Proanthocyanidins and hydrolysable tannins: occurrence, dietary intake and pharmacological effects

British Journal of Pharmacology

Volumn 174, Issue 11, 2017, Pages 1244-1262

  Smeriglio, Antonella ^a   Barreca, Davide ^a   Bellocco, Ersilia ^a   Trombetta, Domenico ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MESSINA   (Italy)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ELLAGITANNIN DERIVATIVE; GALLOTANNIN DERIVATIVE; PROANTHOCYANIDIN DERIVATIVE; TANNIN DERIVATIVE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; ANTIOXIDANT; PLANT MEDICINAL PRODUCT; PROANTHOCYANIDIN; TANNIN;

ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY; ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITY; ANTIMALARIAL ACTIVITY; ANTINEOPLASTIC ACTIVITY; ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY; ANTIVIRAL ACTIVITY; CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY; DIETARY INTAKE; DRUG BIOAVAILABILITY; DRUG MECHANISM; DRUG SAFETY; DRUG STRUCTURE; FOOD; HEART PROTECTION; HUMAN; IN VITRO STUDY; IN VIVO STUDY; METABOLIC DISORDER; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; ANIMAL; BIOAVAILABILITY; DIETARY SUPPLEMENT; ISOLATION AND PURIFICATION;

ANIMALS; ANTIOXIDANTS; BIOLOGICAL AVAILABILITY; DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS; HUMANS; HYDROLYZABLE TANNINS; PHYTOCHEMICALS; PROANTHOCYANIDINS;

EID: 85018881939     PISSN: 00071188     EISSN: 14765381     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/bph.13630     Document Type: Review

References (120)

1. Akaberi M, Hosseinzadeh H (2016). Grapes (Vitis vinifera) as a Potential Candidate for the Therapy of the Metabolic Syndrome. Phytother Res 30: 540–556.
2. Alexander SPH, Kelly E, Marrion N, Peters JA, Benson HE, Faccenda E et al. (2015a). The Concise Guide to PHARMACOLOGY 2015/16: Overview. Br J Pharmacol 172: 5729–5143.
3. Alexander SPH, Davenport AP, Kelly E, Marrion N, Peters JA, Benson HE et al. (2015b). The Concise Guide to PHARMACOLOGY 2015/16: G Protein-Coupled Receptors. Br J Pharmacol 172: 5744–5869.
4. Alexander SPH, Cidlowski JA, Kelly E, Marrion N, Peters JA, Benson HE et al. (2015c). The Concise Guide to PHARMACOLOGY 2015/16: Nuclear hormone receptors. Br J Pharmacol 172: 5956–5978.
5. Alexander SPH, Kelly E, Marrion N, Peters JA, Benson HE, Faccenda E et al. (2015d). The Concise Guide to PHARMACOLOGY 2015/16: Transporters. Br J Pharmacol 172: 6110–6202.
6. Alexander SPH, Fabbro D, Kelly E, Marrion N, Peters JA, Benson HE et al. (2015e). The Concise Guide to PHARMACOLOGY 2015/16: Catalytic receptors. Br J Pharmacol 172: 5979–6023.
7. Alexander SPH, Fabbro D, Kelly E, Marrion N, Peters JA, Benson HE et al. (2015f). The Concise Guide to PHARMACOLOGY 2015/16: Enzymes. Br J Pharmacol 172: 6024–6109.
8. Ammar el-SM, Said SA, El-Damarawy SL, Suddek GM (2013). Cardioprotective effect of grape-seed proanthocyanidins on doxorubicin-induced cardiac toxicity in rats. Pharm Biol 51: 339–344.
9. Bakkiyaraj D, Nandhini JR, Malathy B, Pandian SK (2013). The anti-biofilm potential of pomegranate (Punicagranatum L.) extract against human bacterial and fungal pathogens. Biofouling 29: 929–937.
10. Banihani S, Swedan S, Alguraan Z (2013). Pomegranate and type 2 diabetes. Nutr Res 33: 341–348.
11. Barreca D, Laganà G, Ficarra S, Tellone E, Leuzzi U, Galtieri A et al. (2011). Evaluation of the antioxidant and cytoprotective properties of the exotic fruit Annona cherimola Mill. Annonaceae. Food Res Int 44: 2302–2310.
12. Berry AC, Nakshabendi R, Abidali H, Atchaneeyasakul K, Dholaria K, Johnson C et al. (2016). Adverse Effects of Grape Seed Extract Supplement: A Clinical Case and Long-Term Follow-Up. J Diet Suppl 13: 232–235.
13. Bertoia ML, Rimm EB, Mukamal KJ, Hu FB, Willett WC, Cassidy A (2015). Dietary flavonoid intake and weight maintenance: three prospective cohorts of 124,086 US men and women followed for up to 24 years. Br Med J 352: i17.
14. Bittner K, Kemme T, Peters K, Kersten S, Dänicke S, Humpf HU (2014). Systemic absorption and metabolism of dietary procyanidin B4 in pigs. Molecular Nutrition and. Food Res 58: 2261–2273.
15. Bladé C, Aragonès G, Arola-Arnal A, Muguerza B, Bravo FI, Salvadó MJ et al. (2016). Proanthocyanidins in health and disease. Biofactors 42: 5–12.
16. Blumberg JB, Camesano TA, Cassidy A, Kris-Etherton P, Howell A, Manach C et al. (2013). Cranberries and their bioactive constituents in human health. Advance in. Nutrition 4: 618–632.
17. Brandão E, Soares S, Mateus N, de Freitas V (2014). In vivo interactions between procyanidins and human saliva proteins: effect of repeated exposures to procyanidins solution. J Agric Food Chem 62: 9562–9568.
18. Brenes A, Viveros A, Chamorro S, Arija I (2016). Use of polyphenol-rich grape by-products in monogastric nutrition. A review. Anim Feed Sci Technol 211: 1–17.
19. Cala O, Dufourc EJ, Fouquet E, Manigand C, Laguerre M, Pianet I (2012). The colloidal state of tannins impacts the nature of their interaction with proteins: the case of salivary proline-rich protein/procyanidins binding. Langmuir 28: 17410–17418.
20. Cascaes MM, Guilhon GM, Andrade EH, Zoghbi M, Santos LS (2015). Constituents and Pharmacological Activities of Myrcia (Myrtaceae): A Review of an Aromatic and Medicinal Group of Plants. Int J Mol Sci 16: 23881–23904.
21. Chung YC, Huang CC, Chen CH, Chiang HC, Chen KB, Chen YJ et al. (2012). Grape-seed procyanidins inhibit the in vitro growth and invasion of pancreatic carcinoma cells. Pancreas 41: 447–454.
22. Cock IE (2015). The medicinal properties and phytochemistry of plants of the genus Terminalia Combretaceae. Inflammopharmacology 23: 203–229.
23. Coppo E, Marchese A (2014). Antibacterial activity of polyphenols. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 15: 380–390.
24. de Jesus NZ, de Souza Falcão H, Gomes IF, de Almeida Leite TJ, de Morais Lima GR, Barbosa-Filho JM et al. (2012). Tannins, peptic ulcers and related mechanisms. Int J Mol Sci 13: 3203–3228.
25. Déprez S, Brézillon C, Rabot S, Philippe C, Mila I, Lapierre C et al. (2000). Polymeric proanthocyanidins are catabolized by a human colonic microflora into low molecular weight phenolic acids. J Nutr 130: 2733–2738.
26. de Rezende AA, Graf U, Guterres Zda R, Kerr WE, Spanó MA (2009). Protective effects of proanthocyanidins of grape (Vitis vinifera L.) seeds on DNA damage induced by Doxorubicin in somatic cells of Drosophila melanogaster. Food Chem Toxicol 47: 1466–1472.
27. Deáková Z, Országhová Z, Andrezálová L, Slezák P, Lehotay J, Muchová J (2015). Influence of oak wood polyphenols on cysteine, homocysteine and glutathione total levels and PON1 activities in human adult volunteers - a pilot study. Gen Physiol Biophys 34: 73–80.
28. Dias R, Perez-Gregorio MR, Mateus N, De Freitas V (2016). Interaction study between wheat-derived peptides and procyanidin B3 by mass spectrometry. Food Chem 194: 1304–1312.
29. Dong XQ, Zou B, Zhang Y, Ge ZZ, Du J, Li CM (2013). Preparation of A-type proanthocyanidin dimers from peanut skins and persimmon pulp and comparison of the antioxidant activity of A-type and B-type dimers. Fitoterapia 91: 128–139.
30. Draijer R, de Graaf Y, Slettenaar M, de Groot E, Wright CI (2015). Consumption of a polyphenol-rich grape-wine extract lowers ambulatory blood pressure in mildly hypertensive subjects. Nutrients 7: 3138–3153.
31. EFSA (2014). Scientific Opinion on the safety and efficacy of tannic acid when used as feed flavouring for all animal species. EFSA J 12: 3828.
32. Ekambaram SP, Perumal SS, Balakrishnan A (2016). Scope of Hydrolysable Tannins as Possible Antimicrobial Agent. Phytother Res 30: 1035–1045.
33. Ellam S, Williamson G (2013). Cocoa and human health. Annu Rev Nutr 33: 105–128.
34. Espín JC, Larrosa M, García-Conesa MT, Tomás-Barberán F (2013). Biological Significance of Urolithins, the Gut Microbial Ellagic Acid-Derived Metabolites: The Evidence So Far. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2013: 270418.
35. Fiume MM, Bergfeld WF, Belsito DV, Hill RA, Klaassen CD, Liebler DC (2014). Safety assessment of Vitis vinifera (grape)-derived ingredients as used in cosmetics. Int J Toxicol 33: 48S–83S.
36. Fuentes JL, Vernhe M, Cuetara EB, Sánchez-Lamar A, Santana JL, Llagostera M (2006). Tannins from barks of Pinus caribaea protect Escherichia coli cells against DNA damage induced by gamma-rays. Fitoterapia 77: 116–120.
37. Fushimi S, Myazawa F, Nakagawa K, Burdeos GC, Miyazawa T (2015). Young persimmon ingestion suppresses lipid oxidation in rats. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 61: 90–95.
38. Gato N, Kadowaki A, Hashimoto N, Yokoyama S, Matsumoto K (2013). Persimmon fruit tannin-rich fiber reduces cholesterol levels in humans. Ann Nutr Metab 62: 1–6.
39. Georgiev V, Ananga A, Tsolova V (2014). Recent advances and uses of grape flavonoids as nutraceuticals. Nutrients 6: 391–415.
40. Gollucke AP, Aguiar O Jr, Barbisan LF, Ribeiro DA (2013). Use of grape polyphenols against carcinogenesis: putative molecular mechanisms of action using in vitro and in vivo test systems. J Med Food 16: 199–205.
41. Gonzalez-Abuin N, Pinent M, Casanova-Marti A, Arola L, Blay M, Ardevol A (2015). Procyanidins and their healthy protective effects against type 2 diabetes. Curr Med Chem 22: 39–50.
42. Goodrich KM, Smithson AT, Ickes AK, Neilson AP (2015). Pan-colonic pharmacokinetics of catechins and procyanidins in male Sprague–Dawley rats. J Nutr Biochem 26: 1007–1014.
43. Guil-Guerrero JL, Ramos L, Moreno C, Zúñiga-Paredes JC, Carlosama-Yepez M, Ruales P (2016). Antimicrobialactivityofplant-foodby-products:Areviewfocusing on thetropics. Livest Sci 189: 32–49.
44. Guler A, Sahin MA, Yucel O, Yokusoglu M, Gamsizkan M, Ozal E et al. (2011). Proanthocyanidin prevents myocardial ischemic injury in adult rats. Med Sci Monit 17: BR326–BR331.
45. Hamilton K, Bennett NC, Purdie G, Herst PM (2015). Standardized cranberry capsules for radiation cystitis in prostate cancer patients in New Zealand: a randomized double blinded, placebo controlled pilot study. Support Care Cancer 23: 95–102.
46. Hassan W, Noreen H, Khalil S, Hussain A, Rehman S, Sajjad S et al. (2016). Ethanolic extract of Nigella sativa protects Fe(II) induced lipid peroxidation in rat's brain, kidney and liver homogenates. Pak J Pharm Sci 29: 231–237.
47. Holt RR, Heiss C, Kelm M, Keen CL (2012). The potential of flavanol and procyanidin intake to influence age-related vascular disease. J Nutr Gerontol Geriatr 31: 290–323.
48. Hort MA, Straliotto MR, Duz MS, Netto PM, Souza CB, Schulz T (2012). Cardioprotective effects of a proanthocyanidin-rich fraction from Croton celtidifolius Baill: focus on atherosclerosis. Food Chem Toxicol 50: 3769–3775.
49. Horvathova M, Orszaghova Z, Laubertova L, Vavakova M, Sabaka P, Rohdewald P et al. (2014). Effect of the French oak wood extract Robuvit on markers of oxidative stress and activity of antioxidant enzymes in healthy volunteers: a pilot study. Oxid Med Cell Longev 2014: 639868.
50. Howell A, Souza D, Roller M, Fromentin E (2015). Comparison of the Anti-Adhesion Activity of Three Different Cranberry Extracts on Uropathogenic P-fimbriated Escherichia coli: a Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo Controlled, Ex Vivo, Acute Study. Nat Prod Commun 10: 1215–1218.
51. Iglesias J, Pazos M, Torres JL, Medina I (2012). Antioxidant mechanism of grape procyanidins in muscle tissues: redox interactions with endogenous ascorbic acid and α-tocopherol. Food Chem 134: 1767–1774.
52. Izzo AA, Hoon-Kim S, Radhakrishnan R, Williamson EM (2016). A critical Approach to Evaluating Clinical Efficacy, Adverse Events and Drug Interactions of Herbal Remedies. Phytother Res 30: 691–700.
53. Jepson R, Craig J, Williams G (2013). Cranberry products and prevention of urinary tract infections. JAMA 310: 1395–1396.
54. Jiménez N, Esteban-Torres M, Mancheño JM, de las Rivas B, Muñoz R (2014). Tannin Degradation by a Novel Tannase Enzyme Present in Some Lactobacillus plantarum Strains. Appl Environ Microbiol 80: 2991–2997.
55. Kamiloglu S, Capanoglu E, Bilen FD, Gonzales GB, Grootaert C, Van de Wiele T et al. (2016). Journal of Agricoltural and. Food Chem 64: 2450–2458.
56. Kancheva VD, Kasaikina OT (2013). Bio-antioxidants a chemical base of their antioxidant activity and beneficial effect on human health. Curr Med Chem 20: 4784–4805.
57. Katiyar SK (2015). Proanthocyanidins from grape seeds inhibit UV-radiation-induced immune suppression in mice: detection and analysis of molecular and cellular targets. Photochem Photobiol 91: 156–162.
58. Kaur SJ, Grover IS, Kumar S (2000). Modulatory effects of a tannin fraction isolated from Terminalia arjuna on the genotoxicity of mutagens in Salmonella typhimurium. Food Chem Toxicol 38: 1113–1119.
59. Kay CD, Hooper L, Kroon PA, Rimm EB, Cassidy A (2012). Relative impact of flavonoid composition, dose and structure on vascular function: a systematic review of randomised controlled trials of flavonoid-rich food products. Mol Nutr Food Res 56: 1605–1616.
60. Kim J, Kim J, Shim J, Lee CY, Lee KW, Lee HJ (2014). Cocoa phytochemicals: recent advances in molecular mechanisms on health. Critical Review Food Scince. Nutrition 54: 1458–1472.
61. Kooti W, Farokhipour M, Asadzadeh Z, Ashtary-Larky D, Asadi-Samani M (2016). The role of medicinal plants in the treatment of diabetes: a systematic review. Electron Physician J 8: 1832–1842.
62. Kumari M, Jain S (2012). Tannins: An Antinutrient with Positive Effect to Manage Diabetes. Research Journal of Recent. Sciences 1: 70–73.
63. Lamy E, Pinheiro C, Rodrigues L, Capela e Silva F, Lopes OS, Tavares S et al. (2016). Determinants of Tannin-Rich Food and Beverage Consumption: Oral Perception vs. Psychosocial Aspects. In: Combs CA (ed). Tannins: Biochemistry, Food Sources and Nutritional Properties. Nova Science Publishers Inc: New York, USA, pp. 29–58.
64. Landete JM (2011). Ellagitannins, ellagic acid and their derived metabolites: A review about source, metabolism, functions and health. Food Res Int 44: 1150–1160.
65. Lehmann M, Graf U, Reguly ML, Rodrigues De Andrade HH (2000). Interference of tannic acid on the genotoxicity of mitomycin C, methylmethanesulfonate, and nitrogen mustard in somatic cells of Drosophila melanogaster. Environ Mol Mutagen 36: 195–200.
66. Li M, Jia X, Yang J, Deng J, Zhao G (2012). Effect of tannic acid on properties of soybean (Glycine max) seed ferritin: a model for interaction between naturally occurring components in foodstuffs. Food Chem 133: 410–415.
67. Li S, Xu M, Niu Q, Xu S, Ding Y, Yan Y et al. (2015a). Efficacy of Procyanidins against In Vivo Cellular Oxidative Damage: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. PLoS One 10: e0139455.
68. Li S, Sui Y, Xiao J, Wu Q, Hu B, Xie B et al. (2013). Absorption and urinary excretion of A-type procyanidin oligomers from Litchi chinensis pericarp in rats by selected ion monitoring liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Food Chem 138: 1536–1542.
69. Li Z, Henning SM, Lee RP, Lu QY, Summanen PH, Thames G et al. (2015b). Pomegranate extract induces ellagitannin metabolite formation and changes stool microbiota in healthy volunteers. Food Funct 6: 2487–2495.
70. Lipińska L, Klewicka E, Sójka M (2014). The structure, occurrence and biological activity of ellagitannins: a general review. Acta Sci Pol Technol Aliment 13: 289–299.
71. Liu CM, Ma JQ, Liu SS, Zheng GH, Feng ZJ, Sun JM (2014). Proanthocyanidins improves lead-induced cognitive impairments by blocking endoplasmic reticulum stress and nuclear factor-κB-mediated inflammatory pathways in rats. Food Chem Toxicol 72: 295–302.
72. Lluís L, Muñoz M, Nogués MR, Sánchez-Martos V, Romeu M, Giralt M et al. (2011). Toxicology evaluation of a procyanidin-rich extract from grape skins and seeds. Food Chem Toxicol 49: 1450–1454.
73. Lu C, Luo X, Lu L, Li H, Chen X, Ji Y (2013). Preliminary extraction of tannins by 1-butyl-3-methylimidazole bromide and its subsequent removal from Galla chinensis extract using macroporous resins. J Sep Sci 36: 959–964.
74. Margină D, Ilie M, Grădinaru D, Androutsopoulos VP, Kouretas D, Tsatsakis AM (2015). Natural products-friends or foes? Toxicol Lett 236: 154–167.
75. Marín L, Miguélez EM, Villar CJ, Lombó F (2015). Bioavailability of dietary polyphenols and gut microbiota metabolism: antimicrobial properties. Biomed Res Int 2015: 905215.
76. Marques NF, Stefanello ST, Froeder AL, Busanello A, Boligon AA, Athayde ML et al. (2015). Centella asiatica and Its Fractions Reduces Lipid Peroxidation Induced by Quinolinic Acid and Sodium Nitroprusside in Rat Brain Regions. Neurochem Res 40: 1197–1210.
77. Masci A, Coccia A, Lendaro E, Mosca L, Paolicelli P, Cesa S (2016). Evaluation of different extraction methods from pomegranate whole fruit or peels and the antioxidant and antiproliferative activity of the polyphenolic fraction. Food Chem 202: 59–69.
78. Mateos-Martín ML, Fuguet E, Quero C, Pérez-Jiménez J, Torres JL (2012). New identification of proanthocyanidins in cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum L.) using MALDI-TOF/TOF mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 402: 1327–1336.
79. Mathew AS, Capel-Williams GM, Berry SE, Hall WL (2012). Acute effects of pomegranate extract on postprandial lipaemia, vascular function and blood pressure. Plant Foods Hum Nutr 67: 351–357.
80. Micali S, Isgro G, Bianchi G, Miceli N, Calapai G, Navarra M (2014). Cranberry and recurrent cystitis: more than marketing? Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 54: 1063–1075.
81. Mohana T, Navin AV, Jamuna S, Sakeena Sadullah MS, Niranjali Devaraj S (2015). Inhibition of differentiation of monocyte to macrophages in atherosclerosis by oligomeric proanthocyanidins -In-vivo and in-vitro study. Food Chem Toxicol 82: 96–105.
82. Natella F, Leoni G, Maldini M, Natarelli L, Comitato R, Schonlau F et al. (2014). Absorption, metabolism, and effects at transcriptome level of a standardized French oak wood extract, Robuvit, in healthy volunteers: pilot study. J Agric Food Chem 62: 443–453.
83. Nazima B, Manoharan V, Miltonprabu S (2015). Grape seed proanthocyanidins ameliorates cadmium-induced renal injury and oxidative stress in experimental rats through the up-regulation of nuclear related factor 2 and antioxidant responsive elements. Biochem Cell Biol 93: 210–226.
84. Nile SH, Park SW (2014). Edible berries: bioactive components and their effect on human health. Nutrition 30: 134–144.
85. Nuñez-Sánchez MA, García-Villalba R, Monedero-Saiz T, García-Talavera NV, Gómez-Sánchez MB, Sánchez-Álvarez C et al. (2014). Targeted metabolic profiling of pomegranate polyphenols and urolithins in plasma, urine and colon tissues from colorectal cancer patients. Mol Nutr Food Res 58: 1199–1211.
86. Okuda T, Ito H (2011). Tannins of Constant Structure in Medicinal and Food Plants—Hydrolyzable Tannins and Polyphenols Related to Tannins. Molecules 16: 2191–2217.
87. Oliveira BG, Costa HB, Ventura JA, Kondratyuk TP, Barroso ME, Correia RM et al. (2016). Chemical profile of mango (Mangifera indica L.) using electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry ESI-MS. Food Chem 204: 37–45.
88. Ou K, Gu L (2014). Absorption and metabolism of proanthocyanidins. J Funct Foods 7: 43–53.
89. Ouédraogo M, Charles C, Ouédraogo M, Guissou IP, Stévigny C, Duez P (2011). An overview of cancer chemopreventive potential and safety of proanthocyanidins. Nutr Cancer 63: 1163–1173.
90. Park SY, Lee YH, Choi KC, Seong AR, Choi HK, Lee OH et al. (2011). Hwang HJ, Yoon HG (2011). Grape seed extract regulates androgen receptor-mediated transcription in prostate cancer cells through potent anti-histone acetyltransferase activity. J Med Food 14: 9–16.
91. Pinent M, Cedó L, Montagut G, Blay M, Ardévol A (2012). Procyanidins improve some disrupted glucose homoeostatic situations: an analysis of doses and treatments according to different animal models. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 52: 569–584.
92. Pons Z, Guerrero L, Margalef M, Arola L, Arola-Arnal A, Muguerza B (2014). Effect of low molecular grape seed proanthocyanidins on blood pressure and lipid homeostasis in cafeteria diet-fed rats. J Physiol Biochem 70: 629–637.
93. Prasad R, Katiyar SK (2014). Down-regulation of miRNA-106b inhibits growth of melanoma cells by promoting G1-phase cell cycle arrest and reactivation of p21/WAF1/Cip1 protein. Oncotarget 5: 10636–10649.
94. Quifer-Rada P, Choy YY, Calvert CC, Waterhouse AL, Lamuela-Raventos RM (2016). Use of metabolomics and lipidomics to evaluate the hypocholestreolemic effect of Proanthocyanidins from grape seed in a pig model. Mol Nutr Food Res 60: 2219–2227.
95. Salvadó MJ, Casanova E, Fernández-Iglesias A, Arola L, Bladé C (2015). Roles of proanthocyanidin rich extracts in obesity. Food Funct 6: 1053–1071.
96. Sánchez-Moreno C, Cao G, Ou B, Prior RL (2003). Anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin content in selected white and red wines. Oxygen radical absorbance capacity comparison with nontraditional wines obtained from highbush blueberry. J Agric Food Chem 51: 4889–4896.
97. Serrano J, Casanova-Martí À, Gil-Cardoso K, Blay MT, Terra X, Pinent M et al. (2016). Acutely administered grape-seed proanthocyanidin extract acts as a satiating agent. Food Funct 7: 483–490.
98. Serrano J, Puupponen-Pimiä R, Dauer A, Aura AM, Saura-Calixto F (2009). Tannins: current knowledge of food sources, intake, bioavailability and biological effects. Mol Nutr Food Res 2: S310–S329.
99. Sieniawska E (2015). Activities of Tannins--From In Vitro Studies to Clinical Trials. Nat Prod Commun 10: 1877–1884.
100. Skrovankova S, Sumczynski D, Mlcek J, Jurikova T, Sochor J (2015). Bioactive Compounds and Antioxidant Activity in Different Types of Berries. Int J Mol Sci 16: 24673–24706.
101. Smeriglio A, Monteleone D, Trombetta D (2014a). Health effects of Vaccinium myrtillus L.: evaluation of efficacy and technological strategies for preservation of active ingredients. Mini Rev Med Chem 14: 567–584.
102. Smeriglio A, Tomaino A, Trombetta D (2014b). Herbal products in pregnancy: experimental studies and clinical reports. Phytother Res 28: 1107–1116.
103. Southan C, Sharman JL, Benson E, Faccenda E, Pawson AJ, Alexander SP et al. (2016). The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY in 2016: towards curated quantitative interactions between 1300 protein targets and 6000 ligands. Nucleic Acids Res. 44 (D1): D1054–D1068.
104. Stalmach A, Williamson G, Crozier A (2014). Impact of dose on the bioavailability of coffee chlorogenic acids in humans. Food Funct 5: 1727–1737.
105. Stohs SJ, Ray S (2015). Anti-diabetic and Anti-hyperlipidemic Effects and Safety of Salacia reticulata and Related Species. Phytother Res 29: 986–995.
106. Terauchi M, Horiguchi N, Kajiyama A, Akiyoshi M, Owa Y, Kato K et al. (2014). Effects of grape seed proanthocyanidin extract on menopausal symptoms, body composition, and cardiovascular parameters in middle-aged women: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study. Menopause 21: 990–996.
107. Turati F, Rossi M, Pelucchi C, Levi F, La Vecchia C (2015). Fruit and vegetables and cancer risk: a review of southern European studies. Br J Nutr 113: S102–S110.
108. Velderrain-Rodríguez GR, Palafox-Carlos H, Wall-Medrano A, Ayala-Zavala JF, Chen CY, Robles-Sánchez M et al. (2014). Phenolic compounds: their journey after intake. Food Funct 5: 189–197.
109. Verstraeten SV, Fraga CG, Oteiza PI (2015). Interactions of flavan-3-ols and procyanidins with membranes: mechanisms and the physiological relevance. Food Funct 6: 32–41.
110. Vostalova J, Vidlar A, Simanek V, Galandakova A, Kosina P, Vacek J et al. (2015). Are High Proanthocyanidins Key to Cranberry Efficacy in the Prevention of Recurrent Urinary Tract Infection? Phytother Res 29: 1559–1567.
111. Wang X, Jun YY, Zhao G (2014). Flavonoid intake and risk of CVD: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Br J Nutr 111: 1–11.
112. Wiese S, Esatbeyoglu T, Winterhalter P, Kruse HP, Winkler S, Bub A et al. (2015). Comparative biokinetics and metabolism of pure monomeric, dimeric, and polymeric flavan-3-ols: a randomized cross-over study in humans. Mol Nutr Food Res 59: 610–621.
113. Xu ZC, Yin J, Zhou B, Liu YT, Yu Y, Li GQ (2015). Grape seed proanthocyanidin protects liver against ischemia/reperfusion injury by attenuating endoplasmic reticulum stress. World J Gastroenterol 21: 7468–7477.
114. Yang H, Xiao L, Yuan Y, Luo X, Jiang M, Ni J et al. (2014). Procyanidin B2 inhibits NLRP3 inflammasome activation in human vascular endothelial cells. Biochem Pharmacol 92: 599–606.
115. Yang M, Chung SJ, Floegel A, Song WO, Koo SI, Chun OK (2013). Dietary antioxidant capacity is associated with improved serum antioxidant status and decreased serum C-reactive protein and plasma homocysteine concentrations. Eur J Nutr 52: 1901–1911.
116. Yunoki T, Deguchi K, Omote Y, Liu N, Liu W, Hishikawa N (2014). Anti-oxidative nutrient-rich diet protects against acute ischemic brain damage in rats. Brain Res 1587: 33–39.
117. Zhang L, Wang Y, Li D, Ho CT, Li J, Wan X (2016). The absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of procyanidins. Food Funct 7: 1273–1281.
118. Zhou Q, Yin ZP, Ma L, Zhao W, Hao HW, Li HL (2014). Free radical-scavenging activities of oligomeric proanthocyanidin from Rhodiolarosea L. and its antioxidant effects in vivo. Nat Prod Res 28: 2301–2303.
119. Zorenc Z, Veberic R, Stampar F, Koron D, Mikulic-Petkovsek M (2016). White versus blue: Does the wild ‘albino’ bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) differ in fruit quality compared to the blue one? Food Chem 211: 876–882.
120. Zou Y, Guo J, Yin SW, Wang JM, Yang XQ (2015). Pickering Emulsion Gels Prepared by Hydrogen-Bonded Zein/Tannic Acid Complex Colloidal Particles. J Agric Food Chem 63: 7405–7414.