Spin-polarised currents and magnetic domain walls

Advances in Physics

Volumn 54, Issue 8, 2005, Pages 585-713

  Marrows, C H ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF LEEDS   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ELECTRIC CURRENTS; ELECTRIC RESISTANCE; ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE POLARIZATION; ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE REFLECTION; ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE SCATTERING; SCATTERING;

MAGNETIC DOMAIN WALLS; SPIN-DEPENDENT BAND STRUCTURE; SPIN-POLARISED; SPIN-POLARISED CURRENTS;

MAGNETIC DOMAINS;

EID: 31544464368     PISSN: 00018732     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/00018730500442209     Document Type: Review

References (500)

1. F.J. Himpsel, J.E. Ortega, G.J. Mankey and R.F. Willis, Magnetic nanostructures. Adv. in Phys. 47 511 (1998).
2. C.L. Dennis, R.P. Borges, L.D. Buda, U. Ebels, J.F. Gregg, M. Hehn, E. Jougelet, K. Ounadjela, I. Petej, I.L. Prejbeanu and M.J. Thornton, The defining length scales of mesomagnetism: a review. J. Phys.: Cond. Matt. 14 R1175 (2002).
3. J.I. Martin, J. Nogues, K. Liu, J.L. Vicent and I.K. Schuller, Ordered magnetic nanostructures: fabrication and properties. J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 256 449 (2003).
4. E.Yu. Tsymbal and D.G. Pettifor, Perspectives of giant magnetoresistance. Solid. State. Phys. 56 113 (2001).
5. E.Y. Tsymbal, O.N. Mryasov and P.R. Le Clair, Spin-dependent tunnelling in magnetic tunnel junctions. J. Phys.: Cond. Matt. 15 R109 (2003).
6. I. Žutić, J. Fabian and S. Das Sarma, Spintronics: Fundamentals and applications. Rev. Mod. Phys. 76 323 (2004).
7. A. Fert and I.A. Campbell, Ferromagnetic Materials, Vol. 3 (Amsterdam, North Holland, 1982), p. 747.
8. M. Ziese, Extrinsic magnetotransport phenomena in ferromagnetic oxides. Rep. Prog. Phys. 65 143 (2002).
9. A.D. Kent, J. Yu, U. Rüdiger and S.S.P. Parkin, Domain wall resistivity in epitaxial thin film microstructures. J. Phys.: Cond. Matt. 13 461 (2001).
10. R.J. Kinsey, G. Burnell and M.G. Blamire, Active supercurrent control in superconductor/ferromagnet heterostructures. IEEE Trans. on App. Super. 11 904 (2001).
11. A.Y. Rusanov, M. Hesselberth, J. Aarts and A.I. Buzdin, Enhancement of the superconducting transition temperature in Nb/permalloy bilayers by controlling the domain state of the ferromagnet. Phys. Rev. Lett. 93 057002 (2004).
12. Z. Yang, M. Lange, A. Volodin, R. Szymczak and V.V. Moschalkov, Domain-wall superconductivity in superconductor-ferromagnet hybrids. Nature Materials 3 793 (2004).
13. A.I. Buzdin and A.S. Mel'nikov, Domain wall superconductivity in ferromagnetic superconductors. Phys. Rev. B 67 020503 (2003).
14. N.M. Chtchelkatchev and I.S. Burmistrov, Andreev conductance of a domain wall. Phys. Rev. B 68 140501 (2003).
15. A.Yu. Aladyshkin, A.I. Buzdin, A.A. Fraerman, A.S. Mel'nikov, D.A. Ryzhov and A.V. Sokolov, Domain-wall superconductivity in hybrid superconductor- ferromagnet structures. Phys. Rev. B 68 184508 (2003).
16. T. Champel and M. Eschrig, Switching superconductivity in superconductor/ferromagnet bilayers by multiple-domain structures. Phys. Rev. B 71 220506 (2005).
17. N. F. Mott and H. Jones, The Theory of the Properties of Metals and Alloys (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1936).
18. B.T. Jonker, A.T. Hanbicki, D.T. Pierce and M.D. Stiles, Spin nomenclature for semiconductors and magnetic metals. J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 277 24 (2004).
19. R.A. de Groot, F.M. Mueller, P.G. van Engen and K.H.J. Buschow, New class of materials - half-metallic ferromagnets. Phys. Rev. Lett. 50 2024 (1983).
20. W.E. Pickett and J.S. Moodera, Half metallic magnets. Phys. Today 54 39 (2001).
21. J.S. Parker, S.M. Watts, P.G. Ivanov and P. Xiong, Spin polarization of CrO2 at and across an artificial barrier. Phys. Rev. Lett. 88 196601 (2002).
22. A. Anguelouch, A. Gupta, G. Xiao, D.W. Abraham, Y. Ji, S. Ingvarsson and C.L. Chien, Near-complete spin polarization in atomically-smooth chromium-dioxide epitaxial films prepared using a CVD liquid precursor. Phys. Rev. B 64 184408 (2001).
23. M. Bowen, A. Barth'el'emy, M. Bibes, E. Jacquet, J.P. Contour, A. Fert, D. Wortmann and S. Blügel, Half-metallicity proven using fully spin-polarized tunnelling. J. Phys.: Cond. Matt. 17 L407 (2005).
24. J.-H. Park, E. Vescovo, H.-J. Kim, C. Kwon, R. Ramesh and T. Venkatesan, Direct evidence for a half-metallic ferromagnet. Nature 392 794 (1998).
25. I.I. Mazin, How to define and calculate the degree of spin polarization in ferromagnets. Phys. Rev. Lett. 83 1427 (1999).
26. R. Meservey and P.M. Tedrow, Spin-polarized electron-tunneling. Phys. Rep. 238 173 (1994).
27. I. Giaever, Energy gap in superconductors measured by electron tunneling. Phys. Rev. Lett. 5 147 (1960).
28. I. Giaever, Electron tunneling between two superconductors. Phys. Rev. Lett. 5 464 (1960).
29. 3 interfaces using copper-doped aluminum superconducting films. Appl. Phys. Lett. 77 720 (2000).
30. S.S.P. Parkin, C. Kaiser, A. Panchula, P.M. Rice, B. Hughes, M. Samant and S.H. Yang, Giant tunnelling magnetoresistance at room temperature with MgO (100) tunnel barriers. Nature Materials 3 862 (2004).
31. M.B. Stearns, Simple explanation of tunneling spin-polarization of Fe, Co, Ni and its alloys. J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 5 167 (1977).
32. C. Kaiser, S. van Dijken, S.-H. Yang, H. Yang and S.S.P. Parkin, Role of tunneling matrix elements in determining the magnitude of the tunneling spin polarization of 3d transition metal ferromagnetic alloys. Phys. Rev. Lett. 94 247203 (2005).
33. C. Kaiser, A.F. Panchula and S.S.P. Parkin, Finite tunneling spin polarization at the compensation point of rare-earth-metal/transitionmetal alloys. Phys. Rev. Lett. 95 047202 (2005).
34. S.O. Valenzuela, D.J. Monsma, C.M. Marcus, V. Narayanamurti and M. Tinkham, Spin polarized tunneling at finite bias. Phys. Rev. Lett. 94 196601 (2005).
35. M. Julliere, Tunneling between ferromagnetic films. Phys. Lett. A 54 225 (1975).
36. J.C. Slonczewski, Conductance and exchange coupling of two ferromagnets separated by a tunneling barrier. Phys. Rev. B 39 6995 (1989).
37. M. Sharma, S.X. Wang and J.H. Nickel, Inversion of spin polarization and tunneling magnetoresistance in spin-dependent tunneling junctions. Phys. Rev. Lett. 82 616 (1999).
38. J.M. De Teresa, A. Barthelemy, A. Fert, J.P. Contour, F. Montaigne and P. Seneor, Role of metal-oxide interface in determining the spin polarization of magnetic tunnel junctions. Science 286 507 (1999).
39. W.H. Butler, X.-G. Zhang, T.C. Schulthess and J.M. McLaren, Spindependent tunneling conductance of Fe/MgO/Fe sandwiches. Phys. Rev. B 63 054416 (2001).
40. J. Mathon and A. Umerski, Theory of tunneling magnetoresistance of an epitaxial Fe/MgO/Fe(001) junction. Phys. Rev. B 63 220403 (2001).
41. S. Yuasa, T. Nagahama, A. Fukushima, Y. Suzuki and K. Ando, Giant roomtemperature magnetoresistance in single-crystal Fe/MgO/Fe magnetic tunnel junctions. Nature Materials 3 868 (2004).
42. X.G. Zhang and W.H. Butler, Large magnetoresistance in bcc Co/MgO/Co and FeCo/MgO/FeCo tunnel junctions. Phys. Rev. B 70 172407 (2004).
43. D.D. Djayaprawira, K. Tsunekawa, M. Nagai, H. Maehara, S. Yamagata, N. Watanabe, S. Yuasa, Y. Suzuki and K. Ando, 230% room-temperature magnetoresistance in CoFeB/MgO/CoFeB magnetic tunnel junctions. Appl. Phys. Lett. 86 092502 (2005).
44. J. Hayakawa, S. Ikeda, F. Matsukura, H. Takahashi and H. Ohno, Dependence of giant tunnel magnetoresistance of sputtered CoFeB/MgO/CoFeB magnetic tunnel junctions on MgO barrier thickness and annealing temperature. Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 44 L587 (2005).
45. R.J. Soulen, J.M. Byers, M.S. Osofsky, B. Nadgorny, T. Ambrose, S.F. Cheng, P.R. Broussard, C.T. Tanaka, J. Nowak, J.S. Moodera, A. Barry and J.M.D. Coey, Measuring the spin polarization of a metal with a superconducting point contact. Science 282 85 (1998).
46. S.K. Upadhyay, A. Palanisami, R.N. Louie and R.A. Buhrman, Probing ferromagnets with Andreev reflection. Phys. Rev. Lett. 81 3274 (1998).
47. G.E. Blonder, M. Tinkham and T.M. Klapwijk, Transition from metallic to tunneling regimes in superconducting micro-constrictions - excess current, charge imbalance, and super-current conversion. Phys. Rev. B 25 4515 (1982).
48. M.J.M. de Jong and C.W.J. Beenakker, Andreev reflection in ferromagnet-superconductor junctions. Phys. Rev. Lett. 74 1657 (1995).
49. C.H. Kant, O. Kurnosikov, A.T. Filip, P. le Clair, H.J.M. Swagten and W.J.M. de Jonge, Origin of spin-polarization decay in pointcontact Andreev reflection. Phys. Rev. B 66 212403 (2002).
50. G.J. Strijkers, Y. Ji, F.Y. Fang, C.L. Chien and J.M. Byers, Andreev reflections at metal/superconductor point contacts: Measurement and analysis. Phys. Rev. B 63 104510 (2001).
51. K. Xia, P.J. Kelly, G.E.W. Bauer and I. Turek, Spin-dependent transparency of ferromagnet/superconductor interfaces. Phys. Rev. Lett. 89 166603 (2002).
52. 1-x: Electronic kinematics and band structure. Phys. Rev. B 61 R3788 (2000).
53. R. Danneau, P. Warin, J.P. Attané, I. Petej, C. Beigné, C. Fermon, O. Klein, A. Marty, F. Ott, Y. Samson and M. Viret, Individual domain wall resistance in submicron ferromagnetic structures. Phys. Rev. Lett. 88 157201 (2002).
54. P.L. Rossiter, The Electrical Resistivity of Metals and Alloys (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1987).
55. A.B. Pippard, Magnetoresistance in Metals (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1989).
56. B. Raquet, M. Viret, P. Warin, E. Søndergård and R. Mamy, Negative high field magnetoresistance in 3d ferromagnets. Physica B 294-295 102 (2001).
57. B. Raquet, M. Viret, E. Søndergård, O. Cespedes and R. Mamy, Electron-magnon scattering and magnetic resistivity in 3d ferromagnets. Phys. Rev. B 66 024433 (2002).
58. B. Raquet, M. Viret, J.M. Broto, E. Søndergård, O. Cespedes and R. Mamy, Magnetic resistivity and electron-magnon scattering in 3d ferromagnets. J. Appl. Phys. 91 8129 (2002).
59. D.A. Goodings, Electrical resistivity of ferromagnetic metals at low temperatures. Phys. Rev. 132 542 (1963).
60. Vu Dinh Ky, Theory of the anisotropy of resistance in ferromagnetic metals. Sov. Phys. JETP 24 995 (1967).
61. T.R. McGuire and R.I. Potter, Anisotropic magnetoresistance in ferromagnetic 3d alloys. IEEE Trans. Magn. 11 1081 (1975).
62. C.M. Hurd, The Hall Effect in Metals and Alloys (Plenum, New York, 1972).
63. A.G. Aronov, Spin injection and polarization of excitations and nuclei in superconductors. JETP Lett. 44 193 (1976).
64. F.J. Jedema, B.J. van Wees, B.H. Hoving, A.T. Filip and T.M. Klapwijk, Spinaccumulation-induced resistance in mesoscopic ferromagnet-superconductor junctions. Phys. Rev. B 60 16549 (1999).
65. K. Tsukagoshi, B.W. Alphenaar and H. Ago, Coherent transport of electron spin in a ferromagnetically contacted carbon nanotube. Nature 401 572 (1999).
66. H. Mehrez, J. Taylor, H. Guo, J. Wang and C. Roland, Carbon nanotube based magnetic tunnel junctions. Phys. Rev. Lett. 84 2682 (2000).
67. B. Zhao, I. Mönch, T. Mühl, H. Vinzelberg and C.M. Schneider, Spin-dependent transport in multiwalled carbon nanotubes. J. Appl. Phys. 91 7026 (2002).
68. A.G. Aronov and G.E. Pikus, Spin injection into semiconductors. Sov. Phys. Semicond 10 698 (1976).
69. B.T. Jonker, Progress towards electrical injection of spin-polarized electrons into semiconductors. Proc. IEEE 91 727 (2003).
70. A.G. Aronov, Spin injection into metals and polarisation of nuclei. JETP Lett. 24 32 (1976).
71. P.C. van Son, H. van Kempen and P. Wyder, Boundary resistance of the ferromagnetic-nonferromagnetic interface. Phys. Rev. Lett. 58 2271 (1987).
72. M. Johnson and R.H. Silsbee, Thermodynamic analysis of interfacial transport and of the thermomagnetoelectric system. Phys. Rev. B 35 4959 (1987).
73. M. Johnson and R.H. Silsbee, Coupling of electronic charge and spin at a ferromagneticparamagnetic metal interface. Phys. Rev. B 37 5312 (1988).
74. M. Johnson and R.H. Silsbee, Interfacial charge-spin coupling: injection and detection of spin magnetization in metals. Phys. Rev. Lett. 55 1790 (1985).
75. M. Johnson and R.H. Silsbee, Spin injection experiment. Phys. Rev. B 37 5326 (1988).
76. T. Valet and A. Fert, Theory of the perpendicular magnetoresistance in magnetic multilayers. Phys. Rev. B 48 7099 (1993).
77. S. Hershfield and H.L. Zhao, Charge and spin transport through a metallic ferromagnetic-paramagnetic-ferromagnetic junction. Phys. Rev. B 56 3296 (1997).
78. E.I. Rashba, Diffusion theory of spin injection through resistive contacts. Eur. Phys. J. B 29 513 (2002).
79. H.J. Zhu, M. Ramsteiner, H. Kostial, M. Wassermeier, H.P. Schonherr and K.H. Ploog, Room-temperature spin injection from Fe into GaAs. Phys. Rev. Lett. 87 016601 (2001).
80. A.T. Hanbicki, B.T. Jonker, G. Itskos, G. Kioseoglou and A. Petrou, Efficient electrical spin injection from a magnetic metal/tunnel barrier contact into a semiconductor. Appl. Phys. Lett. 80 1240 (2002).
81. A.T. Hanbicki, O.M.J. van't Erve, R. Magno, G. Kioseoglou, C.H. Li, B.T. Jonker, G. Itskos, R. Mallory, M. Yasar and A. Petrou, Analysis of the transport process providing spin injection through an Fe/AlGaAs Schottky barrier. Appl. Phys. Lett. 82 4092 (2003).
82. R. Fiederling, M. Keim, G. Reuscher, W. Ossau, G. Schmidt, A. Waag and L.W. Molenkamp, Injection and detection of a spin-polarized current in a light-emitting diode. Nature 402 787 (1999).
83. B.T. Jonker, Y.D. Park, B.R. Bennett, H.D. Cheong, G. Kioseoglou and A. Petrou, Robust electrical spin injection into a semiconductor heterostructure. Phys. Rev. B 62 8180 (2000).
84. G. Kioseoglou, A.T. Hanbicki, J.M. Sullivan, O.M.J. van't Erve, C.H. Li, S.C. Erwin, R. Mallory, M. Yasar, A. Petrou and B.T. Jonker, Electrical spin injection from an n-type ferromagnetic semiconductor into a III-V device heterostructure. Nature Materials 3 799 (2004).
85. V.F. Motsnyi, J. De Boeck, J. Das, W. Van Roy, G. Borghs, E. Goovaerts and V.I. Safarov, Electrical spin injection in a ferromagnet/tunnel barrier/semiconductor heterostructure. Appl. Phys. Lett. 81 265 (2002).
86. X. Jiang, R. Wang, S. van Dijken, R. Shelby, R. Macfarlane, G.S. Solomon, J. Harris and S.S.P. Parkin, Optical detection of hotelectron spin injection into GaAs from a magnetic tunnel transistor source. Phys. Rev. Lett. 90 256603 (2003).
87. X. Jiang, R. Wang, R.M. Shelby, R.M. Macfarlane, S.R. Bank, J.S. Harris and S.S.P. Parkin, Highly spin-polarized room-temperature tunnel injector for semiconductor spintronics using MgO(100). Phys. Rev. Lett. 94 056601 (2005).
88. F. Meier and B.P. Zakharchenya, Optical Orientation (Amsterdam, North-Holland, 1984).
89. S.A. Crooker, M. Furis, X. Lou, C. Adelmann, D.L. Smith, C.J. Palmstrøm and P.A. Crowell, Imaging spin transport in lateral ferromagnet/semiconductor structures. Science 309 2191 (2005).
90. U. Ebels, A. Radelescu, Y. Henry, L. Piraux and K. Ounadjela, Spin accumulation and domain wall magnetoresistance in 35 nm Co wires. Phys. Rev. Lett. 84 983 (2000).
91. P. Weiss, J. Physique Radium 6 661 (1907).
92. P. Weiss and G. Foex, Le Magnétism (Armand Colin, Paris, 1926).
93. H. Barkhausen, Zwei mit Hilfe der neuen Verstarker entdeckte Erscheinungen. Phys. Z. 20 401 (1919).
94. K.J. Sixtus and L. Tonks, Propagation of large Barkhausen discontinuities. Phys. Rev. 37 930 (1931).
95. F. Bitter, Experiments on the nature of ferromagnetism. Phys. Rev. 41 507 (1932).
96. L.D. Landau and E. Lifschitz, Phys. Z. Sowjetunion 8 153 (1935).
97. F. Bloch, Zur Theorie des Austauschproblems und der Remanenzerscheinung der Ferromagnetika. Z. Phys. 74 295 (1932).
98. C. Kittel, Physical theory of ferromagnetic domains. Rev. Mod. Phys. 21 541 (1949).
99. A. Hubert and R. Schäfer, Magnetic Domains - the Analysis of Magnetic Microstructures (Springer, Berlin, 1998).
100. A.O. Garcia Rodriguez, A. Villares Ferrer and A.O. Caldeira, Domain wall profile in the presence of anisotropic exchange interactions: effective on-site anisotropy. Phys. Rev. B 69 212403 (2004).
101. R. Skomski and J.M.D. Coey, Permanent Magnetism. Studies of Condensed Matter Physics (Institute of Physics Publishing, Bristol, 1999).
102. A. Aharoni, Introduction to the Theory of Ferromagnetism (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1996).
103. M.J. Donahue and D.G. Porter, OOMMF user's guide, version 1.0. Technical Report NISTIR 6376, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 1999. URL http://math.nist.gov/oommf. Version 1.2a of the software was used.
104. H. Fangohr, A.E. Koshelev and M.J.W. Dodgson, Vortex matter in layered superconductors without Josephson coupling: Numerical simulations within a mean-field approach. Phys. Rev. B 67 174508 (2003).
105. O. Lemcke, URL http://www.nanoscience.de/group_r/stm-spstm/projects/ temperature/
106. W.J.M. de Jonge, P.J.H. Bloemen and F.J.A. den Broeder, Ultrathin Magnetic Structures, Vol. 1 (Springer, Berlin, 1994), Chapter 2.3, p. 6590.
107. M.T. Johnson, P.J.H. Bloemen, F.J.A. den Broeder and J.J. de Vries, Magnetic anisotropy in metallic multilayers. Rep. Prog. Phys. 59 1409 (1996).
108. 19. Philips Res. Rep. 15 7 (1960).
109. W.F. Druyvesteyn, J.W.F. Dorleijn and PJ. Rijnierse, Analysis of a method for measuring the magnetocrystalline anisotropy of bubble materials. J. Appl. Phys. 44 2397 (1973).
110. H.J.G. Draaisma and W.J. M de Jongh, Magnetization curves of Pd/Co multilayers with perpendicular anisotropy. J. Appl. Phys. 62 3318 (1987).
111. B. Kaplan and G.A. Gehring, The domain-structure in ultrathinmagnetic films. J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 128 111 (1993).
112. G.A. Gehring and M. Keskin, The temperature dependence of the domain spacing in ultrathin magnetic films. J. Phys.: Cond. Matt. 5 L581 (1993).
113. M. Viret, Y. Samson, P. Warin, A. Marty, F. Ott, E. Søndergå rd, O. Klein and C. Fermon, Anisotropy of domain wall resistance. Phys. Rev. Lett. 85 3962 (2000).
114. P.R. Aitchison, J.N. Chapman, V. Gehanno, I.S. Weir, M.R. Scheinfein, S. McVitie and A. Marty, High resolution measurement and modelling of magnetic domain structures in epitaxial FePd (001) L1(0) films with perpendicular magnetisation. J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 223 138 (2001).
115. H.F. Ding, W. Wulfhekel and J. Kirschner, Ultra sharp domain walls in the closure domain pattern of Co(0001). Europhys. Lett. 57 100 (2002).
116. M. Pratzer, H.J. Elmers, M. Bode, O. Pietzsch, A. Kubetzka and R. Wiesendanger, Atomic-scale magnetic domain walls in quasi-one dimensional Fe nanostripes. Phys. Rev. Lett. 87 127201 (2001).
117. E.Y. Vedmedenko, A. Kubetzka, K. von Bergmann, O. Pietzsch, M. Mode, J. Kirschner, H.P. Oepen and R. Wiesendanger, Domain wall orientation in magnetic nanowires. Phys. Rev. Lett. 92 077207 (2004).
118. M. Bode, S. Heinze, A. Kubetzka, O. Pietzsch, X. Nie, G. Bihlmayer, S. Blügel and R. Wiesendanger, Magnetization-direction-dependent local electronic structure probed by scanning tunneling spectroscopy. Phys. Rev. Lett. 89 237205 (2002).
119. J. Schwitalla, B.L. GyörfTy and L. Szunyogh, Electronic theory of Bloch walls in ferromagnets. Phys. Rev. B 63 104423 (2001).
120. K.S. Novoselov, A.K. Geim, S.V. Dubonos, E.W. Hill and I.V. Grigorieva, Subatomic movements of a domain wall in the Peierls potential. Nature 426 812 (2003).
121. K.J. Kirk, J.N. Chapman and C.D.W. Wilkinson, Lorentz microscopy of small magnetic structures (invited). J. Appl. Phys. 85 5237 (1999).
122. K.J. Kirk, J.N. Chapman, S. McVitie, P.R. Aitchison and C.D.W. Wilkinson, Switching of nanoscale magnetic elements. Appl. Phys. Lett. 75 3683 (1999).
123. M. Herrmann, S. McVitie and J.N. Chapman, Investigation of the influence of edge structure on the micromagnetic behavior of small magnetic elements. J. Appl. Phys. 87 2994 (2000).
124. K.J. Kirk, S. McVitie, J.N. Chapman and C.D.W. Wilkinson, Imaging magnetic domain structure in sub-500nm thin film elements. J. Appl. Phys. 89 7174 (2001).
125. G. Yi, P.R. Aitchison, W.D. Doyle, J.N. Chapman and C.D.W. Wilkinson, Influence of end shape, temperature, and time on the switching of small magnetic elements. J. Appl. Phys. 92 6087 (2002).
126. X. Liu, J.N. Chapman, S. McVitie and C.D.W. Wilkinson, Introduction and control of metastable states in elliptical and rectangular magnetic elements. Appl. Phys. Lett. 84 4406 (2004).
127. X. Liu, J.N. Chapman, S. McVitie and C.D.W. Wilkinson, Reversal mechanisms and metastable states in magnetic nanoelements. J. Appl. Phys. 96 5173 (2004).
128. K. Shigeto, T. Shinjo and T. Ono, Injection of magnetic domain wall into a submicron magnetic wire. Appl. Phys. Lett. 75 2815 (1999).
129. R.P. Cowburn, D.A. Allwood, G. Xiong and M.D. Cooke, Domain wall injection and propagation in planar permalloy nanowires. J. Appl. Phys. 91 6949 (2002).
130. Y. Chen, V. Kottler, F. Carcenac, J.F. René, N. Essaidi, C. Chappert and H. Launois, Fabrication of magnetic submicron-wire channels for the investigation of magnetization reversal. J. Vac. Sci Tech. B 16 3830 (1998).
131. A. Himeno, T. Ono, S. Nasu, K. Shigeto, K. Mibu and T. Shinjo, Dynamics of a magnetic domain wall in magnetic wires with an artificial neck. J. Appl. Phys. 93 8430 (2003).
132. T. Ono, H. Miyajima, K. Shigeto, K. Mibu, N. Hosoito and T. Shinjo, Propagation of a magnetic domain wall in a submicrometer magnetic wire. Science 284 468 (1999).
133. R.D. McMichael, J. Eicke, M.J. Donahue and D.G. Porter, Domain wall traps for low-field switching of submicron elements. J. Appl. Phys. 87 7058 (2000).
134. J. Wunderlich, D. Ravelosona, C. Chappert, F. Cayssol, V. Mathet, J. Ferré, J.-P. Jamet and A. Thiaville, In.uence of geometry on domain wall propagation in a mesoscopic wire. IEEE Trans. Magn. 37 2104 (2001).
135. F. Cayssol, D. Ravelosona, J. Wunderlich, C. Chappert, V. Mathet, J.-P. Jamet and J. Ferré, Detection of domain wall propagation in a mesoscopic wire. J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 240 30 (2002).
136. D. Ravelosona, F. Cayssol, J. Wunderlich, H.W. Schumacher, C. Chappert, V. Mathet, J. Feré and J.-P. Jamet, Dynamics of magnetization reversal in a mesoscopic wire. J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 249 170 (2002).
137. H.W. Schumacher, D. Ravelosona, F. Cayssol, J. Wunderlich, C. Chappert, V. Mathet, A. Thiaville, J.-P. Jamet, J. Ferré and R.J. Haug, Propagation of a magnetic domain wall in the presence of AFM fabricated defects. IEEE Trans. Magn. 37 2331 (2001).
138. H.W. Schumacher, D. Ravelosona, F. Cayssol, J. Wunderlich, C. Chappert, V. Mathet, A. Thiaville, J.-P. Jamet, J. Ferré and R.J. Haug, Control of the magnetic domain wall propagation in Pt/Co/Pt ultra thin films using direct mechanical AFM lithography. J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 240 53 (2002).
139. 19 wires. J. Appl. Phys. 95 6717 (2004).
140. A.W. Holeitner, H. Knotz, R.C. Myers, A.C. Gossard and D.D. Awschalom, Pinning a domain wall in (Ga,Mn)As with focused ion beam lithography. Appl. Phys. Lett. 85 5622 (2004).
141. G. Tatara and H. Fukuyama, Macroscopic quantum tunnelling of a domain wall in a ferromagnetic metal. Phys. Rev. Lett. 72 772 (1994).
142. L. Gunther and B. Barbara, Quantum tunneling across a domain wall junction. Phys. Rev. B 49 3926 (1994).
143. A. Himeno, T. Okuno, S. Kasai, T. Ono, S. Nasu, K. Mibu and T. Shinjo, Propagation of a magnetic domain wall in magnetic wires with asymmetric notches. J. Appl. Phys. 97 066101 (2005).
144. D.A. Allwood, G. Xiong and R.P. Cowburn, Domain wall diodes in ferromagnetic planar nanowires. Appl. Phys. Lett. 85 2848 (2004).
145. D. Lacour, J.A. Katine, L. Folks, T. Block, J.R. Childress, M.J. Carey and B.A. Gurney, Experimental evidence of multiple stable locations for a domain wall trapped by a submicron notch. Appl. Phys. Lett. 84 1910 (2004).
146. D.A. Allwood, N. Vernier, G. Xiong, M.D. Cooke, D. Atkinson, C.C. Faulkner and R.P. Cowburn, Shifted hysteresis loops from magnetic nanowires. Appl. Phys. Lett. 81 4005 (2002).
147. C.C. Faulkner, D.A. Allwood, M.D. Cooke, G. Xiong and D. Atkinson and R.P. Cowburn, Controlled switching of ferromagnetic wire junctions by domain wall injection. IEEE Trans. Magn. 39 2860 (2003).
148. D.A. Allwood, G. Xiong, C.C. Faulkner, D. Atkinson, D. Petit and R.P. Cowburn, Magnetic domain-wall logic. Science 309 1688 (2005).
149. J.F. Dillon Jr. Magnetism, Vol. III (Academic Press, New York, 1963).
150. F.H. de Leeuw, R. van den Doel and U. Enz, Dynamic properties of magnetic domain walls and magnetic bubbles. Rep. Prog. Phys. 43 689 (1980).
151. J. Slonczewski, Dynamics of magnetic domain walls. Int. J. Magn. 2 85 (1972).
152. H. Suhl and X.Y. Zhang, Chaotic motions of domain walls in soft magnetic materials. J. Appl. Phys. 61 4216 (1987).
153. N.L. Schryer and L.R. Walker, The motion of 180° walls in uniform dc magnetic fields. J. Appl. Phys. 45 5406 (1974).
154. S. Chikazumi, Physics of Ferromagnetism, 2nd edn (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1997).
155. W. Döring, Uber die Tragheit der Wande zwischen Weissschen bezirken. Z. Naturforsch. 3a 373 (1948).
156. S. Konishi, M. Ueda and H. Nakata, Domain wall mass in permalloy films. IEEE Trans. Magn. 11 1376 (1975).
157. J.E.L. Bishop, Steady-state eddy-current dominated magnetic wall motion with severe bowing and necking. J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 12 102 (1979).
158. J.E.L. Bishop, Eddy current dominated magnetisation processes in grain oriented silicon iron. IEEE Trans. Magn. 20 1527 (1984).
159. M.T. Bryan, D. Atkinson and R.P. Cowburn, Experimental study of the influence of edge roughness on magnetization switching in permalloy nanostructures. Appl. Phys. Lett. 85 3510 (2004).
160. D. Atkinson, D.A. Allwood, G. Xiong, M.D. Cooke, C.M. Faulkner and R.P. Cowburn, Magnetic domain-wall dynamics in a submicron ferromagnetic structure. Nature Materials 2 85 (2003).
161. Y. Nakatani, A. Thiaville and J. Miltat, Faster magnetic walls in rough wires. Nature Materials 2 521 (2003).
162. A. Himeno, T. Ona, S. Nasu, T. Okuno, K. Mibu and T. Shinjo, Propagation velocity measurement of a magnetic domain wall in a submicron magnetic wire. J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 272 1577 (2004).
163. S. Lemerle, J. Ferré, C. Chappert, V. Mathet, T. Giamarchi and P. Le Doussal, Domain wall creep in an Ising ultrathin magnetic film. Phys. Rev. Lett. 80 849 (1998).
164. W. Gerlach, Ann. der Physik 12 894 (1932).
165. D. Steinberg and F. Miroschnischenko, Phys. Zeits. d. Sow. 3 602 (1933).
166. C.W. Heaps, Discontinuities of resistance associated with the Barkhausen effect. Phys. Rev. 45 320 (1934).
167. L. Berger, Influence of spin-orbit interaction on the transport processes in ferromagnetic nickel alloys, in the presence of a degeneracy in the 3d band. Physica 30 1141 (1964).
168. F.C. Schwerer and J. Silcox, Low field magnetoresistance of nickel polycrystals. J. Phys. Chem. Solids 32 199 (1971).
169. A. Isin and R.V. Coleman, Temperature dependence of magnetoresistance in iron. Phys. Rev. 142 372 (1966).
170. G.R. Taylor, A. Isin and R.V. Coleman, Resistivity of iron as a function of temperature and magnetization. Phys. Rev. 165 621 (1968).
171. P.W. Shumate Jr, R.V. Coleman and R. Fivaz, Resistivity of iron as a function of magnetization and stress. Phys. Rev. B l 394 (1970).
172. S.S. Brenner, The growth of whiskers by the reduction of metal salts. Acta. Metall. Mater. 462(1956).
173. K. Okamoto, T. Shirakawa, S. Matsushita and Y. Sakurai, Galvanomagnetic effects in Gd-Co sputtered films. A.I.P. Conf. Proc. 24 113 (1974).
174. K. Okamoto, M. Tanaka, S. Matsushita, Y. Sakurai, S. Honda and T. Kusuda, Galvanomagnetic effects in MnBi films. A.I.P. Conf. Proc. 34 55 (1976).
175. M. Masuda, S. Yoshino, H. Tomita and S. Uchiyama, Transverse magnetoresistance effect in c-plane of MnBi film. A.I.P. Conf. Proc. 34 58 (1976).
176. R.R. Birss, Symmetry and Magnetism, Vol. 3 of Selected Topics in Solid-State Physics (Amsterdam, North-Holland, 1964).
177. G.G. Cabrera and L.M. Falicov, Theory of the residual resistivity of Bloch walls I: Paramagnetic effects. Phys. Slat. Sol. (b) 61 539 (1974).
178. G.G. Cabrera and L.M. Falicov, Theory of the residual resistivity of Bloch walls II: Inclusion of diamagnetic effects. Phys. Stat. Sol. (b) 62 217 (1974).
179. L. Berger, Low-field magnetoresistance and domain drag in ferromagnets. J. Appl. Phys. 49 2156 (1978).
180. L. Berger, Galvanomagnetic voltages in the vicinity of a domain-wall in ferromagnetic thin-films. J. Appl. Phys. 69 1550 (1991).
181. K. Onishi, H. Tonomura and Y. Sakurai, Measurement of magnetic potential distribution and wall velocity in amorphous films. J. Appl. Phys. 50 7624 (1979).
182. M. Viret, D. Vignoles, D. Cole, J.M.D. Coey, W. Allen, D.S. Daniel and J.F. Gregg, Spin scattering in ferromagnetic thin films. Phys. Rev. B 53 8464 (1996).
183. P.M. Levy and S. Zhang, Resistivity due to domain wall scattering. Phys. Rev. Lett. 79 5110(1997).
184. C.H. Marrows and B.C. Dalton, Spin mixing and spin-current asymmetry measured by domain wall magnetoresistance. Phys. Rev. Lett. 92 097206 (2004).
185. G. Tatara and H. Fukuyama, Resistivity due to a domain wall in a ferromagnetic metal. Phys. Rev. Lett. 78 3773 (1997).
186. P.A.E. Jonkers, Magnetoresistance in magnetic domain wall systems. J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 247 178 (2002).
187. G. Tatara and H. Fukuyama, Anomalous magnetoresistance by dephasing in a disordered layer with a ferromagnetic boundary. J. Japanese Phys. Soc. 69 2407 (2000).
188. G. Tatara, Domain wall resistance based on Landauer's formula. J. Japanese Phys. Soc. 69 2969 (2000).
189. Y. Lyanda-Geller, I.L. Aleiner and P.M. Goldbart, Domain walls and conductivity of mesoscopic ferromagnets. Phys. Rev. Lett. 81 3215 (1998).
190. A. Brataas, G. Tatara and G.E.W. Bauer, Domain wall resistivity in diffuse ferromagnets. Phil. Mag. B 78 545 (1998).
191. K.M. Schep, P.J. Kelly and G.E.W. Bauer, Giant magnetoresistance without defect scattering. Phys. Rev. Lett. 74 586 (1995).
192. J.B.A.N. van Hoof, K.M. Schep, A. Brataas, G.E.W. Bauer and P.J. Kelly, Ballistic electron transport through domain walls. Phys. Rev. B 59 138 (1999).
193. A. Brataas, G. Tatara and G.E.W. Bauer, Ballisitic and diffuse transport through a ferromagnetic domain wall. Phys. Rev. B 60 3406 (1999).
194. R.P. van Gorkom, A. Brataas and G.E.W. Bauer, Negative domain wall resistance in ferromagnets. Phys. Rev. Lett. 83 4401 (1999).
195. V.K. Dugaev, J. Barnas, A. Lusakowski and L.A. Turski, Electrons in a ferromagnetic metal with a domain wall. Phys. Rev. B 65 224419 (2004).
196. V.K. Dugaev, J. Barnas, A. Lusakowski and L.A. Turski, Accumulation of spin and charge and transport properties of ferromagnets with domain walls. Phys. Stat. Sol. (a) 196 177 (2003).
197. V.K. Dugaev, J. Barnas, A. Łusakowski and Ł.A. Turski, Electrons in magnetic structures with domain walls: accumulation of spin, charge and transport properties. J. Supercon. 16 15 (2003).
198. M. Dzero, L.P. Gor'kov, A.K. Zvezdin and K.A. Zvezdin, Even-odd effects in magnetoresistance of ferromagnetic domain walls. Phys. Rev. B 67 100402 (2003).
199. E. Simánek, Spin accumulation and resistance due to a domain wall. Phys. Rev. B 63 224412 (2001).
200. V.K. Dugaev, J. Berakdar and J. Barnas, Reflection of electrons from a domain wall in magnetic nanojunctions. Phys. Rev. B 68 104434 (2003).
201. V.K. Dugaev, J. Barnaś and J. Berakdar, Electrons in ferromagnets with domain walls. J. Phys. A 36 9263 (2003).
202. 1-c alloys, their free surfaces and related spin-valve systems. Phys. Rev. B 63 094417 (2001).
203. S. Gallego, P. Weinberger, L. Szunyogh, P.M. Levy and C. Sommers, Ab initio description of domain walls in permalloy: energy of formation and resistivities. Phys. Rev. B 68 054406 (2003).
204. F.S. Bergeret, A.F. Volkov and K.B. Efetov, Resistance of a domain wall in the quasiclassical approach. Phys. Rev. B 66 184403 (2002).
205. B.Y. Yavorsky, I. Mertig, A.Y. Perlov, A.N. Yaresko and V.N. Antonov, Giant magnetoresistance due to a domain wall in Fe: Ab initio study. Phys. Rev. B 66 174422 (2002).
206. J. Kudrnovský, V. Drchal, I. Turek, P. Stifeda and P. Bruno, Magnetoresistance in domain walls: effect of randomness. Surf. Sci. 482-485 1107 (2001).
207. R.G. Pereira and E. Miranda, Domain-wall scattering in an interacting one-dimensional gas. Phys. Rev. B 69 140402 (2004).
208. Y. Otani, S.G. Kim, K. Fukamichi, O. Kitakami and Y. Shimada, Magnetic and transport properties of sub-micron ferromagnetic wires. IEEE Trans. Magn. 34 1096 (1998).
209. T. Koma and M. Yamanaka, Resistance jumps and hysteresis in ferromagnetic wires. Phys. Rev. B 65 094404 (2002).
210. A. Nakamura and S. Nonoyama, Effects of domain wall and pinning center in electron transport in ferromagnetic wire. Phys. Lett. A 324 51 (2004).
211. Z.-Y. Zhang and S.-J. Xiong, Domain wall distribution and magnetoresistance of a zigzag magnetic wire. Phys. Rev. B 67 094412 (2003).
212. T. Taniyama, I. Nakatani, T. Namikawa and Y. Yamazaki, Resistivity due to domain walls in Co zigzag wires. Phys. Rev. Lett. 82 2780 (1999).
213. T. Taniyama, I. Nakatani, H. Yanagihara and E. Kita, Magnetoresistance of zigzag-shaped cobalt wires. J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 197 77 (1999).
214. V.A. Gopar, D. Weinmann, R.A. Jalabert and R.L. Stamps, Electronic transport through domain walls in ferromagnetic nanowires: coexistence of adiabatic and non-adiabatic spin dynamics. Phys. Rev. B 69 014426 (2004).
215. A. Brataas, Y.V. Nazarov and G.E.W. Bauer, Magnetoelectronic circuit theory. Phys. Rev. Lett. 84 2481 (2000).
216. A. Brataas, Y.V. Nazarov and G.E.W. Bauer, Spin-transport in multi-terminal normal metal-ferromagnet systems with non-collinear magnetizations. Euro. Phys. J. B 22 99 (2001).
217. P.E. Falloon, R.A. Jalabert, D. Weinmann and R.L. Stamps, A circuit model for domain walls in ferromagnetic nanowires: application to conductance and spin transfer torques. Phys. Rev. B 70 174424 (2004).
218. G. Vignale and M.E. Flatté, Nonlinear spin-polarised transport through a ferromagnetic domain wall. Phys. Rev. Lett. 89 098302 (2002).
219. J.F. Gregg, W. Allen, K. Ounadjela, M. Viret, M. Hehn, S.M. Thompson and J.M.D. Coey, Giant magnetoresistive effects in a single element magnetic thin film. Phys. Rev. Lett. 77 1580 (1996).
220. W. Allen, J.F. Gregg, K. Ounadjela, M. Viret, M. Hehn, S.M. Thompson and J.M.D. Coey, The ferromagnetic domain wall as a GMR trilayer. J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 165 121 (1997).
221. U. Ebels, P.E. Wigen and K. Ounadjela, Probing domain wall structures in Co(0001) thin films using ferromagnetic resonance. Europhys. Lett. 46 2004 (1999).
222. U. Rüdiger, J. Yu, L. Thomas, S.S.P. Parkin and A.D. Kent, Magnetoresistance, micromagnetism and domain-wall scattering in epitaxial hep Co films. Phys. Rev. B 59 11914 (1999).
223. I. Knittel and U. Hartmann, Interplay between domain-wall resistance and surface scattering in ferromagnetic thin films. Appl. Phys. A 78 359 (2004).
224. I. Knittel, S. Faas, M.A. Goth, M.R. Koblischka and U. Hartmann, Domain-wall resistance at low temperature. J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 272-276 E1431 (2004).
225. L. Klein, Y. Kats, A.F. Marshall, J.W. Reiner, T.H. Geballe, M.R. Beasley and A. Kapitulnik, Domain wall resistivity in SrRuO3. Phys. Rev. Lett. 84 6090 (2000).
226. 3: Statics, dynamics, and crystal structure correlation. J. Appl. Phys. 85 4131 (1999).
227. J. Barnaś and A. Fert, Interface resistance for perpendicular transport in layered magnetic structures. Phys. Rev. B 49 12835 (1994).
228. 3: the influence of domain walls spacing. J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 226-230 780 (2001).
229. 3 films. Phys. Rev. B 67 134436 (2003).
230. Q. Li, Y.F. Hu and H.S. Wang, Domain wall resistance in ultrathin manganite films. J. Appl. Phys. 896952(2001).
231. Q. Li and H.S. Wang, Anomalous domain wall magnetoresistance in ultrathin manganite films near M-I transition boundary. J. Supercon. 14 231 (2001).
232. Y. Wu, Y. Suzuki, U. Rüdiger, J. Yu, A.D. Kent, T.K. Nath and C.B. Horn, Magnetotransport and magnetic domain structure in compressively strained colossal magnetoresistance films. Appl. Phys. Lett. 75 2295 (1999).
233. W. Eerenstein, T.T.M. Palmstra, S.S. Saxena and T. Hibma, Spinpolarized transport across sharp antiferromagnetic boundaries. Phys. Rev. Lett. 88 247204 (2002).
234. 0.5 alloy with chemical order. J. Phys.: Cond. Matt. 13 8153 (2001).
235. D. Garcia, R. Casero, M. Vázquez and A. Hernando, Calculated magnetocrystalline anisotropy of a FePd ordered alloy: electron-density dependence on the direction of magnetization. Phys. Rev. B 63 104421 (2001).
236. V. Gehanno, A. Marty, B. Gilles and Y. Samson, Magnetic domains in epitaxial ordered FePd(001) thin films with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy. Phys. Rev. B 55 12552 (1997).
237. D. Ravelosona, A. Cebollada, F. Briones, C. Diaz-Paniagua, M.A. Hidalgo and F. Batallan, Domain-wall scattering in epitaxial FePd ordered alloy films with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy. Phys. Rev. B 59 4322 (1999).
238. A. Fert, Two-current conduction in ferromagnetic metals and spin wave-electron collisions. J. Phys. C 2 1784 (1969).
239. 0.5 alloy films using magnetic circular X-ray dichroism. Phys. Rev. B 59 1105 (1999).
240. D.S. Snowden, J.G. Checkelsky, S.S. Harberger, N.P. Stern, J.C. Eckert and P.D. Sparks, Magnetic resistivity measurements in nickel films for CIW and CPW domain geometries. IEEE Trans. Magn. 40 2242 (2004).
241. S. Mangin, G. Marchai, C. Bellouard, W. Wernsdorfer and B. Barbara, Magnetic behavior and resistivity of the domain-wall junction GdFe(1000Å)/TbFe/GdFe(500Å). Phys. Rev. B 58 2748 (1998).
242. K. Mibu, T. Nagahama, T. Shinjo and T. Ono, Magnetoresistance of Bloch-wall-type magnetic structures induced in NiFe/CoSm exchange-spring bilayers. Phys. Rev. B 58 6442 (1998).
243. 2 superlattices. Phys. Rev. Lett. 87 186808 (2001).
244. G.J. Bowden, J.M.L. Beaujour, S. Gordeev, P.A.J. de Groot, B.D. Rainford and M. Sawicki, Discrete exchange-springs in magnetic multilayer samples. J. Phys.: Cond. Matt. 12 9335 (2000).
245. J.L. Prieto, M.G. Blamire and J.E. Evetts, Magnetoresistance in a constricted domain wall. Phys. Rev. Lett. 90 027201 (2003).
246. J.L. Prieto, B.B. van Aken, G. Burnell, C. Bell, J.E. Evetts, N. Mathur and M.G. Blamire, Transport properties of sharp antiferromagnetic boundaries in Gd/Fe multilayers. Phys. Rev. B 69 054436 (2004).
247. J.L. Prieto, B.B. van Aken, J.I. Martin, A. Pérez-Junquera, G. Burnell, N.D. Mathur and M.G. Blamire, Absence of spin-scattering of in-plane spring domain walls. Phys. Rev. B 71 214428 (2005).
248. J.-I. Inoue, H. Itoh, S. Mitani and K. Takanashi, Numerical study of magnetoresistance for currents perpendicular to planes in spring ferromagnets. Phys. Rev. B 68 094418 (2003).
249. J. Inoue, S. Mitani, H. Itoh and K. Takanashi, Theory of CPP magnetoresistance in spring ferromagnets. J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 272 1712 (2004).
250. H. Nagura, K. Takanashi, S. Mitanai, K. Saitoh and T. Shima, Current-perpendicular-to-plane magnetoresistance in Co/Gd multilayers with twisted spin structure. J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 240 183 (2002).
251. F.G. Aliev, R. Schad, A. Volodin, K. Temst, C. van Haesendonck, Y.Bruynseraede, I. Vavra, V.K. Dugaev and R. Villar, Electron interaction with domain walls in antiferromagnetically coupled multilayers. Europhys. Lett. 63 888 (2003).
252. D.E. Prober, M.D. Feuer and N. Giordano, Fabrication of 300-Å metal lines with substrate-step techniques. Appl. Phys. Lett. 37 94 (1980).
253. N. Giordano, Experimental study of localization in thin wires. Phys. Rev. B 22 5635 (1980).
254. N. Giordano and J.D. Monnier, Magnetization reversal and domain wall motion in thin Ni wires. Physica B 194 1009 (1994).
255. K. Hong and N. Giordano, Approach to mesoscopic magnetic measurements. Phys. Rev. B 51 9855 (1995).
256. H. Katsuno, T. Niiyama, T. Ono and H. Miyajima, Galvanomagnetic effect and domain wall resistance of ferromagnetic Fe-Ni wire in submicrometer width. J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 226-230 1864, 2001.
257. R. Hanada, H. Sugawara, Y. Aoki, H. Sato, K. Shigeto, T. Shinjo, T. Ono and H. Miyajima, The local domain wall position in ferromagnetic thin wires: simultaneous measurement of resistive and transverse voltages at multiple points. J. Phys.: Cond. Matt. 14 6491 (2002).
258. K. Mibu, K. Shigeto, K. Miyake, T. Okuno, T. Ono and T. Shinjo, Magnetic properties of nanoscale wire and dot systems. Phys. Stat. Sol. a 189 567 (2002).
259. A.O. Adeyeye and M.E. Weiland, Domain wall trapping at mesoscopic ferromagnetic junctions. J. Appl. Phys. 92 3896 (2002).
260. G. Dumpich, T.P. Krome and B. Hausmanns, Magnetoresistance of single Co nanowires. J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 248 241 (2002).
261. M. Kläui, C.A.F. Vaz, J. Rothman, J.A.C. Bland, W. Wernsdorfer, G. Faini and E. Cambril, Domain wall pinning in narrow ferromagnetic ring structures probed by magnetoresistance measurements. Phys. Rev. Lett. 90 097202 (2003).
262. Y. Liou, D.-C. Chen, C. Yu, J.S. Chen, Y.D. Yao, C.C. Tzeng, T.Y. Chen, K.W. Cheng and R. Ma, Magnetic switching and reversal process in a tip ring structure. J. Appl. Phys. 95 6723 (2004).
263. C. Shearwood, S.J. Blundell, M.J. Baird, J.A.C. Bland, M. Gester and H. Ahmed, Magnetoresistance and magnetization in submicron ferromagnetic gratings. J. Appl. Phys. 75 5249 (1994).
264. K. Hong and N. Giordano, New effects in ferromagnetic nanostructures. J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 151 396 (1995).
265. K. Hong and N. Giordano, Evidence for domain wall tunnelling in a quasi-one dimensional ferromagnet. J. Phys.: Cond. Matt. 8 L301 (1996).
266. P.C.E. Stamp, E.M. Chudnovsky and B. Barbara, Quantum tunneling of magnetization in solids. Int. J. Mod. Phys. B 6 1355 (1992).
267. K. Hong and N. Giordano, Effect of microwaves on domain wall motion in thin Ni wires. Europhys. Lett. 36 147 (1996).
268. J.H. Scofield, ac method for measuring low-frequency resistance fluctuation spectra. Rev. Sci. Inst. 58 985 (1987).
269. J.W. Eberhard and P.M. Horn, Excess (1/f) noise in metals. Phys. Rev. B 186681 (1978).
270. N. Giordano, Low-frequency electrical noise in Ni: the effects of magnetic fluctuations. Phys. Rev. B 53 14937 (1996).
271. K. Hong and N. Giordano, Resistance of a domain wall in a thin ferromagnetic wire. J. Phys.: Cond. Matt. 10 L401 (1998).
272. G. Tatara and H. Fukuyama, Resistivity due to a domain wall in ferromagnetic metal. Phys. Rev. Lett. 78 3773 (1997).
273. B. Çetin and N. Giordano, Domain wall resistance and magnetoresistance of narrow ferromagnetic wires. Materials science and engineering B 84 133 (2001).
274. B. Çetin and N. Giordano, Domain wall resistance in narrow Co wires. Phys. Stat. Sol b 241 2410 (2004).
275. B. Hausmanns, T.P. Krome, G. Dumpich, E.F. Wassermann, D. Hinzke, U. Nowak and K.D. Usadel, Magnetization reversal process in thin Co nanowires. J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 240 297 (2002).
276. L. Vila, J.M. George, G. Faini, A. Popa, U. Ebels, K. Ounadjela and L. Piraux, Transport and magnetic properties of isolated cobalt nanowires. IEEE Trans. Magn. 38 2577 (2002).
277. N. Giordano and B. Çetin, Electron transport and magnetoresistance in ferromagnetic nanostructures. Phys. Stat. Sol. b 241 2404 (2004).
278. D. Buntinx, S. Veldeman, A. Volodin and C. van Haesendonck, Ferromagnetic domain configuration and electrical resistance of Co zigzag wires. J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 242-245 1257 (2002).
279. J.L. Tsai, S.F. Lee, Y.D. Yao, C. Yu and S.H. Liou, Magnetoresistance study in thin zig zag NiFe wires. J. Appl. Phys. 91 7983 (2002).
280. 20 wires. Phys. Stat. Sol b 241 1581 (2004).
281. S.G. Kim, Y. Otani, K. Fukamichi, S. Yuasa, R. Nyvlt and T. Katayama, Magnetoresistivity of micron size (100) epitaxial Co wires. IEEE Trans. Magn. 35 2862 (1999).
282. S.G. Kim, Y. Otani, K. Fukamichi, S. Yuasa, M. Nyvlt and T. Katayama, Magnetic and transport properties of epitaxial Fe/MgO(001) wires. J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 199 200 (1999).
283. A.D. Kent, U. Rüdiger, J. Yu, L. Thomas and S.S.P. Parkin, Magnetoresistance, micromagnetism, and domain wall effects in epitaxial Fe and Co structures with stripe domains (invited). J. Appl. Phys 85 5243 (1999).
284. U. Rüdiger, J. Yu, S. Zhang, A.D. Kent and S.S.P. Parkin, Negative domain wall contribution to the resistivity of microfabricated Fe wires. Phys. Rev. Lett. 80 5639 (1998).
285. A.D. Kent, U. Rüdiger, J. Yu, S. Zhang, P.M. Levy, Y. Zhong and S.S.P. Parkin, Magnetoresistance due to domain walls in micron scale Fe wires with stripe domains. IEEE Trans. Magn. 34 900 (1998).
286. U. Rüdiger, J. Yu, A.D. Kent and S.S.P. Parkin, Magnetoresistance due to domain walls in an epitaxial microfabricated Fe wire. Appl. Phys. Lett. 73 1298 (1998).
287. U. Rüdiger, J. Yu, S.S.P. Parkin and A.D. Kent, Magnetoresistance of epitaxial Fe wires with varied domain wall structure. J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 199 261 (1999).
288. S. Blundell, Magnetism in Condensed Matter (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2001).
289. J. Yu, U. Rüdiger, L. Thomas, S.S.P. Parkin and A.D. Kent, Micromagnetics of mesoscopic epitaxial (110) Fe elements with nanoshaped ends. J. Appl. Phys 85 5501 (1999).
290. J. Yu, U. Rüdiger, A.D. Kent, L. Thomas and S.S.P. Parkin, Micromagnetism and magnetization reversal of micron-scale (110) Fe thin film magnetic elements. Phys. Rev. B 60 7352 (1999).
291. L. Thomas, S.S.P. Parkin, J. Yu, U. Rüdiger and A.D. Kent, Micromagnetics of submicron (110) Fe elements. Appl. Phys. Lett. 76 766 (2000).
292. R.G. Chambers, Proc. Roy. Soc. A 202 378 (1950).
293. J. Yu, U. Rüdiger, A.D. Kent, R.F.C. Farrow, R.F. Marks, D. Weller, L. Folks and S.S.P. Parkin, Magnetotransport and magnetic properties of molecular-beam epitaxy L1(0) FePt thin films. J. Appl. Phys. 87 6854 (2000).
294. 1-x(x ∼ 0.5) films. Appl. Phys. Lett. 69 1166 (1996).
295. 3. J. Appl. Phys. 86 6287 (1999).
296. T. Nagahama, K. Mibu and T. Shinjo, Electric resistance of magnetic domain wall in NiFe wires with CoSm pinning pads. J. Appl. Phys. 87 5648 (2000).
297. 3 bridges with nanoconstrictions. J. Appl. Phys. 89 6955 (2001).
298. P. Bruno, Geometrically constrained magnetic wall. Phys. Rev. Lett. 83 2425 (1999).
299. Y. Shimazu, K. Sakai, T. Noda, I. Yamamoto and M. Yamaguchi, Effect of domain walls on resistivity in ferromagnetic films and wires. Physica B 284 1239 (2000).
300. A. Radulescu, U. Ebels, Y. Henry, K. Ounadjela, J.-L. Duvail and L. Piraux, Magnetoresistance of a single domain wall in Co and Ni nanowires. IEEE Trans. Magn. 36 3062 (2000).
301. J.-E. Wegrowe, D. Kelly, A. Franck, S.E. Gilbert and J.-Ph. Ansermet, Magneto-resistance of ferromagnetic nanowires. Phys. Rev. Lett. 82 3681 (1999).
302. J.-E. Wegrowe, A. Comment, Y. Jaccard, J.-P. Ansermet, N.M. Dempsey and J.-P. Nozieres, Spin-dependent scattering of a domain wall of controlled size. Phys. Rev. B 61 12216 (2000).
303. Y.B. Xu, C.A.F. Vaz, A. Hirohata, H.T. Leung, C.C. Yao, J.A.C. Bland, E. Cambril, F. Rousseaux and H. Launois, Magnetoresistance of a domain wall at a submicron junction. Phys. Rev. B 61 14901 (2000).
304. 20 wires. Appl. Phys. Lett. 70 1046 (1997).
305. C. Yu, S.F. Lee, J.L. Tsai, E.W. Huang, T.Y. Chen, Y.D. Yao, Y. Liou and C.R. Chang, Study of domain wall magnetoresistance by submicron patterned magnetic structure. J. Appl. Phys. 93 8761 (2003).
306. A.O. Adeyeye, J.A.C. Bland, C. Daboo, J. Lee, U. Ebels and H. Ahmed, Size dependence of the magnetoresistance in submicron FeNi wires. J. Appl. Phys. 79 6120 (1996).
307. R. Meckenstock, M.V. Rastei and J.P. Bucher, Local magnetoresistance and ferromagnetic resonance measurements with a sliding probe contact. J. Appl. Phys. 95 6753 (2004).
308. H.X. Tang, S. Masmanidis, R.K. Kawakami, D.D. Awschalom and M.L. Roukes, Negative intrinsic resistivity of an individual domain wall in epitaxial (Ga,Mn)As microdevices. Nature 431 52 (2004).
309. H.X. Tang and M.L. Roukes, Electrical transport across an individual magnetic domain wall in (Ga,Mn)As microdevices. Phys. Rev. B 70 205213 (2004).
310. N. García, M. Muñoz and Y.-Z. Zhao, Magnetoresistance in excess of 200% in ballistic Ni nanocontacts at room temperature and 100 Oe. Phys. Rev. Lett. 82 2923 (1999).
311. K. Miyake, K. Shigeto, K. Mibu, T. Shinjo and T. Ono, Geometrical confinement of a domain wall in a nanocontact between two NiFe wires. J. Appl. Phys. 91 3468 (2002).
312. P.O. Jubert, R. Allenspach and A. Bischof, Magnetic domain walls in constrained geometries. Phys. Rev. B 69 220410 (2004).
313. W.C. Uhlig and J. Unguris, unpublished, 2004.
314. G. Tatara and Y. Tokura, Electronic pressure on a ferromagnetic domain wall. Solid State Comms. 116 533 (2000).
315. G. Tatara, Y.-W. Zhao, M. Muñoz and N. García, Domain wall scattering explains 300% ballistic magnetoconductance of nanocontacts. Phys. Rev. Lett. 83 2030 (1999).
316. N. García, M. Muñoz and Y.-W. Zhao, Ballistic magnetoresistance in transition metal nanocontacts: the case of iron. Appl. Phys. Lett. 76 3586 (2000).
317. Y.-W. Zhao, M. Muñoz, G. Tatara and N. García, From ballistic to non-ballistic magnetoresistance in nanocontacts: theory and experiments. J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 223 169 (2001).
318. G. Tatara and N. García, Theory of domain wall resistance in nanocontacts. IEEE Trans. Magn. 36 2839 (2000).
319. J.J. Versluijs, M.A. Bari and J.M.D. Coey, Magnetoresistance of half-metallic oxide nanocontacts. Phys. Rev. Lett. 87 026601 (2001).
320. 4 nanocontacts. J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 226-230 688 (2001).
321. S.H. Chung, M. Muñoz, N. Garcíøa, W.F. Egelhoff and R.D. Gomez, Universal scaling of ballistic magnetoresistance in magnetic nanocontacts. Phys. Rev. Lett. 89 287203 (2002).
322. N. García, M. Muñoz, G.G. Qian, H. Rohrer, I.G. Saveliev and Y.- W. Zhao, Ballistic magnetoresistance in a magnetic nanometer sized contact: An effective gate for spintronics. Appl. Phys. Lett. 79 4550 (2001).
323. N. García, H. Rohrer, I.G. Saveliev and Y.-W. Zhao, Negative and positive magnetoresistance manipulation in an electrodeposited nanometer Ni contact. Phys. Rev. Lett. 85 3053 (2000).
324. H.D. Chopra and S.Z. Hua, Ballistic magnetoresistance over 3000% in Ni nanocontacts at room temperature. Phys. Rev. B 66 020403 (2002).
325. S.Z. Hua and H.D. Chopra, 100,000% ballistic magnetoresistance in stable Ni nanocontacts at room temperature. Phys. Rev. B 67 060401 (2003).
326. R.P. van Gorkom, S.J.C.H. Theeuwen, K.P. Wellock, N.N. Gribov, J. Caro and S. Radelaar, Role of boundary conditions and dimensions on the micromagnetics of a cobalt point contact. J. Appl. Phys. 85 6196 (1999).
327. R.P. van Gorkom, J. Caro, S.J.C.H. Theeuwen, K.P. Wellock, N.N. Gribov and S. Radelaar, Micromagnetics and magnetoresistance of a permalloy point contact. Appl. Phys. Lett. 74 422 (1999).
328. N. García, V.V. Osipov and E.V. Ponizovskaya, Shift of geometrically localized magnetic walls in thin films under a magnetic field. Phys. Rev. B 64 184412 (2001).
329. A. Hirohata, Y.B. Xu, C.C. Yao, H.T. Leung, W.Y. Lee, S.M. Gardiner, D.G. Hasko, J.A.C. Bland and S.M. Holmes, Domain wall trapping in controlled submicron ferromagnetic elements. J. Appl. Phys. 87 4727 (2000).
330. J.D. Burton, A. Kashyap, M.Ye. Zhuralev, R. Skomski, E.Y. Tsymbal, O.N. Myrasov and R.W. Chantrell, Field-controlled domain-wall resistance in magnetic nanojunctions. Appl. Phys. Lett. 85 251 (2004).
331. Y. Labaye, L. Berger and J.M.D. Coey, Domain walls in ferromagnetic nanoconstriction. J. Appl. Phys. 91 5341 (2002).
332. J.M.D. Coey, L. Berger and Y. Labaye, Magnetic excitations in a nanocontact. Phys. Rev. B 64 020407 (2001).
333. R. Landauer, IBM J. Res. Dev. 1 233 (1957).
334. N. Agraït, A.L. Yeyati and J.M. van Ruitenbeek, Quantum properties of atomic-sized conductors. Phys. Rep. 377 81 (2003).
335. H. Imamura, N. Kobayashi, S. Takahashi and S. Maekawa, Conductance quantization and magnetoresistance in magnetic point contacts. Phys. Rev. Lett. 84 1003 (2000).
336. H. Imamura, N. Kobayashi, S. Takahashi and S. Maekawa, Effect of quantum domain wall on conductance quantization and magnetoresistance in magnetic point contacts. Mat. Sci. Eng. B 84 107 (2001).
337. A.K. Zvezdin and A.F. Popkov, Effect of domain boundary on the electrical conductivity of a magnetic nanocontact. JETP Lett. 71 209 (2000).
338. K. Nakanishi and Y.O. Nakamura, Effect of a domain wall on conductance quantization in a ferromagnetic nanowire. Phys. Rev. B 61 11278 (2000).
339. L.R. Tagirov, B.P. Vodopyanov and K.B. Efetov, Ballistic versus diffusive magnetoresistance of a magnetic point contact. Phys. Rev. B 63 1044428 (2001).
340. A.W. Overhauser, Paramagnetic relaxation in metals. Phys. Rev. 89 689 (1953).
341. L.R. Tagirov, B.P. Vodopyanov and K.B. Efetov, Multivalued dependence of the magnetoresistance on the quantized conductance in nanosize magnetic contacts. Phys. Rev. B 65 214419 (2002).
342. L.R. Tagirov, B.P. Vodopyanov and B.M. Garipov, Giant magnetoresistance in quantum magnetic contacts. J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 258-259 61 (2003).
343. N. Papanikolaou, Magnetoresistance through spin-polarized p states. J. Phys.: Cond. Matt. 15 5049 (2003).
344. G. Yi, Ballistic magnetoresistance of electroplated Ni devices. Phys. Rev. B 69 132405 (2004).
345. C.-S. Yang, J. Thiltges, B. Doudin and M. Johnson, In situ monitoring of quantum conductance in electrodeposited magnetic point contacts. J. Phys.: Cond. Matt. 14 L765 (2002).
346. A. Bagrets, N. Papanikolaou and I. Mertig, Magnetoresistance of atomic-sized contacts: An ab initio study. Phys. Rev. B 70 064410 (2004).
347. V.S. Stepanyuk, A.L. Klavsyuk, W. Hergert, A.M. Saletsky, P. Bruno and I. Mertig, Magnetism and structure of atomic-size nanocontacts. Phys. Rev. B 70 195420 (2004).
348. V. Rodrigues, J. Bettini, P.C. Silva and D. Uguarte, Evidence for spontaneous spin-polarized transport in magnetic nanowires. Phys. Rev. Lett. 91 096801 (2003).
349. A.K. Solanki, R.F. Sabiryanov, E.Y. Tsymbal and S.S. Jaswal, Conductance of Ni nanocontacts within first-principle approach. J. Magn. Magn. Mater 272-276 1730 (2004).
350. J. Velev and W.H. Butler, Domain-wall resistance in metal nanocontacts. Phys. Rev. B 69 094425 (2004).
351. A.R. Rocha and S. Sanvito, Asymmetric I-V characteristics and magnetoresistance in magnetic point contacts. Phys. Rev. B 70 094406 (2004).
352. O. Céspedes, A.R. Rocha, S. Lioret, M. Viret, C. Dennis, J.F. Gregg, S. van Dijken, S. Sanvito and J.M.D. Coey, I-V asymmetry and magnetoresistance in nickel nanoconstrictions. J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 272-276 1571 (2004).
353. A. Smogunov, A. Dal Corso and E. Tosatti, Ballistic conductance of magnetic Co and Ni nanowires with ultrasoft pseudopotentials. Phys. Rev. B 70 045417 (2004).
354. B. Ludoph and J.M. van Ruitenbeek, Conductance fluctuations as a tool for investigating the quantum modes in atomic-size metallic contacts. Phys. Rev. B 61 2273 (2000).
355. A. Smogunov, A. Dal Corso and E. Tosatti, Ballistic conductance of Ni nanowire with a magnetization reversal. Surf. Sci. 566-568 390 (2004).
356. A. Smogunov, A. Dal Corso and E. Tosatti, Complex band structure with ultrasoft pseudopotentials: fee Ni and Ni nanowire. Surf. Sci. 532-535 549 (2003).
357. A. Smogunov, A. Dal Corso and E. Tosatti, Selective d-state conduction blocking in nickel nanocontacts. Surf. Sci. 507-510 609 (2002).
358. D. Jacob, J. Fernández-Rossier and J.J. Palacios, Magnetic and orbital blocking in Ni nanocontacts. Phys. Rev. B 71 220403 (2005).
359. F. Ott, S. Barberan, J.G. Lunney, J.M.D. Coey, P. Berthet, A.M. de Leon-Guevara and A. Revcolevschi, Quantized conductance in a contact between metallic oxide crystals. Phys. Rev. B 58 4656 (1998).
360. L. Olesen, E. Laegsgaard, I. Stensgaard, F. Besenbacher, J. Schioøtz, P. Stoltze, K.W. Jacobsen and J.K. Noørskov, Quantized conductance in an atom-sized point contact. Phys. Rev. Lett. 72 2251 (1994).
361. D.P.E. Smith, Quantum point contact switches. Science 269 371 (1995).
362. M. Brandbyge, J. Schioøtz, M.R. Soørensen, P. Stoltze, K.W. Jacobsen, J.K. Noørskov, L. Olesen, E. Laegsgaard, I. Stensgaard and F. Besenbacher, Quantized conductance in atom-sized wires between two metals. Phys. Rev. B 52 8499 (1995).
363. C. Sirvent, J.G. Rodrigo, S. Vieira, L. Jurczyszyn, N. Mingo and F. Flores, Conductance step for a single-atom contact in the scanning tunneling microscope: Noble and transition metals. Phys. Rev. B 53 16086 (1996).
364. J.L. Costa-Krämer, Conductance quantization at room temperature in magnetic and nonmagnetic metallic nanowires. Phys. Rev. B 55 R4875 (1997).
365. H. Oshima and K. Miyano, Spin-dependent conductance quantization in nickel point contacts. Appl. Phys. Lett. 73 2203 (1998).
366. 2/h switching of quantum conductance associated with a change in nanoscale ferromagnetic domain structure. Appl. Phys. Lett. 75 1622 (1999).
367. B.J. van Wees, L.P. Kouwenhoven, H. van Houten, C.W.J. Beenakker, J.E. Mooij, C.T. Foxon and J.J. Harris, Quantized conductance of magnetoelectric subbands in ballistic point contacts. Phys. Rev. B 38 3625 (1988).
368. D.A. Wharam, T.J. Thornton, R. Newbury, M. Pepper, H Ahmed, J.E.F. Frost, D.G. Hasko, D.C. Peacock, D.A. Ritchie and G.A.C. Jones, One-dimensional transport and the quantisation of the ballistic resistance. J. Phys. C 21 L209 (1988).
369. Y. Ooka, T. Ono and H. Miyajima, Conductance quantization in ferromagnetic Ni nanowire. J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 226-230 1848 2001.
370. M. Shimizu, E. Saitoh, H. Miyajima and Y. Otani, Conductance quantization in ferromagnetic Ni nano-constriction. J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 239 243 (2002).
371. F. Elhoussine, S. Mátéfi-Tempfli, A. Encinas and L. Piraux, Conductance quantization in magnetic nanowires electrodeposited in nanopores. Appl. Phys. Lett. 81 1681 (2002).
372. F. Komori and K. Nakatsuji, Quantized conductance through atomic-sized iron contacts at 4.2 K. J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 68 3786 (1999).
373. F. Komori and K. Nakatsuji, Quantized conductance through iron point contacts. Mat. Sci. Eng. B 84 102 (2001).
374. Y. Miyamoto, K. Kuga, N. Hayashi, K. Machida and K. Aoshima, Influence of magnetic field on the tunneling current in magnetic 10-nmscale point contact junctions using tunneling atomic force microscopy. J. Appl. Phys. 95 7246 (2004).
375. N. García, What is the physical explanation for the very large ballistic magnetoresistance observed in electrodeposited nanocontacts? cond-mat/0203323.
376. C. Untiedt, D.M.T. Dekker, D. Djukic and J.M. van Ruitenbeek, Absence of magnetically induced fractional quantization in atomic contacts. Phys. Rev. B 69 081401 (2004).
377. R.H.M. Smit, Y. Noat, C. Untiedt, N.D. Lang, M.C. van Hemert and J.M. van Ruitenbeek, Measurement of the conductance of a hydrogen molecule. Nature 419 906 (2002).
378. H. Suderow, M. Crespo, S. Vieira, M. Vila, M. Garcia-Hernandez, A. de Andres, C. Prieto, C. Ocal, J.L. Martinez and Y.M. Mukovskii, Observation of a spin-polarized current through single atom quantum point contacts. Physica E 18 264 (2003).
379. W. Scholz, D. Suess, T. Schrefl and J. Fidler, Domain structures and domain wall pinning in arrays of elliptical NiFe nanoelements. J. Appl. Phys. 91 7047 (2002).
380. S.H. Florez, M. Dreyer, K. Schwab, C. Sanchez and R.D. Gomez, Magnetoresistive effects in planar NiFe nanoconstrictions. J. Appl. Phys. 95 6720 (2004).
381. N. García, H. Wang, H. Cheng and N.D. Nikolic, Ballistic magnetoresistance versus magnetostriction effects in electrodeposited nanocontacts at room temperature. IEEE Trans. Magn. 39 2776 (2003).
382. 20 and Ni nanowires by current-voltage measurements. Phys. Rev. Lett. 92 127201 (2004).
383. S. Lepadatu and Y.B. Xu, Discontinuous resistance change and domain wall scattering in patterned NiFe wires with a nanoconstriction. IEEE Trans. Magn. 40 2688 (2004).
384. M.I. Montera, R.K. Dumas, G. Liu, M. Viret, O.M. Stoll, W.A.A. Macedo and I.K. Schuller, Magnetoresistance of mechanically stable Co nanoconstrictions. Phys. Rev. B 70 184418 (2004).
385. O. Ozatay, P. Cahlsani, N. Emley, I.N. Krivorotov and R.A. Buhrman, Magneto-resistance and magnetostriction effects in ballistic ferromagnetic nanoconstrictions. J. Appl. Phys. 95 7315 (2004).
386. W.F. Egelhoff, L. Gan, H. Ettedgui, Y. Kadmon, C.J. Powell, P.J. Chen, A.J. Shapiro, R.D. McMichael, J.J. Mallett, T.P. Moffat, M.D. Stiles and E.B. Svedberg, Artifacts in ballistic magnetoresistance measurements. J. Appl. Phys. 95 7554 (2004).
387. E.B. Svedberg, J.J. Mallett, H. Ettedgui, L. Gan, P.J. Chen, A.J. Shapiro, T.P. Moffat and W.F. Egelhoff Jr, Resistance changes similar to ballistic magnetoresistance in electrodeposited nanocontacts. Appl. Phys. Lett. 84 236 (2004).
388. W.F. Egelhoff Jr, L. Gan, H. Ettedgui, Y. Kadmon, C.J. Powell, P.J. Chen, A.J. Shapiro, R.D. McMicheal, J.J. Mallett, T.P. Moffat, M.D. Stiles and E.B. Svedberg, Artifacts that mimic ballistic magnetoresistance. J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 287 496 (2005).
389. J.J. Mallett, E.B. Svedberg, H. Ettedgui, T.P. Moffat and W.F. Egelhoff Jr, Absence of ballistic magnetoresistance in Ni nanocontacts controlled by an electrochemical feedback system. Phys. Rev. B 70 172406 (2004).
390. S. Mukherjee, U. Nowak, E. Boerner, X. Wu, R. Carley, R.W. Chantrell, D. Litvinov and S. Kizroev, Magnetoresistance of domain walls confined by magnetostatic field. 2003.
391. S. Mukherjee, D. Litvinov and S. Khizroev, Atomic scale modelling of nanoconstrictions. IEEE Trans. Magn. 40 2143 (2004).
392. S. Khizroev, Y. Hijazi, R. Chomko, S. Mukherjee, R. Chantrell, X. Wu, R. Carley and D. Litvinov, Focused-ion-beam-fabricated nanoscale magnetoresistive ballistic sensors. Appl. Phys. Lett. 86 042502 (2005).
393. Y. Ohsawa, Fabrication and in situ magnetoresistance measurement of a Ni point-contact in planar configuration. J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 287 491 (2005).
394. J.-E. Wegrowe, T. Wade, X. Hoffer, L. Gravier, J.-M. Bonard and J.-Ph. Ansermet, Magnetoresistance of nanocontacts with constrained magnetic domain walls. Phys. Rev. B 67 104418 (2003).
395. M. Viret, S. Berger, M. Gabureac, F. Ott, D. Olligs, I. Petej, J.F. Gregg, C. Fermon, G. Francinet and G. Le Goff, Magnetoresistance through a single nickel atom. Phys. Rev. B 66 220401 (2002).
396. M. Gabureac, M. Viret, F. Ott and C. Fermon, Magnetoresistance in nanocontacts induced by magnetostriction effects. Phys. Rev. B 69 100401 (2004).
397. M. Viret, M. Gabureac, F. Ott, C. Fermon, C. Barretau and R. Guirado-Lopez, Giant anisotropic magnetoresistance in atomic contacts, unpublished.
398. C.-S. Yang, C. Zhang, J. Redepenning and B. Doudin, In situ magnetoresistance of Ni nanocontacts. Appl. Phys. Lett. 84 2865 (2004).
399. J. Velev, R.F. Sabirianov, S.S. Jaswal and E.Y. Tsymbal, Ballistic anisotropic magnetoresistance. Phys. Rev. Lett. 94 127203 (2005).
400. M.R. Sullivan, D.A. Boehm, D.A. Ateya, S.Z. Hua and H.D. Chopra, Ballistic magnetoresistance in nickel single-atom conductors without magnetostriction. Phys. Rev. B 71 024412 (2005).
401. C. Rüster, T. Borzenko, C. Gould, G. Schmidt, L.W. Molenkamp, X. Liu, T.J. Wojtowicz, J.K. Furdyna, Z.G. Yu and M.E. Flatté, Very large magnetoresistance in lateral ferromagnetic (Ga,Mn)As wires with nanoconstrictions. Phys. Rev. Lett. 91 216602 (2003).
402. A.D. Giddings, M.N. Khalid, T. Junwirth, J. Wunderlich, S. Yasin, R.P. Campoin, K.W. Edmonds, J. Sinova, K. Ito, K.-Y. Wang, D. Williams, B.L. Gallagher and C.T. Foxon, Large tunneling anisotropic magnetoresistance in (Ga,Mn)As nanoconstrictions. Phys. Rev. Lett. 94 127202 (2005).
403. C. Gould, C. Rüster, T. Jungwirth, E. Girgis, G.M. Schott, R. Giraud, K. Brunner, G. Schmidt and L.W. Molenkamp, Tunneling anisotropic magnetoresistance: A spin-valve like tunnel magnetoresistance using a single magnetic layer. Phys. Rev. Lett. 93 117203 (2004).
404. C. Rüster, C. Gould, T. Jungwirth, J. Sinova, G.M. Schott, R. Giraud, K. Brunner, G. Schmidt and L.W. Molenkamp, Very large tunneling anisotropic magnetoresistance of a (Ga, Mn)As/GaAs/(Ga, Mn)As stack. Phys. Rev. Lett. 94 027203 (2005).
405. M. Venkatesan, C.B. Fitzgerald, J.G. Lunney and J.M.D. Coey, Anisotropic ferromagnetism in substituted zinc oxide. Phys. Rev. Lett. 93 177206 (2004).
406. J.M.D. Coey, M. Venkatesan and C.B. Fitzgerald, Donor impurity band exchange in dilute ferromagnetic oxides. Nature Materials 4 173 (2005).
407. S. Tehrani, J.M. Slaughter, M. Deherrera, B.N. Engel, N.D. Rizzo, J. Salter, M. Durlam, R.W. Dave, J. Janesky, B. Butcher, K. Smith and G. Grynkewich, Magnetoresistive random access memory using magnetic tunnel junctions. Proc. IEEE 91 703 (2003).
408. URL http://www.mram-info.com/.
409. B.N. Engel, J. Akerman, B. Butcher, R.W. Dave, M. DeHerrera, M. Durlam, G. Grynkewich, J. Janesky, S.V. Pietambaram, N.D. Rizzo, J.M. Slaughter, K. Smith, J.J. Sun and S. Tehrani, A 4-mb toggle MRAM based on a novel bit and switching method. IEEE Trans. Magn. 41 132 (2005).
410. P.P. Freitas and L. Berger, Observation of s-d exchange force between domain walls and electric current in very thin permalloy films. J. Appl. Phys. 57 1266 (1985).
411. L. Berger, Exchange interaction between ferromagnetic domain wall and electric current in very thin metallic films. J. Appl. Phys. 55 1954 (1984).
412. C.Y. Hung and L. Berger, Exchange forces between domain wall and electric current in permalloy films of variable thickness. J. Appl. Phys. 63 4276 (1988).
413. E.B. Myers, D.C. Ralph, J.A. Katine, R.N. Louie and R.A. Buhrman, Current-induced switching of domains in magnetic multilayer devices. Science 285 867 (1999).
414. J.A. Katine, F.J. Albert, R.A. Buhrman, E.B. Myers and D.C. Ralph, Current-driven magnetization reversal and spin-wave excitations in Co/Cu/Co nanopillars. Phys. Rev. Lett. 84 3149 (2000).
415. J.C. Slonczewski, Current-driven excitation of magnetic multilayers. J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 159 LI (1996).
416. M. Tsoi, A.G.M. Jansen, J. Bass, W.-C. Chiang, M. Seek, V. Tsoi and P.
417. M. Tsoi, A.G.M. Jansen, J. Bass, W.-C. Chiang, M. Seek, V. Tsoi and P. Wyder, Erratum: Excitation of a magnetic multilayer by an electric current. Phys. Rev. Lett. 81 493 (1998).
418. S.J.C.H. Theeuwen, J. Caro, K.P. Wellock, S. Radelaar, C.H. Marrows, B.J. Mickey and V.I. Kozub, Nanoconstriction microscopy of the giant magnetoresistance in cobalt/copper spin valves. Appl. Phys. Lett. 75 3677 (1999).
419. L. Gan, S.H. Chung, K.H. Aschenbach, M. Dreyer and R.D. Gomez, Pulsedcurrent-induced domain wall propagation in permalloy patterns observed using magnetic force microscope. IEEE Trans. Magn. 36 3047 (2000).
420. 19 elements: an approach to magnetic memory devices. Appl. Phys. Lett. 81 862 (2002).
421. O. Céspedes, G. Jan, M. Viret, M. Bari and J.M.D. Coey, Random telegraph noise in a nickel nanoconstriction. J. Appl. Phys. 93 8433 (2003).
422. J. Grollier, V. Gros, A. Hamzic, J.M. George, H. Jaffires, A. Pert, G. Faini, J. Ben Youssef and H. Legall, Spin-polarized current induced switching in Co/Cu/Co pillars. Appl. Phys. Lett. 78 3663 (2001).
423. T. Ono, H. Miyajima, K. Shigeto and T. Shinjo, Magnetization reversal in submicron magnetic wire studied by using giant magnetoresistance effect. Appl. Phys. Lett. 72 1116 (1998).
424. J. Grollier, D. Lacour, V. Cros, A. Hamzic, A. Vaurés and A. Pert, Switching the magnetic configuration of a spin-valve by current-induced domain wall motion. J. Appl. Phys. 92 4825 (2002).
425. J. Grollier, P. Boulenc, V. Cros, A. Hamzic, A. Vaures and A. Pert, Switching a spin-valve back and forth by current-induced domain wall motion. Appl. Phys. Lett. 83 509 (2003).
426. J. Grollier, P. Boulenc, V. Cros, A. Hamzic, A. Vaures, A. Pert and G. Faini, Spin-transfer-induced domain wall motion in a spin valve. J. Appl. Phys. 95 6777 (2004).
427. C.K. Lim, T. Devolder, C. Chappert, J. Grollier, V. Cros, A. Vaures, A. Pert and G. Faini, Domain wall displacement induced by subnanosecond pulsed current. Appl. Phys. Lett. 84 2820 (2004).
428. T. Kimura, Y. Otani, K. Tsukagoshi and Y. Aoyagi, Spin-current-assisted domain-wall depinning in a submicron magnetic wire. J. Appl. Phys. 94 7947 (2003).
429. T. Kimura, Y. Otani, I. Yagi, K. Tsukagoshi and Y. Aoyagi, Suppressed pinningfield of a trapped domain wall due to direct current injection. J. Appl. Phys. 94 7266 field of a trapped domain wall due to direct current injection. J. Appl. Phys. 94 7266 (2003).
430. D. Kelly, J.-E. Wegrowe, T.-K. Truong, X. Hoffer and J.-P. Ansermet, Spin-polarized current-induced magnetization reversal in single nanowires. Phys. Rev. B 68 134425 (2003).
431. J. Rothman, M. Kläui, L. Lopez-Diaz, C.A.F. Vaz, A. Bleloch, J.A.C. Bland, Z. Cui and R. Speaks, Observation of a bi-domain state and nucleation free switching in mesoscopic ring magnets. Phys. Rev. Lett. 86 1098 (2001).
432. M. Käui, J. Rothman, L. Lopez-Diaz, C.A.F. Vaz, J.A.C. Bland and Z. Cui, Vortex circulation control in mesoscopic ring magnets. Appl. Phys. Lett. 78 3268 (2001).
433. M. Kläui, C.A.F. Vaz, J.A.C. Bland, W. Wernsdorfer, G. Faini and E. Cambril, Controlled magnetic switching in single narrow rings probed by magnetoresistance measurements. Appl. Phys. Lett. 81 108 (2002).
434. M. Kläui, C.A.F. Vaz, J.A.C. Bland, W. Wernsdorfer, G. Faini, E. Cambril and L.J. Heyderman, Domain wall motion induced by spin polarized currents in ferromagnetic ring structures. Appl. Phys. Lett. 83 105 (2003).
435. M. Kläui, C.A.F. Vaz, J.A.C. Bland, W. Wernsdorfer, G. Faini, E. Cambril, L.J. Heyderman, F. Nolting and U. Rüdiger, Controlled and reproducible domain wall displacement by current pulses injected into ferromagnetic ring structures. Phys. Rev. Lett. 94 106601 (2005).
436. M.R. Scheinfein, URL http://llgmicro.home.mindspring.com.
437. J.L. Tsai, S.F. Lee, Y. Liou, Y.D. Yao, T.Y. Chen and K.W. Cheng, Current driven domain wall motion in magnetic u-pattern. J. Appl. Phys. 97 10C710 (2005).
438. X. Waintal and M. Viret, Current-induced distortion of a magnetic domain wall. Europhys. Lett. 65 427 (2004).
439. S. Zhang and Z. Li, Roles of nonequilibrium conduction electrons on the magnetization dynamics of ferromagnets. Phys. Rev. Lett. 93 127204 (2004).
440. A. Thiaville, Y. Nakatani, J. Miltat and Y. Suzuki, Micromagnetic understanding of current-driven domain wall motion in patterned nanowires. Europhys. Lett. 69 990 (2005).
441. M. Tsoi, R.E. Fontana and S.S.P. Parkin, Magnetic domain wall motion triggered by an electric current. Appl. Phys. Lett. 83 2617 (2004).
442. N. Vernier, D.A. Allwood, D. Atkinson, M.D. Cooke and R.P. Cowburn, Domain wall propagation in magnetic nanowires by spin-polarized current injection. Europhys. Lett. 65 526 (2004).
443. D.A. Allwood, G. Xiong, M.D. Cooke and R.P. Cowburn, Magneto-optical Kerr effect analysis of magnetic nanostructures. J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 36 2175 (2003).
444. A. Yamaguchi, T. Ono, S. Nasu, K. Miyake, K. Mibu and T. Shinjo, Real-space observation of current-driven domain wall motion in submicron magnetic wires. Phys. Rev. Lett. 92 077205 (2004).
445. A. Yamaguchi, H. Tanigawa, T. Ono, S. Nasu, K. Miyake, K. Mibu and T. Shinjo, Effect of Joule heating in current-driven domain wall motion. Appl. Phys. Lett. 86012511 (2005).
446. M. Yamanouchi, D. Chiba, F. Matsukura and H. Ohno, Current-induced domain-wall switching in a ferromagnetic semiconductor structure. Nature 428 539 (2004).
447. D. Chiba, Y. Sto, T. Kite, F. Matsukura and H. Ohno, Current-driven magnetization reversal in a ferromagnetic semiconductor (Ga,Mn)As/GaAs/(Ga,Mn)As tunnel junction. Phys. Rev. Lett. 93 216602 (2004).
448. G.D. Fuchs, N.C. Emley, I.N. Krivorotov, P.M. Braganca, E.M. Ryan, S.I. Kiselev, J.C. Sankey, D.C. Ralph and R.A. Buhrman, Spin-transfer effects in nanoscale magnetic tunnel junctions. Appl. Phys. Lett. 85 1205 (2004).
449. G.D. Fuchs, I.N. Krivorotov, P.M. Braganca, N.C. Emley, A.G.F. Garcia, D.C. Ralph and R.A. Buhrman, Adjustable spin torque in magnetic tunnel junctions with two fixed layers. Appl. Phys. Lett. 86 152509 (2005).
450. Y. Huai, F. Albert, P. Nguyen, M. Pakala and T. Valet, Observation of spin-transfer switching in deep submicron-sized and low-resistance magnetic tunnel junctions. Appl. Phys. Lett. 84 3118 (2004).
451. J.C. Slonczewski, Currents, torques and polarization factors in magnetic tunnel junctions. Phys. Rev. B 71 024411 (2005).
452. T.Y. Chen, Y. Ji, C.L. Chien and M.D. Stiles, Current-driven switching in a single exchange-biased ferromagnetic layer. Phys. Rev. Lett. 93 026601 (2004).
453. Y. Ji, C.L. Chien and M.D. Stiles, Current-induced spin-wave excitations in a single ferromagnetic layer. Phys. Rev. Lett. 90 106601 (2003).
454. M.L. Polianski and P.W. Brouwer, Current-induced transverse spin-wave instability in a thin nanomagnet. Phys. Rev. Lett. 92 026602 (2004).
455. M.D. Stiles, J. Xiao and A. Zangwill, Phenomenological theory of current-induced magnetization precession. Phys. Rev. B 69 054408 (2004).
456. S.I. Kiselev, J.C. Sankey, I.N. Krivorotov, N.C. Emley, R.J. Schoelkopf, R.A. Buhrman and D.C. Ralph, Microwave oscillations of a nanomagnet driven by a spin-polarized current. Nature 425 380 (2003).
457. I.N. Krivorotov, N.C. Emley, J.C. Sankey, S.I. Kiselev, D.C. Ralph and R.A. Buhrman, Time-domain measurements of nanomagnet dynamics driven by spin-transfer torques. Science 307 228 (2005).
458. W.H. Rippard, M.R. Pufall, S. Kaka, S.E. Russek and T.J. Suva, Direct-current induced dynamics in CosoFcio/NisoFezo point contacts. Phys. Rev. Lett. 92 027201 (2004).
459. F.B. Mancoff, N.D. Rizzo, B.N. Engel and S. Tehrani, Phase-locking in doublepoint-contact spin-transfer devices. Nature 437 393 (2005).
460. S. Kaka, M.R. Pufall, W.H. Rippard, T.J. Suva, S.E. Russek and J.A. Katine, Mutual phase-locking of microwave spin torque nanooscillators. Nature 437 389 (2005).
461. H. Xi and Z. Lin, In-plane magnetization dynamics driven by spin-polarized currents in magnetic nanostructures. Phys. Rev. B 70 092403 (2004).
462. H. Xi, K.-Z. Gao and Yiming Shi, Circular domain wall motion driven by spin-polarized currents in confined square nanomagnets. J. Appl. Phys. 97 044306 (2005).
463. H. Xi and Y. Shi, High frequency magnetization rotation induced by a dc spin-polarized current in magnetic nanostructures. J. Appl. Phys. 96 1585 (2004).
464. H. Xi, K.-Z. Gao and Y. Shi, Microwave generation by a direct current spin-polarized current in nanoscale square magnets. Appl. Phys. Lett. 84 4977 (2004).
465. E. Saitoh, H. Miyajima, T. Yamaoka and G. Tatara, Current-induced resonance and mass determination of a single magnetic domain wall. Nature 432 203 (2004).
466. G. Tatara and H. Kohno, Theory of current-driven domain wall motion: Spin transfer versus momentum transfer. Phys. Rev. Lett. 92 086601 (2004).
467. W.J. Carr Jr, Force on domain wall due to perturbation of current in a magnetoresistive overlayer. J. Appl. Phys. 45 3115 (1974).
468. P.R. Emtage, Self-induced drive of magnetic domains. J. Appl. Phys. 45 3117 (1974).
469. L. Berger, Dragging of domains by an electric-current in very pure, non-compensated, ferromagnetic metals. Phys. Lett. A 46 3 (1973).
470. L. Berger, Prediction of a domain-drag effect in uniaxial, noncompensated, ferromagnetic metals. J. Phys. Chem. Sol. 35 947 (1974).
471. D.L. Partin, M. Karnezos, L.C. deMenezes and L. Berger, Nonuniform current distribution in the neighborhood of a ferromagnetic domain wall in cobalt at 4.2 K. J. Appl. Phys. 45 1852 (1974).
472. S. Middelhoek, Domain wall velocities in thin magnetic films. IBM J. Res. Develop. 10 351 (1966).
473. C.E. Patton and F.B. Humphrey, Mobility and loss mechanisms for domain wall motion in thin ferromagnetic films. J. Appl. Phys. 37 4269 (1966).
474. M.D. Stiles and A. Zangwill, Anatomy of spin-transfer torque. Phys. Rev. B 66 014407 (2002).
475. J. Xiao, A. Zangwill and M.D. Stiles, Boltzmann test of Slonczewski's theory of spin-transfer torque. Phys. Rev. B 70 172405 (2004).
476. J.-E. Wegrowe, Thermokinetic approach of the generalized Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert equation with spin-polarized current. Phys. Rev. B 62 1067 (2000).
477. J.Z. Sun, Spin-current interaction with a monodomain magnetic body: a model study. Phys. Rev. B 62 570 (2000).
478. Ya.B. Bazaliy, B.A. Jones and S.-C. Zhang, Modification of the Landau-Lifschitz equation in the presence of a spin-polarized current in colossal- and giantmagnetoresistive materials. Phys. Rev. B 57 3213 (1998).
479. Z. Li and S. Zhang, Domain wall dynamics and spin-wave excitations with spin-transfer torques. Phys. Rev. Lett. 92 207203 (2004).
480. X. Liu, X.-J. Liu and M.-L. Ge, Dynamics of domain wall in a biaxial ferromagnet interacting with a spin-polarized current. Phys. Rev. B 71 224419 (2005).
481. A. Thiaville, Y. Nakatani, J. Miltat and N. Vernier, Domain wall motion by spin-polarized current: a micromagnetic study. J. Appl. Phys. 95 7049 (2004).
482. C. Heide, P.E. Zilberman and R.J. Elliott, Current-driven switching of magnetic layers. Phys. Rev. B 63 064424 (2001).
483. Y. Nakatani, A. Thiaville and J. Miltat, Head-to-head domain walls in soft nano-strips: a refined phase diagram. J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 290-291 750 (2005).
484. M. Kläui, P.-O. Jubert, R. Allenspach, A. Bischof, J.A.C. Bland, G. Faini, U. Rüdiger, C.A.F. Vaz, L. Vila and C. Veuille, Direct observation of domain-wall configurations transformed by spin currents. Phys. Rev. Lett. 95 026601 (2005).
485. S. Zhang, P.M. Levy and A. Pert, Mechanisms of spin-polarized current-driven magnetization switching. Phys. Rev. Lett. 88 236601 (2002).
486. X. Waintal, E.B. Myers, P.W. Brouwer and D.C. Ralph, Role of spin-dependent interface scattering in generating current-induced torques in magnetic multilayers. Phys. Rev. B 62 12317 (2000).
487. D. Ravelosona, D. Lacour, J.A. Katine, B.D. Terris and C. Chappert, Nanometer scale observation of high effciency thermally assisted current-driven domain wall depinning. Phys. Rev. Lett. 95 117203 (2005).
488. F. Cayssol, D. Ravelosona, C. Chappert, J. Ferré and J.P. Jamet, Domain wall creep in magnetic wires. Phys. Rev. Lett. 92 107202 (2004).
489. S.E. Barnes and S. Maekawa, Current-driven domain wall motion in thin ferromagnetic wires, cond-mat/0311039, 2003.
490. S.E. Barnes and S. Maekawa, Current-spin coupling for ferromagnetic domain walls in fine wires. Phys. Rev. Lett. 95 107204 (2005).
491. V.V. Osipov, E.V. Ponizovskaya and N. Garcia, Displacement of domain walls under a nanocontact current: mechanism for magnetoresistance asymmetric switching. Appl. Phys. Lett. 79 2222 (2001).
492. X. Waintal and O. Parcollet, Current-induced spin torque in a nanomagnet. Phys. Rev. Lett. 94 247206 (2005).
493. M. Tsoi, A.G.M. Jansen, J. Bass, W.-C. Chiang, V. Tsoi and P. Wyder, Generation and detection of phase-coherent current-driven magnons in magnetic multilayers. Nature 406 46 (2000).
494. S.M. Rezende, P.M. de Aguiar, M.A. Lucena and A. Azevedo, Magnon excitation by spin injection in thin Fe/Cr/Fe films. Phys. Rev. Lett. 84 4212 (2000).
495. J.-P. Ansermet, Classical description of spin wave excitation by currents in bulk ferromagnets. IEEE Trans. Magn. 40 358 (2004).
496. J. Fernändez-Rossier, M. Braun, A.S. Ńñez and A.H. MacDonald, Influence of uniform current on collective magnetization dynamics in a ferromagnetic metal. Phys. Rev. B 69 174412 (2004).
497. J. Shibata, G. Tatara and H. Kohno, Effect of spin current on uniform ferromagnetism: Domain nucleation. Phys. Rev. Lett. 94 076601 (2004).
498. N.D. Mermin and H. Wagner, Absence of ferromagnetism or antiferromagnetism in one- or two-dimensional isotropic Heisenberg models. Phys. Rev. Lett. 17 1133 (1966).
499. T.Y. Chen, Y. Ji and C.L. Chien, Switching by point-contact spin injection in a continuous film. Appl. Phys. Lett. 84 380 (2004).
500. D.M. Edwards, F. Federici, J. Mathon and A. Umerski, Self-consistent theory of current-induced switching of magnetization. Phys. Rev. B 71 054407 (054407) (2005).