Neuropeptides in Hypothalamic Neuronal Disorders

International Review of Cytology

Volumn 240, Issue SPEC.ISS., 2004, Pages 305-375

  Swaab, Dick F ^a  

^a NETHERLANDS INSTITUTE FOR NEUROSCIENCE   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

Anorexia; Depression; Diabetes insipidus; Hypothalamus; Kallmann syndrome; Narcolepsy; Obesity; Postmenopausal women; Prader Willi syndrome; Transsexuality

Indexed keywords

ALPHA INTERMEDIN; ANTIDEPRESSANT AGENT; CLOZAPINE; COCAINE AND AMPHETAMINE REGULATED TRANSCRIPT PEPTIDE; CORTICOSTEROID; CORTICOTROPIN RELEASING FACTOR; CORTICOTROPIN[4-10]; GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTOR; GONADORELIN; INTERMEDIN; LEPTIN; MELANOCORTIN 4 RECEPTOR; NEUROKININ B; NEUROLEPTIC AGENT; NEUROPEPTIDE; OREXIN; OXYTOCIN; PROTIRELIN; RECOMBINANT LEPTIN; SEROTONIN; SOMATOSTATIN; TRICYCLIC ANTIDEPRESSANT AGENT; VASOPRESSIN RECEPTOR; ZIPRASIDONE;

ANOREXIA NERVOSA; ANOSMIA; BIOLOGICAL RHYTHM; BRAIN DISEASE; BRAIN DYSFUNCTION; BRAIN NERVE CELL; CACHEXIA; CATALEPSY; CIRCADIAN RHYTHM; CLINICAL FEATURE; DEPRESSION; EATING DISORDER; ELECTROCONVULSIVE THERAPY; EPIGENETICS; GENE MUTATION; HUMAN; HYPOGONADOTROPIC HYPOGONADISM; HYPOTHALAMUS; HYPOTHALAMUS DISEASE; HYPOTHALAMUS HYPOPHYSIS SYSTEM; INFUNDIBULUM; KALLMANN SYNDROME; MOLECULAR GENETICS; NARCOLEPSY; NERVE FIBER; NONHUMAN; OBESITY; POSTMENOPAUSE; PRADER WILLI SYNDROME; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN POLYMORPHISM; REVIEW; SATIETY; SEX DIFFERENCE; SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE POLYMORPHISM; SLEEP; STRIA TERMINALIS; THALAMUS MIDLINE NUCLEUS; TRANSSEXUALISM;

TERMINALIS;

EID: 8844265983     PISSN: 00747696     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1016/S0074-7696(04)40003-5     Document Type: Article

References (358)

1. Abe J., Okamura H., Ibata Y., Kitamura T., Ibata Y., Minamino N., Matsuo H., Paull W.K. Immunocytochemical demonstration of dynorphin (PH-8P)-like immunoreactive elements in the human hypothalamus. J. Comp. Neurol. 276:1988;508-513
2. Abe J., Okamuro H., Ibata Y., Motoyama A., Wakabayashi I., Ling N., Paull W.K. Immunocytochemical demonstration of GAP-like immunoreactive neuronal elements in the human hypothalamus and pituitary. Histochemistry. 94:1990;127-133
3. Abel T.W., Rance N.E. Proopiomelanocortin gene expression is decreased in the infundibular nucleus of postmenopausal women. Mol. Brain Res. 69:1999;202-208
4. Abel T.W., Rance N.E. Stereologic study of the hypothalamic infundibular nucleus in young and older women. J. Comp. Neurol. 424:2000;679-688
5. Akabayashi A., Koenig J.I., Watanabe Y., Alexander J.T., Leibowitz S.F. Galanin-containing neurons in the paraventricular nucleus: A neurochemical marker for fat ingestion and body weight gain. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 91:1994;10375-10379
6. Aldrich M.S., Naylor M.W. Narcolepsy associated with lesions of the diencephalon. Neurology. 39:1989;1505-1508
7. Alkemade A., Unmehopa U.A., Brouwer J.P., Hoogendijk W.J.G., Wiersinga W.M., Swaab D.F., Fliers E. Decreased thyrotropin-releasing hormone gene expression in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of patients with major depression. Mol. Psychiat. 8:2003;838-839
8. Allen L.S., Hines M., Shryne J.E., Gorski R.A. Two sexually dimorphic cell groups in the human brain. J. Neurosci. 9:1989;497-506
9. Allen R.P., Mignot E., Ripley B., Nishino S., Earley C.J. Increased CSF hypocretin-1 (orexin-A) in restless legs syndrome. Neurology. 59:2002;639-641
10. Allison D.B., Mentore J.L., Heo M., Chandler L.P., Cappelleri J.C., Infante M.C., Weiden P.J. Antipsychotic-induced weight gain: A comprehensive research synthesis. Am. J. Psychiat. 156:1999;1686-1696
11. Balasubramaniam A. Neuropeptide Y family of hormones: Receptor subtypes and antagonists. Peptides. 18:1997;445-457
12. Barsh G. From agouti to pomc - 100 years of fat blonde mice. Nat. Med. 5:1999;984-985
13. Baskin D.G., Breininger J.F., Bonigut S., Miller M.A. Leptin binding in the arcuate nucleus is increased during fasting. Brain Res. 828:1999;154-158
14. Beck B., Burlet A., Nicolas J-P., Burlet C. Galanin in the hypothalamus of fed and fasted lean and obese Zucker rats. Brain Res. 623:1993;124-130
15. Bemporad J.R. Cultural and historical aspects of eating disorders. Theor. Med. 18:1997;401-420
16. Bernardis L.L., Bellinger L.L. The lateral hypothalamic area revisited: Ingestive behavior. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 20:1996;189-287
17. Björkstrand E., Uvnäs-Moberg K. Central oxytocin increases food intake and daily weight gain in rats. Physiol. Behav. 59:1996;947-952
18. Bloch B., Baird A., Ling N., Guillemin R. Immunohistochemical evidence that growth hormone-releasing factor (GRF) neurons contain an amidated peptide derived from cleavage of the carboxyl-terminal end of the GRF precursor. Endocrinology. 118:1986;156-162
19. Bloch B., Gaillard R.C., Culler M.D., Negro-Vilar A. Immunohistochemical detection of proluteinizing hormone-releasing hormone peptides in neurons in the human hypothalamus. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 74:1992;135-138
20. Boundy V.A., Cincotta A.H. Hypothalamic adrenergic receptor changes in the metabolic syndrome of genetically obese (obob) mice. Am. J. Physiol. 279:2000;R505-R514
21. Bouras C., Magistretti P.J., Morrison J.H. An immunohistochemical study of six biologically active peptides in the human brain. Hum. Neurobiol. 5:1986;213-226
22. Bouras C., Magistretti P.J., Morrison J.H., Constantinidis J. An immunohistochemical study of pro-somatostatin-derived peptides in the human brain. Neuroscience. 22:1987;781-800
23. Bradbury M.J., McBurnie M.I., Denton D.A., Lee K.F., Vale W.W. Modulation of urocortin-induced hypophagia and weight loss by corticotropin-releasing factor receptor 1 deficiency in mice. Endocrinology. 141:2000;2715-2724
24. Branson R., Potoczna N., Kral J.G., Lentes K.-U., Hoehe M.R., Horber F.F. Binge eating as a major phenotype of melanocortin 4 receptor gene mutations. N. Engl. J. Med. 348:2003;1096-1103
25. Bresson J.L., Clavequin M.C., Fellmann D., Bugnon C. Human hypothalamic neuronal system revealed with a salmon-melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) antiserum. Neurosci. Lett. 102:1989;39-43
26. Broberger C., Johansen J., Schalling M., Hökfelt T. Hypothalamic neurohistochemistry of the murine anorexia (anxanx) mutation: Altered processing of neuropeptide Y in the arcuate nucleus. J. Comp. Neurol. 387:1997;124-135
27. Brown R.E., Stevens D.R., Haas H.L. The physiology of brain histamine. Prog. Neurobiol. 63:2001;637-672
28. Brüning J.C., Gautam D., Burks D.J., Gillette J., Schubert M., Orban P.C., Klein R., Krone W., Müller-Wieland D., Kahn C.R. Role of brain insulin receptor in control of body weight and reproduction. Science. 289:2000;2122-2125
29. Buijs R.M., Kalsbeek A. Hypothalamic integration of central and peripheral clocks. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 2:2001;521-526
30. Buijs R.M., De Vries G.J., Van Leeuwen F.W., Swaab D.F. Vasopressin and oxytocin: Distribution and putative functions in the brain. Cross B.A., Leng G.A. "The Neurohypophysis: Structure, Function and Control, Progress in Brain Research" Vol. 60:1983;115-122 Elsevier, Amsterdam
31. Buijs R.M., Chun S.J., Niijima A., Romijn H.J., Nagai K. Parasympathetic and sympathetic control of the pancreas: A role for the suprachiasmatic nucleus and other hypothalamic centers that are involved in the regulation of food intake. J. Comp. Neurol. 431:2001;405-423
32. Burguera B., Couce M.E., Long J., Lamsam J., Laakso K., Jensen M.D., Parisi J.E., Lloyd R.V. The long form of the leptin receptor (OB-Rb) is widely expressed in the human brain. Neuroendocrinology. 71:2000;187-195
33. Burkhoff A.M., Linemeyer D.L., Salon J.A. Distribution of a novel hypothalamic neuropeptide Y receptor gene and its absence in rat. Mol. Brain Res. 53:1998;311-316
34. Carlson M.G., Snead W.L., Oeser A.M., Butler M.G. Plasma leptin concentrations in lean and obese human subjects and Prader-Willi syndrome: Comparison of RIA and ELISA methods. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 133:1999;75-80
35. Casper R.C. Serotonin, a major player in the regulation of feeding and affect. Biol. Psychiat. 44:1998;795-797
36. Casper R.F., Yen S.S.C., Wilkes M.M. Menopausal flushes: A neuroendocrine link with pulsatile luteinizing hormone secretion. Science. 205:1979;823-825
37. Chambers J., Ames R.S., Bergsma D., Muir A., Fitzgerald L.R., Hervieu G., Dytko G.M., Foley J.J., Martin J., Liu W.S., Park J., Ellis C., Ganguly S., Konchar S., Cluderay J., Leslie R., Wilson S., Sarau H.M. Melanin-concentrating hormone is the cognate ligand for the orphan G-protein-coupled receptor SLC-1. Nature. 400:1999;261-265
38. Charnay Y., Perrin C., Vallet P.G., Greggio B., Kovari E., Bouras C. Mapping of cocaine and amphetamine regulated transcript (CART) mRNA expression in the hypothalamus of elderly human. J. Chem. Neuroanat. 17:1999;123-128
39. Chawla M.K., Gutierrez G.M., Scott Young W. III, McMullen N.T., Rance N.E. Localization of neurons expressing substance P and neurokinin B gene transcripts in the human hypothalamus and basal forebrain. J. Comp. Neurol. 384:1997;429-442
40. Chemelli R.M., Willie J.T., Sinton C.M., Elmquist J.K., Scammell T., Lee C., Richardson J.A., Williams S.C., Xiong Y., Kisanuki Y., Fitch T.E., Nakazato M., Hammer R.E., Saper C.B., Yanagisawa M. Narcolepsy in orexin knockout mice: Molecular genetics of sleep regulation. Cell. 98:1999;437-451
41. Chen A., Yahalom D., Ben-Aroya N., Kaganovsky E., Okon E., Koch Y. A second isoform of gonadotropin-releasing hormone is present in the brain of human and rodents. FEBS Lett. 435:1998;199-203
42. Chiesi M., Huppertz C., Hofbauer K.G. Pharmacotherapy of obesity: Targets and perspectives. Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 22:2001;247-254
43. Chung W.C.J., De Vries G.J., Swaab D.F. Sexual differentiation of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis in humans may extend into adulthood. J. Neurosci. 22:2002;1027-1033
44. Ciofi P., Croix D., Tramu G. Colocalization of GHRF and NPY immunoreactivities in neurons of the infundibular area of the human brain. Neuroendocrinology. 47:1988;469-472
45. Ciofi P., Tramu G., Bloch B. Comparative immunohistochemical study of the distribution of neuropeptide Y, growth hormone-releasing factor and the carboxyterminus of precursor protein GHRF in the human hypothalamic infundibular area. Neuroendocrinology. 51:1990;429-436
46. Clapham J.C., Arch J.R.S., Tadayyon M. Anti-obesity drugs: A critical review of current therapies and future opportunities. Pharmacol. Ther. 89:2001;81-121
47. Clavelou P., Tournilhac M., Vidal C., Georget A.M., Picard L., Merienne L. Narcolepsy associated with arteriovenous malformation of the diencephalon. Sleep. 18:1995;202-205
48. Clément K., Vaisse C., Lahlou N., Cabrol S., Pelloux V., Cassuto D., Gourmelen M., Dina C., Chambaz J., Lacorte J-M., Basdevant A., Bougnères P., Lebouc Y., Froguel P., Guy-Grand B. A mutation in the human leptin receptor gene causes obesity and pituitary dysfunction. Nature. 392:1998;398-401
49. Cone R.D. The central melanocortin system and energy homeostasis. Trends Endocrinol. Metab. 10:1999;211-216
50. Corder R., Pralong F.P., Muller A.F., Gaillard R.C. Regional distribution of neuropeptide Y-like immunoreactivity in human hypothalamus measured by immunoradiometric assay: Possible influence of chronic respiratory failure on tissue levels. Neuroendocrinology. 51:1990;23-30
51. Costa A., Poma A., Martignoni E., Nappi G., Ur E., Grossman A. Stimulation of corticotrophin-releasing hormone release by the obese (ob) gene product, leptin, from hypothalamic explants. Neuroreport. 8:1997;1131-1134
52. Couce M.E., Burguera B., Parisi J.E., Jensen M.D., Lloyd R.V. Localization of leptin receptor in the human brain. Neuroendocrinology. 66:1997;145-150
53. Cowley M.A., Smart J.L., Rubinstein M., Cerdán M.G., Diano S., Horvath T.L., Cone R.D., Low M.J. Leptin activates anorexigenic POMC neurons through a neural network in the arcuate nucleus. Nature. 411:2001;480-484
54. Cummings D.E., Clement K., Purnell J.Q., Vaisse C., Foster K.E., Frayo R.S., Schwartz M.W., Basdevant A., Weigle D.S. Elevated plasma ghrelin levels in Prader-Willi syndrome. Nat. Med. 8:2002;643-644
55. Dahmen N., Bierbrauer J., Kasten M. Increased prevalence of obesity in narcoleptic patients and relatives. Eur. Arch. Psychiat. Clin. Neurosci. 251:2001;85-89
56. Dall Vechia S., Lambert P.D., Couceyro P.C., Kuhar M.J., Smith Y. CART peptide immunoreactivity in the hypothalamus and pituitary in monkeys: Analysis of ultrastructural features and synaptic connections in the paraventricular nucleus. J. Comp. Neurol. 416:2000;291-308
57. Dauvilliers Y., Baumann C.R., Carlander B., Bischof M., Blatter T., Lecendreux M., Maly F., Besset A., Touchon J., Billiard M., Tafti M., Bassetti C.L. CSF hypocretin-1 levels in narcolepsy, Kleine-Levin syndrome, and other hypersomniacs and neurological conditions. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiat. 74:2003;1667-1673
58. DeFazio J., Meldrum D.R., Laufer L., Vale W., Rivier J., Lu J.K.H., Judd H.L. Induction of hot flashes in premenopausal women treated with a long-acting GnRH agonist. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 56:1983;445
59. De Lecea L., Kilduff T.S., Peyron C., Gao X.B., Foye P.E., Danielson P.E., Fukuhara C., Battenberg E.L.F., Gautvik V.T., Bartlett F.S. III, Frankel W.N., Van den Pol A.N., Bloom F.E., Gautvik K.M., Sutcliffe J.G. The hypocretins: Hypothalamus-specific peptides with neuroexcitatory activity. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 95:1998;322-327
60. Dempsey O.J., McGeoch P., De Silva R.N., Douglas N.J. Acquired narcolepsy in an acromegalic patients who underwent pituitary irradiation. Neurology. 61:2003;537-540
61. Désy L., Pelletier G. Immunohistochemical localization of alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH) in the human hypothalamus. Brain Res. 154:1978;377-381
62. Dhurandhar N.V., Israel B.A., Kolesar J.M., Mayhew G.F., Cook M.E., Atkinson R.L. Increased adiposity in animals due to a human virus. Int. J. Obesity. 24:2000;989-996
63. Donahue J.E., Stopa E.G., Chorsky R.L., King J.C., Schipper H.M., Tobet S.A., Blaustein J.D., Reichlin S. Cells containing immunoreactive estrogen receptor-α in the human basal forebrain. Brain Res. 856:2000;142-151
64. Donohoue P.A., Tao Y.-X., Collins M., Yeo G.S.H., O'Rahilly S., Segaloff D.L. Deletion of codons 88-92 of the melanocortin-4 receptor gene: A novel deleterious mutation in an obese female. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 88:2003;5841-5845
65. Draganski B., Geisler P., Hajak G., Schuierer G., Bogdahn U., Winkler J., May A. Hypothalamic gray matter changes in narcoleptic patients. Nat. Med. 8:2002;1186-1188
66. Drouot X., Moutereau S., Nguyen J.P., Lefaucheur J.P., Créange A., Remy P., Goldenberg F., d'Ortho M.P. Low levels of ventricular CSF orexinhypocretin in advanced PD. Neurology. 61:2003;540-543
67. Duclos M., Gatta B., Corcuf J.B., Rashedi M., Pehourcq F., Roger P. Fat distribution in obese women in associated with subtle alterations of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity and sensitivity to glucocorticoids. Clin. Endocrinol. 55:2001;719-721
68. Dudás B., Merchenthaler I. Catecholaminergic axons innervate LH-releasing hormone immunoreactive neurons of the human diencephalon. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 86:2001;5620-5626
69. Dudás B., Merchenthaler I. Close juxtapositions between LHRH immunoreactive neurons and substance P immunoreactive axons in the human diencephalon. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 87:2002a;2946-2953
70. Dudás B., Merchenthaler I. Topography and associations of leu-encephalin and luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone neuronal systems in the human diencephalon. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 88:2002b;1842-1848
71. Dudás B., Mihály A., Merchenthaler I. Topography and associations of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone and neuropeptide Y-immunoreactive neuronal systems in the human diencephalon. J. Comp. Neurol. 427:2000;593-603
72. Dumont Y., Jacques D., Bouchard P., Quirion R. Species differences in the expression and distribution of the neuropeptide Y Y1, Y2, Y4 and Y5 receptors in rodents, guinea pig and primates brains. J. Comp. Neurol. 402:1998;372-384
73. Dumont Y., Jacques D., St-Pierre J.A., Tong Y., Parker R., Herzog H., Quirion R. Distribution of NPY-like immunoreactivity and NPY receptor subtypes in the human brain. Handbook Chem. Neuroanat. 16:2000;431-475. Part II
74. Ebrahim I.O., Sharief M.K., De Lacy S., Semra Y.K., Howard R.S., Kopelman M.D., Williams A.J. Hypocretin (orexin) deficiency in narcolepsy and primary hypersomnia. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiat. 74:2003;127-130
75. Elias C.F., Lee C., Kelly J., Aschkenas C., Ahima R.S., Couceyro P.R., Kuhar M.J., Saper C.B., Elmquist J.K. Leptin activates hypothalamic CART neurons projecting to the spinal cord. Neuron. 21:1998;1375-1385
76. Elias C.F., Lee C.E., Kelly J.F., Ahima R.S., Kuhar M., Saper C.B., Elmquist J.K. Characterization of CART neurons in the rat and human hypothalamus. J. Comp. Neurol. 432:2001;1-19
77. Elmquist J.K., Ahima R.S., Maratos-Flier E., Flier J.S., Saper C.B. Leptin activates neurons in ventrobasal hypothalamus and brainstem. Endocrinology. 138:1997;839-842
78. Erickson J.C., Clegg K.E., Palmiter R.D. Sensitivity to leptin and susceptibility to seizures of mice lacking neuropeptide Y. Nature. 381:1996;415-418
79. Eriksson K.S., Sergeeva O., Brown R.E., Haas H.L. Orexinhypocretin excites the histaminergic neurons of the tuberomammillary nucleus. J. Neurosci. 21:2001;9273-9279
80. Erlich S.S., Itabashi H.H. Narcolepsy: A neuropathologic study. Sleep. 9:1986;126-132
81. Fan W., Boston B.A., Kesterson R.A., Hruby V.J., Cone R.D. Role of melanocortinergic neurons in feeding and the agouti obesity syndrome. Nature. 385:1997;165-168
82. Farooqi I.S., Jebb S.A., Langmack G., Lawrence E., Cheetham C.H., Prentice A.M., Hughes I.A., McCamish M.A., O'Rahilly S. Effects of recombinant leptin therapy in a child with congenital leptin deficiency. N. Engl. J. Med. 341:1999;879-884
83. Farooqi I.S., Keogh J.M., Yeo G.S.H., Lank E.J., Cheetham T., O'Rahilly S. Clinical spectrum of obesity and mutations in the melanocortin 4 receptor gene. N. Engl. J. Med. 348:2003;1085-1095
84. 4-10 decreases body fat in humans. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 86:2001;1144-1148
85. Fernandez J.K., Klein M.J., Ater J.L., Kuttesch J.F., Vassilopoulou-Sellin R. Triiodothyronine supplementation for hypothalamic obesity. Metabolism. 51:2002;1381-1383
86. Fernández-Guasti A., Kruijver F.P.M., Fodor M., Swaab D.F. Sex differences in the distribution of androgen receptors in the human hypothalamus. J. Comp. Neurol. 425:2000;422-435
87. Ferrari E., Magri F., Pontiggia B., Rondanelli M., Fioravanil M., Solerte S.B., Severgnini S. Circadian neuroendocrine functions in disorders of eating behavior. Eating Weight Disord. 2:1997;196-202
88. Fetissov S.O., Hallman J., Oreland L., Af Klinteberg B., Grenbäck E., Hulting A.-L., Hökfelt T. Autoantibodies against α-MSH, ACTH, and LHRH in anorexia and bulimia nervosa patients. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 99:2002;17155-17160
89. Fliers E., Noppen N.W.A.M., Wiersinga W.M., Visser T.J., Swaab D.F. Distribution of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)-containing cells and fibers in the human hypothalamus. J. Comp. Neurol. 350:1994;311-323
90. Fliers E., Guldenaar S.E.F., Wiersinga W.M., Swaab D.F. Decreased hypothalamic thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) gene expression in patients with nonthyroidal illness. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 82:1997;4032-4036
91. Fliers E., Alkemade A., Wiersinga W.M. The hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid axis in critical illness. Best Pract. Res. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 15:2001a;453-464
92. Fliers E., Unmehopa U., Manniesing S., Vuijst C.L., Wiersinga W.M., Swaab D.F. Decreased neuropeptide Y (NPY) expression in the infundibular nucleus of patients with nonthyroidal illness. Peptides. 22:2001b;459-465
93. Gai W.P., Geffen L.B., Blessing W.W. Galanin immunoreactive neurons in the human hypothalamus: Colocalization with vasopressin-containing neurons. J. Comp. Neurol. 298:1990;265-280
94. Gautier J-F., Del Parigi A., Chen K., Salbe A.D., Bandy D., Pratley R.E., Ravussin E., Reiman E.M., Tataranni P.A. Effect of satiation on brain activity in obese and lean women. Obesity Res. 9:2001;676-684
95. Gehlert D.R., Heiman M. Obesity: Leptin-neuropeptide Y interactions in the control of body weight. Bristol J.A. "Annual Reports in Medicinal Chemistry" Vol. 32:1997;21-30 Academic Press, San Diego, CA
96. Gencik M., Dahmen N., Wieczorek S., Kasten M., Bierbrauer J., Anghelescu I., Szegedi A., Saecker M., Epplen J.T. A prepro-orexin gene polymorphism is associated with narcolepsy. Neurology. 56:2001;115-117
97. Gerald C., Walker M.W., Criscione L., Gustafson E.L., Batzl-Hartmann C., Smith K.E., Vaysse P., Durkin M.M., Laz T.M., Linemeyer D.L., Schaffhauser A.O., Whitebread S., Hofbauer K.G., Taber R.I., Branchek T.A., Weinshank R.L. A receptor subtype involved in neuropeptide-Y-induced food intake. Nature. 382:1996;168-171
98. Giraudo S.Q., Billington C.J., Levine A.S. Feeding effects of hypothalamic injection of melanocortin 4 receptor ligands. Brain Res. 809:1998;302-306
99. Gold R.M. Hypothalamic obesity: The myth of the ventromedial nucleus. Science. 182:1973;488-490
100. Goldstone A.P., Unmehopa U.A., Bloom S.R., Swaab D.F. Hypothalamic neuropeptide Y and agouti-related protein are increased in human illness but not in Prader-Willi syndrome and other obese subjects. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 87:2002;927-937
101. Goldstone A.P., Unmehopa U., Swaab D.F. Hypothalamic growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) cell number in human illness, Prader-Willi syndrome and obesity. Clin. Endocrinol. 58:2003;743-755
102. Gordon N. The more unusual sleep disturbances of childhood. Brain Dev. 14:1992;182-184
103. Gorski R.A., Gordon J.H., Shryne J.E., Southam A.M. Evidence for a morphological sex difference within the medial preoptic area of the rat brain. Brain Res. 148:1978;333-346
104. Gravestock S. Eating disorders in adults with intellectual disability. J. Intellect. Disabil. Res. 44:2000;625-637
105. Griffond B., Baker B.I. Cell and molecular cell biology of melanin-concentrating hormone. Int. Rev. Cytol. 213:2002;233-277
106. Gu W., Tu Z., Kleyn P.W., Kissebah A., Duprat L., Lee J., Chin W., Maruti S., Deng N., Fisher S.L., Franco L.S., Burn P., Yagaloff K.A., Nathan J., Heymsfield S., Albu J., Pi-Sunyer F.X., Allison D.B. Identification and functional analysis of novel human melanocortin-4 receptor variants. Diabetes. 48:1999;635-639
107. Guldenaar S.E.F., Veldkamp B., Bakker O., Wiersinga W.M., Swaab D.F., Fliers E. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone gene expression in the human hypothalamus. Brain Res. 743:1996;93-101
108. Guldner J., Schier T., Friess E., Colla M., Holsboer F., Steiger A. Reduced efficacy of growth hormone-releasing hormone in modulating sleep endocrine activity in the elderly. Neurobiol. Aging. 18:1997;491-495
109. Hahn T.M., Breininger J.F., Baskin D.G., Schwartz M.W. Coexpression of Agrp and NPY in fasting-activated hypothalamic neurons. Nat. Neurosci. 1:1998;271-272
110. Halaas J.L., Gajiwala K.S., Maffei M., Cohen S.L., Chait B.T., Rabinowitz D., Lallone R.L., Burley S.K., Friedmann J.M. Weight-reducing effects of the plasma protein encoded by the obese gene. Science. 269:1995;543-546
111. Hall J.E., Gill S. Neuroendocrine aspects of aging in women. Endocrinol. Metab. Clin. North Am. 30:2001;631-646
112. Hara J., Beuckmann C.T., Nambu T., Willie J.T., Chemelli R.M., Sinton C.M., Sugiyama F., Yagami K-i., Goto K., Yanagisawa M., Sakurai T. Genetic ablation of orexin neurons in mice results in narcolepsy, hypophagia, and obesity. Neuron. 30:2001;345-354
113. Hart M.N. Hypertrophy of human subventricular hypothalamic nucleus in starvation. Arch. Pathol. 91:1971;493-496
114. Haugh R.M., Markesbery W.R. Hypothalamic astrocytoma. Syndrome of hyperphagia, obesity, and disturbances of behavior and endocrine and autonomic function. Arch. Neurol. 40:1983;560-563
115. Hebebrand J., Fichter M., Gerber G., Görg T., Hermann H., Geller F., Schäfer H., Remschmidt H., Hinney A. Genetic predisposition to obesity in bulimia nervosa: A mutation screen of the melanocortin-4 receptor gene. Mol. Psychiat. 7:2002;647-651
116. Hervé C., Fellmann D. Changes in rat melanin-concentrating hormone and dynorphin messenger ribonucleic acids induced by food deprivation. Neuropeptides. 31:1997;237-242
117. Higuchi S., Usui A., Murasaki M., Matsushita S., Nishioka N., Yoshino A., Matsui T., Muraoka H., Ishizuka Y., Kanba S., Sakurai T. Plasma orexin-A is lower in patients with narcolepsy. Neurosci. Lett. 318:2002;61-64
118. Hinney A., Schmidt A., Nottebom K., Heibült O., Becker I., Ziegler A., Gerber G., Sina M., Görg T., Mayer H., Siegfried W., Fichter M., Remschmidt H., Hebebrand J. Several mutations in the melanocortin-4 receptor gene including a nonsense and a frameshift mutation associated with dominantly inherited obesity in humans. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 84:1999;1483-1486
119. Hinney A., Hoch A., Geller F., Schäfer H., Siegfried W., Goldschmidt H., Remschmidt H., Hebebrand J. Ghrelin gene: Identification of missense variants and a frameshift mutation in extremely obese children and adolescents and healthy normal weight students. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 87:2002;2716-2719
120. Hirabayashi K., Shimokawa K., Ikeda K., Orthner H. Über 'Kernkugeln' in Nervenzellen des menschlichen Hypothalamus. J. Hirnforsch. 20:1979;455-465
121. Holsboer F., Spengler D., Heuser I. The role of corticotropin-releasing hormone in the pathogenesis of Cushing's disease, anorexia nervosa, alcoholism, affective disorders and dementia. Swaab D.F., Hofman M.A., Mirmiran M., Ravid R., Van Leeuwen F.W. "The Human Hypothalamus in Health and Disease. Progress in Brain Research" Vol. 93:1992;385-417 Elsevier, Amsterdam
122. Hopkins D.F.C., Williams G. Insulin receptors are widely distributed in human brain and bind human and porcine insulin with equal affinity. Diabet. Med. 14:1997;1044-1050
123. Horvath T.L., Naftolin F., Leranth C., Sahu A., Kalra S.P. Morphological and pharmacological evidence for neuropeptide Y-galanin interaction in the rat hypothalamus. Endocrinology. 137:1996;3069-3077
124. Hosono T., Yanase-Fujiwara M., Zhang Y.H., Xiao-ming C., Fukuda Y., Asaki Y., Yamaji K., Kanosue K. Effect of gonadotropin releasing hormone on thermoregulatory vasomotor activity in ovariectomized female rats. Brain Res. 754:1997;88-94
125. Hurd Y.L., Fagergren P. Human cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) mRNA is highly expressed in limbic- and sensory-related brain regions. J. Comp. Neurol. 425:2000;583-598
126. Huszar D., Lynch C.A., Fairchild-Huntress V., Dunmore J.H., Fang Q., Berkemeier L.R., Gu W., Kesterson R.A., Boston B.A., Cone R.D., Smith F.J., Campfield L.A., Burn P., Lee F. Targeted disruption of the melanocortin-4 receptor results in obesity in mice. Cell. 88:1997;131-141
127. Igarashi N., Tatsumi K., Nakamura A., Sakao S., Takiguchi Y., Nishikawa T., Kuriyama T. Plasma orexin-A levels in obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome. Chest. 124:2003;1381-1385
128. Inui A. Cancer anorexia-cachexia syndrome: Are neuropeptides the key? Cancer Res. 59:1999;4493-4501
129. Iseki K., Mezaki T., Oka Y., Terada K., Tomimoto H., Miki Y., Shibasaki H. Hypersomnia in MS. Neurology. 59:2002;2006
130. Izumi Y., Tatsumi K., Okamoto S., Ogawa T., Hosokawa A., Matsuo T., Kato Y., Fukui H., Amino N. Analysis of the KAL1 gene in 19 Japanese patients with Kallmann syndrome. Endocr. J. 48:2001;143-149
131. Jackson R.S., Creemers J.W.M., Ohagi S., Raffin-Sanson M.-L., Sanders L., Mantague C., Hutton J.C., O'Rahilly S. Obesity and impaired prohormone processing associated with mutations in the human prohormone convertase 1 ((PC1) gene. Nat. Genet. 16:1997;303-306
132. Jacobson P., Ukkola O., Rankinen T., Snyder E.E., Leon A.S., Rao D.C., Skinner J.S., Wilmore J.H., Lönn L., Cowan G.S., Sjöstrom L., Bouchard C. Melanocortin 4 receptor sequence variations are seldom a cause of human obesity: The Swedish obese subjects, the HERITAGE family study, and a Memphis cohort. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 87:2002;4442-4446
133. 1 receptor mRNA in the human brain: An in situ hybridization study. Neuroreport. 7:1996;1053-1056
134. Jacques D., Dumont Y., Fournier A., Quirion R. Characterization of neuropeptide Y receptor subtypes in the normal human brain, including the hypothalamus. Neuroscience. 79:1997;129-148
135. Jacques D., Tong Y., Shen S.H., Quirion R. Discrete distribution of the neuropeptide Y Y5 receptor gene in the human brain: An in situ hybridization study. Mol. Brain Res. 61:1998;100-107
136. Johnson J.G., Cohen P., Kasen S., Brook J.S. Childhood adversities associated with risk for eating disorders or weight problems during adolescence or early adulthood. Am. J. Psychiat. 159:2002a;394-400
137. Johnson J.G., Cohen P., Kasen S., Brook J.S. Eating disorders during adolescence and the risk for physical and mental disorders during early adulthood. Arch. Gen. Psychiat. 59:2002b;545-552
138. Kadotani H., Faraco J., Mignot E. Genetic studies in the sleep disorder narcolepsy. Genome Res. 8:1998;427-434
139. Kalra S.P., Kalra P.S. Nutritional infertility: The role of the interconnected hypothalamic neuropeptide-Y-galanin-opioid network. Front. Neuroendocrinol. 17:1996;371-401
140. Kalra S.P., Horvath T., Naftolin F., Xu B., Pu S., Kalra P.S. The interactive language of the hypothalamus for the gonadotropin releasing hormone (GNRH) system. J. Neuroendocrinol. 9:1997;569-576
141. Kalra S.P., Dube M.G., Pu S., Xu B., Horvath T.L., Kalra P.S. Interacting appetite-regulating pathways in the hypothalamic regulation of body weight. Endocr. Rev. 20:1999;68-100
142. Kanbayashi T., Inoue Y., Chiba S., Aizawa R., Saito Y., Tsukamoto H., Fujii Y., Nishino S., Shimizu T. CSF hypocretin-1 (orexin-A) concentrations in narcolepsy with and without cataplexy and idiopathic hypersomnia. J. Sleep Res. 11:2002a;91-93
143. Kanbayashi T., Yano T., Ishiguro H., Kawanishi K., Chiba S., Aizawa R., Sawaishi Y., Hirota K., Nishino S., Shimizu T. Hypocretin-1 (orexin-A) levels in human lumbar CSF in different age groups: Infants to elderly persons. Sleep. 25:2002b;337-339
144. Kanbayashi T., Abe M., Fujimoto S., Miyachi T., Takahashi T., Yano T., Sawaishi Y., Arii J., Szilagyi G., Shimizu T. Hypocretin deficiency in Niemann-Pick type C with cataplexy. Neuropediatrics. 34:2003;52-53
145. Karydis I., Tolis G. Orexis, anorexia, and thyrotropin-releasing hormone. Thyroid. 8:1998;947-950
146. Kasckow J.W., Hagan M., Mulchahey J.J., Baker D.G., Ekhator N.N., Strawn J.R., Nicholson W., Orth D.N., Loosen P.T., Geracioti T.D. Jr. The effect of feeding on cerebrospinal fluid corticotropin-releasing hormone levels in human. Brain Res. 904:2001;218-224
147. Kish S.J., Mamelak M., Slimovitch C., Dixon L.M., Lewis A., Shannak K., DiStefano L., Chang L.J., Hornykiewicz O. Brain neurotransmitter changes in human narcolepsy. Neurology. 42:1992;229-234
148. Kobayashi H., Ogawa Y., Shintani M., Ebihara K., Shimodahira M., Iwakura T., Hino M., Ishihara T., Ikekubo K., Kurahachi H., Nakao K. A novel homozygous missense mutation of melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R) in a Japanese woman with severe obesity. Diabetes. 51:2002;243-246
149. Kok S.W., Meinders A.E., Overeem S., Lammers G.J., Roelfsema F., Frolich M., Pijl H. Reduction of plasma leptin levels and loss of its circadian rhythmicity in hypocretin (orexin)-deficient narcoleptic humans. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 87:2002;805-809
150. Kopelman P.G. Is the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis really hyperactivated in visceral obesity? J. Endocrinol. Invest. 22:1999;76-80
151. Köpp W., Blum W.F., Von Prittwitz S., Ziegler A., Lübbert H., Emons G., Herzog W., Herpertz S., Deter H.-C., Remschmidt H., Hebebrand J. Low leptin levels predict amenorrhea in underweight and eating disordered females. Mol. Psychiat. 2:1997;335-340
152. Koutcherov Y., Mai J.K., Ashwell K.W.S., Paxinos G. Organization of human hypothalamus in fetal development. J. Comp. Neurol. 446:2002;301-324
153. Krahn L.E., Pankratz V.S., Oliver L., Boeve B.F., Silber M.H. Hypocretin (orexin) levels in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with narcolepsy: Relationship to cataplexy and HLA DQB*0602 status. Sleep. 25:2002;733-736
154. Kreier F., Fliers E., Voshol P.J., Van Eden C.G., Havekes L.M., Kalsbeek A., Van Heijningen C.L., Sluiter A.A., Mettenleiter T.C., Romijn J.A., Sauerwein H.P., Buijs R.M. Selective parasympathetic innervation of subcutaneous and intra-abdominal fat - functional implications. J. Clin. Invest. 110:2002;1243-1250
155. Krude H., Grüters A. Implications of proopiomelanocortin (POMC) mutations in humans: The POMC deficiency syndrome. Trends Endocrinol. Metab. 11:2000;15-22
156. Krude H., Biebermann H., Luck W., Horn R., Brabant G., Grüters A. Severe early-onset obesity, adrenal insufficiency and red hair pigmentation caused by POMC mutations in humans. Nat. Genet. 19:1998;155-157
157. Krude H., Biebermann H., Schnabel D., Tansek M.Z., Theunissen P., Mullis P.E., Grüters A. Obesity due to propiomelanocortin deficiency: Three new cases and treatment trials with thyroid hormone and ACTH4-10. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 88:2003;4633-4640
158. Kruijver F.P.M., Zhou J.N., Pool C.W., Hofman M.A., Gooren L.J.G., Swaab D.F. Male-to-female transsexuals have female neuron numbers in a limbic nucleus. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 85:2000;2034-2041
159. Kruijver F.P.M., Fernández-Guasti A., Fodor M., Kraan E., Swaab D.F. Sex differences in androgen receptors of the human mamillary bodies are
160. Kruijver F.P.M., Balesar R., Espila A., Unmehopa U.A., Swaab D.F. Estrogen receptor-α distribution in the human hypothalamus in relation to sex and endocrine status. J. Comp. Neurol. 454:2002;115-139
161. Kubota H., Kanbayashi T. A case of acute disseminated encephalomyelitis presenting hypersomnia with decreased hypocretin level in cerebrospinal fluid. J. Child Neurol. 17:2002;537-539
162. Kunii K., Yamanaka A., Nambu T., Matsuzaki I., Goto K., Sakurai T. Orexinshypocretins regulate drinking behaviour. Brain Res. 842:1999;256-261
163. Lampl Y., Eshel Y., Kessler A., Fux A., Gilad R., Boaz M., Matas Z., Sadeh M. Serum leptin level in women with idiopathic intracranial hypertension. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiat. 72:2002;642-643
164. Landt M., Parvin C.A., Wong M. Leptin in cerebrospinal fluid from children: Correlation with plasma leptin, sexual dimorphism, and lack of protein binding. Clin. Chem. 46:2000;854-858
165. Laviano A., Russo M., Freda F., Rossi-Fanelli F. Neurochemical mechanisms for cancer anorexia. Nutrition. 18:2002;100-105
166. Lecendreux M., Maret S., Bassetti C., Mouren M.-C., Tafu M. Letter to the Editor. Clinical efficacy of high-dose intravenous immunoglobulins near the onset of narcolepsy in a 10-year-old boy. J. Sleep Res. 12:2003;347-348
167. Lee Y.-S., Kok-Seng Poh L., Loke K.-Y. A novel melanocortin 3 receptor gene (MC3R) mutation associated with severe obesity. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 87:2002;1423-1426
168. Leibowitz S.F. Neurochemical-neuroendocrine systems in the brain controlling macronutrient intake and metabolism. Trends Neurosci. 15:1992;491-497
169. LeVay S. A difference in hypothalamic structure between heterosexual and homosexual men. Science. 253:1991;1034-1037
170. Li C., Chen P., Smith M.S. Corticotropin releasing hormone neurons in the paraventricular neurons are direct targets for neuropeptide Y neurons in the arcuate nucleus: An anterograde tracing study. Brain Res. 854:2000;122-129
171. Liang Y.-Q., Akishita M., Kim S., Ako J., Hashimoto M., Iijima K., Ohike Y., Watanabe T., Sudoh N., Toba K., Yoshizumi M., Ouchi Y. Estrogen receptor β is involved in the anorectic action of estrogen. Int. J. Obesity. 26:2002;1103-1109
172. Lin L., Faraco J., Li R., Kadotani H., Rogers W., Lin X., Qiu X., De Jong P.J., Nishino S., Mignot E. The sleep disorder canine narcolepsy is caused by a mutation in the hypocretin (orexin) receptor 2 gene. Cell. 98:1999;365-376
173. Lin L., Hungs M., Mignot E. Narcolepsy and the HLA region. J. Neuroimmunol. 117:2001;9-20
174. Liposits Z., Sievers L., Paull W.K. Neuropeptide-Y and ACTH-immunoreactive innervation of corticotropin releasing factor (CRF)-synthesizing neurons in the hypothalamus of the rat. An immunocytochemical analysis at the light and electron microscopic levels. Histochemistry. 88:1988;227-234
175. Liu Y., Gao J-H., Liu H-L., Fox P.T. The temporal response of the brain after eating revealed by functional MRI. Nature. 405:2000;1058-1062
176. Loup F., Tribollet E., Dubois-Dauphin M., Dreifuss J.J. Localization of high-affinity binding sites for oxytocin and vasopressin in the human brain. An autoradiographic study. Brain Res. 555:1991;220-232
177. Lu S., Guan J.-L., Wang Q.-P., Uehara K., Yamada S., Goto N., Date Y., Nakazato M., Kojima M., Kangawa K., Shioda S. Immunocytochemical observation of ghrelin-containing neurons in the rat arcuate nucleus. Neurosci. Lett. 321:2002;157-160
178. Ludwig D.S., Mountjoy K.G., Tatro J.B., Gillette J.A., Frederich R.C., Flier J.S., Maratos-Flier E. Melanin-concentrating hormone: A functional melanocortin antagonist in the hypothalamus. Am. J. Physiol. 274:1998;E627-633
179. Lustig R.H., Rose S.R., Burghen G.A., Velasquez-Mieyer P., Broome D.C., Smith K., Li H., Hudson M.M., Heideman R.L., Kun L.E. Hypothalamic obesity caused by cranial insult in children: Altered glucose and insulin dynamics and reversal by a somatostatin agonist. J. Pediatr. 135:1999;162-168
180. Lustig R.H., Post S.R., Srivannaboon K., Rose S.R., Danish R.K., Burghen G.A., Xiong X., Wu S., Merchant T.E. Risk factors for the development of obesity in children surviving brain tumors. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 88:2003;611-616
181. MacNeil D.J., Howard A.D., Guan X., Fong T.M., Nargund R.P., Bednarek M.A., Goulet M.T., Weinberg D.H., Strack A.M., Marsh D.J., Chen H.Y., Shen C-P., Chen A.S., Rosenblum C.I., MacNeil T., Tota M., MacIntyre E.D., Van der Ploeg L.H.T. The role of melanocortins in body weight regulation: Opportunities for the treatment of obesity. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 440:2002;141-157
182. Mai J.K., Stephens P.H., Hopf A., Cuello A.C. Substance P in the human brain. Neuroscience. 17:1986;709-739
183. Malik S., Boeve B.F., Krahn L.E., Silber M.H. Narcolepsy associated with other central nervous system disorders. Neurology. 57:2001;539-541
184. Mantzoros C.S. Role of leptin in reproduction. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 900:2000;174-183
185. Mantzoros C.S., Flier J.S., Rogol A.D. A longitudinal assessment of hormonal and physical alterations during normal puberty in boys. V. Rising leptin levels may signal the onset of puberty. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 82:1997;1066-1070
186. Marcus C.L., Trescher W.H., Halbower A.C., Lutz J. Secondary narcolepsy in children with brain tumors. Sleep. 25:2002;435-439
187. Marks D.L., Ling N., Cone R.D. Role of the central melanocortin system in cachexia. Cancer Res. 61:2001;1432-1438
188. Marsh D.J., Hollopeter G., Kafer K.E., Palmiter R.D. Role of the Y5 neuropeptide Y receptor in feeding and obesity. Nat. Med. 4:1998;718-721
189. McMillen I.C., Phillips I.D., Ross J.T., Robinson J.S., Owens J.A. Chronic stress - the key to parturition? Reprod. Fertil. Dev. 7:1995;499-507
190. Melberg A., Ripley B., Lin L., Hetta J., Mignot E., Nishino S. Hypocretin deficiency in familial symptomatic narcolepsy. Ann. Neurol. 49:2001;136-137
191. Meldrum D.R., Erlik Y., Lu J.K.H., Judd H.L. Objectively recorded hot flushes in patients with pituitary insufficiency. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 52:1981;684-688
192. Mengod G., Rigo M., Savasta M., Probst A., Palacios J.M. Regional distribution of neuropeptide somatostatin gene expression in the human brain. Synapse. 12:1992;62-74
193. Mergen M., Mergen H., Ozata M., Oner R., Oner C. A novel melanocortin 4 receptor (MC4R) gene mutation associated with morbid obesity. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 86:2001;3448-3451
194. Mignot E. A commentary on the neurobiology of the hypocretinorexin system. Neuropsychopharmacolog. 25:(5 Suppl.):2001;S5-S13
195. Mignot E., Lammers G.J., Ripley B., Okun M., Nevsimalova S., Overeem S., Vankova J., Black J., Harsh J., Bassetti C., Schrader H., Nishino S. The role of cerebrospinal fluid hypocretin measurement in the diagnosis of narcolepsy and other hypersomnias. Arch. Neurol. 59:2002;1553-1562
196. Mihály E., Fekete C., Tatro J.B., Liposits Z., Stopa E.G., Lechan R.M. Hypophysiotropic thyrotropin-releasing hormone-synthesizing neurons in the human hypothalamus are innervated by neuropeptide Y, agouti-related protein, and α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 85:2000;2596-2603
197. Mizusawa H., Hedlund P., Andersson K-E. α-Melanocyte stimulating hormone and oxytocin induced penile erections, and intracavernous pressure increases in the rat. J. Urol. 167:2002;757-760
198. Montague C.T., Farooqi I.S., Whitehead J.P., Soos M.A., Rau H., Wareham N.J., Sewter C.P., Digby J.E., Mohammed S.N., Hurst J.A., Cheetham C.H., Earley A.R., Barnett A.H., Prins J.B., O'Rahilly S. Congenital leptin deficiency is associated with severe early-onset obesity in humans. Nature. 387:1997;903-908
199. Moore R.Y., Abrahamson E.A., Van den Pol A.N. The hypocretin neuron system: An arousal system in the human brain. Arch. Ital. Biol. 139:2001;195-205
200. Morash B., Li A., Murphy P.R., Wilkinson M., Ur E. Leptin gene expression in the brain and pituitary gland. Endocrinology. 140:1999;5995-5998
201. Morton G.J., Schwartz M.W. The NPYAgRP neuron and energy homeostasis. Int. J. Obesity. 25:(Suppl. 5):2001;556-562
202. Mouri T.K., Takahashi K., Kawauchi H., Sone M., Totsune K., Murakami O., Itoi K., Ohneda M., Sasano H., Sasano N. Melanin-concentrating hormone in the human brain. Peptides. 14:1993;643-646
203. Müller M.B., Keck M.E., Zimmermann S., Holsboer F., Wurst W. Disruption of feeding behavior in CRH receptor I-deficient mice is dependent on glucocorticoids. Neuroreport. 11:2000;1963-1966
204. Nagai K., Nagai N., Shimizu K., Chun S., Nakagawi H., Niijima A. SCN output drives the autonomic nervous system: with special reference to the autonomic function related to the regulation of glucose metabolism. Buijs R.M., Kalsbeek A., Romijn H.J., Pennartz C.M.A., Mirmiran M. "Hypothalamic Integration of Circadian Rhythms. Progress in Brain Research" Vol. 111:1996;253-272 Elsevier, Amsterdam
205. Nagashima K., Zabriskie J.B., Lyons M.J. Virus-induced obesity in mice: Association with a hypothalamic lesion. J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 51:1992;101-109
206. Nagle D.L., McGrail S.H., Vitale J., Woolf E.A., Dussault B.J., DiRocco L., Holmgren L., Montagno J., Bork P., Huszar D., Fairchild-Huntress V., Ge P., Keilty J., Ebelings C., Baldini L., Gilchrist J., Burn P., Carlson G.A., Moore K.J. The mahogany protein is a receptor involved in suppression of obesity. Nature. 398:1999;148-152
207. Najimi M., Chigr F., Champier J., Tabib A., Kopp N., Jodani D. Autoradiographic distribution of TRH binding sites in the human hypothalamus. Brain Res. 563:1991;66-76
208. Najimi M., Bennis M., Moyse E., Chigr F. Distribution of delta sleep-inducing peptide in the newborn and infant human hypothalamus: An immunohistochemical study. Biol. Res. 34:2001;31-42
209. Nakazato M., Murakami N., Date Y., Kojima M., Matsuo H., Kangawa K., Matsukura S. A role for ghrelin in the central regulation of feeding. Nature. 409:2001;194-198
210. Naveilhan P., Hassani H., Canals J.M., Ekstrand A.J., Larefalk Å., Chhaljani V., Arenas E., Gedda K., Svensson L., Thoren P., Ernfors P. Normal feeding behavior, body weight and leptin response require the neuropeptide Y Y2 receptor. Nat. Med. 5:1999;1188-1193
211. Nishijima T., Sakurai S., Arihara Z., Takahashi K. Plasma-orexin-A-like immunoreactivity in patients with sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome. Peptides. 24:2003;407-411
212. Nishino S., Ripley B., Overeem S., Lammers G.J., Mignot E. Hypocretin (orexin) deficiency in human narcolepsy. Lancet. 355:2000;39-40
213. Nishino S., Ripley B., Overeem S., Nevsimalova S., Lammers G.J., Vankova J., Okun M., Rogers W., Brooks S., Mignot E. Low cerebrospinal fluid hypocretin (orexin) and altered energy homeostasis in human narcolepsy. Ann. Neurol. 50:2001;381-388
214. Nishino S., Kanbayashi T., Fujiki N., Uchino M., Ripley B., Watanabe M., Lammers G.J., Ishiguro H., Shoji S., Nishida Y., Overeem S., Toyoshima I., Yoshida Y., Shimizu T., Taheri S., Mignot E. CSF hypocretin levels in Guillain-Barré syndrome and other inflammatory neuropathies. Neurology. 61:2003;823-825
215. Nishino S., Ripley B., Mignot E., Benson K.L., Zarcone V.P. CSF hypocretin-1 levels in schizophrenics and controls: Relationship to sleep architecture. Psychiatry Res. 110:2002;1-7
216. Nonogaki K. Obesity: Autonomic circuits versus feeding. Nat. Med. 5:1999;742-743
217. Northcutt R.G., Muske L.E. Multiple embryonic origins of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) immunoreactive neurons. Dev. Brain Res. 78:1994;279-290
218. Ólafsdóttir B.R., Rye D.B., Scammell T.E., Matheson J.K., Stefánsson K., Gulcher J.R. Polymorphisms in hypocretinorexin pathway genes and narcolepsy. Neurology. 57:2001;1896-1899
219. Orthner H., Schiebler T.H. Pathologische Anatomie der neuro-endokrinen Erkrankungen. I. Hypophysärer Infantilismus. Arch. Psychiat. Zeit. Neurol. 186:1951;59-87
220. Overeem S., Mignot E., Van Dijk G., Lammers G.J. Narcolepsy: Clinical features, new pathophysiologic insights, and future perspectives. J. Clin. Neurophysiol. 18:2001;78-105
221. Overeem S., Van Vliet J.A., Lammers G.J., Zitman F.G., Swaab D.F., Ferrari M.D. The hypothalamus in episodic brain disorders. Lancet Neurol. 1:2002;437-444
222. Overeem S., Kok S.W., Lammers G.J., Vein A.A., Frölich M., Meinders A.E., Roelfsema F., Pijl H. Somatotropic axis in hypocretin-deficient narcoleptic humans: Altered circadian distribution of GH-secretory events. Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 284:2003;E641-E647
223. Overeem S., Dalmau J., Bataller L., Nishino S., Mignot E., Verschuuren J., Lammers G.J. Hypocretin-1 CSF levels in anti-Ma2 associated encephalitis. Neurology. 62:2004;138-140
224. Ozisik G., Achermann J.C., Jameson J.L. The role of SF1 in adrenal and reproductive function: Insight from naturally occurring mutations in humans. Mol. Genet. Metab. 76:2002;85-91
225. Pasquali R., Vicennati V. Activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in different obesity phenotypes. Int. J. Obesity. 24:(Suppl. 2):2000a;S47-S49
226. Pasquali R., Vicennati V. The abdominal obesity phenotype and insulin resistance are associated with abnormalities of the hypothalamic-pituitary- adrenal axis in humans. Horm. Metab. Res. 32:2000b;521-525
227. Paulin C., Dubois P.M., Barry J., Dubois P.M. Immunofluorescence study of LH-RH producing cells in the human fetal hypothalamus. Cell Tissue Res. 182:1977;341-345
228. Pelletier G., Désy L., Lissitzky J-C., Labrie F., Li C.H. Immunohistochemical localization of β-LPH in the human hypothalamus. Life Sci. 22:1978;1799-1804
229. Pelletier G., Desy L., Kerkerian L., Côte J. Immunocytochemical localization of neuropeptide Y (NPY) in the human hypothalamus. Cell Tissue Res. 238:1984;203-205
230. Pelletier G., Désy L., Côte J., Lefèvre G., Vaudry H. Light-microscopic immunocytochemical localization of growth hormone-releasing factor in the human hypothalamus. Cell Tissue Res. 245:1986;461-463
231. Pelletier G., Guy J., Désy L., Li S., Eberle A.N., Vaudry H. Melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) is colocalized with α-melanocyte- stimulating hormone (α-MSH) in the rat but not in the human hypothalamus. Brain Res. 423:1987;247-253
232. Pérusse L., Chagnon Y.C., Weisnagel S.J., Rankinen T., Snyder E., Sands J., Bouchard C. The human obesity map: The 2000 update. Obesity Res. 9:2001;135-169
233. Peterson H.R., Rothschild M., Weinberg C.R., Fell R.D., McLeish K.R., Pfeifer M.A. Body fat and the activity of the autonomic nervous system. N. Engl. J. Med. 318:1988;1077-1083
234. Peyron C., Faraco J., Rogers W., Ripley B., Overeem S., Charnay Y., Nevsimalova S., Aldrich M., Reynolds D., Albin R., Li R., Hungs M., Pedrazzoli M., Padigaru M., Kucherlapati M., Fan J., Maki R., Lammers G.J., Bouras C., Kucherlapati R., Nishino S., Mignot E. A mutation in a case of early onset narcolepsy and a generalized absence of hypocretin peptides in human narcoleptic brains. Nat. Med. 6:2000;991-997
235. Pilcher W.H., Joseph S.A., McDonald J.V. Immunocytochemical localization of proopiomelanocortin neurons in human brain areas subserving stimulation analgesia. J. Neurosurg. 68:1988;621-629
236. Plagemann A., Harder T., Rake A., Melchior K., Rohde W., Dörner G. Increased number of galanin-neurons in the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus of neonatally overfed weanling rats. Brain Res. 818:1999;160-163
237. Polivy J., Herman C.P. Causes of eating disorders. Annu. Rev. Psychol. 53:2002;187-213
238. Purba J.S., Hoogendijk W.J.G., Hofman M.A., Swaab D.F. Increased number of vasopressin- and oxytocin-expressing neurons in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus in depression. Arch. Gen. Psychiatr. 53:1996;137-143
239. Putignano P., Dubini A., Toja P., Invitti C., Bonfanti S., Redaelli G., Zappulli D., Cavagnini F. Salivary cortisol measurement in normal-weight, obese and anorexic women: Comparison with plasma cortisol. Eur. J. Endocrinol. 145:2001;165-171
240. Qu D., Ludwig D.S., Gammeltoft S., Piper M., Pelleymounter M.A., Cullen M.J., Foulds Mathes W., Przypek J., Kanarek R., Maratos-Flier E. A role for melanin-concentrating hormone in the central regulation of feeding behaviour. Nature. 380:1996;243-247
241. Quanbeck C., Sherwood N.M., Millar R.P., Terasawa E. Two populations of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone neurons in the forebrain of the rhesus Macaque during embryonic development. J. Comp. Neurol. 380:1997;293-309
242. Raadsheer F.C., Van Heerikhuize J.J., Lucassen P.J., Hoogendijk W.J.G., Tilders F.J.H., Swaab D.F. Corticotropin-releasing hormone mRNA levels in the paraventricular nucleus of patients with Alzheimer's disease and depression. Am. J. Psychiatr. 152:1995;1372-1376
243. Rance N.E. Hormonal influences on morphology and neuropeptide gene expression in the infundibular nucleus of post-menopausal women. Swaab D.F., Hofman M.A., Mirmiran M., Ravid R., Van Leeuwen F.W. "The Human Hypothalamus in Health and Disease: Progress in Brain Research" Vol. 93:1992;221-236 Elsevier, Amsterdam
244. Rance N.E., Uswandi S.V. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone gene expression is increased in the medial basal hypothalamus of postmenopausal women. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 81:1996;3540-3546
245. Rance N.E., Young W.S. III. Hypertrophy and increased gene expression of neurons containing neurokinin-B and substance-P messenger ribonucleic acids in the hypothalamic of postmenopausal women. Endocrinology. 128:1991;2239-2247
246. Rance N.E., McMullen N.T., Smialek J.E., Price D.L., Young W.S. III. Postmenopausal hypertrophy of neurons expressing the estrogen receptor gene in the human hypothalamus. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 71:1990;79-85
247. Rance N.E., Uswandi S.V., McMullen N.T. Neuronal hypertrophy in the hypothalamus of older men. Neurobiol. Aging. 14:1993;337-342
248. Rance N.E., Young W.S. III, McMullen N.T. Topography of neurons expressing luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone gene transcripts in the human hypothalamus and basal forebrain. J. Comp. Neurol. 339:1994;573-586
249. Rasmussen D.D. Human hypothalamic and pituitary neuroendocrine function during in vitro perifusion. Swaab D.F., Hofman M.A., Mirmiran M., Ravid R., Van Leeuwen F.W. "The Human Hypothalamus in Health and Disease. Progress in Brain Research" Vol. 93:1992;69-81 Elsevier, Amsterdam
250. Ravelli G.-P., Stein Z.A., Susser M.W. Obesity in young men after famine exposure in utero and early infancy. N. Engl. J. Med. 295:1976;349-353
251. Ravnikar V., Elkind-Hirsch K., Schiff I., Ryan K.J., Tulchinsky D. Vasomotor flushes and the release of peripheral immunoreactive luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone in postmenopausal women. Fertil. Steril. 41:1984;881-887
252. Rebar R.W., Spitzer I.B. The physiology and measurement of hot flushes. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 156:1987;1284-1288
253. Reichlin S. Is leptin a secretion of the brain. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 84:1999;2267-2269
254. Ripley B., Overeem S., Fujiki M., Nevsimalova S., Uchino M., Yesavage J., Di Monte D., Dohi K., Melberg A., Lammers G.J., Nishida Y., Roelandse F.W.C., Hungs M., Mignot E., Nishino S. CSF hypocretinorexin levels in narcolepsy and other neurological conditions. Neurology. 57:2001;2253-2258
255. Rohner-Jeanrenaud F. A neuroendocrine reappraisal of the dual-centre hypothesis: Its implications for obesity and insulin resistance. Int. J. Obesity. 19:1995;517-534
256. Rolls E.T. The neurophysiology of feeding. Int. J. Obesity. 8:(Suppl. 1):1984;139-150
257. Rosenbaum M., Leibel R.L., Hirsch J. Obesity. N. Engl. J. Med. 337:1997;396-407
258. Rosmond R., Chagnon Y.C., Holm G., Chagnon M., Pérusse L., Lindell K., Carlsson B., Bouchard C., Björntorp P. A glucocorticoid receptor gene marker is associated with abdominal obesity, leptin, and dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Obesity Res. 8:2000;211-218
259. Rosmond R., Ukkola O., Bouchard C., Björntorp P. Polymorphisms in exon 3 of the proopiomelanocortin gene in relation to serum leptin, salivary cortisol, and obesity in Swedish men. Metabolism. 51:2002;642-644
260. Rossi M., Kim M.S., Morgan D.G.A., Small C.J., Edwards C.M.B., Sunter D., Abusnana S., Goldstone A.P., Russell S.H., Stanley S.A., Smith D.M., Yagaloff M.A., Ghatei, Bloom S.R. A C-terminal fragment of Agouti-related protein increases feeding and antagonizes the effect of alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone in vivo. Endocrinology. 139:1998;4428-4431
261. Sahu A. Leptin decreased food intake induced by melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH), galanin (GAL) and neuropeptide Y (NPY) in the rat. Endocrinology. 139:1998;4739-4742
262. Sailer A.W., Sano H., Zeng Z., McDonald T.P., Pan J., Pong S-S., Feighner S.D., Tan C.P., Fukami T., Iwaasa H., Hreniuk D.L., Morin N.R., Sadowski S.J., Ito M., Ito M., Bansal A., Ky B., Figueroa D.J., Jiang Q., Austin C.P., MacNeill D.J., Ishihara A., Ihara M., Kanatani A., Van der Ploeg L.H.T., Howard A.D., Liu Q. Identification and characterization of a second melanin-concentrating hormone receptor, MCH-2R. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 98:2001;7564-7569
263. Saito Y., Nothacker H.-P., Wang Z., Lin S.H.S., Leslie F., Civelli O. Molecular characterization of the melanin-concentrating-hormone receptor. Nature. 400:1999;265-269
264. Sakurai T., Amemiya A., Ishii M., Matsuzaki I., Chemelli R.M., Tanaka H., Williams S.C., Richardson J.A., Kozlowski G.P., Wilson S., Arch J.R., Buckingham R.E., Haynes A.C., Carr S.A., Annan R.S., McNulty D.E., Liu W.S., Terrett J.A., Elshourbagy N.A., Bergsma D.J., Yanagisawa M. Orexins and orexin receptors: A family of hypothalamic neuropeptides and G protein-coupled receptors that regulate feeding behavior. Cell. 92:1998;573-585
265. Samson W.K., Resch Z.T. The hypocretinorexin story. Trends Endocrinol. Metab. 11:2000;257-262
266. 28k- containing neurons in the human hypothalamus: Relationship to dopaminergic neurons. Neurodegeneration. 4:1995;375-381
267. Saper C.B. Hypothalamus. Paxinos G. The Human Nervous System. 1990;389-413 Academic Press, San Diego, CA
268. Sarrieau A., Najimi M., Chigr F., Kopp N., Jordan D., Rostene W. Localization and developmental pattern of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide binding sites in the human hypothalamus. Synapse. 17:1994;129-140
269. Satoh F., Takahashi K., Murakami O., Totsune K., Sone M., Ohneda M., Sasano H., Mouri T. Immunocytochemical localization of adrenomedullin-like immunoreactivity in the human hypothalamus and the adrenal gland. Neurosci. Lett. 203:1996;207-210
270. Satoh N., Ogawa Y., Katsuura G., Hayase M., Tsuji T., Imagawa K., Yoshimasa Y., Nishi S., Hosoda K., Nakao K. The arcuate nucleus as a primary site of satiety effect of leptin in rats. Neurosci. Lett. 224:1997;149-152
271. Satoh N., Ogawa Y., Katsuura G., Numata Y., Masuzaki H., Yoshimasa Y., Nakao K. Satiety effect and sympathetic activation of leptin are mediated by hypothalamic melanocortin system. Neurosci. Lett. 249:1998;107-110
272. Scammell T.E., Nishino S., Mignot E., Saper C.B. Narcolepsy and low CSF orexin (hypocretin) concentration after a diencephalic stroke. Neurology. 56:2001;1751-1753
273. Schalin-Jäntti C., Valli-Jaakola K., Oksanen L., Martelin E., Laitinen K., Krusius T., Mustajoki P., Heikinheimo M., Kontula K. Melanocortin-3-receptor gene variants in morbid obesity. Int. J. Obesity. 27:2003;70-74
274. Schiöth H.B., Muceniece R., Wikberg J.E.S. Characterization of the binding of MSH-B, HP-228, GHRP-6 and 153N-6 to the human melanocortin receptor subtypes. Neuropeptides. 31:1997;565-571
275. Schuld A., Blum W.F., Uhr M., Haack M., Kraus T., Holsboer F., Pollmächer T. Reduced leptin levels in human narcolepsy. Neuroendocrinology. 72:2000;195-198
276. Schultz C., Braak H., Braak E. A sex difference in neurodegeneration of the human hypothalamus. Neurosci. Lett. 212:1996;103-106
277. Schultz C., Ghebremedhin E., Braak E., Braak H. Sex-dependent cytoskeletal changes of the human hypothalamus develop independently of Alzheimer's disease. Exp. Neurol. 160:1999;186-193
278. Schwanzel-Fukuda M., Bick D., Pfaff D.W. Luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH)-expressing cells do not migrate normally in an inherited hypogonadal (Kallmann) syndrome. Mol. Brain Res. 6:1989;311-326
279. Schwanzel-Fukuda M., Crossin K.L., Pfaff D.W., Bouloux P.M.G., Hardelin J-P., Petit C. Migration of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) neurons in early human embryos. J. Comp. Neurol. 366:1996;547-557
280. Schwartz M.J., Seeley R.J. Neuroendocrine responses to starvation and weight loss. N. Engl. J. Med. 336:1997;1802-1811
281. Seminara S.B., Hayes F.J., Crowley W.F. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone deficiency in the human (idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and Kallmann's syndrome): Pathophysiological and genetic considerations. Endocr. Rev. 19:1998;521-539
282. Servan J., Marchand F., Garma L., Seilhean D., Hauw J.J., Delattre J.Y. Narcolepsie révélation d'une neurosarcoÏdose. Rev. Neurol. 151:1995;281-283
283. Sheehan H.L., Kovacs K. Neurohypophysis and hypothalamus. Bloodworth J.M.B. Endocrine Pathology. General and Surgical. 1982;45-99 Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore
284. Shimada M., Tritos N.A., Lowell B.B., Flier J.S., Maratos-Flier E. Mice lacking melanin-concentrating hormone are hypophagic and lean. Nature. 396:1998;670-674
285. Shintani M., Ogawa Y., Ebihara K., Aizawa-Abe M., Miyanaga F., Takaya K., Hayashi T., Inoue G., Hosoda K., Kojima M., Kangawa K., Nakao K. Ghrelin, an endogenous growth hormone secretagogue, is a novel orexigenic peptide that antagonizes leptin action through the activation of hypothalamic neuropeptide YY1 receptor pathway. Diabetes. 50:2001;227-232
286. Shioda S., Funahashi H., Nakajo S., Yada T., Maruta O., Nakai Y. Immunohistochemical localization of leptin receptor in the rat brain. Neurosci. Lett. 243:1998;41-44
287. Shuto Y., Shibasaki T., Otagiri A., Kuriyama H., Ohata H., Tamura H., Kamegai J., Sugihara H., Oikawa S., Wakabayashi I. Hypothalamic growth hormone secretagogue receptor regulates growth hormone secretion, feeding, and adiposity. J. Clin. Invest. 109:2002;1429-1436
288. Siegel J.M. Narcolepsy: A key role for hypocretins (orexins). Cell. 98:1999;409-412
289. Siegel J.M., Nienhuis R., Gulyani S., Ouyang S., Wu M.F., Mignot E., Switzer R.C., McMurry G., Cornford M. Neuronal degeneration in canine narcolepsy. J. Neurosci. 19:1999;248-257
290. Smith P.M., Mollaret V., Ferguson A.V. Leptin acts in the rat hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus to induce gastric mucosal damage. Am. J. Physiol. 275:1998;R2081-R2084
291. Snitker S., Macdonald I., Ravussin E., Astrup A. The sympathetic nervous system and obesity: Role in aetiology and treatment. Obesity Rev. 1:2000;5-15
292. Sone M., Takahashi K., Murakami O., Totsune K., Arihara Z., Satoh F., Sasano H., Ito H., Mouri T. Binding sites for melanin-concentrating hormone in the human brain. Peptides. 21:2000;245-250
293. Stanley B.G., Leibowitz S.F. Neuropeptide Y: Stimulation of feeding and drinking by injection into the paraventricular nucleus. Life Sci. 35:1984;2635-2642
294. Stanley B.G., Magdalin W., Seirafi A., Thomas W.J., Leibowitz S.F. The perifornical area: The major focus of (a) patchily distributed hypothalamic neuropeptide Y-sensitive feeding system(s). Brain Res. 604:1993;304-317
295. Statnick M.A., Schober D.A., Gackenheimer S., Johnson D., Beavers L., Mayne N.G., Burnett J.P., Gadski R., Gehlert D.R. Characterization of the neuropeptide Y5 receptor in the human hypothalamus: A lack of correlation between Y5 mRNA levels and binding sites. Brain Res. 810:1998;16-26
296. Stephens T.W., Basinski M., Bristow P.K., Bue-Valleskey J.M., Burgett S.G., Craft L., Hale J., Hoffman J., Hsiung H.M., Kriauciunas A., MacKellar W., Rosteck P.R. Jr., Schoner B., Smith D., Tinsley F.C., Zhang X.-Y., Helman M. The role of neuropeptide Y in the antiobesity action of the obese gene product. Nature. 377:1995;530-532
297. Sternbach H. Age-associated testosterone decline in men: Clinical issues for psychiatry. Am. J. Psychiatry. 155:1998;1310-1318
298. Stopa E.G., Koh E.T., Svendsen C.N., Rogers W.T., Schwaber J.S., King J.C. Computer-assisted mapping of immunoreactive mammalian gonadotropin- releasing hormone in adult human basal forebrain and amygdala. Endocrinology. 128:1991;3199-3207
299. Støving R.K., Andersen M., Flyvbjergt A., Frystyk J., Hangaard J., Vinten J., Koldkjær O.G., Hagen C. Indirect evidence for decreased hypothalamic somatostatinergic tone in anorexia nervosa. Clin. Endocrinol. 56:2002;391-396
300. Strittmatter M., Isenberg E., Grauer M.T., Hamann G., Schimrigk K. CSF substance P, somatostatin and monoaminergic transmitter metabolites in patients with narcolepsy. Neurosci. Lett. 218:1996;99-102
301. Ströbel A., Issad T., Camoin L., Ozata M., Strosberg A.D. A leptin missense mutation associated with hypogonadism and morbid obesity. Nat. Genet. 18:1998;213-215
302. Sukhov R.R., Walker L.C., Rance N.E., Price D.L., Young W.S. III. Opioid precursor gene expression in the human hypothalamus. J. Comp. Neurol. 353:1995;604-622
303. Swaab D.F. Brain aging and Alzheimer's disease: "Wear and tear" versus "use it or lose it." Neurobiol. Aging. 12:1991;317-324
304. Swaab D.F. Biological rhythms in health and disease: The suprachiasmatic nucleus and the autonomous system. Vinken P.J., Bruyn G.W., Appenzeller O. "Handbook of Clinical Neurology" Vol. 74:1999;467-521 Elsevier, Amsterdam. Ser.
305. Swaab D.F. Aminoff M.J., Boller F., Swaab D.F. "The Human Hypothalamus. Basic and Clinical Aspects. Part I: Nuclei of the Hypothalamus, Handbook of Clinical Neurology" 2003;Elsevier, Amsterdam. Ser.
306. Swaab D.F. Aminoff M.J., Boller F., Swaab D.F. "The Human Hypothalamus. Basic and Clinical Aspects. Part II: Neuropathology of the Hypothalamus and Adjacent Brain Structures. Handbook of Clinical Neurology" 2004;Elsevier, Amsterdam. Ser.
307. Swaab D.F., Fliers E. A sexually dimorphic nucleus in the human brain. Science. 228:1985;1112-1115
308. Swaab D.F., Purba J.S., Hofman M.A. Alterations in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus and its oxytocin neurons (putative satiety cells) in Prader-Willi syndrome: A study of five cases. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 80:1995;573-579
309. Swaab D.F., Lucassen P.J., Salehi A., Scherder E.J.A., Van Someren E.J.W., Verwer R.W.H. Reduced neuronal activity and reactivation in Alzheimer's disease. Verhaagen J., Van Leeuwen F.W., Salehi A., Holtmaat A.J.G.D., Giger R.J. "Neural Degeneration and Regeneration: From Basic Mechanisms to Prospects for Therapy. Progress in Brain Research" Vol. 117:1998;343-377 Elsevier, Amsterdam
310. Swaab D.F., Fliers E., Hoogendijk W.J.G., Veltman D.J., Zhou J.N. Interaction of prefrontal cortical and hypothalamic systems in the pathogenesis of depression. Uylings H.B.M., Van Eden C.G., De Bruin J.P.G., Feenstra M.G.P., Pennartz C.M.A. "Progress in Brain Research" Vol. 126:2000;369-396 Elsevier, Amsterdam
311. Tanaka M., Naruo T., Muranaga T., Yasuhara D., Shiiya T., Nakazato M., Matsukura S., Nozoe S.-I. Increased fasting plasma ghrelin levels in patients with bulimia nervosa. Eur. J. Endocrinol. 146:2002;R1-R3
312. Taylor I.L. Of mice and men - the control of food intake and body weight. Gastroenterology. 116:1999;1487-1494
313. Tchernof A., Després J.-P. Sex steroid hormones, sex hormone-binding globulin, and obesity in men and women. Horm. Metab. Res. 32:2000;526-536
314. Thannickal T.C., Moore R.Y., Nienhuis R., Ramanathan L., Gulyani S., Aldrich M., Cornford M., Siegel J.M. Reduced number of hypocretin neurons in human narcolepsy. Neuron. 27:2000;469-474
315. Thannickal T.C., Siegel J.M., Nienhuis R., Moore R.Y. Pattern of hypocretin (orexin) soma and axon loss, and gliosis, in human narcolepsy. Brain Pathol. 13:2003;340-351
316. Thim L., Kristensen P., Larsen P.J., Wulff B.S. CART, a new anorectic peptide. Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol. 30:1998;1281-1284
317. Thorpy M. Current concepts in the etiology, diagnosis and treatment of narcolepsy. Sleep Med. 2:2001;5-17
318. Tigges J., McDonald J.K., Tigges M., Reich C. Neuropeptide Y in the infundibular nucleus and hypophysis of great apes. Cell Tissue Res. 290:1997;665-668
319. Todd J.F., Edwards C.M.B., Ghatei M.A., Bloom S.R. The differential effects of galanin-(1-30) and -(3-30) on anterior pituitary hormone secretion in vivo in humans. Am. J. Physiol. 278:2000;E1060-E1066
320. Tomaszuk A., Simpson C., Williams G. Neuropeptide Y, the hypothalamus and the regulation of energy homeostasis. Horm. Res. 46:1996;53-58
321. Tritos N.A., Vicent D., Gillette J., Ludwig D.S., Flier E.S., Maratos-Flier E. Functional interactions between melanin-concentrating hormone, neuropeptide Y, and anorectic neuropeptides in the rat hypothalamus. Diabetes. 47:1998;1687-1692
322. Trottier S., Chotard C., Traiffort E., Unmehopa U., Fisser B., Swaab D.F., Schwartz J.-C. Co-localization of histamine with GABA but not with galanin in the human tuberomamillary nucleus. Brain Res. 939:2002;52-64
323. Ukkola O., Ravussin E., Jacobson P., Snyder E.E., Chagnon M., Sjöström L., Bouchard C. Mutations in the preproghrelinghrelin gene associated with obesity in humans. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 86:2001;3996-3999
324. Ule G., Walter C. Morphological feedback effect on the nucleoli of the neurons in the nucleus arcuatus (infundibularis) to hypophyseal hypogonadism in juvenile haemochromatosis. Acta Neuropathol. 61:1983;81-84
325. Ule G., Schwechheimer K., Tschahargane C. Morphological feedback effect on neurons of the nucl. arcuatus (sive infundibularis) and nucl. subventricularis hypothalami due to gonadal atrophy. Virchows Arch. A. 400:1983;297-308
326. Uusitupa M.I.J., Karvonen M.K., Pesonen U., Koulu M. Neuropeptide Y: A novel link between the neuroendocrine system and cholesterol metabolism. Ann. Med. 30:1998;508-510
327. Uvnäs-Moberg K., Alster P., Petersson M. Dissociation of oxytocin effects on body weight in two variants of female sprague-dawley rats. Integr. Physiol. Behav. Sci. 31:1996;44-55
328. Uvnäs-Moberg K., Alster P., Petersson M., Sohlström A., Björkstrand E. Postnatal oxytocin injections cause sustained weight gain and increased nociceptive thresholds in male and female rats. Pediatr. Res. 43:1998;344-348
329. Vaisse C., Clement K., Guy-Grand B., Froguel P. A frameshift mutation in human MC4R is associated with a dominant form of obesity. Nat. Genet. 20:1998;113-114
330. Vallet P.G., Charnay Y., Bouras C. Distribution and colocalization of delta sleep-inducing peptide and luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone in the aged human brain: An immunohistochemical study. J. Chem. Neuroanat. 3:1990;207-214
331. Van den Berghe G., De Zegher F., Veldhuis J.D., Wouters P., Awouters M., Verbruggen W., Schetz M., Verwaest C., Lauwers P., Bouillon R., Bowers C.Y. The somatotropic axis in critical illness: Effect of continuous growth hormone (GH)-releasing hormone and GH-releasing peptide-2 infusion. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metabol. 82:1997;590-599
332. Van den Pol A.N. Narcolepsy: A neurodegenerative disease of the hypocretin system? Neuron. 27:2000;415-418
333. Van der Ploeg L.H.T. Obesity: An epidemic in need of therapeutics. Curr. Opin. Chem. Biol. 4:2000;452-460
334. Van Londen L., Goekoop J.G., Van Kempen G.M.J., Frankhuijsen-Sierevogel A.C., Wiegant V.M., Van der Velde E.A., De Wied D. Plasma levels of arginine vasopressin elevated in patients with major depression. Neuropsychopharmacology. 17:1997;284-292
335. Verbalis J.G., Blackburn R.E., Hoffman G.E., Stricker E.M. Establishing behavioral and physiological functions of central oxytocin: Insights from studies of oxytocin and ingestive behaviors. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 395:1995;209-225
336. Vink T., Hinney A., Van Elburg A.A., Van Goozen S.H.M., Sandkuijl L.A., Sinke R.J., Herpertz-Dahlmann B.-M., Hebebrand J., Remschmidt H., Van Engeland H., Adan R.A.H. Association between an agouti-related protein gene polymorphism and anorexia nervosa. Mol. Psychiatr. 6:2001;325-328
337. Vrang N., Larsen P.J., Kristensen P., Tang-Christensen M. Central administration of cocaine-amphetamine-regulated transcript activates hypothalamic neuroendocrine neurons in the rat. Endocrinology. 141:2000;794-801
338. Walsh B.T., Devlin M.J. Eating disorders: Progress and problems. Science. 280:1998;1387-1390
339. Walter A., Mai J.K., Jiménez-Härtel W. Mapping of neuropeptide Y-like immunoreactivity in the human forebrain. Brain Res. Bull. 24:1990;297-311
340. Wang J., Akabayashi A., Yu H.J., Dourmashkin J., Alexander J.T., Silva I., Lighter J., Leibowitz S.F. Hypothalamic galanin: Control by signals of fat metabolism. Brain Res. 804:1998;7-20
341. Warnes K.E., Morris M.J., Symonds M.E., Phillips I.D., Clarke I.J., Owens J.A., McMillen I.C. Effects of increasing gestation, cortisol and maternal undernutrition on hypothalamic neuropeptide Y expression in the sheep fetus. J. Neuroendocrinol. 10:1998;51-57
342. Watts A.G., Sanchez-Watts G., Kelly A.B. Distinct patterns of neuropeptide gene expression in the lateral hypothalamic area and arcuate nucleus are associated with dehydration-induced anorexia. J. Neurosci. 19:1999;6111-6121
343. Wauters M., Mertens I., Chagnon M., Rankinen T., Considine R.V., Chagnon Y.C., Van Gaal L.F., Bouchard C. Polymorphisms in the leptin receptor gene, body composition and fat distribution in overweight and obese women. Int. J. Obesity. 25:2001;714-720
344. Wiesner G., Vaz M., Collier G., Seals D., Kaye D., Jennings G., Lambert G., Wilkinson D., Esler M. Leptin is released from the human brain: Influence of adiposity and gender. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 84:1999;2270-2274
345. Williams G., McKibbin P.E., McCarthy H.D. Hypothalamic regulatory peptides and the regulation of food intake and energy balance: Signals or noise? Proc. Nutr. Soc. 50:1991;527-544
346. Winn P., Clark A., Hastings M., Clark J., Latimer M., Rugg E., Brownlee B. Exitotoxic lesions of the lateral hypothalamus made by N-methyl-d-aspartate in the rat: Behavioural, histological and biochemical analyses. Exp. Brain Res. 82:1990;628-636
347. Woods A.J., Stock M.J. Leptin activation in hypothalamus. Nature. 381:1996;745
348. Wren A.M., Small C.J., Fribbens C.V., Neary N.M., Ward H.L., Seal L.J., Ghatei M.A., Bloom S.R. The hypothalamic mechanisms of the hypophysiotropic action of ghrelin. Neuroendocrinology. 76:2002;316-324
349. Yahalom D., Chen A., Ben-Aroya N., Rahimipour S., Kaganovsky E., Okon E., Fridkin M., Koch Y. The gonadotropin-releasing hormone family of neuropeptides in the brain of human, bovine and rat: Identification of a third isoform. FEBS Lett. 463:1999;289-294
350. Yaswen L., Diehl N., Brennan M.B., Hochgeschwender U. Obesity in the mouse model of pro-opiomelanocortin deficiency responds to peripheral melanocortin. Nat. Med. 5:1999;1066-1070
351. Yeo G.S.H., Farooqi I.S., Aminian S., Halsall D.J., Stanhope R.G., O'Rahilly S. A frameshift mutation in MC4R associated with dominantly inherited human obesity. Nat. Genet. 20:1998;111-112
352. Yeo G.S.H., Lank E.J., Farooqi I.S., Keogh J., Challis B.G., O'Rahilly S. Mutations in the human melanocortin-4 receptor gene associated with severe familial obesity disrupts receptor function through multiple molecular mechanisms. Hum. Mol. Genet. 12:2003;561-574
353. Yoshimatsu H., Itateyama E., Kondou S., Tajima D., Himeno K., Hidaka S., Kurokawa M., Sakata T. Hypothalamic neuronal histamine as a target of leptin in feeding behavior. Diabetes. 48:1999;2286-2291
354. Youngstrom T.G., Nunez A.A. Neurons in the suprachiasmatic area are labelled after intravenous injections of horseradish peroxidase. Exp. Brain Res. 67:1987;127-130
355. Zhang Y., Proenca R., Maffei M., Barone M., Leopold L., Friedmann J.M. Positional cloning of the mouse obese gene and its human homologue. Nature. 372:1994;425-432
356. Zhou J.N., Hofman M.A., Gooren L.J.G., Swaab D.F. A sex difference in the human brain and its relation to transsexuality. Nature. 378:1995;68-70
357. Zhou J.N., Riemersma R.F., Unmehopa U., Hoogendijk W.J.G., Van Heerikhuize J.J., Hofman M.A., Swaab D.F. Alterations in arginine vasopressin neurons in the suprachiasmatic nucleus in depression. Arch. Gen. Psychiatr. 58:2001;655-662
358. Zlokovic B.V., Jovanovic S., Miao W., Samara S., Verma S., Farrell C.L. Differential regulation of leptin transport by the choroid plexus and blood-brain barrier and high affinity transport systems for entry into hypothalamus and across the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier. Endocrinology. 141:2000;1434-1441