolland H. Vranckx 1989 Development of dehydroemetine nanoparticles for the treatment of visceral leishmaniasis J. Microencapsul. 6 29 34
175. M. S. Espuelas P. Legrand M. A. Campanero M. Appel M. Chéron C. Gamazo G. Barratt J. M. Irache 2003 Polymeric carriers for amphotericin B: in vitro activity, toxicity and therapeutic efficacy against systemic candidiasis in neutropenic mice J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 52 419 427
176. R. Tyagi S. Lala A. K. Verma A. K. Nandy S. B. Mahato A. Maitra M. K. Basu 2005 Targeted delivery of arjunglucoside I using surface hydrophilic and hydrophobic nanocarriers to combat experimental leishmaniasis J. Drug Target. 13 161 171
177. V. C. F. Mosqueira P. M. Loiseau C. Bories P. Legrand J. P. Devissaguet G. Barratt 2004 Efficacy and pharmacokinetics of intravenous nanocapsule formulations of halofantrine in Plasmodium berghei-infected mice Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 48 1222 1228
178. I. A. Bakker-Woudenberg 2002 Long-circulating sterically stabilized liposomes as carriers of agents for treatment of infection or for imaging infectious foci Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents 19 299 311
179. H. Pinto-Alphandary A. Andremont P. Couvreur 2000 Targeted delivery of antibiotics using liposomes and nanoparticles: research and applications Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents 13 155 168
180. R. Schiffelers G. Storm I. Bakker-Woudenberg 2001 Liposome-encapsulated aminoglycosides in pre-clinical and clinical studies J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 48 333 344
181. G. Barratt 2004 Colloidal drug carriers: achievements and perspectives Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 60 21 37
182. R. M. Fielding R. O. Lewis L. Moon-McDermott 1998 Altered tissue distribution and elimination of Amikacin encapsulated in unilamellar, low clearance liposomes (Mikasome®) Pharm. Res. 15 1775 1781
183. R. M. Fielding L. Moon-McDermott R. O. Lewis M. J. Horner 1999 Pharmacokinetics and urinary excretion of amikacin in low-clearance unilamellar liposomes after a single or repeated intravenous administration in the rhesus monkey Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 43 503 509
184. P. R. Donald F. A. Sirgel A. Venter E. Smit D. P. Parkin B. W. Van de Wal D. A. Mitchison 2001 The early bactericidal activity of a low-clearance liposomal amikacin in pulmonary tuberculosis J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 48 877 880
185. E. Fattal M. Youssef P. Couvreur A. Andremont 1989 Treatment of experimental salmonellosis in mice with ampicillin-bound nanoparticles Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 33 1540 1543
186. E. Fattal J. Rojas M. Youssef P. Couvreur A. Andremont 1991 Liposome-entrapped ampicillin in the treatment of experimental murine listeriosis and salmonellosis Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 35 770 772
187. E. Fattal O. Balland H. Alphandary S. Pecquet F. Puisieux P. Couvreur A. Andremont 1993 Colloidal carriers of antibiotics as an alternative approach for the treatment of intracellular infections D. Raoult Antimicrobial Agents and Intracellular Pathogens CRC Press Boca Raton, FL 63 72
188. M. Yousseff E. Fattal M. J. Alonso L. Roblot-Treupel J. Sauzières C. Tancrède A. Omnes P. Couvreur A. Andremont 1988 Effectiveness of nanoparticle-bound ampicillin in the treatment of Listeria monocytogenes infection in athymic nude mice Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 32 1204 1207
189. M. E. Page-Clisson H. Pinto-Alphandary E. Chachaty P. Couvreur A. Andremont 1998 Drug targeting by polyalkylcyanoacrylate is not efficient against persistent Salmonella Pharm. Res. 15 542 547
190. Y. Zhang 2005 The magic bullets and tuberculosis targets Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 45 529 564
191. A. I. Vitas R. Diaz C. Gamazo 1996 Effect on composition and method of preparation of liposomes on their stability and interaction with murine monocytes infected with Brucella abortus Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 40 146 151
192. A. Engel S. Kumar Chatterjee A. Al-Arifi D. Riemann J. Laugner P. Nuhn 2003 Influence of spacer length in interaction of mannosylated liposomes with human phagocytic cells Pharm. Res. 20 51 57
193. K. E. Anderson L. A. Eliot B. R. Stevenson J. A. Rogers 2001 Formulation and evaluation of a folic acid receptor-targeted oral vancomycin liposomal dosage form Pharm. Res. 18 316 322
194. C. I. Price J. W. Horton C. R. Baxter 1994 Liposome encapsulation: a method for enhancing the effectiveness of local antibiotics Surgery 115 480 487
195. N. M. Sanderson M. N. Jones 1996 Encapsulation of vancomycin and gentamicin within cationic liposomes for inhibition of growth of Staphylococcus epidermidis J. Drug Target. 4 181 189
196. J. Frucht-Perry K. K. Assil E. Ziegler H. Douglas S. I. Brown D. J. Schanzlin R. N. Weinreb 1992 Fibrin-enmeshed tobramycin liposomes: single application topical therapy of Pseudomonas keratitis Cornea 11 393 397
197. J. Conley H. Yang T. Wilson K. Blasetti V. Di Ninno G. Schnell J. Park Wong 1997 Aerosol delivery of liposome-encapsulated ciprofloxacin: aerosol characterization and efficacy against Francisella tularensis infection in mice Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 41 1288 1292
198. J. P. Wong H. Yang K. L. Blasetti G. Schnell J. Conley L. N. Schofield 2003 Liposome delivery of ciprofloxacin against intracellular Francisella tularensis infection J. Control. Release 92 265 273
199. M. A. Rauschmann T. A. Wichelhous V. Stirnal E. Dingeldein L. Zichner R. Schnettle V. Alt 2005 Nanocrystalline hydroxyapatite and calcium sulphate as biodegradable composite carrier material for local delivery of antibiotics in bone infections Biomaterials 26 2677 2684
200. D. Jikia N. Chkhaidze E. Imedashvili I. Mgaloblishvili G. Tsitlanadze R. Katsarava J. Glenn Morris A. Sulakvelidze 2005 The use if a novel biodegradable preparation capable of the sustained release of bacteriophages and ciprofloxacin, in the complex treatment of multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus-infection local radiation injuries caused by exposure to Sr 90 Clin. Exp. Dermatol. 30 23 26
201. J. Wang B. Hu M. Xu Q. Yan S. Liu X. Zhu Z. Sun D. Tao L. Ding E. Reed J. Gong Q. Q. Li J. Hu 2006 Therapeutic effectiveness of bacteriophages in the rescue of mice with extended spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli bacteremia Int. J. Mol. Med. 17 347 355
202. J. Wang B. Hu M. Xu Q. Yan S. Liu X. Zhu Z. Sun E. Reed L. Ding J. Gong Q. Q. Li J. Hu 2006 Use of bacteriophage in the treatment of experimental animal bacteremia from imipenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa Int. J. Mol. Med. 17 309 317
203. D. A. Putnam 1996 Antisense strategies and therapeutic applications Am. J. Health-Syst. Pharm. 52 151 160 erratum in Am. J. Health Syst. Pharm. 53:325
204. N. Duzgunes E. Pretzer S. Simoes V. Slepushkin K. Konopka D. Flasher M. C. Pedroso de Lima 1999 Liposome-mediated delivery of antiviral agents to human immunodeficiency virus-infected cells Mol. Membr. Biol. 16 111 118
205. C. Martinand-Mari B. Lebleu I. Robbins 2003 Oligonucleotide-based strategies to inhibit human hepatitis C virus Oligonucleotides 13 348 539
206. V. Nair 2003 Novel inhibitors of HIV integrase: the discovery of potential anti-HIV therapeutic agents Curr. Pharm. Des. 9 2553 2565
207. K. Maggon S. Barik 2004 New drugs and treatment for respiratory syncytial virus Rev. Med. Virol. 14 149 168
208. J. M. Irache M. Merodio A. Arnedo M. A. Camapanero M. Mirchahi S. Espuelas 2005 Albumin nanoparticles for the intravitreal delivery of anticytomegaloviral drugs Mini Rev. Med. Chem. 5 293 305
209. M. Markosian R. M. Hyde 2005 Oligonucleotides and polyribonucleotides: a review of antiviral activity Antivir. Chem. Chemother. 16 91 102
210. N. Duzgunes S. Simoes V. Slepushkin E. Pretzer E. De Clerq V. P. Antao M. L. Collins M. C. Pedroso de Lima 2001 Enhanced inhibition of HIV-1 replication in macrophages by antisense oligonucleotides, ribozymes and acyclic nucleoside phosphonate analogs delivered in pH sensitive liposomes Nucleosides Nucleotides Nucleic Acids 20 515 523
211. A. M. Harandi 2004 The potential of immunostimulatory CpG DNA for inducing immunity against genital herpes: opportunities and challenges J. Clin. Virol. 30 207 210
212. G. K. Mutwiri A. K. Nichano S. Babiuk L. A. Babiuk 2004 Strategies for enhancing the immunostimulatory effects of CpG oligodeoxynucleotides J. Control. Release 97 1 17
213. D. Trabattoni A. Clivio D. H. Bray L. Bhagat S. Beltrami G. Maffeis R. Cesana P. Lowry F. Lissoni E. R. Kandimalla T. Sullivan S. Agrawal R. Bartholomew M. Clerici 2006 Immunization with gp120-depleted whole killed HIV immunogen and a second-generation CpG DNA elicits strong HIV-specific responses in mice Vaccine 24 1470 1477
214. A. Bochot P. Couvreur E. Fattal 2000 Intravitreal administration of antisense oligonucleotides: potential of liposomal delivery Prog. Retin. Eye Res. 19 131 147
215. A. Arnedo J. M. Irache M. Merodio M. S. Espuelas Millan 2004 Albumin nanoparticles improved the stability, nuclear accumulation and anticytomegaloviral activity of a phosphodiester oligonucleotide J. Control. Release 94 217 227
216. A. Bochot E. Fattal V. Boutet J. R. Deverre J. C. Jeanny H. Chacun P. Couvreur 2002 Intravitreal delivery of oligonucleotides by sterically stabilized liposomes Investig. Ophtalmol. Vis. Sci. 43 253 259
217. E. Fattal G. De Rosa A. Bochot 2004 Gel and solid matrix systems for the controlled delivery of drug carrier-associated nucleic acids Int. J. Pharm. 277 25 30
218. F. Shi D. Hoekstra 2004 Effective intracellular delivery of oligonucleotides in order to make sense of antisense J. Control. Release 97 189 209
219. C. Ropert M. Lavigno C. Dubernet P. Couvreur C. Malvy 1992 Oligonucleotides encapsulated in pH-sensitive liposomes are efficient toward Friend retrovirus Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 183 879 885 erratum in: Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 192:982 (1993)
220. C. Ropert C. Malvy P. Couvreur 1993 Inhibition of the Friend retrovirus by antisense oligonucleotides encapsulated in liposomes: mechanism of action Pharm. Res. 10 1427 1433
221. C. Ropert Z. Mishal Jr. J. M. Rodrigues C. Malvy P. Couvreur 1996 Retrovirus budding may contribute a port of entry for drug carriers Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1310 53 59
222. M. Berton P. Turelli D. Trono C. A. Stein E. Allemann R. Gurny 2001 Inhibition of HIV-1 in cell culture by oligonucleotide-loaded nanoparticles Pharm. Res. 18 1096 1101
223. A. Zimmer 1999 Antisense oligonucleotides delivery with polyhexylcyanoacrylate nanoparticles as carriers Methods 18 286 295
224. G. Lambert E. Fattal P. Couvreur 2001 Nanoparticulate systems for the delivery of antisense oligonucleotides Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 47 99 112
225. V. Vogel D. Lochmann J. Weyermann G. Mayer C. Tziatzios J. A. Van den Broek W. Haase D. Wouters U. S. Schubert J. Kreuter A. Zimmer D. Schubert 2005 Oligonucleotide-protamine-albumin nanoparticles: preparation, physical properties, and intracellular distribution J. Control. Release 103 99 111
226. Q. Hu C. R. Shew M. B. Bally T. D. Madden 2001 Programmable fusogenic vesicles for intracellular delivery of antisense oligodeoxynucleotides: enhanced cellular uptake and biological effects Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1514 1 13
227. J. Kunizawa T. Masuda K. Katayama T. Yoshikawa Y. Tsutsumi M. Akashi T. Mayumi S. Nakagawa 2005 Fusogenic liposome delivers encapsulated nanoparticles for cytosolic controlled gene release J. Control. Release 105 344 353
228. A. Dembri M. J. Montisci J. C. Gantier H. Chacun G. Ponchel 2001 Targeting of 3′-azido 3′-deoxythymidine (AZT)-loaded poly(isohexylcyanoacrylate) nanospheres to the gastrointestinal mucosa and associated lymphoid tissues Pharm. Res. 18 467 473
229. H. Boudad P. Legrand M. Appel M. H. Coconier G. Ponchel 2001 Formulation and cytotoxicity of combined cyclodextrin poly(alkylcyanoacrylate) nanoparticles on Caco-2 cells monolayers intended for oral administration of saquinavir STP Pharm. Sci. 11 369 375
230. A. R. Bender H. Von Briesen J. Kreuter I. B. Duncan H. Rubasmen-Waigmann 1996 Efficiency of nanoparticles as a carrier system for antiviral agents in human immunodeficiency virus-infected human monocytes/macrophages in vitro Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 40 1467 1471
231. F. De Jaeghere E. Allemann F. Kubel B. Galli R. Cozens E. Doelker R. Gurny 2000 Oral bioavailability of a poorly water soluble HIV-1 protease inhibitor incorporated into pH-sensitive particles: effect of the particle size and nutritional state J. Control. Release 68 291 298
232. M. Meridio J. M. Irache F. Valamanesh M. Mirshahi 2002 Ocular disposition and tolerance of ganciclovir-loaded albumin nanoparticles after intravitreal injection in rats Biomaterials 23 1587 1594
233. M. Fresta G. Fontana C. Bucolo G. Cavallo G. Giammona G. Puglisi 2001 Ocular tolerability and in vivo bioavailability of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)-coated polyethyl-2-cyanoacrylate nanosphere-encapsulated acyclovir J. Pharm. Sci. 9 288 297
234. S. C. Sookoian 2003 New therapies on the horizon for hepatitis C Ann. Hepatol. 2 164 170
235. G. V. Papatheodorodis E. Cholongitas 2004 Chronic hepatitis C and no response to antiviral therapy: potential current and future therapeutic options J. Viral Hepatitis 11 287 296
236. M. L. Shiffman 2004 Retreatment of patients who do not respond to initial therapy for chronic hepatitis C Clevel. Clin. J. Med. 71 S13 S16
237. M. Singh D. T. O'Hagan 2002 Recent advances in vaccine adjuvants Pharm. Res. 19 715 728
238. J. A. Berzofsky J. D. Ahlers J. Janik J. Morris S. Oh M. Tarabe I. M. Belyakov 2004 Progress on new vaccine strategies against chronic viral infections J. Clin. Invest. 114 450 462
239. D. T. O'Hagan R. Rappuoli 2004 Novel approaches to vaccine delivery Pharm. Res. 21 1519 1530
240. M. Vajdy I. Srivastava J. Polo J. Donnelly D. O'Hagan M. Singh 2004 Mucosal adjuvants and delivery systems for protein-,DNA- and RNA-based vaccines Immunol. Cell Biol. 82 616 627
241. J. Kreuter 1995 Nanoparticles as adjuvants for vaccines Pharm. Biotechnol. 6 463 472
242. Z. H. Jiang R. R. Koganty 2003 Synthetic vaccines: the role of adjuvants in immune targeting Curr. Med. Chem. 10 1423 1439
243. C. Moser I. C. Metcalfe J. F. Viret 2003 Virosomal adjuvanted antigen delivery systems Expert Rev. Vaccines 2 189 196
244. L. Leserman 2004 Liposomes as protein carriers in immunology J. Liposome Res. 14 175 189
245. M. J. Copland T. Rades N. M. Davies M. A. Baird 2005 Lipid based particulate formulations for the delivery of antigens Immunol. Cell Biol. 83 97 105
246. A. Huckriede L. Bungener T. Stegmann T. Daemen J. Medema A. M. Palache J. Wilschut 2005 The virosome concept for influenza vaccines Vaccine 23S1 S1/26 S1/38
247. N. Westerfeld R. Zurbriggen 2005 Peptides delivered by immunostimulating reconstituted influenza virosomes J. Pept. Sci. 11 707 712
248. J. Kreuter P. Speiser 1976 In vitro studies of poly(methylmethacrylate) adjuvants J. Pharm. Sci. 65 1624 1627
249. G. Gregoriadis 1994 The immunological adjuvant and vaccine carrier properties of liposomes J. Drug Target. 2 351 356
250. J. Aucouturier L. Dupuis V. Ganne 2001 Adjuvants designed for veterinary and human vaccines Vaccine 19 2666 2672
251. T. Daemen L. Bungener A. Huckriede J. Wilschut 2000 Virosomes as an antigen delivery system J. Liposome Res. 10 329 338
252. R. Glück I. C. Metcalfe 2002 New technology platforms in the development of vaccines for the future Vaccine 20 B10 B16
253. S. Esposito P. Marchisio S. Bosis L. Lambertini L. Claut N. Faelli C. Bianchi G. L. Colombo N. Principi 2006 Clinical and economic impact of influenza vaccination on healthy children aged 2-5 years Vaccine 24 629 635
254. R. Noad P. Roy 2003 Virus-like particles as immunogens Trends Microbiol. 11 438 444
255. R. L. Garcea L. Gissmann 2004 Virus-like particles as vaccines and vessels for the delivery of small molecules Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 15 513 517
256. T. Storni C. Ruedl K. Schwarz R. A. Schwendener W. A. Renner M. F. Bachmann 2004 Nonmethylated CG motifs packaged into virus-like particles induce protective cytotoxic T cell responses in the absence of systemic side effects J. Immunol. 172 1777 1785
257. B. Morein K. F. Hu I. Abusugra 2004 Current status and potential application of ISCOMs in veterinary medicine Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 56 1367 1382
258. P. Von Hoegen 2001 Synthetic biomimetic supra molecular Biovector™ (SMBV™) particles for nasal vaccine delivery Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 51 113 125
259. A. Debin R. Kravtzoff J. Vaz Santiago L. Cazales S. Sperandio K. Melber Z. Janowicz D. Betbeder M. Moynier 2002 Intranasal immunization with recombinant antigens associated with new cationic particles induces strong mucosal as well as systemic antibody and CTL responses Vaccine 20 2752 2763
260. B. C. Baudner O. Balland M. M. Guiliani P. Von Hoegen R. Rappuoli D. Betbeder G. Del Giudice 2002 Enhancement of protective efficacy following intranasal immunization with vaccine plus a nontoxic LTK63 mutant delivered nanoparticles Infect. Immun. 70 4785 4790
261. T. Jung W. Kamm A. Breitenbach K. D. Hungerer E. Hundt T. Kissel 2001 Tetanus toxoid loaded nanoparticles from sulfobutylated poly(vinylalcohol)- graft-poly(lactide-co-glycolide): evaluation of antibody response after oral and nasal application in mice Pharm. Res. 18 352 360
262. M. Conacher J. Alexander J. M. Brewer 2001 Oral immunisation with peptide and protein antigens by formulation in lipid vesicles incorporating bile salts (bilosomes) Vaccine 19 2965 2974
263. R. Gluck 2002 Intranasal immunization against influenza J. Aerosol Med. 15 221 218
264. J. Holmgren C. Czerkinsky K. Erikssen A. Mharandi 2003 Mucosal immunisation and adjuvants: a brief overview of recent advances and challenges Vaccine 21 (Suppl 2) S89 S95
265. J. Panyam V. Labhasetwar 2003 Biodegradable nanoparticles for drug and gene delivery to cells and tissue Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 55 329 347
266. M. Koping-Hoggard A. Sanchez M. J. Alonso 2005 Nanoparticles as carriers for nasal vaccine delivery Expert Rev. Vaccines 4 185 196
267. A. T. Florence 1997 The oral absorption of micro- and nanoparticulates: neither exceptional nor unusual Pharm. Res. 14 259 266
268. S. Mcclean F. Prosser F. Meehan D. O'Malley N. Clarke Z. Ramtoola D. Brayden 1998 Binding and uptake of biodegradable poly-dl-lactide micro- and nanoparticles in intestinal epithelia Eur. J. Pharm. Sci. 6 153 163
269. T. Jung W. Kamm A. Breitenbach E. Kaiserling J. X. Xiao T. Kissel 2000 Biodegradable nanoparticles for oral delivery of peptides: is there a role for polymers to affect mucosal uptake? Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm. 50 147 160
270. E. Fattal S. Pecquet P. Couvreur A. Andremont 2002 Biodegradable microparticles for the mucosal delivery of antibacterial and dietary antigens Int. J. Pharm. 242 15 24
271. M. Shakweh M. Besnard V. Nicolas E. Fattal 2005 Poly(lactide-co- glycolide) particles of different physicochemical properties and their uptake by Peyer's patches in mice Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm. 61 1 13
272. T. Fifis A. Gamvrellis B. Crimeen-Irwin G. A. Pietersz J. Li P. L. Mottram I. F. [tmp] McKenzie M. Plebanski 2004 Size-dependent immunogenicity: therapeutic and protective properties of nano-vaccines against tumors J. Immunol. 173 3148 3154
273. J. F. Mann V. A. Ferro A. B. Mullen L. Tetley M. Mullen K. C. Carter J. Alexander W. H. Stimson 2004 Optimisation of a lipid based oral delivery system containing A/Panama influenza haemagglutinin Vaccine 22 2425 2429
274. U. Gluck J. O. Gebbers R. Gluck 1999 Phase 1 evaluation of intranasal virosomal influenza vaccine with and without Escherichia coli heat-labile toxin in adult volunteers J. Virol. 73 7780 7786
275. M. Mutsch W. Zhou P. Rhodes M. Bopp R. T. Chen T. Linder C. Spyr R. Steffen 2004 Use of the inactivated intranasal influenza vaccine and the risk of Bell's palsy in Switzerland N. Engl. J. Med. 350 896 903
276. J. A. Berzofsky J. D. Ahlers I. M. Belyakov 2001 Strategies for designing and optimizing new generation vaccines Nat. Rev. Immunol. 1 209 219
277. M. Diwan P. Elamanchili H. Lane A. Gainer J. Samuel 2003 Biodegradable nanoparticle mediated antigen delivery to human cord blood derived dendritic cells for induction of primary T cell responses J. Drug Target. 11 495 507
278. X. Jiao R. Y. Wang Q. Qiu H. J. Alter J. W. Shih 2004 Enhanced hepatitis C virus NS3 specific Th1 immune responses induced by co-delivery of protein antigen and CpG with cationic liposomes J. Gen. Virol. 85 1545 1553
279. M. Kerkmann C. L. Costa C. Richter S. Rothenfusser J. Battiany V. Hornung J. Johnson S. Englert T. Ketterer W. Heckl S. Thalhammer S. Endres G. Hartmann 2005 Spontaneous formation of nucleic acid-based nanoparticles is responsible for high interferon-alpha induction by CpG-A in plasmacytoid dendritic cells J. Biol. Chem. 280 8086 8093
280. S. Manoj L. A. Babiuk V. van Drunen Littel-van den Hurk 2004 Approaches to enhance the efficacy of DNA vaccines Crit. Rev. Clin. Lab. Sci. 41 1 39
281. Z. Cui R. J. Mumper 2002 Genetic immunization using nanoparticles engineered from microemulsion precursor Pharm. Res. 19 939 946
282. H. Q. Mao K. Roy V. L. Troung-La K. A. Janes K. Y. Lin Y. Wang J. T. August K. W. Leong 2001 Chitosan-DNA nanoparticles as gene carriers: synthesis, characterization and transfection efficiency J. Control. Release 70 399 421
283. M. Bivas-Benita T. H. Ottenhoff H. E. Junginger G. Borchard 2005 Pulmonary DNA vaccination: concepts, possibilities and perspectives J. Control. Release 107 1 29
284. C. P. Locher D. Putnam R. Langer S. A. Witt B. M. Ashlock J. A. Levy 2003 Enhancement of a human immunodeficiency virus env DNA vaccine using a novel polycationic nanoparticle formulation Immunol. Lett. 90 67 70
285. Z. Cui S. J. Han D. Padinjarae Vangasseri L. Huang 2005 Immunostimulation mechanism of LPD nanoparticle as a vaccine carrier Mol. Pharmacol. 2 (1) 22 28
286. B. Verrier 2005 Therapeutic vaccination for chronic infectious diseases: lessons from HIV-1 J. Clin. Virol. 34 S9 S12
287. M. L. Michel M. Mancini-Bourgine 2005 Therapeutic vaccination against chronic hepatitis B virus infection J. Clin. Virol. 34 S108 S114
288. World Health Organisation. Diabetes, http://www.who.int/mediacentre/ factsheets/fs138/en/index.html, (accessed Nov 15, 2005) part of http://www.who.int (accessed Nov 15, 2005).
289. S. I. Tanaka T. Yamakawa I. Aoki K. Okuda C. Mobbs 2004 Daily nasal inoculation with the insulin gene ameliorates diabetes in mice Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract. 63 1 9
290. F. Gomez-Perez J. A. Rull 2005 Insulin therapy: current alternatives Arch. Med. Res. 36 258 72
291. M. Muno-Torres G. Alonso M. P. Raya 2004 Calcitonin therapy in osteoporosis Treat. Endocrinol. 3 117 132
292. C. Prego M. Garcia D. Torres M. J. Alonso 2005 Transmucosal macromolecular drug delivery J. Control. Release 101 151 162
293. Y. Cao L. Lam 2002 Projections for insulin treatment for diabetics Drugs Today 38 419 427
294. M. Saffran B. Pansky G. Colin Budd F. E Williams 1997 Insulin and the gastrointestinal tract J. Control. Release 46 89 98
295. G. Dapergolas G. Gregoriadis 1976 Hypoglycemic effect of liposome-entrapped insulin administered intragastrically into rats Lancet 2 824 827
296. H. M. Patel B. E. Ryman 1976 Oral administration if insulin by encapsulation in liposomes FEBS Lett. 62 60 63
297. J. F. Woodley 1985 Liposomes for oral administration of drugs Crit. Rev. Ther. Drug Carr. Syst. 2 1 18
298. C. Damgé C. Michel M. Aprahamian P. Couvreur 1988 New approach for oral administration of insulin with polyalkylcyanoacrylate nanocapsules as drug carrier Diabetes 37 246 251
299. R. S. Spangler 1990 Insulin administration via liposomes Diabetes Care 13 911 922
300. G. P. Carino E. Mathiowitz 1999 Oral insulin delivery Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 35 249 257
301. C. Vauthier M. Seiller C. Weingarten P. Couvreur 1999 Contribution to the development of oral dosage form for insulin delivery STP Pharm. Sci. 9 391 396
302. M. A. Kisel L. N. Kulik I. S. Tsybovsky A. P. Vlasov M. S. Vorob'yov E. A. Kholodava Z. V. Zabarovskaca 2001 Liposomes with phosphatidylethanol as a carrier for oral delivery of insulin: studies in the rat Int. J. Pharm. 216 105 114
303. P. Couvreur G. Barratt E. Fattal P. Legrand C. Vauthier 2002 Nanocapsule technology: a review Crit. Rev. Ther. Drug Carr. Syst. 19 99 134
304. S. Watnasirichaikul T. Rades I. G. Tucker N. W. Davies 2002 In-vitro release and oral bioactivity of insulin in diabetic rats using nanocapsules dispersed in biocompatible microemulsion J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 54 473 480
305. K. Katayama Y. Kato H. Onishi T. Nagai Y. Machida 2003 Double liposomes: hypoglycemic effects of liposomal insulin on normal rats Drug Dev. Ind. Pharm. 29 725 731
306. N. Csaba L. Gonzalez A. Sanchez M. J. Alonso 2004 Design and characterisation of new nanoparticulate polymer blends for drug delivery J. Biomater. Sci. Polym. Ed. 15 1137 1151
307. M. Simon M. Wittmar T. Kissel T. Linn 2005 Insulin containing nanocomplexes formed by self-assembly from biodegradable amine-modified poly(vinyl alcohol)-graft-poly(l-lactide): bioavailability and nasal tolerability in rats Pharm. Res. 22 1879 1886
308. S. Mao O. Germerhaus D. Fischer T. Linn R. Schnepf T. Kissel 2005 Uptake and transport of PEG-graft-trimethyl-chitosan copolymer-insulin nanocomplexes by epithelias cells Pharm. Res. 22 2058 2068
309. M. Garcia-Fuentes D. Torres M. J. Alonso 2005 New surface modified lipid nanoparticles as delivery vehicle for salmon calcitonin Int. J. Pharm. 296 122 132
310. N. Zhang Q. N. Ping G. H. Huang W. F. Xu 2005 Investigation of lectin-modified insulin liposomes as carriers for oral administration Int. J. Pharm. 294 247 259
311. M. Aprahamian C. Michel W. Humbert J. P. Devissaguet C. Damgé 1987 Transmucosal passage of poly(alkylcyanoacrylate) nanocapsules as a new drug carrier in the small intestine Biol. Cell 61 69 76
312. H. Pinto-Alphandary M. Aboubakar D. Jaillard P. Couvreur C. Vauthier 2003 Visualization of insulin-loaded nanocapsules: in vitro and in vivo studies after oral administration to rats Pharm. Res. 20 1071 1084
313. A. T. Florence 2004 Issues in oral nanoparticle drug carrier uptake and targeting J. Drug Target. 12 65 70
314. P. Couvreur V. Lenaerts B. Kante M. Roland P. Speiser 1980 Oral and parenteral administration of insulin associated to hydrolysable nanoparticles Acta Pharm. Technol. 26 220
315. C. Damgé H. Vranckx P. Balschmidt P. Couvreur 1997 Poly(alkyl cyanoacrylate) nanospheres for oral administration of insulin J. Pharm. Sci. 86 1403 1409
316. M. S. Mesiha M. B. Sidhom B. Fasipe 2005 Oral and subcutaneous absorption of insulin poly(isobutylcyanoacrylate) nanoparticles Int. J. Pharm. 288 289 293
317. C. Damgé D. Hillaire-buys R. Puech A. Hilozel C. Michel G. Ribes 1995 Effect of orally administered insulin nanocapsules in normal and diabetic rats Diab. Nutr. Metab. 8 3 9
318. P. J. Lowe C. S. Temple 1994 Calcitonin and insulin in isobutylcyanoacrylate nanocapsules: protection against proteases and effect on intestinal absorption in rats J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 46 547 552
319. M. Aboubakar P. Couvreur H. Pinto-Alphandary B. Gouritin B. Lacour R. Farinotti F. Puisieux C. Vauthier 2000 Insulin-loaded nanocapsules for oral administration; in vitro and in vivo investigation Drug Dev. Res. 49 109 117
320. F. Cournarie D. Auchère D. Chevenne B. Lacour M. Seiller C. Vauthier 2002 Absorption and efficiency of insulin after oral administration of insulin-loaded nanocapsules in diabetic rats Int. J. Pharm. 242 325 328
321. G. P. Carino J. S. Jacob E. Mathiowitz 2000 Nanosphere based oral insulin delivery J. Control. Release 65 261 269
322. S. Sakuma M. Hayashi M. Akashi 2001 Design of nanoparticles composed of graft copolymers for oral peptide delivery Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 47 21 37
323. C. O. Sullivan C. Birkinshaw 2004 In vitro degradation of insulin-loaded poly(n-butylcyanoacrylate) nanoparticles Biomaterials 25 4375 4382
324. A. Vila A. Sanchez M. Tobio P. Calvo M. J. Alonso 2002 Design of biodegradable particles for protein delivery J. Control. Release 78 15 24
325. A. M. Hillery P. U. Jani A. T. Florence 1994 Comparative, quantitative study of lymphoid and non-lymphoid uptake of 60 nm polystyrene particles J. Drug Target. 2 151 156
326. E. Mathiowitz J. S. Jacob Y. S. Jong G. P. Carino D. E. Chickering P. Chaturvedi C. A. Santos K. Vijayaraghavan S. Montgomery S. Bassett C. Morrell 1997 Biologically erodable microspheres as potential oral drug delivery systems Nature 386 410 414
327. F. Delie 1998 Evaluation of nano- and microparticle uptake by the gastrointestinal tract Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 34 221 233
328. L. Behrens A. I. Vila Pena M. J. Alonso T. Kissel 2002 Comparative uptake studies of bioadhesive and non bioadhesive nanoparticles in human intestinal cell lines and rats: the effect of mucus on particle adsorption and transport Pharm. Res. 19 1185 1193
329. Z. Degim N. Unal D. Essiz U. Abbasoglu 2004 The effect of various liposome formulations on insulin penetration across Caco-2 cell monolayer Life Sci. 75 2819 2827
330. G. Ponchel J. Irache 1998 Specific and non-specific bioadhesive particulate systems for oral delivery to the gastrointestinal tract Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 34 191 219
331. S. P. Clissold A. Fitton P. Chrisp 1991 Intranasal salmon calcitonin. A review of its pharmacological properties and potential utility in metabolic bone disorders associated with aging Drugs Aging 1 405 423
332. S. Turker E. Onur Y. Ozer 2004 Nasal route and drug delivery systems Pharm. World Sci. 26 137 142
333. R. Fernandez-Urrusuno P. Calvo C. Rumunan-Lopez J. L. Vila-Lato M. J. Alonso 1999 Enhancement of nasal absorption of insulin using chitosan nanoparticles Pharm. Res. 16 1576 1581
334. A. Vila H. Gill O. [tmp] McCallion M. J. Alonso 2004 Transport of PLA-PEG particles across the nasal mucosa: effect of particle size and PEG coating density J. Control. Release 98 231 244
335. M. Simon M. Wittmar T. Kissel T. Linn 2005 Insulin containing nanocomplexes formed by self-assembly from biodegradable amine-modified poly(vinyl alcohol)-graft-poly(l-lactide): bioavailability and nasal tolerability in rats Pharm. Res. 22 1879 1886
336. C. Vermehren, S. Frokjaer, T. Aurstad, and J. Hansen. Lung surfactant as a drug delivery system. Int. J. Pharm. 307:89-92 (2006).
337. Y. Li A. K. Mitra 1996 Effects of phospholipid chain length, concentration, charge and vesicle size on pulmonary insulin absorption Pharm. Res. 13 76 79
338. J. Blanchard J. Coleman C. D'Abreu Hayling R. Ghaderi B. Haeberlin J. Hart S. Jensen R. Malcolmson S. Mittelman L. M. Nagao S. Sekulic C. Snodgrass-Pilla M. Sundahl G. Thompson R. Wolff 2004 Foreign particles testing in orally inhaled and nasal drug products Pharm. Res. 21 2137 2147
339. G. L. Wilson E. H. Leiter 1990 Streptozotocin interactions with pancreatic beta cells and the induction of insulin-dependent diabetes Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 156 27 54
340. O. Blondel B. Portha 1989 Early appearance of in vivo insulin resistance in adult streptozotocin-injected rats Diab. Metab. 15 382 387
341. J. P. Mordes R. Cortell E. P. Clanjenhorn A. A. Rossini D. L. Greiner 2004 Rat models of type 1 diabetes: genetics, environment, and autoimmunity ILAR J. 45 278 291
342. N. Ubrich C. Schmidt R. Bodmeier M. Hoffman P. Maincent 2005 Oral evaluation in rabbits of cyclosporin-loaded Eudragit RS and RL nanoparticles Int. J. Pharm. 2888 168 175
343. J. K. Milani U. Pleyer A. Dukes H. J. Chou S. Lutz D. Ruckert K. H. Schmidt B. J. Mondino 1993 Prolongation of corneal allograft survival with liposome-encapsulated cyclosporin in the rat eye Ophthalmology 100 890 896
344. A. M. De Campos A. Sanchez M. J. Alonso 2001 Chitosan nanoparticles: a new vehicle for the improvement of the delivery of drugs to the ocular surface. Application to cyclosporin A Int. J. Pharm. 224 159 168
345. F. Lallemand O. Felt-Baeyens K. Bessenghir F. Behar-Cohen R. Gurny 2003 Cyclosporin A delivery to the eye: a pharmaceutical challenge Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm. 56 307 318
346. M. G. Qaddoumi H. Ueda J. Yang J. Dvada V. Labhasetwar V. H. Lee 2004 The characteristics and mechanisms of uptake of PLGA nanoparticles in rabbit conjunctival epithelial cell layers Pharm. Res. 21 641 648
347. M. Schwartz 2001 Harnessing the immune system for neuroprotection: therapeutic vaccines for acute and chronic neurodegenerative disorders Cell Mol. Neurobiol. 21 617 627
348. J. Schmidt J. M. Metselaar M. H. Wauben K. V. Toyka G. Storm R. Gold 2003 Drug targeting by long-circulating liposomal glucocorticosteroids increases therapeutic efficacy in a model of multiple sclerosis Brain 126 1895 1904
349. Y. De Kozac K. Andrieux H. Villarroya C. Klein B. Thillaye-Goldenberg M. C. Naud E. Garcia P. Couvreur 2004 Intraocular injection of tamoxifen-loaded nanoparticles: a new treatment of experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis Eur. J. Immunol. 34 3702 3712
350. M. Schwartz 2004 Vaccination for glaucoma: dream or reality? Brain Res. Bull. 62 481 484
351. C. Billotey C. Aspord O. Beuf E. Piaggio F. Gazeau M. F. Janier C. Thivolet 2005 T-cell homing to the pancreas in autoimmune mouse models of diabetes: in vivo MR imaging Radiology 236 579 587
352. C. Vauthier E. Fattal D. Labarre 2004 From polymer chemistry and physicochemistry to nanoparticulate drug carrier design and applications M. J. Yaszemski D. J. Trantolo K. U. Lewamdrowski V. Hasirci D. E. Altobelli D. L. Wise Biomaterial Handbook-Advanced Applications of Basic Sciences and Bioengineering Marcel Dekker, Inc. New York, USA 563 598
353. N. Ammoury H. Fessi J. P. Devissaguet M. Dubrasquet S. Benita 1991 Jejunal absorption, pharmacological activity, and pharmacokinetic evaluation of indomethacin-loaded poly(d,l-lactide) and poly(isobutyl-cyanoacrylate) nanocapsules in rats Pharm. Res. 8 101 105
354. F. Fawaz F. Bonini M. Guyot A. M. Lagueny H. Fessi J. P. Devissaguet 1993 Influence of poly(dl-lactide) nanocapsules on the biliary clearance and enterohepatic circulation of indomethacin in the rabbit Pharm. Res. 10 750 756
355. S. S. Guterres H. Fessi G. Barratt F. Puisieux J. P. Devissaguet 1995 Poly(d,l-lactide) nanocapsules containing non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: gastrointestinal tolerance following intravenous and oral administration Pharm. Res. 12 1545 1547
356. J. Al-Muhammed A. Y. Ozer M. T. Ercan A. A. Hincal 1996 In-vivo studies on dexamethasone sodium phosphate liposomes J. Microencapsul. 13 293 306
357. S. S. Guterres H. Fessi G. Barratt F. Puisieux J. P. Devissaguet 2000 Poly(rac-lactide) nanocapsules containing diclofenac: protection against muscular damage in rats J. Biomater. Sci., Polym. Ed. 11 1347 1355
358. P. Calvo M. J. Alonso J. L. Vila-Jato J. R. Robinson 1996 Improved ocular bioavailability of indomethacin by novel ocular drug carriers J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 48 1147 1152
359. C. Bucolo A. Maltese G. Plugisi R. Pignatello 2002 Enhanced ocular anti-inflammatory activity of ibuprofen carried by an Eudragit RS100 nanoparticle suspension Ophthalmic Res. 34 319 323
360. B. Jiang L. Hu C. Gao J. Shen 2005 Ibuprofen-loaded nanoparticles prepared by a co-precipitation method and their release properties Int. J. Pharm. 304 220 230
361. M. J. Heffernan N. Murthy 2005 Polyketal nanoparticles: a new pH-sensitive biodegradable drug delivery vehicle Bioconjug. Chem. 16 1340 1342
362. S. A. Galindo-Rodriguez F. Puel S. Briancon E. Allemann E. Doelker H. Fessi 2005 Comparative scale-up of three methods for producing ibuprofen-loaded nanoparticles Eur. J. Pharm. Sci. 25 357 367
363. E. Merisko-Liversidge G. G. Liversidge E. R. Cooper 2003 Nanosizing: a formulation approach for poorly-water-soluble compounds Eur. J. Pharm. Sci. 18 113 120
364. N. Rasenak H. Hartenhauer B. W. Muller 2003 Microcrystals for dissolution rate enhancement of poorly water-soluble drugs Int. J. Pharm. 254 137 145
365. A. Eidelman J. M. Weiss J. Lau D. B. Carr 2005 Topical anaesthetics for dermal instrumentation: a systematic review of randomized, controlled trials Ann. Emerg. Med. 46 343 351
366. A. Taddio H. K. Soin S. Schuh G. Koren D. Scolnik 2005 Liposomal lidocaine to improve procedural success rates and reduce procedural pain among children: a randomized controlled trial CMAJ 172 1691 1695
367. E. R. Viscusi 2004 Emerging techniques in the treatment of postoperative pain Am. J. Health-Syst. Pharm. 61 (Suppl 1) S11 S14
368. E. R. Vuscusi G. Martin C. T. Hartrick N. Singla G. Manvelian The EREM Study group 2005 Forty-eight hours of postoperative pain relief after total hip arthroplasty with a novel, extended-release epidural morphine formulation Anesthesiology 102 1014 1022
369. S. A. Grant 2002 The holy grail: long acting local anaesthetics and liposomes Best Pract. Res. Clin. Anaesthesiol. 16 345 352
370. S. Mantripragada 2002 A lipid based depot (DepoFoam technology) for sustained release drug delivery Prog. Lipid Res. 41 392 406
371. A. Lamprecht J. L. Saumet J. Roux J. P. Benoit 2004 Lipid nanocarriers as drug delivery system for ibuprofen in pain treatment Int. J. Pharm. 278 407 414
372. D. Betbeder S. Sperandio J. P. Latapie J. De Nadai A. Etienn J. M. Zajac B. Frances 2000 Biovector™ nanoparticles improve antinociceptive efficacy of nasal morphine Pharm. Res. 17 743 748
373. A. M. Wolka J. D. Huber T. P. Davis 2003 Pain and the blood-brain barrier: obstacles to drug delivery Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 55 987 1006
374. W. M. Pardridge 1999 Vector-mediated drug delivery to the brain Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 36 299 321
375. J. C. Olivier 2005 Drug transport to brain with targeted nanoparticles NeuroRx 2 108 119
376. W. M. Pardridge 2005 Drug and gene targeting to the brain via blood-brain barrier receptor-mediated transport systems Int. Congr. Ser. 1277 49 62
377. J. Kreuter 2004 Influence of the surface properties on nanoparticle-mediated transport of drugs to the brain J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol. 4 484 488
378. M. Brandl G. Gregoriadis 1994 Entrapment of haemoglobin into liposomes by the dehydration-rehydration method: vesicle characterization and in vivo behaviour Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1196 65 75
379. H. Sakai H. Y. Masada Horinouchi E. Ikeda K. Sou S. Takeoka M. Suematsu M. Takaori K. Kobayashi E. Tsuchida 2004 Physiological capacity of the reticuloendothelial system for the degradation of hemoglobin vesicles (artificial oxygen carriers) after massive intravenous doses by daily repeated infusions for 14 days J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 311 874 884
380. M. Takaori 2005 Approach to clinical trial considering medical ethics and efficacy for HbV, liposome encapsulated hemoglobin vesicle Artif. Cells Blood Substit. Immobil. Biotechnol. 33 65 73
381. T. M. S. Chang F. D'Agnillo W. P. Yu S. Razack 2000 Two future generations of blood substitutes based on polyhemoglobin-SOD-catalase and nanoencapsulation Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 40 213 218
382. A. J. Khopade S. Khopade N. K. Jain 2002 Development of hemoglobin aquasomes from spherical hydroxyapatite cores precipitated in the presence of half-generation poly(amidoamine) dendrimer Int. J. Pharm. 241 145 154
383. C. Chauvierre M. C. Marden C. Vauthier D. Labarre P. Couvreur L. Leclerc 2004 Heparin coated poly(alkylcyanoacrylate) nanoparticles coupled to hemoglobin: a new oxygen carrier Biomaterials 25 3081 3086
384. T. M. Chang D. Powanda W. P. Yu 2003 Analysis of polyethylene-glycol- polylactide nano-dimension artificial red blood cells maintaining systemic hemoglobin levels and prevention of methemoglobin formation Artif. Cells Blood Substit. Immobil. Biotechnol. 31 231 247
385. 2-binding of concentrated hemoglobin solution coencapsulated in phospholipid vesicles Bioconjug. Chem. 15 1037 1045
386. C. Passirani G. Barratt J. P. Devissageut D. Labarre 1998 Long-circulating nanoparticles bearing heparin or dextran covalently bound to poly(methyl methacrylate) Pharm. Res. 15 1046 1050
387. T. Flynn C. Wei 2005 The pathway to commercialization for nanomedicine Nanomed. Nanotechnol., Biol. Med. 1 47 51
388. B. Sangro 2005 Refined tools for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma J. Hepatol. 42 629 631
389. C. H. Dubin. Drug discovery and delivery: tear down those walls. Drug Delivery Technology. 3#5 (2005). http://www.drugdeliverytech.com/cgi-bin/ article.cgi?idArticle=329 (accessed 08/09/2005), part of http://www. drugdeliverytech.com (accessed 08/09/2005).
390. C. L. Bennett E. A. Calhoun 2004 Pharmacoeconomics of liposomal anthracycline therapy Semin. Oncol. 31 191 195
391. F. J. Martin and T. Huang. Stealth liposomal technology: current therapies and future directions. Drug Delivery Technology. 3#5 (2005). http://www.drugdeliverytech.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?idArticle=155 (accessed 08/09/2005), part of http://www.drugdeliverytech.com (accessed 08/09/2005).
392. http://ClinicalTrials.gov/ct/gui/action/GetStudy (accessed 12/09/2005) part of http://ClinicalTrials.gov (accessed 12/09/2005).
393. Z. Galanbor S. A. Marashi B. Rajbar 2005 Nanotechnology helps medicine: nanoscale swimmers and their future applications Med. Hypotheses 65 198 199
394. A. Cavalcanti R. A. Freitas 2005 Nanorobotics control design: a collective behavior approach for medicine IEEE Trans. Nanobiosci. 4 133 140
395. T. Kubik K. Bogunia-Kubik M. Sugisaka 2005 Nanotechnology on duty in medical applications Curr. Pharm. Biotechnol. 6 17 33
396. M. D. Burke. Drug delivery technology assessment: the eight assessment gates. Drug Delivery Technology. 3#5 (2005). http://www.drugdeliverytech.com/ cgi-bin/article.cgi?idArticle=343 (accessed 08/09/2005), part of http://www.drugdeliverytech.com (accessed 08/09/2005).
397. B. Bastani D. Fernandez 2002 Intellectual property rights in nanotechnology Thin Solid Films 420-421 472 477s/May05_files/handout/index. htmls/May05_files/handout/index.html (accessed 6 September 2005), part of http://www.fda.gov (accessed 6 September 2005).
398. N. Sadrieh. FDA perspective on nanomaterial containing products. Nanobusiness Conference May 2005. http://www.fda.gov/nanotechnology/powerpoint
399. Nanotechnologies: A Preliminary Risk Analysis on the Basis of a Workshop Organized by the Health and Consumer Protection Directorate General of the European Commission. European Community 2004. http://europa.eu.int/comm/health/ ph_risk/events_risk_en.htm (accessed 22 December 2005), part of http://europa.eu.int (accessed 22 December 2005).
400. P. J. Borm W. Kreyling 2004 Toxicological hazards of inhaled nanoparticles-potential implications for drug delivery J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol. 4 521 531