Long-circulating and target-specific nanoparticles: Theory to practice

Pharmacological Reviews

Volumn 53, Issue 2, 2001, Pages 283-318

  Moghimi, S Moein ^a   Hunter, A Christy ^a   Murray, J Clifford ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BRIGHTON   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF NOTTINGHAM   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

DRUG CARRIER; LIPOSOME; NANOPARTICLE; POLYMER; WATER OIL CREAM;

BIODEGRADATION; COLLOID; DRUG ADSORPTION; DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM; DRUG TARGETING; EMULSION; INFECTION; INFLAMMATION; KUPFFER CELL; LIGAND BINDING; MICELLE; OPSONIZATION; OXYGEN TRANSPORT; PARTICLE SIZE; PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN BINDING; REVIEW; SOLID TUMOR; SPECIES DIFFERENCE;

ANIMALS; BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING; BLOOD; DRUG CARRIERS; HUMANS; LIPOSOMES; MACROPHAGES; POLOXAMER; POLYMERS; STRUCTURE-ACTIVITY RELATIONSHIP; SURFACE-ACTIVE AGENTS; TECHNOLOGY, PHARMACEUTICAL;

EID: 0034996764     PISSN: 00316997     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (380)

1. Abra RM, Bosworth ME and Hunt CA (1980) Liposome disposition in vivo: effects of pre-dosing with liposomes. Res Commun Chem Pathol Pharmacol 29:349-360.
2. Absolom D (1986) Opsonins and dysopsonins: an overview. Methods Enzymol 132: 281-318.
3. Abuchowski A, van Es T, Palczuk NC and Davis FF (1977) Alteration of immunological properties of bovine serum albumin by covalent attachment of polyethylene glycol. J Biol Chem 252:3578-3581.
4. Adams DO and Hamilton TA (1992) Molecular basis of macrophage activation: diversity and its origin, in The Macrophage (Lewis CE and McGee JOD eds) pp 75-114, IRL Press, Oxford, UK.
5. Agrawal AK and Gupta CM (2000) Tuftsin-bearing liposomes in treatment of macrophage-based infections. Adv Drug Delivery Rev 41:135-146.
6. Ahl PL, Bhatia SK, Meers P, Roberts P, Stevens R, Dause R, Perkins WR and Janoff AS (1997) Enhancement of the in vivo circulation lifetime of L-distearoylphosphatidylcholine liposomes: importance of liposomal aggregation versus complement activation. Biochim Biophys Acta 1329:370-382.
7. Ahmad I, Longenecker M, Samuel J and Allen TM (1993) Antibody-targeted delivery of doxorubicin entrapped in sterically stabilized liposomes can eradicate lung cancer in mice. Cancer Res 83:1484-1488.
8. Alcami A and Koszinowski UH (2000) Viral mechanisms of immune evasion. Immunol Today 21:447-455.
9. Ali SAM, Doherty PJ and Williams DF (1994) Molecular biointeractions of biomedical polymers with extracellular exudates and inflammatory cells and their effects on the biocompatability, in vivo. Biomaterials 15:779-785.
10. Allen TM (1994a) The use of glycolipids and hydrophilic polymers in avoiding rapid uptake of liposomes by the mononuclear phagocyte system. Adv Drug Delivery Rev 13:285-309.
11. Allen TM (1994b) Long-circulating (sterically stabilized) liposomes for targeted drug delivery. Trend Pharmacol Sci 15:215-220.
12. Allen TM, Ahmad I, Lopes de Menezes DI and Moase EH (1995a) Immunoliposomemediated targeting of anticancer drugs in vivo. Biochem Soc Trans 23:1073-1079.
13. Allen TM, Austin GA, Chonn A, Lin L and Lee KC (1991a) Uptake of liposomes by cultured mouse bone marrow macrophages: influence of liposome composition and size. Biochim Biophys Acta 1061:56-64.
14. Allen TM, Brandeis E, Hansen CB, Kao GY and Zalipsky S (1995b) A new strategy for attachment of antibodies to sterically stabilized liposomes resulting in efficient targeting to cancer cells. Biochim Biophys Acta 1237:99-108.
15. Allen TM and Chonn A (1987) Large unilamellar liposomes with low uptake by the reticuloendothelial system. FEBS Lett 223:42-46.
16. Allen TM and Hansen C (1991) Pharmacokinetics of Stealth verses conventional liposomes: effect of dose. Biochim Biophys Acta 1068:133-141.
17. Allen TM, Hansen C, Martin F, Redemann C and Yau-Young A (1991b) Liposomes containing synthetic lipid derivatives of poly(ethylene glycol) show prolonged circulation half-lives in vivo. Biochim Biophys Acta 1066:29-36.
18. Allen TM, Hansen C and Rutledge J (1989) Liposomes with prolonged circulation times: factors affecting uptake by reticuloendothelial and other tissues. Biochim Biophys Acta 981:27-35.
19. Allen TM, Mehra T, Hansen C and Chin YC (1992) Stealth liposomes: an improved sustained release system for 1-β-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine. Cancer Res 52:2431-2439.
20. Alving CR (1988) Macrophages as targets for delivery of liposome-encapsulated antimicrobial agents. Adv Drug Delivery Rev 2:107-128.
21. Alving CR and Swartz GM Jr (1991) Antibodies to cholesterol, cholesterol conjugates and liposomes: implications for atherosclerosis and autoimmunity. Crit Rev Immunol 10:441-453.
22. Alving CR and Wassef NM (1992) Complement-dependent phagocytosis of liposomes: suppresion of "stealth" lipids. J Liposome Res 2:383-395.
23. Araki N, Johnson MT and Swanson JA (1996) A role for phosphoinositide 3-kinase in the completion of macropinocytosis and phagocytosis by macrophages. J Cell Biol 135:1246-1260.
24. Asano M, Fukuzaki H, Yoshida M, Kumakura M, Mashimo T, Yuasa H, Imai K, Yamanaka H, Kawaharada U and Suzuki K (1990) In vivo controlled release of a luteinizing-hormone-releasing hormone agonist from poly(DL-lactic acid) formulations of varying degradation pattern. Int J Pharm 67:67-77.
25. Baguley BC and Falkenhaug EM (1971) Plasma half-life of cytosine arabinoside (NSC-63878) in patients treated for acute myeloblastic leukaemia. Cancer Chemother Rep 55:291-298.
26. Batycky RP, Hans J, Langer H and Edwards DA (1997) A theoretical model of erosion and macromolecular drug release from biodegradable microspheres. J Pharm Sci 86:1464-1477.
27. Bayer AS, Eftekhar F, Tu J, Nast CC and Spreet DP (1989) Oxygen-dependent up-regulation of mucoid exopolysaccharide (alginate) production in Pseudomanos aeruginosa. Infect Immun 58:1344-1349.
28. Bazile D, Prud'homme C, Bassoullet MT, Marlard M, Spenlehauer G and Veillard M (1995) Stealth MePEG-PLA nanoparticles avoid uptake by the mononuclear phagocyte system. J Pharm Sci 84:493-498.
29. M1: implications in drug delivery. J Pharm Sci. 85:714-719.
30. Bedu-Addo FK, Tang P, Xu Y and Huang L (1996a) Effects of polyethyleneglycol chain length and phospholipid acyl chain composition on the interaction of polyethyleneglycol-phospholipid conjugates with phospholipid: implications in liposomal drug delivery. Pharm Res (N Y) 13:710-717.
31. Bedu-Addo FK, Tang P, Xu Y and Huang L (1996b) Interaction of polyethyleneglycolphospholipid conjugates with cholesterol-phosphatidylcholine mixtures: sterically stabilized liposome formulations. Pharm Res (N Y) 13:718-724.
32. Belloni PN and Nicolson GL (1988) Differential expression of cell surface glycoproteins on various organ derived microvascular endothelia and endothelial cell cultures. J Cell Physiol 136:398-410.
33. Bengele HH, Plamacci S, Rogers J, Jung CW, Crenshaw J and Josphson L (1994) Biodistribution of an ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide colloid, BMS 180549, by different routes of administration. Magn Reson Imaging 12:433-442.
34. Benita S (1984) Kinetic model identification of drug relaese from microcapsules using the nonlinear regression search procedure. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 10:255-258.
35. Benita S, Babay D, Hoffman A and Donbrow M (1988) Relation between individual and ensemble release kinetics of indomethacin from microspheres. Pharm Res (N Y) 5:178-182.
36. Bentley PK, Davis SS, Johnson OL, Lowe KC and Washington C (1989) Purification of pleuronic F-68 for perfluorochemical emulsification. J Pharm Pharmacol 41: 661-663.
37. Bevilacqua MP (1993) Endothelial-leukocyte adhesion molecules. Annu Rev Immunol 11:767-804.
38. Bloemen PGM, Henricks PAJ, van Bloois L, van den Tweel, Bloem AC, Nijkamp FP, Crommelin DJA and Storm G (1995) Adhesion molecules: a new target for immunoliposome-mediated drug delivery. FEBS Lett 357:140-144.
39. Blue J and Weiss L (1981) Species variation in the structure and function of the marginal zone: an electron microscope study of cat spleen. Am J Anat 161:169-187.
40. Blume G and Cevc G (1990) Liposomes for sustained drug release in vivo. Biochim Biophys Acta 1029:91-97.
41. Blume G, Cevc G, Crommelin MDJA, Bakker-Woudenberg IAJM, Kluft C and Storm G (1993) Specific targeting with poly(ethylene glycol)-modified liposomes: coupling of homing devices to the ends of the polymeric chains combines effective target binding with long circulation times. Biochim Biophys Acta 1149:180-184.
42. Boerman OC, Oyen WJG, Storm G, Corvo ML, van Bloois L, van der Meer JWM and Corstens FHM (1997a) Technetium-99m labelled liposomes to image experimental arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 58:369-373.
43. Boerman OC, Oyen WJG, van Bloois L, Koenders EB, van der Meer JWM, Corstens FHM and Storm G (1997b) Optimization of technetium-99m-labelled PEG liposomes to image focal infection: effects of particle size and circulation time. J Nucl Med 38:489-493.
44. Boerman OC, Storm G, Oyen WJG, van Bloois L, van der Meer JWM, Claessens RAMJ, Crommelin DJA and Corstens FHM (1995) Sterically stabilized liposomes labeled with In-111 to image focal infection. J Nucl Med 36:1639-1644.
45. Borsa J, Whitmore GR, Valeriote FA, Collins D and Bruce WR (1969) Studies on the persistence of methotrexate, cytosine arabinoside, and leucovorin in the serum of mice. J Natl Cancer Inst 42:235-242.
46. Braet F, Dezanger R, Baekeland M, Crabbe E, van der Smissen P and Wisse E (1995) Structure and dynamics of the fenestrae-associated cytoskeleton of rat-liver sinusoidal endothelial cells. Hepatology 21:180-189.
47. Breslow DS (1976) Biologically active synthetic polymers. Pure Appl Chem 48:103-113.
48. 3 for angiogenesis. Science (Wash DC) 284:569-571.
49. Buckley PJ, Smith MR, Braverman MF and Dickson S (1987) Human spleen contains phenotypic subset of macrophages and dendritic cells that occupy discrete microanatomic locations. Am J Pathol 128:505-520.
50. Bütün V, Lowe AB, Billingham NC and Armes SP (1999) Synthesis of zwitterionic shell cross-linked micelles. J Am Chem Soc 121:4288-4289.
51. Cabanes A, Even Chen S, Zimberoff J, Barenholz Y, Kedar E and Gabizon A (1999) Enhancement of antitumor activity of polyethylene glycol-coated liposomal doxorubicin with soluble and liposomal interleukin 2. Clin Cancer Res 5:687-693.
52. Cabrai DA, Loh BA and Speert DP (1987) Mucoid Pseudomonas aeruginosa resist nonopsonic phagocytosis by human neutrophils and macrophages. Pediatr Res 22:429-431.
53. Campbell CH and Richmond JY (1973) Enhancement, by two carboxylic acid interferon inducers, of resistance stimulated in mice by foot-and-mouth disease vaccine. Infect Immun 7:199-204.
54. Charpin C, Bergeret D, Garcia S, Andrac L, Martini F, Horschowski N, Choux R and Lavaut MN (1998) ELAM selectin expression in breast carcinomas detected by automated and quantitative immunohistochemical assays. Int J Oncol 12:1041-1048.
55. Chen LT (1980) Intrasplenic microcirculation in rats with acute hemolytic anemia. Blood 56:737-740.
56. Chen LT and Weiss L (1973) The role of the sinus wall in the passage of erythrocytes through the spleen. Blood 41:529-537.
57. Cheresh DA (1987) Human endothelial cells synthesize and express an Arg-Gly-Asp-directed adhesion receptor involved in attachment to fibrinogen and von Wille-brand factor. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 84:6471-6475.
58. Cheung AL and Fischetti VA (1988) Variation in the expression of cell-wall proteins of Staphylococcus-aureus grown on solid and liquid-media. Infect Immun 56:1061-1065.
59. China B, Sory BT, N'Guyen, De Bruyere M and Cornelis GR (1993) Role of the YadA protein in prevention of opsonization of Yersinia enterocolitica by C3b molecules. Infect Immun 61:3129-3136.
60. Chiu GNC, Bally MB and Mayer LD (2001) Selective protein interactions with phosphatidylserine containing liposomes alter the steric stabilization properties of poly(ethylene glycol). Biochim Biophys Acta 1510:56-69.
61. Chonn A, Cullis PR and Devine DV (1991) The role of surface charge in the activation of the classical and alternative pathways of complement by liposomes. J. Immunol 146:4234-4241.
62. Chonn A, Semple SC and Cullis PR (1992) Association of blood proteins with large unilamellar liposomes in vivo. Relation to circulation lifetimes. J Biol Chem 267:18759-18765.
63. Chonn A, Semple SC and Cullis PR (1995) Beta 2 glycoprotein I is a major protein associated with very rapidly cleared liposomes in vivo, suggesting a significant role in the immune clearance of "non-self" particles. J Biol Chem 270:25845-25849.
64. Cornacoff JB, Hebert LA, Smead WL and VanAman ME, Birmingham DJ and Waxman FJ (1983) Primate erythrocyte-immune complex-bearing mechanism. J Clin Invest 71:236-247.
65. Corvo ML, Boerman OC, Oyen WJG, Van Bloois L, Cruz MEM, Crommelin DJA and Storm G (1999) Intravenous administration of superoxide dismutase entrapped in long circulating liposomes. Biochim Biophys Acta 1419:325-334.
66. Crocker PR and Gordon S (1989) Mouse macrophage hemagglutinin (sheep erythrocyte receptor) with specificity for sialylated glycoconjugates characterized by a monoclonal antibody. J Exp Med 169:1333-1346.
67. Crocker PR, Kelm S, Dubois C, Martin B, McWilliam AS, Shotton DM, Paulson JC and Gordon S (1991) Purification and properties of sialoadhesin, a sialic acid-binding receptor of murine tissue macrophages. EMBO J 10:1661-1669.
68. Daemen T, Hofstede G, Kate MTT, Bakker-Woudenberg IAJM and Scherphof G (1995) Liposomal doxorubicin-induced toxicity: depletion and impairment of phagocytic activity of liver macrophages. Int J Cancer 61:716-721.
69. Daemen T, Regts J, Meesters M, Ten Kate MT, Bakker-Woudenberg IAJM and Scherphof GL (1997) Toxicity of doxorubicin entrapped within long-circulating liposomes. J Control Release 44:1-9.
70. Dams ETM, Becker MJ, Oyen WJG, Boerman OC, Storm G, Laverman P, de Marie S, van der Meer JWM, Bakker-Woudenberg INJM and Corstens FHM (1999) Scintigraphic imaging of bacterial and fungal infection in granulocytopenic rats. J Nucl Med 40:2066-2072.
71. Dams ETM, Laverman P, Oyen WJG, Storm G, Scherphof GL, van der Meer JWM, Corstens FH and Boerman OC (2000a) Accelerated blood clearance and altered biodistribution of repeated injections of sterically stabilized liposomes. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 292:1071-1079.
72. Dams ETM, Oyen WJG, Boerman OC, Storm G, Laverman P, Koenders EB, van der Meer JWM and Corstens FHM (1998) Technetium-99m-labeled liposomes to image experimental colitis in rabbits: comparison with technetium-99m-HMPAO-granulocytes and technetium-99m-HYNIC-IgG. J Nucl Med 39:2172-2178.
73. Dams ETM, Oyen WJG, Boerman OC, Storm G, Laverman P, Kok PJM, Buijs WCAM, Bakker H, van der Meer JWM and Corstens FHM (2000b) Tc-99M-PEG liposomes for the scintigraphic detection of infection and inflammation: clinical evaluation. J Nucl Med 41:622-630.
74. Daniels AU, Chang MKO and Andriano KP (1990) Mechanical properties of biodegradable polymers and composits proposed for internal fixation of bone. J Appl 1:57-78.
75. DeFrees SA, Phillips L, Guo L and Zalipsky (1996) Sialyl Lewis X liposomes as a multivalent ligand and inhibitor of E-selectin mediated cellular adhesion. J Am Chem Soc 118:6101-6104.
76. De Jaeghere F, Allemann E, Feijen J, Kissel T, Doelker E and Gurny R (2000) Cellular uptake of PEO surface-modified nanoparticles: evaluation of nanoparticles made of PLA:PEO diblock and triblock copolymers. J Drug Target 8:143-153.
77. Densen P and Mandell GL (1980) Phagocyte strategy vs. microbial tactics. Rev Infect Dis 2:817-838.
78. Devine DV and Bradley AJ (1998) The complement system in liposome clearance: can complement deposition be inhibited? Adv Drug Delivery Rev 32:19-38.
79. Devine DV, Wong K, Serrano K, Chonn A and Cullis PR (1994) Liposome-complement interactions in rat serum: implications for liposome survival studies. Biochim Biophys Acta 1191:43-51.
80. Donbrow M, Hoffman A and Benita S (1986) Variation of population release kinetics in polydisperse multiparticulate systems (microcapsules, microspheres, droplets, cells) with heterogeneity of one, two or three parameters in the population of individuals. Int J Pharm 29:195-211.
81. Drenckhahn D and Wagner J (1986) Stress fibers in the splenic sinus endothelium in situ: molecular structure, relationship to the extracellular matrix and contradictibility. J Cell Biol 102:1738-1747.
82. Drummond DC, Meyer O, Hong K, Kirpotin DB and Papahadjopoulos D (1999) Optimizing liposomes for delivery of chemotherapeutic agents to solid tumors. Pharmacol Rev 51:691-743.
83. Dumont DJ, Gradwohl G, Fong GH, Puri MC, Gertsenstein M, Auerbach A and Breitman ML (1994) Dominant-negative and targeted null mutations in the endothelial receptor tyrosine kinase, Tek, reveal a critical role in vasculogenesis of the embryo Genes Dev 8:1897-1909.
84. Dunn SE (1995) Biodegradable nanosphere systems for drug targeting with emphasis on systems for bone marrow targeting. PhD Thesis, University of Nottingham, UK.
85. Dunn SE, Brindley A, Davis SS, Davies MC and Illum L (1994) Polystyrene-poly(ethylene glycol) (PS-PEG2000) particles as model systems for site specific drug delivery. 2. The effect of PEG surface density on the in vitro cell interaction and in vivo biodistribution. Pharm Res (N Y) 11:1016-1022.
86. Edwards CM, Gambaretto GP, Conte L and Lowe KC (1999) Evaluation of commercial and purified Pluronic F-68 in a human blood neutrophil bioassay. Artif Cells Blood Substit Immobil Biotechnol 27:171-177.
87. Ellerby HM, Arap W, Ellerby LM, Kain R, Andrusiak R, Rio GD, Krajewski S, Lombardo CR, Rao R, Ruoslahti E, Bredesen DE and Pasqualini R (1999) Anti-cancer activity of targeted pro-apoptotic peptides. Nat Med 5:1031-1038.
88. Emanuele R, Martin R, Hunter RL, Robert L, Culbreth PH and Paula H (1999) inventors, CytRx Corporation assignee. Polyoxypropylene/polyoxyethylene copolymers with improved biological activity. US Patent 5,990,241. 1999 Nov 23.
89. Fan D, Bucana CD, O'Brian CA, Zwelling LA, Seid C and Fidler IJ (1990) Enhancement of murine tumor cell sensitivity to adriamycin by presentation of the drug in phosphatidylcholine-phosphatidylserine liposomes. Cancer Res 50:3619-3626.
90. Fearon DT and Austen KF (1977) Activation of the alternative complement pathway due to resistance of zymosan-bound amplification convertase to endogenous regulatory mechanisms. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 74:1683-1687.
91. Fernandes A and Gregoriadis G (1997) Polysialyated asparaginase: preparation, activity and pharmacokinetics. Biochim Biophys Acta 1341:26-34.
92. Fischetti VA, Horstmann RD and Pancholi V (1995) Location of the complement factor H binding site on streptococcal M6 protein. Infect Immun 63:149-153.
93. Folkman J (1995) Tumor angiogenesis, in The Molecular Basis of Cancer (Mendelson J, Howley PM, Israel MA and Liotta LA eds) pp 206-232, WB Saunders Company, Philadelphia.
94. Forssen EA, Malé-Brune R, Adler-Moore JP, Lee MJA, Schmidt PG, Krasieva TB, Shimizu S and Tromberg BJ (1996) Fluorescence imaging studies for the disposition of daunorubicin liposomes (DaunoXome) within tumor tissue. Cancer Res 56:2066-2075.
95. Gabizon AA (1995) Liposome circulation time and tumor targeting: implications for cancer chemotherapy. Adv Drug Delivery Rev 16:285-294.
96. Gabizon A and Papahadjopoulos D (1988) Liposome formulations with prolonged circulation time in blood and enhanced uptake in tumors. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 85:6949-6953.
97. Gabizon A and Papahadjopoulos D (1992) The role of surface charge and hydrophilic groups on liposome clearance in vivo. Biochim Biophys Acta 1103:94-100.
98. Geyer RP (1967) Studies on the mechanism of intravenous fat emulsions. Fette Med 6:59-61.
99. Gill PS, Espina BM, Muggia F, Cabriales S, Tupule A and Esplin JA (1995) Phase I/II clinical and pharmacokinetic evaluation of liposomal danuorubicin. J Clin Oncol 13:996-1003.
100. Gogolewski S, Jovanovic M, Perren SM, Dillon JG and Hughes MK (1993a) Tissue response and in vivo degradation of selected polyhydroxyacids: polylactides (PLA), poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) and poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHB/VA). J Biomed Mater Res 27:1135-1148.
101. Gogolewski S, Jovanovic M, Perren SM, Dillon JG and Hughes MK (1993b) The effect of melt processing on degradation of selected poly(hydroxyacids): polylactides, polyhydroxybutyrates and polyhydroxybutyrate-co-valerates. Polymer Degrad Stability 40:313-322.
102. Goins B, Klipper R, Cliff RO, Blumhardt R and Phillips WT (1993) Biodistribution and imaging studies of technetium-99m-labeled liposomes in rats with focal infection. J Nucl Med 34:2160-2168.
103. Goins B, Phillips WT and Klipper R (1996) Blood-pool imaging using technetium-99m-labeled liposomes. J Nucl Med 37:1374-1379.
104. Gordon S (1995) The macrophage. Bioessays 17:977-986.
105. Gordon S, Lawson L, Rabinowitz S, Crocker PR, Morris L and Perry VH (1992) Antigen markers of macrophage differentiation in murine tissues. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 181:1-37.
106. Goren D, Horowitz AT, Tzemach D, Tarshish M, Zalipsky S and Gabizon A (2000) Nuclear delivery of doxorubicin via folate-targeted liposomes with bypass of multidrug-resistance efflux pump. Clin Cancer Res 6:1949-1957.
107. Goren D, Horowitz AT, Zalipsky S, Woodle MC, Yarden Y and Gabizon A (1996) Trageting of Stealth liposomes to erbB2 (Her/2) receptor: in vitro and in vivo studies. Br J Cancer 74:1749-1756.
108. Grandfils C, Flandroy P and Jerome R (1996) Control of the biodegradation rate of poly(D, L-lactide) microparticles intended as chemoembolization materials. J Control Release 38:109-122.
109. Gref R, Domb A, Quellec P, Blunk T, Müller RH, Verbavatz JM and Langer R (1995) The controlled intravenous administration of drugs using PEG-coated sterically stabilized nanospheres. Adv Drug Delivery Rev 16:215-233.
110. Gref R, Minamitake Y, Peracchia MT, Trubetskoy V, Torchilin V and Langer R (1994) Biodegradable long-circulating polymeric nanospheres. Science (Wash DC) 263:1600-1603.
111. Gregoriadis G, McCormack B, Wang Z and Lifely R (1993) Polysialic acids: potential in drug delivery. FEBS Lett 315:271-276.
112. Griffioen AW and Molema G (2000) Angiogenesis potentials for pharmacologic intervention in the treatment of cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and chronic inflammation. Pharmacol Rev 52:237-268.
113. Grizzi I, Garreau H, Li S and Vert M (1995) Hydrolytic degradation of devices based on poly(D, L-lactic acid) size dependence. Biomaterials 16:305-311.
114. Groom AC (1987) Microcirculation of the spleen: new concepts. Microvasc Res 34: 269-289.
115. Guimaraes R, Clement O, Bitton J, Carnot F and Frija G (1994) MR lymphography with superparamagnetic iron nanoparticles in rats: pathological basis for contrast enhancement. Am J Roentgenol Radium Ther Nucl Med 162:201-207.
116. Hagan SA, Coombes AGA, Garnett MC, Dunn SE, Davies MC, Illum L, Davis SS, Harding SE, Purkiss S and Gellert PR (1996) Polylactide-poly(ethylene glycol) copolymers as drug delivery systems. I. Characterization of water dispersible micelle-forming systems. Langmuir 12:2153-2161.
117. Hagemeier HH, Vollmer E, Goerdt S, Schulzeosthoff K and Sorg C (1986) A monoclonal antibody reacting with endothelial cells of budding vessels in tumors and inflammatory tissues, and non-reactive normal adult tissues. Int J Cancer 38:481-488.
118. Hansen CB, Kao GY, Moase EH, Zalipsky S and Allen TM (1995) Attachment of antibodies to sterically stabilized liposomes: evaluation, comparison and optimization of coupling procedures. Biochim Biophys Acta 1239:133-144.
119. Harashima H, Sakata K, Funato K and Kiwada H (1994) Enhanced hepatic uptake of liposomes through complement activation depending on the size of liposomes. Pharm Res (N Y) 11:402-406.
120. Harasym TO, Bally MB and Tardi P (1998) Clearance properties of liposomes involving conjugated proteins for targeting. Adv Drug Delivery Rev 32:99-118.
121. Harding JA, Engbers CM, Newman MS, Goldstein NI and Zalipsky S (1997) Immunogenicity and pharmacokinetic attributes of poly(ethylene glycol)-grafted immunoliposomes. Biochim Biophys Acta 1327:181-192.
122. Hardonk MJ, Dijkhuis FWJ, Hulstaert CE and Koudstaal J (1992) Heterogeneity of rat-liver and spleen macrophages in gadolinium chloride-induced elimination and repopulation. J Leukoc Biol 52:296-302.
123. Harrison M, Tomlinson D and Stewart S (1995) Liposomal-entrapped doxorubicin: an active agent in AIDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma. J Clin Oncol 13:914-920.
124. Hart PD and Payne SN (1971) Effects of non-ionic surfactants that modify experimental tuberculosis on lipase activity of macrophages. Br J Phamacol 43:190-196.
125. Hawley AE, Illum L and Davis SS (1997a) Lymph node localization of biodegradable nanospheres surface modified with poloxamer and poloxamine block copolymers. FEBS Lett 400:319-323.
126. Hawley AE, Illum L and Davis SS (1997b) Preparation of biodegradable, surface engineered PLGA nanospheres with enhanced lymphatic drainage and lymph node uptake. Pharm Res (N Y) 14:657-661.
127. Heidenreich F and Dierich MP (1985) Candida albicans and Candida stellatoidea, in contrast to other Candida species, bind iC3b and C3d but not C3b. Infect Immun 50:598-600.
128. Hinglais N, Kazatchkine M, Mandet C, Appay MD and Bariety J (1988) Human liver Kupffer cells express CR1, CR3 and CR4 complement receptors. Lab Invest 82: 640-651.
129. Hobbs SK, Monsky WL, Yuan F, Roberts WG, Griffith L, Torchilin VP and Jain RK (1998) Regulation of transport pathways in tumor vessels: role of tumor type and microenvironment. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95:4607-4612.
130. Hoedemakers RMJ, Morselt HWM, Scherphof GL and Daemen T (1994) Secretion pattern of the rat-liver macrophage population following activation with liposomal muramyl dipeptide in-vivo and in-vitro. J Immunother 15:265-272.
131. Hoffman A, Donbrow M and Benita S (1986) Direct measurements on individual microcapsule dissolution as a tool for determination of mechanism. J Pharm Pharmacol 38:764-766.
132. Honing H, van Rooijen N and van der Berg TK (2000) Manipulation of macrophage activities using liposomes. J Liposome Res 10:359-389.
133. Horwitz BA, Shintizky M, Kreutz W and Yatvin MB (1980) pH-sensitive liposomes: possible clinical implications. Science (Wash DC) 210:1253-1255.
134. Howerton DA, Hunter RL, Ziegler HK and Check IJ (1990) Induction of macrophage Ia expression in vivo by a synthetic block copolymer, L81. J Immunol 144: 15781584.
135. Hu YP, Henry-Tolume N and Robert J (1995) Failure of liposome encapsulation of doxorubicin to circumvent multidrug resistance in an in vitro model of rat glioblastoma. Eur J Cancer 31A:389-394.
136. Huang SK, Lee KD, Hong K, Friend DS and Papahadjopoulos D (1992) Microscopic localization of sterically stabilized liposomes in colon carcinoma-bearing mice. Cancer Res 52:5135-5143.
137. Huang SK, Stauffer PR, Hong K, Guo JWH, Phillips TL, Huang A and Paphadjopoulos D (1994) Liposomes and hyperthermia in mice: increased tumor uptake and therapeutic efficacy of doxorubicin in sterically stabilized liposomes. Cancer Res 54:2186-2191.
138. Hunter RL and Bennett B (1984) The adjuvant activity of nonionic block polymer surfactants. II. Antibody formation and inflammation related to the structure of triblock and octablock copolymers. J Immunol 133:3167-3175.
139. Ilium L and Davis SS (1984) The organ uptake of intravenously administered colloidal particles can be altered using a non-ionic surfactant (Poloxamer 338). FEBS Lett 167:79-82.
140. Ingram DA, Forman MB and Murray JJ (1992) Phagocytic activation of human neutrophils by the detergent component of fluosol. Am J Pathol 140:1081-1087.
141. Ingram DA, Forman MB and Murray JJ (1993) Activation of complement by Fluosol attributable to the Pluronic detergent micelle structure. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 22:456-461.
142. Ito S, Naito M, Kobayashi Y, Takatsuka H, Jiang S, Usuda H, Umezu H, Hasegawa G, Arakawa M, Shultz LD and Elomaa O (1999) Roles of a macrophage receptor with collagenous structure (MARCO) in host defence and heterogeneity of splenic marginal zone macrophages. Arch Histol Cytol 62:83-95.
143. Jagannath C, Pai S, Actor JK and Hunter RL (1999) CRL-1072 enhances antimycobacterial activity of human macrophages through interleukin-8. J Interferon Cytokine Res 19:67-76.
144. Jain RK (1988) Determinants of tumor blood flow: a review. Cancer Res 48:2641-2658.
145. Jain RK (1989) Delivery of novel therapeutic agents in tumors: physiological barriers and strategies. J Natl Cancer Inst 81:570-576.
146. Jamar F, Chapman PT, Manicourt DH, Glass DM, Haskard DO and Peters AM (1997) A comparison between 111In-anti-E-selectin mAb and 99Tcm-labelled human non-specific immunoglobulin in radionuclide imaging of rheumatoid arthritis. Brit J Radiol 70:473-481.
147. Jeppsson R and Rossner S (1975) The influence of emulsifying agents and of lipid soluble drugs on the fractional removal rate of lipid emulsions from the blood stream of rabbit. Acta Pharmacol Toxicol 37:134-144.
148. Jones MC and Leroux JC (1999) Polymeric micelles -a new generation of colloidal drug carriers. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 48:101-111.
149. Kamei S and Kopecek J (1995) Prolonged blood circulation in rats of nanospheres surface-modified with semitelechlic poly[N-2(hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide]. Pharm Res (N Y) 12:663-668.
150. Kang EC, Akiyoshi K and Sunamoto J (1997) Surface coating of liposomes with hydrophobized polysaccharides. J Biact Compat Polym 12:14-26.
151. Kazatchkine MD, Fearon DT and Austen KF (1979) Human alternative complement pathway: membrane-associated sialic acid regulates the competition between B and beta1 H for cell-bound C3b. J Immunol 122:75-81.
152. Kehlen H, Rätzsch MT and Bergmann J (1988) Continuous kinetics of first order degradation reactions in polydisperse mixtures. Chem Eng Sci 43:609-616.
153. Kim KJ, Li B, Winer J, Armanini M, Gillett N, Phillips HS and Ferrara N (1993) Inhibition of vascular endothelial growth factor induced angiogenesis suppresses tumour growth in vivo. Nature (Lond) 362:841-844.
154. Kim SY, Shin IG, Lee YM, Cho CS and Sung YK (1998) Methoxy poly(ethylene glycol) and ∈-caprolactone amphiphilic block copolymeric micelle containing indomethacin. II. Micelle formation and drug release behaviours. J Control Release 51:13-22.
155. Kirpotin D, Hong KL, Mullah N, Papahadopoulos D and Zalipsky S (1996) Liposomes with detachable polymer coating. Destabilization and fusion of dioleoylphosphati-dylethanolamine vesicles triggered by cleavage of surface-grafted poly(ethylene glycol). FEBS Lett 388:115-118.
156. Kirpotin D, Park JW, Hong K, Zalipsky S, Li WL, Carter P, Benz CC and Papahadjopoulos D (1997) Sterically stabilized anti-HER2 immunoliposomes: design and targeting to human breast cancer cells in vitro. Biochemistry 36:66-75.
157. Klibanov AL, Maruyama K, Beckerleg AM, Torchilin VP and Huang L (1991) Activity of amphipathic poly(ethylene glycol) 5000 to prolong the circulation time of liposome depends on the liposome size and is unfavourable for immunoliposome binding to target. Biochim Biophys Acta 1062:142-148.
158. Klibanov AL, Maruyama K, Torchilin VP and Huang L (1990) Amphipathic polyethyleneglycol effectively prolong the circulation time of liposomes. FEBS Lett 268:235-237.
159. Kostarelos K and Emfietzoglou D (1999) Liposomes as carriers of radionuclides: from imaging to therapy. J Liposome Res 9:429-460.
160. Kostarelos K, Tadros TF and Luckham PF (1999) Physical conjugation of (tri-) block copolymers to liposomes toward the construction of sterically stabilized vesicle systems. Langmuir 15:369-376.
161. Kraal G (1992) Cells in the marginal zone of the spleen. Int Rev Cytol 132:31-74.
162. Kraling BM, Razon MJ, Boon LM, Zurakowski D, Seachord C, Darveau RP, Mulliken JB, Corless CL and Bischoff J (1996) E-selectin is present in proliferating endothelial cells in human hemangiomas. Am J Pathol 148:1181-1191.
163. Krishna R and Mayer LD (1998) Applications of liposome technology to overcome multidrug resistance in solid tumors, in Targeting of Drugs 6: Strategies for Stealth Therapeutic Systems (Gregoriadis G and McCormack B eds) pp 95-108, NATO ASI Series, Plenum Press, New York.
164. Kukowska-Latallo JF, Bielinska AU, Johnson J, Spindler R, Tomalia DA and Baker Jr (1996) Efficient transfer of genetic material into mammalian cells using Starburst polyamidoamine dendrimers. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93:4897-4902.
165. Kumar SD, West DC and Ager M (1987) Heterogeneity in endothelial cells from large vessels and microvessels. Differentiation 36:57-70.
166. Kunioka M and Doi Y (1990) Thermal degradation of microbial copolyesters: poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) and poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-4-hydroxybutyrate). Macromolecules 23:1933-1936.
167. Kwon G, Suwa S, Yokoyama M, Okano T, Sakurai Y and Kataoka K (1993) Biodistrinution of micelles forming polymer-drug conjugates. Pharm Res (N Y) 10:970-974.
168. Kwon G, Suwa S, Yokoyama M, Okano T, Sakurai Y and Kataoka K (1994) Enhanced tumor accumulation and prolonged circulation times of micelle-forming poly(ethylene oxide-aspartate) block copolymer-adriamycin conjugates. J Control Release 29:17-23.
169. Lacasse FX, Filion MC, Phillips NC, Escher E, McMullen JN and Hildgen P (1998) Influence of surface properties at biodegradable microsphere surfaces: effects on plasma protein adsorption and phagocytosis. Pharm Res (N Y) 15:312-317.
170. Lam KH, Schakenraad JM, Esselbrugge H, Feijen and Nieuwenhuis (1993) The effect of phagocytosis of poly(L-lactic acid) fragments on cellular morphology and viability. J Biomed Mat Res 27:1569-1577.
171. Lasic DD, Martin FJ, Gabizon A, Huang SK and Papahadjopoulos D (1991) Sterically-stabilized liposomes: a hypothesis on the molecular origin of the extended circulation time. Biochim Biophys Acta 1070:187-192.
172. Lauren J, Gunji Y and Alitalo K (1998) Is angiopoietin-2 necessary for the initiation of tumour angiogenesis? Am J Pathol 153:1333-1339.
173. Lee J, Martic PA and Tan JS (1989) Protein adsorption on Pluronic co-polymer coated polystyrene particles. J Colloid Interface Sci 131:252-266.
174. Lee KD, Oh YK, Portnoy DA and Swanson JA (1996) Delivery of macromolecules into cytosol using liposome containing hemolysin from Listeria monocytogenes. J Biol Chem 271:7249-7252.
175. Lee RJ and Huang L (1996) Folate-targeted, anionic liposome-entrapped polylysine-condensed DNA for tumor cell-specific gene transfer. J Biol Chem 271:8481-8487.
176. Lee RJ and Low PS (1994) Delivery of liposomes into cultured KB cells via folate receptor-mediated endocytosis. J Biol Chem 269:3198-3204.
177. Lee SH, Crocker P and Gordon S (1986) Macrophage plasma membrane and secretory properties in murine malaria. Effects of Plasmodium yoelii blood-stage infection on macrophages in liver, spleen, and blood. J Exp Med 163:54-74.
178. Lepay DA, Steinman RM, Nathan CF, Murray HW and Cohen ZA (1985) Liver macrophages in murine listeriosis. Cell-mediated immunity is correlated with an influx of macrophages capable of generating reactive oxygen intermediates. J Exp Med 161:1503-1512.
179. Li C, Yang DJ, Kuang LR and Wallace S (1993) Polyamino acid microspheres: preparation, characterization and distribution after intravenous injection in rats Int J Pharm 94:143-152.
180. Li JT, Caldwell KD and Rapoport N (1994) Surface properties of Pluronic-coated polymeric colloids. Langmuir 10:4475-4482.
181. Li JT, Carlsson J, Lin JN and Caldwell KD (1996) Chemical modification of surface active poly(ethylene oxide)-poly(propylene oxide) triblock copolymers. Bioconjugate Chem 7:592-599.
182. Li SM, Tenon M, Garreau H, Braud C and Vert M (2000) Enzymatic degradation of stereocopolymers derived from L-, DL- and meso-lactides. Polymer Degrad Stabilty 67:85-90.
183. Lin P, Buxton JA, Acheson A, Radjiejewski C, Maisonpierre PC, Yancopoulos GD, Channon KM, Hale LP, Dewhirst MW, George SE and Peters K (1998) Antiangiogeneic gene therapy targeting the endothelium specific receptor tyrosine kinase Tie2. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95:8829-8834.
184. Lin PS, Ho KC, Sung SJ and Gladding J (1992) Effect of tumor necrosis factor, heat, and radiation on the viability and microfilament organization on cultured endothelial cells. Int J Hyperther 8:667-677.
185. Lin W (1996) The preparation and characterization of surface modified albumin nanoparticles for site specific drug delivery. PhD Thesis, University of Nottingham, UK.
186. Lin W, Coombes AGA, Garnett MC, Davies MC, Schacht E, Davis SS and Ilium L (1994) Preparation of sterically stabilized human serum albumin nanospheres using a novel dextranox-MPEG crosslinking agent. Pharm Res (N Y) 11:1588-1592.
187. Lin W, Garnett MC, Davies MC, Bignotti F, Ferruti P, Davis SS and Ilium L (1997) Preparation of surface-modified albumin nanospheres. Biomaterials 18:559-565.
188. Lin W, Garnett MC, Schacht E, Davis SS and Illum L (1999) Preparation and in vitro characterization of HSA-mPEG nanoparticles. Int J Pharm 189:161-170.
189. Linblad G and Bjorkman N (1964) Ultrastructural alterations in sinusoidal endothelium of liver and bone marrow in dogs with experimental hepatitis contagiosa canis. Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand 62:155-161.
190. Lindberg FP, Lublin DM, Telen MJ, Veile RA, Miller YE, Doniskeller H and Brown EJ (1994) RH-related antigen CD47 is the signal-transducer integrin-associated protein. J Biol Chem 269:1567-1570.
191. Litzinger DC and Huang L (1992) Amphipathic poly(ethylene glycol) 5000-stabilized dioleoylphosphatidylethanolamine liposomes accumulate in spleen. Biochim Biophys Acta 1127:249-254.
192. Liu D, Mori A and Huang L (1991) Large liposomes containing ganglioside GM1 accumulate effectively in spleen. Biochim Biophys Acta 1066:159-165.
193. 1. Pharm Res (N Y) 12:1775-1780.
194. Liu F and Liu D (1995) Long-circulating emulsions (oil-in-water) as carriers for lipophilic drugs. Pharm Res (N Y) 12:1060-1064.
195. Lundberg B (1997) A submicron lipid emulsion coated with amphipathic polyethylene glycol for parental administration of Paclitaxel (Taxol). J Pharm Pharmacol 49:16-21.
196. Malik N, Wiwattanapatapee R, Klopsch R, Lorenz K, Frey H, Weener JW, Meijer EW, Paulus W and Duncan R (2000) Dendrimers relationship between structure and biocompatibility in vitro, and preliminary studies on the biodistribution of 1251-labelled polyamidoamine dendrimers in vivo. J Control Release 65:133-148.
197. Mandrell RE and Zollinger WD (1982) Measurement of antibodies to meningococcal group B polysaccharide: low avidity binding and equilibrium binding constants. J Immunol 129:2172-2178.
198. Maruiwa M, Mizoguchi A, Russell GJ, Narula N, Stronska M, Mizoguchi E, Rabb H, Arnaout MA and Bhan AK (1993) Anti-KCA-3, a monoclonal antibody reactive with a rat complement C3 receptor, distinguishes Kupffer cells from other macrophages. J Immunol 150:4019-4030.
199. Maruyama K, Kennel SJ and Humah L (1990) Lipid composition is important for highly efficient target binding and retention of immunoliposomes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 87:5744-5748.
200. Maruyama K, Okuizumi S, Ishida O, Yamauchi H, Kikuchi H and Iwatsuru M (1994) Phosphatidylpolyglycerols prolong liposome circulation in vivo. Int J Pharm 111:103-107.
201. Maruyama K, Yuda T, Okamoto A, Kojima S, Suginaka A and Iwatsuru M (1992) Prolonged circulation time in vivo of large unilamellar liposomes composed of distearoylphosphatidylcholine and cholesterol containing amphipathic poly(ethylene glycol). Biochim Biophys Acta 1128:44-49.
202. Mason NS, Miles CS and Sparks RE (1981) Hydrolytic degradation of poly D, L-(lactide), in Biomedical and Dental Applications of Polymers (Gebelein CG and Koblitz FF, eds) pp 279-291, Plenum Press, New York.
203. Matlaga BF, Yasenchak LP and Salthouse TN (1976) Tissue response to implanted polymers: the significance of sample shape. J Biomed Mat Res 10:391-397.
204. Matthews W, Jordan GT, Gavin M, Jenkins N, Copeland NG and Lemischka IR (1991) A receptor tyrosine kinase cDNA isolated from a population of enriched primitive hematopoietic cells and exhibiting close genetic linkage to c-kit. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 88:9026-9030.
205. Maurer CA, Friess H, Kretschman B, Wildi S, Muller C, Graber H, Schilling M and Buchler M (1998) Over-expression of ICAM-1, VCAM-1 and ELAM-1 might influence tumor progression in colorectal cancer. Int J Cancer 79:76-81.
206. 3 expression on tumor-associated vessels of human carcinomas. Int J Cancer 71:320-324.
207. McVicar JW, Richmond JY, Campbell CH and Hamilton LD (1973) Observations of cattle, goats and pigs after administration of synthetic interferon inducers and subsequent exposure to foot and mouth disease virus. Can J Comp Med 37:362-368.
208. 2 to soluble dextrans-I. Properties of conjugates and effects on plasma persistance in mice. Biochem Pharmacol 36:105-112.
209. 2 to soluble dextrans-II. In vivo distribution and fate of conjugates. Biochem Pharmacol 36:113-121.
210. Meri S and Pangburn MK (1994) Regulation of alternative pathway complement activation by glycosaminoglycans: specificity of the polyanion binding site on factor H. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 198:52-59.
211. Meyer O, Papahadjopoulos D and Leroux J-C (1998) Copolymers of N-isopropylacrylamide can trigger pH sensitivity to stable liposomes. FEBS Lett 421:61-64.
212. Michalek MT, Bremer EG and Mold C (1988) Effect of gangliosides on activation of the alternative pathway of human complement. J Immunol 140:1581-1587.
213. Mobed M and Chang TMS (1991) Preparation and surface characterization of carboxy methylchitin-incorporated submicron bilayer-lipid membrane artificial cells (liposomes) encapsulating liposomes. Biomater Artif Cell Immobil Biotechnol 19:731-744.
214. Mobed M and Chang TMS (1998) Comparison of polymerically stabilized PEG-grafted liposomes and physically adsorbed carboxymethylchitin and carboxymethyl/glycolchitin liposomes for biological applications. Biomaterials 19:1167-1177.
215. Moghimi SM (1995a) Exploiting bone marrow microvascular structure for drug delivery and future therapies. Adv Drug Delivery Rev 17:61-73.
216. Moghimi SM (1995b) Mechanisms of splenic clearance of blood cells and particles: towards development of new splenotropic agents. Adv Drug Delivery Rev 17:103-115.
217. Moghimi SM (1996) Apoptotic cell death in activated monocytes following incorporation of clodronate-liposomes. J Leukoc Biol 61:643-644.
218. Moghimi SM (1997) Prolonging the circulation time and modifying the body distribution of intravenously injected polystyrene nanospheres by prior intravenous administration of poloxamine-908: a "hepatic-blockade" event or manipulation of nanosphere surface in vivo? Biochim Biophys Acta 1336:1-6.
219. Moghimi SM (1998) Humoral-mediated recognition of "phagocyte-resistant" beads by lymph node macrophages of poloxamine-treated rats. Clin Sci 95:389-391.
220. Moghimi SM (1999) Re-establishing the long-circulatory behaviour of poloxamine-coated particles after repeated intravenous administration: applications in cancer drug delivery and imaging. Biochim Biophys Acta 1472:399-403.
221. Moghimi SM and Bonnemain (1999) Subcutaneous and intravenous delivery of diagnostic agents to the lymphatic system: applications in lymphoscintigraphy and indirect lymphography. Adv Drug Delivery Rev 37:295-312.
222. Moghimi SM and Davis SS (1994) Innovations in avoiding particles clearance from blood by Kupffer cells: cause for reflection. Crit Rev Ther Drug Carrier Syst 11:31-59.
223. Moghimi SM and Gray T (1997) A single dose of intravenously injected poloxamine-coated long-circulating particles triggers macrophage clearance of subsequent doses in rats. Clin Sci 93:371-379.
224. Moghimi SM, Hawley AE, Christy NM, Gray T, Ilium L and Davis SS (1994) Surface engineered nanospheres with enhanced drainage into lymphatics and uptake by macrophages of the regional lymph nodes. FEBS Lett 344:25-30.
225. Moghimi SM, Hedeman H, Christy NM, Ilium L and Davis SS (1993a) Enhanced hepatic clearance of intravenously administered sterically stabilized microspheres in zymosan-stimulated rats. J Leukoc Biol 54:513-517.
226. Moghimi SM, Hedeman H, Muir IS, Ilium L and Davis SS (1993b) An investigation of the filtration capacity and the fate of large filtered sterically-stabilized microspheres in rat spleen. Biochim Biophys Acta 1157:233-240.
227. Moghimi SM and Hunter AC (2000a) Recognition by macrophages and liver cells of opsonized phospholipid vesicles and phospholipid headgroups. Pharm Res (N Y) 18:1-8.
228. Moghimi SM and Hunter AC (2000b) Poloxamers and poloxamines in nanoparticle engineering and experimental medicine. Trends Biotechnol 18:412-420.
229. Moghimi SM, Muir IS, Ilium L, Davis SS and Kolb-Bachofen V (1993c) Coating particles with a block copolymer (poloxamine-908) suppresses opsonization but permits the activity of dysopsonins in the serum. Biochim Biophys Acta 1179:157-165.
230. Moghimi SM and Murray JC (1996) Poloxamer-188 revisited: a potentially valuable immune modulator? J Natl Cancer Inst 88:766-768.
231. Moghimi SM and Patel HM (1989a) Differential properties of organ-specific serum opsonins for liver and spleen macrophages. Biochim Biophys Acta 984:379-383.
232. Moghimi SM and Patel HM (1989b) Serum opsonins and phagocytosis of saturated and unsaturated phospholipid liposomes. Biochim Biophys Acta 984:384-387.
233. Moghimi SM and Patel HM (1996) Altered tissue-specific opsonic activities and opsonophagocytosis of liposomes in tumour-bearing rats. Biochim Biophys Acta 1285:56-64.
234. Moghimi SM and Patel HM (1998) Serum-mediated recognition of liposomes by phagocytic cells of the reticuloendothelial system. The concept of tissue specificity. Adv Drug Delivery Rev 32:45-60.
235. Moghimi SM, Porter CJH, Muir IS, Ilium L and Davis SS (1991) Non-phagocytic uptake of intravenously injected microspheres in rat spleen: influence of particle size and hydrophilic coating. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 177:861-866.
236. Moghimi SM and Rajabi-Siahboomi AR (1996) Advanced colloid-based systems for efficient delivery of drugs and diagnostic agents to the lymphatic tissues. Prog Biophys Mol Biol 65:221-249.
237. Monfardini C and Veronese FM (1998) Stabilization of substances in circulation. Bioconjugate Chem 9:418-450.
238. Moreno C, Lifely MR and Esdaile J (1985) Immunity and protection of mice against Neisseria meningitidis group B by vaccination using polysaccharide complexed with outer membrane proteins: a comparison with purified B polysaccharide. Infect Immun 47:527-533.
239. Mon A, Kennel SJ and Huang L (1993) Immunotargeting of liposomes containing lipophilic antitumor prodrugs. Pharm Res (N Y) 10:507-514.
240. Mori A, Klibanov AL, Torchilin VP and Huang L (1991) Influence of the steric barrier activity of amphipathic poly(ethylene glycol) and ganglioside GM1 on the circulation time of liposomes and on the target binding of immunoliposomes in vivo. FEBS Lett 284:263-266.
241. Munday J, Floyd H and Crocker PR (1999) Sialic acid binding receptors (siglecs) expressed by macrophages. J Leukoc Biol 66:705-711.
242. Murohara T, Margiotta J, Phillips JM, Paulson JC, DeFrees S, Zalipsky S, Guo LLS and Lefer AM (1995) Cardioprotection by liposome-conjugated sialyl Lewis(x)-oligosaccharide in myocardial and reperfusion injury. Cardiovasc Res 30:965-974.
243. Murray JC (1997) Endothelial gene products, cytokines and radiation, in Radiation Biology of the Endothelial cell (Rubin D ed) pp 147-160, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
244. Naito M (1993) Macrophage heterogeneity in development and differentiation. Arch Histol Cytol 56:331-351.
245. Naito M, Nagai H, Kawano S, Umezu H, Zhu H, Moriyama H, Yamamoto T, Takatsuka H and Takei Y (1996) Liposome-encapsulated dichloromethylene diphosphonate induces macrophage apoptosis in vivo and in vitro. J Leukoc Biol 60:337-344.
246. Namba Y, Oku N, Ito F, Sakakibara T and Okada S (1992) Liposomal modification with uronate, which endows liposomes with long circulation in vivo, reduces the uptake of liposomes by J774 cells in vitro. Life Sci 50:1773-1779.
247. Northfelt DW, Dezube BJ, Thommes JA, Levine R, Von Roem JH, Dosik GM, Rios A, Krown SE, DuMond C and Mamelok RD (1997) Efficacy of pegylated-liposomal doxorubicin in the treatment of AIDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma after failure of standard chemotherapy. J Clin Oncol 15:653-659.
248. Northfelt DW, Martin FJ, Working P, Volberding PA, Russell J, Newman M, Amantea MA and Kaplan LD (1996) Doxorubicin encapsulated in liposomes containing surface-bound polyethylene glycol: pharmacokinetics, tumour localization, and safety in patients with AIDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma. J Clin Pharmacol 36:55-63.
249. Oku N and Namba Y (1994) Long-circulating liposomes. Crit Rev Ther Drug Carrier Syst 11:231-270.
250. Oku N, Namba Y and Okada S (1992) Tumor accumulation of novel RES-avoiding liposomes. Biochim Biophys Acta 1126:255-260.
251. Oldenborg PA, Zheleznyak A, Fang YF, Lagenaur CF, Gresham HD and Lindberg FP (2000) Role of CD47 as a marker of self on red blood cells. Science (Wash DC) 288:2051-2054.
252. Olivier JC, Vauthier C, Tarverna M, Puisieux F, Ferrier D and Couvreur P (1996) Stability of orosomucoid-coated polyisobutylcyanoacrylate nanoparticles in the presence of serum. J Control Release 40:157-168.
253. Oussoren C and Storm G (1997) Lymphatic uptake and biodistribution of liposomes after subcutaneous injection. III. Influence of surface modification with poly(ethylene glycol). Pharm Res (N Y) 14:1479-1484.
254. Ouyang C, Choice E, Holland J, Meloche M and Madden TM (1995) Liposomal cyclosporin. Characterization of drug incorporation and interbilayer exchange. Transplantaion (Baltim) 60:999-1006.
255. Oyen WJG, Claessens RAMJ, van der Meer Jwm and Corstens Fhm (1991) Detection of subacute infectious foci with indium-111-labeled autologous leukocytes and indium-111-labeled human nonspecific iminunoglobulin-G: a prospective comparative study. J Nucl Med 32:1854-1860.
256. Pain D, Das PK, Ghosh PC and Bachhawat BK (1984) Increased circulatory half-life of liposomes after conjugation with dextran. J Biosci 6:811-816.
257. Panchal RG, Cusack E, Cheley S and Bayley H (1996) Tumor protease-activated, pore-forming toxins from a combinatorial library. Nat Biotechnol 14:852-856.
258. Pangburn MK, Atkinson MA and Meri S (1991) Localization of the heparin-binding site on complement factor H. J Biol Chem 266:16847-16853.
259. Pangburn MK and Muller-Eberhard HJ (1978) Complement C3 convertase: cell surface restriction of β1H control and generation of restriction on neuraminidase-treated cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 75:2416-2420.
260. Papahadjopoulos D, Allen TM, Gabizon A, Mayhew E, Matthay K, Huang SK, Lee K-D, Woodle MC, Lasic DD, Redemann C and Martin FJ (1991) Sterically stabilized liposomes: improvements in pharmacokinetics and antitumor therapeutic efficacy. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 88:11460-11464.
261. Park JW, Hong K, Carter P, Asgari H, Guo LY, Keller GA, Wirth C, Shalaby R, Kotts C, Wood WI. Papahadopoulos D and Benz CC (1995) Development of anti-p185(HER2) immunoliposomes for cancer-therapy. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 92:1327-1331.
262. Park YS and Huang L (1993) Effect of chemically modified GM1 and neoglycolipid analogs of GM1 on liposome circulation time: evidence supportring the dysopsonic hypothesis. Biochim Biophys Acta 1166:105-114.
263. Park YS, Maruyama K and Huang L (1992) Some negatively charged phospholipid derivatives prolong the liposome circulation in vivo. Biochim Biophys Acta 1108:257-260.
264. Parr MJ, Ansell SM, Choi LS and Cullis PR (1994) Factors influencing the retention and chemical-stability of poly(ethylene glycol)-lipid conjugates incorporated into large unilamellar vesicles. Biochim Biophys Acta 1195:21-30
265. Parr MJ, Masin D, Cullis PH and Bally MB (1997) Accumulation of liposomal lipid and encapsulated doxorubicin in murine Lewis lung carcinoma: the lack of beneficial effects of coating liposomes with poly(ethylene glycol). J Pharmacol Exp Ther 280:1319-1327.
266. Pasqualini R, Koivunen E and Ruoslahti E (1997) Alpha v integrins as receptors for tumour targeting by circulating ligands. Nat Biotechnol 15:542-546.
267. Passirani C, Barratt G, Devissaguet JP and Labarre D (1998) Long-circulating nanoparticles bearing heparin or dextran covalently bound to poly(methyl methacrylate). Pharm Res (N Y) 15:1046-1050.
268. Patel HM (1992) Serum opsonins and liposomes: their interaction and opsonophagocytosis. Crit Rev Ther Drug Carrier Syst 9:39-90.
269. Patton WA, Granzow CA, Getts LA, Thomas SC, Zotter LM, Gunzel KA and Lowe-Krentz LJ (1995) Identification of a heparin-binding protein using monoclonal antibodies that block heparin to porcin aortic endothelial cells. Biochem J 311:461-469.
270. Peracchia MT, Desmaële D, Couvreur P and d'Angelo J (1997a) Synthesis of a novel poly(MePEG cyanoacrylate-co-alkyl cyanoacrylate) amphiphilic copolymer for nanoparticle technology. Macromolecules 30:846-851.
271. Peracchia MT, Fattal E, Desmaele D, Besnard M, Noel JP, Gomis JM, Appel M, d'Angelo J and Couvreur P (1999) Stealth PEGylated polycyanoacrylate nanoparticles for intravenous administration and splenic targeting. J Control Release 60:121-128.
272. Peracchia MT, Vauthier C, Desmaële D, Gulik A, Dedieu JC, Demoy M, d'Angelo J and Couvreur P (1998) Pegylated nanoparticles from a novel methoxypolyethylene glycol cyanoacrylate-hexadecyl cyanoacrylate amphiphilic copolymer. Pharm Res (N Y) 15:550-556.
273. Peracchia MT, Vauthier C, Passirani C, Couvreur P and Labarre D (1997b) Complement consumption by poly(ethylene glycol) in different conformations chemically coupled to poly(isobutyl 2-cyanoacrylate) nanoparticles. Life Sci 61:749-761.
274. Peracchia MT, Vauthier C, Puisieux F and Couvreur P (1997c) Development of sterically stabilized poly(isobutyl 2-cyanoacrylate) nanoparticles by chemical coupling of poly(ethylene glycol). J Biomed Mat Res 34:317-326.
275. + leucocytes is dependent on immune status. J Immunol 152:3168-3174.
276. Phillips WT (1998) Use of radiolabeled liposomes for PEG-liposome-based drug targeting and diagnostic imaging applications, in Targeting of Drugs 6: Strategies for Stealth Therapeutic Systems (Gregoriadis G and McCormack B eds) pp109-120, Plenum Press, New York.
277. Pober JS and Cotran RS (1990) Cytokines and endothelial cell biology. Physiol Rev 70:427-451.
278. Porter CJH, Moghimi SM, Davies MC, Illum L and Davis SS (1992a) Differences in the molecular weight profile of poloxamer 407 affect its ability to redirect intravenously administered colloids to the bone marrow. Int J Pharm 83:273-276.
279. Porter CJH, Moghimi SM, Illum L and Davis SS (1992b) The polyoxyethylene/ polyoxypropylene block co-polymer poloxamer-404 selectively redirects intravenously injected microspheres to sinusoidal endothelial cells of rabbit bone marrow. FEBS Lett 305:62-66.
280. Poznansky M and Juliano RL (1984) Biological approaches to the controlled delivery of drugs: a critical review. Pharmacol Rev 36:277-336.
281. Provoda CJ and Lee K-D (2000) Bacterial pore-forming hemolysins and their use in the cytosolic delivery of macromolecules. Adv Drug Delivery Rev 41:209-221.
282. Pulapura S and Kohn J (1992) Trends in the development of bioresobable polymers for medical applications. J Biomater Appls 6:216-250.
283. Rajotte D, Arap W, Hagedorn M, Koivunen E, Pasqualini R and Ruoslahti E (1998) Molecular heterogeneity of the vascular endothelium revealed by in vivo phage display. J Clin Invest 102:430-437.
284. Ram S, Sharma AK, Simpson SD, Gulati S, McQuillen DP, Pangburn MK and Rice PA (1998) A novel sialic acid binding site on factor H mediates serum resistance of sialylated Neisseria gonorrhoeae. J Exp Med 187:743-752.
285. Raso V, Ritz J, Basala M and Schlossman ST (1982) Monoclonal antibody-ricin A chain conjugate selectively cytotoxic for cells bearing the common acute lymphoblastic leukemia antigen. Cancer Res 42:457-464.
286. Regelson W and Holland JF (1958) The anionic polyelectrolyte, polyethylene sulphonate, as a new anti-neoplastic agent. Nature (Lond) 181:46-47.
287. Reitter JN, Means RE and Desrosiers RC (1998) A role for carbohydrates in immune evasion in AIDS. Nat Med 4:679-684.
288. Rettig WJ, Garin-Chesa P, Healey JH, Su SL, Jaffe EA and Old LJ (1992) Identification of endosialin, a cell-surface glycoprotein of vascular endothelial-cells in human cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89:10832-10836.
289. Robinson AP, White TM and Mason DW (1986) Macrophage heterogeneity in the rat as delineated by two monoclonal antibodies MRC-OX41 and MRC OX-42, the latter recognizes complement receptor type 3. Immunology 57:239-247.
290. Rodgers JB, Friday S and Bochenek WJ (1984) Absorption and excretion of the hydrophobic surfactant, C-14 poloxalene 2930, in the rat. Drug Metab Dispos 12:631-634.
291. Roerdink FH, Regts J, Van Leeuwen B and Scherphof GL (1984) Intrahepatic uptake and processing of intravenously injected small unilamellar vesicles in rats. Biochim Biophys Acta 770:195-202.
292. Romero EL, Morilla MJ, Regts J, Koning GA and Scherphof GL (1999) On the mechanism of hepatic transendothelial passage of large liposomes. FEBS Lett 448:193-196.
293. Rosenecker J, Zhang W, Hong K, Lausier J, Geppetti P, Yoshihara S, Papahadjopoulos D and Nabel JA (1996) Increased liposome extravasation in selected tissues: effect of substance-P. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93:7236-7241.
294. Rutherford MS, Witsell A and Schook LB (1993) Mechanisms generating functionally heterogeneous macrophages: chaos revisited. J Leukoc Biol 53:602-618.
295. Sato TN, Tozawa y, Deutsch U, Wolburg Buchholz K, Fujiwara Y, Gendron Maguire M, Gridley T, Wolburg H, Risau W and Qin Y (1995) Distinct roles of the receptor tyrosine kinases Tie-1 and Tie-2 in blood vessel formation. Nature (Lond) 376:70-74.
296. Schmidt EE, MacDonald IC and Groom AC (1983) Microcirculation in mouse spleen (nonsinusal) studied by means of corrosion casts. J Morphol 186:17-29.
297. Schmidt-Weber CB, Rittig M, Buchner E, Hauser I, Schmidt I, Palombo-Kinne E, Emmrich F and Kinne RW (1996) Apoptotic cell death in activated monocytes following incorporation of clodronate-liposomes. J Leukoc Biol 60:230-244.
298. Schnitzer B, Sodeman T, Mead MJ and Contacos PG (1972) Pitting function of the spleen in malaria: uitrastructural observations. Science (Wash DC) 177:175-177.
299. Sellers RF, Herniman AJ and Hawkins CW (1972) The effect of a synthetic anionic polymer (pyran) on the development of foot-and-mouth disease in guinea-pigs, cattle and pigs. Res Vet Sci 13:339-341.
300. Seltzer SE (1989) The role of liposomes in diagnostic imaging. Radiology 171:19-21.
301. Senior J, Crawley JCW and Gregoriadis G (1985) Tissue distribution of liposomes exhibiting long half-lives in the circulation after intravenous injection. Biochim Biophys Acta 839:1-8.
302. Senior J, Delgado C, Fisher D, Tilcock C and Gregoriadis G (1991) Influence of surface hydrophilicity of liposomes on their interaction with plasma protein and clearance from the circulation: studies with poly(ethylene glycol)-coated vesicles. Biochim Biophys Acta 1062:77-82.
303. Senior J and Gregoriadis G (1982) Is half-life of circulating small unilamellar liposomes determined by changes in their permeability? FEBS Lett 145:109-114.
304. Serra MV, Mannu F, Matera A, Turrini F and Arese P (1992) Enhanced IgG- and complement-independent phagocytosis of sulfatide-enriched human erythrocytes by human monocytes. FEBS Lett 311:67-70.
305. Shah SS, Cha Y and Pitt CG (1992) Poly(glycolic acid-co-DL-lactic acid): diffusion or degrdation controlled drug delivery? J Control Release 28:261-270.
306. Shin IL, Kim SY, Lee YM, Cho CS and Sung YK (1998) Methoxy poly(ethylene glycol)/∈-caprolactone amphiphilic block copolymeric micelle containing indomethacin. I. Preparation and characterization. J Control Release 51:1-11.
307. Shtilman MI, Torchilin VP, Tsatsakis AM, Mihailova EV, Rizos A, Yaroslavov AA and Shashkova IM (1999) Amphiphilic polymers of N-niylpyrrolidone as potential modificators for liposome membranes. Proc Int Symp Control Rel Bioact Mater 26:921-922.
308. Sim E, Wood AB, Hsiung LM and Sim RB (1981) Pattern of degradation of human complement fragment, C3b. FEBS Lett 132:55-60.
309. Si-Nang L, Carlier PF, Delort P, Gazzola J and Lafont D (1973) Determination of coating thickness of microcapsules and influence upon diffusion. J Pharm Sci 62:452-454.
310. Sleyster EC and Knook DL (1982) Relation between localization and function of rat liver Kupffer cells. Lab Invest 47:484-490.
311. Smith CM II, Hebbel RP, Tukey DP, Clawson CC, White JG and Vercellotti GM (1987) Pluronic F-68 reduces the endothelial adherence and improves the rheology of liganded sickle erythrocytes. Blood 69:1631-1636.
312. Snook T (1950) A comparative study of vascular arrangements in mammalian spleen. Am J Anat 87:31-37.
313. Souhami RL, Patel HM and Ryman BE (1981) The effect of reticuloendothelial blockade on the blood clearance and tissue distribution of liposomes. Biochim Biophys Acta 674:354-371.
314. Spragg DD, Alford DR, Greferath R, Larsen CE, Lee KD, Gurtner GC, Cybulsky MI, Tosi PF, Nicolau and Gimbrone MA (1997) Immunotargeting of liposomes to activated vascular endothelial cells: a strategy for site-specific delivery in the cardiovascular system. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94:8795-8800.
315. Stevens MP (1999) Polymer Chemistry 3rd Ed. Oxford University Press.
316. Stoiber H, Pinter C, Siccardi AG, Clivio A and Dierich MP (1996) Efficient destruction of human immunodeficiency virus in human serum by inhibiting the protective action of complement factor H and decay accelerating factor (DAF, CD55). J Exp Med 183:307-310.
317. Stolnik S, Dunn SE, Garnett MC, Davies MC, Coombes AGA, Taylor DC, Irving MP, Purkiss SC, Tadros TF, Davis SS and Illum L (1994) Surface modification of poly(lactide-co-glycolide) nanospheres by biodegradable poly(lactide)-poly(ethyl-eneglycol) copolymers. Pharm Res (N Y) 11:1800-1808.
318. Storm G, Belliot SO, Daemen T and Lasic DD (1995) Surface modification of nanoparticles to oppose uptake by the mononuclear phagocyte system. Adv Drug Delivery Rev 17:31-48.
319. Sudimack J and Lee RJ (2000) Targeted drug delivery via the folate receptor. Adv Drug Delivery Rev 41:147-162.
320. Surolia A and Bachhawat BK (1977) Monosialoganglioside liposome-entrapped enzyme uptake by hepatic cells. Biochim Biophys Acta 497:760-765.
321. Szebeni J (1998) The interaction of liposomes with the complement system. Crit Rev Ther Drug Carrier Syst 15:57-89.
322. Szebeni J, Baranyi L, Savay S, Lutz H, Jelezarova E, Bunger R and Alving CR (2000) The role of complement activation in hypersensitivity to Pegylated liposomal doxorubicin (Doxil). J Liposome Res 10:467-481.
323. Szebeni J, Muggia FM and Alving CR (1998) Complement activation by Cremophor EL as a possible contributor to hypersensitivity to paclitaxel: an in vitro study. J Natl Cancer Inst 90:300-306.
324. Szebeni J, Savay S, Alving CR, Hunter AC and Moghimi SM (2001) Variation of complement activation in human serum by poloxamer 188 (Pluronic-F68). Proc Int Symp Control Rel Bioact Mater, in press.
325. Takeuchi H, Toyoda T, Toyobuku H, Yamamoto H, Hino T and Kawashima Y (1996) Improved stability of doxorubicin-loaded liposomes by polymer coating. Proc Int Symp Control Rel Bioact Mater 23:409-410.
326. Thorin E and Shreeve SM (1998) Heterogeneity of vascular endothelial cells in normal and diseased states. Pharmacol Therap 78:155-166.
327. Thurmond KB II, Kowalewski T and Wooley KL (1996) Water-soluble knedel-like structures: the preparation of shell-cross-linked small particles. J Am Chem Soc 118:7239-7240.
328. Tilcock C (1995) Imaging tools: liposomal agents for nuclear medicine, computed tomography, magnetic resonance, and ultrasound, in Liposomes as Tools in Basic Research and Industry (Philippot JD and Schubar F eds) pp 225-240, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
329. Tokiwa Y and Suzuki T (1977) Hydrolysis of polyesters by lipases. Nature (Lond) 270:76-78.
330. Tomita M, Yamamoto K, Kobashi H, Ohmoto M and Tsuji T (1994) Immunohistochemical phenotyping of liver macrophages in normal and diseased human liver. Hepatology 20:317-325.
331. Torchilin VP, Frank-Kamenetsky MD and Wolff GL (1999) CT visualization of blood pool in rats using long-circulating, iodine-containing micelles. Acad Radiol 6:61-65.
332. Torchilin VP, Klibanov AL, Huang L, O'Donnell S, Nossiff ND and Khaw BA (1992) Targeted accumulation of polyethylene gylcol-coated immunoliposomes in infarcted rabbit myocardium. FASEB J 6:2716-2719.
333. Torchilin VP, Shtilman MI, Trubeyskoy VS, Whiteman K and Milstein AM (1994) Amphiphilic vinyl polymers effectively prolong liposome circulation time in vivo. Biochim Biophys Acta 1195:181-184.
334. Torchilin VP, Trubetskoy VS, Whiteman KR, Caliceti P, Ferruti P and Veronese FM (1995) New synthetic amphiphilic polymers for steric protection of liposomes in vivo. J Pharm Sci 84:1049-1053.
335. Toth K, Bogar L, Juricskay I, Keltai M, Yusuf S, Haywood LJ and Meiselman HJ (1997) The effect of RheothRx injection on the hemorheological parameters in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc 17:117-125.
336. Tracy MA, Ward KL, Firouzabadian L, Wang Y, Dong N, Qian R and Zhang Y (1999) Factors affecting the degradation rate of poly(lactide-co-glycolide) microspheres in vivo and in vitro. Biomaterials 20:1057-1062.
337. Troster SD, Müller U and Kreuter J (1990) Modification of the body distribution of poly(methyl methacrylate) nanoparticles in rats by coating with surfactants. Int J Pharm 61:85-100.
338. Trubetskoy VS, Frankkamenetsky MD, Whiteman KR, Wolf GL and Torchilin VP (1996) Stable polymeric micelles: lymphoangiographic contrast media for gamma scintigraphy and magnetic resonance imaging. Acad Radiol 3:232-238.
339. Turner NC and Wright NA (1992) The response to injury, in Oxford Textbook of Pathology (McGee JOD, Isaacson PG and Wright NA eds) pp 351-390, Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK.
340. Uster PS, Allen TM, Daniel DB, Mendez CJ, Newman MS and Zhu GZ (1996) Insertion of poly(ethylene glycol) derivatized phospholipid into pre-formed liposomes results in prolonged in vivo circulation time. FEBS Lett 386:243-246.
341. Vandorpe J, Schacht E, Dunn S, Hawley A, Stolnik S, Davis SS, Garnet MC, Davies MC and Illum L (1997) Long circulating biodegradable poly(phosphazene) nanoparticles surface modified with poly(phosphazene)-poly(ethyleneoxide) copolymer. Biomaterials 18:1147-1152.
342. Vandorpe J, Schacht E, Stolnik S, Garnet MC, Davies MC, Illum L and Davis SS (1996) Poly(organo phosphazene) nanoparticles surface modified with poly(ethyl-ene oxide). Biotechnol Bioeng 52:89-95.
343. Vann WF, Schmidt MA, Jann B and Jann K (1981) The structure of the capsular polysaccharide (K5 antigen) of urinary-tract-infective Escherichia coli 010:K5:H4. A polymer similar to desulfo-heparin. Eur J Biochem 116:359-364.
344. van Rooijen N, Bakker J and Sanders A (1997) Transient suppression of macrophage functions by liposome-encapsulated drugs. Trends Biotechnol 15:178-185
345. 2 activity towards lipopolymer-containing liposomes. Biochim Biophys Acta 1373:27-36.
346. Volanakis JE and Wirtz Kwa (1979) Interaction of C-reactive protein with artificial phosphatidylcholine bilayers. Nature (Lond) 281:155-157.
347. Wang N and Wu XS (1997) Synthesis, characterization, biodegradation and drug delivery application of biodegradable lactic/glycolic acid oligomers. Part II. Biodegradation and drug delivery application, J Biomater Sci Polym Ed 9:75-87.
348. Wang ZJ and Stern IJ (1975) Disposition in rats of a polyoxypropylene-polyoxyethylene copolymer used in plasma fractionation. Drug Metab Dipos 3:536-542.
349. Wassef NM, Matyas GR and Alving CR (1991) Complement-dependent phagocytosis of liposomes by macrophages. Suppresive effects of stealth lipids. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 176:866-874.
350. Watrous-Peltier N, Uhl J, Steel V, Borphy L and Merisko-Liversidge E (1992) Direct suppression of phagocytosis by amphipathic polymeric surfactants. Pharm Res (N Y) 9:1177-1183.
351. Webb MS, Saxon D, Wong FMP, Lim HJ, Wang Z, Bally MB, Choi LSL, Cullis PR and Mayer LD (1998) Comparison of different hydrophobic anchors conjugated to poly(ethylene glycol): effects on the pharmacokinetics of liposomal vincristine. Biochim Biophys Acta 1372:272-282.
352. Webb MS, Wheeler IJ, Bally MB and Mayer LD (1995) The cationic lipid stearylamine reduces the permeability of the cationic drugs verpamil and prochlorperazine to lipid bilayers: implications for drug delivery. Biochim Biophys Acta 1238:147-155.
353. Weiss L (1991) Barrier cells. Immunol Today 12:24-29.
354. Weiss L, Powell R and Schiffman FJ (1986) Mechanisms of splenic control of murine malaria: reticular cell activation and the development of a blood-spleen barrier. Am J Anat 176:251-285.
355. Weiss L and Tavassoli M (1970) Anatomical hazards to the passage of erythrocytes through the spleen. Semin Hematol 7:372-380.
356. Whiteman KR, Subr V, Ulbrich K and Torchilin VP (1999) Attachment of HPMA derivatives to the liposome surface makes them long-circulating. Proc Int Symp Control Rel Bioact Mater 26:1064-1065.
357. Wickham TJ, Haskard D, Segal D and Kovesdi I (1997) Targeting endothelium for gene therapy via receptors up-regulated during angiogenesis and inflammation. Cancer lmmunol Immunother 45:149-151.
358. Wiessleder R, Heautot JF, Schaffer BK, Nossiff N, Papisov MI, Bogdanov AA and Brady TJ (1994) MR lymphography: study of a high lymphotropic agent. Radiology 191:225-230.
359. Wileman TE (1991) Properties of asparaginase-dextran conjugates. Adv Drug Delivery Rev 6:167-180.
360. Willcox ML, Newman MM and Paton BC (1978) A study of labeled Pluronic F-68 after intravenous injection into the dog. J Surg Res 25:349-356.
361. Williams DF and Mort E (1977) Enzyme-accelerated hydrolysis of polyglycolic acid. J Bioeng 1:231-238.
362. Wolff G, Worgall S, van Rooijen N and Crystal RG (1997) Enhancement of in vivo adenovirus-mediated gene transfer and expression by prior depletion of tissue macrophages in the target organ. J Virol 71:624-629.
363. Woodle MC (1998) Controlling liposome blood clearance by surface-grafted polymers. Adv Drug Delivery Rev 32:139-152.
364. Woodle MC, Engbers CM and Zalipsky S (1994) New amphipathic polymer-lipid conjugates forming long-circulating reticuloendothelial system-evading liposomes. Bioconjugate Chem 5:493-496.
365. Woodle MC and Lasic DD (1992) Sterically stabilized liposomes. Biochim Biophys Acta 1113:171-199.
366. Woodle MC, Newman MS and Martin FJ (1992) Liposome leakage and blood circulation: comparison of adsorbed copolymers with covalent attachment of PEG. Int J Pharm 88:327-334.
367. 3 on the blood circulation and tissue distribution of liposomes in rats. Int J Pharm 90:73-79.
368. Yamauchi H, Yano T, Kato T, Tanaka I, Nakabayashi S, Higashi K, Miyoshi S and Yamada H (1995) Effects of sialic acid derivative on long circulation time and tumor concentration of liposomes. Int J Pharm 113:141-148.
369. Yokoyama M (1992) Block copolymers as drug carriers. Crit Rev Ther Drug Carrier Syst 9:213-248.
370. Yokoyama M, Miyauchi M, Yamada N, Okano T, Sakurai Y, Kataoka K and Inoue S (1990) Characterization and anticancer activity of the micelle-forming polymeric anticancer drug adryamicin-conjugated poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(aspartic acid) block copolymer. Cancer Res 50:1700-1703.
371. Yokoyama M, Okano T, Sakurai Y, Ekimoto H, Shibazaki C and Kataoka K (1991) Toxicity and antitumor activity against solid tumors of micelle-forming polymeric anticancer drug and its extremely long circulation in blood. Cancer Res 51:3229-3236.
372. Yuan F, Lwunig M, Huang SK, Berk DA, Papahadjopoulos D and Jain RK (1994) Microvascular permeability and interstitial penetration of sterically stabilized (stealth) liposomes in a human tumour xenograft. Cancer Res 54:3352-3356.
373. Zalipsky S (1996) Functionalized poly(ethylene glycol)s for preparation of biologically relevant conjugates. Bioconjugate Chem 6:150-165.
374. Zalipsky S, Hansen CB, Oaks JM and Allen TM (1996) Evaluation of blood clearance rates and biodistribution of poly(2-oxazoline)-grafted liposomes. J Pharm Sci 85:133-137.
375. Zalipsky S, Mullah N, Harding JA, Gittelman J, Guo L and DeFrees SA (1997) Poly(ethylene glycol)-grafted liposomes with oligosaccharide or oligopeptide ligands appended to the termini of the polymer chains. Bioconjugate Chem 8:111-118.
376. Zalipsky S, Puntambekar B, Bolikas P, Engbera CM and Woodle MC (1995) Peptide attachment to extremities of liposomal surface grafted PEG chains: preparation of the long-circulating form of laminin pentapeptide, YIGSR. Bioconjugate Chem 6:705-708.
377. Zalipsky S, Qazen M, Walker JA, Mullah N, Quinn YP and Huang SK (1999) New detachable poly(ethylene glycol) conjugates: cysteine-cleavable lipopolymers regenerating natural phospholipid, diacylphosphatidylethanolamine. Bioconjugate Chem 10:703-707.
378. Zhang X, Burt HM, Mangold G, Dexter D, Von Hoff D, Mayer L and Hunter WL (1997a) Anti-tumor efficacy and biodistribution of intravenous polymeric micellar paclitaxal. Anti-Cancer Drugs 8:686-701.
379. Zhang X, Burt HM, Von Hoff D, Dexter D, Mangold G, Degen D, Oktaba AM and Hunter WL (1997b) An investigation of the antitumour activity and biodistribution of polymeric micellar paclitaxel. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 40:81-86.
380. Ziff RM and McGrady ED (1985) Kinetics of polymer degradation. Macromolecules 19:2513-2516.