Chemical and biological approaches on nine fruit tree leaves collected from the Mediterranean region of Turkey

Journal of Functional Foods

Volumn 22, Issue , 2016, Pages 518-532

  Uysal, Sengul ^a   Zengin, Gokhan ^a   Aktumsek, Abdurrahman ^a   Karatas, Sukru ^a  

^a SELCUK UNIVERSITY   (Turkey)

Author keywords

Antioxidant; Enzyme inhibitory activity; Fruit tree leaves; Phenolic profile; Turkey

Indexed keywords

EID: 84958752255     PISSN: 17564646     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2016.02.006     Document Type: Article

References (141)

1. Adeyemi O.O., Okpo S.O., Ogunti O.O. Analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of the aqueous extract of leaves of Persea americana Mill (Lauraceae). Fitoterapia 2002, 73:375-380.
2. Adhami V.M., Mukhtar H. Polyphenols from green tea and pomegranate for prevention of prostate cancer. Free Radical Research 2006, 40:1095-1104.
3. Akagi M., Fukuishi N., Kan T., Sagesaka Y.M., Akagi R. Anti-allergic effect of tea-saponin (TLS) from tea leaves (Camellia sinensis L.). Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin 1997, 20:565-567.
4. Aktumsek A., Zengin G., Guler G.O., Cakmak Y.S., Duran A. Antioxidant potentials and antisholinesterase activities of methanolic and aqueous extracts of three endemic Centaurea L. species. Food and Chemical Toxicology 2013, 55:290-296.
5. Alam M.N., Bristi N.J., Rafiquzzaman M. Review on in vivo and in vitro methods evaluation of antioxidant activity. Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal 2013, 21(2):143-152.
6. Allgaier M., Allgaier C. An update on drug treatment options of Alzheimer's disease. Frontiers in Bioscience 2014, 19:1345-1354.
7. Ammar S., del Mar Contreras M., Belguith-Hadrich O., Bouaziz M., Segura-Carreteroa A. New insights into the qualitative phenolic profile of Ficus carica L. fruits and leaves from Tunisia using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry and their antioxidant activity. RSC Advances 2015, 5:20035-20050.
8. Apak R., Guclu K., Ozyurek M., Karademir S.E., Ercag E. The cupric ion reducing antioxidant capacity and polyphenolic content of some herbal teas. International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition 2006, 57:292-304.
9. Arfan M., Khan R., Rybarczyk A., Amarowicz R. Antioxidant activity of mulberry fruit extracts. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 2012, 13:2472-2480.
10. Arvouet-Grand A., Vennat B., Pourrat A., Legret P. Standardization of a propolis extract and identification of the main constituents. Journal de Pharmacie de Belgique 1994, 49:462-468.
11. Ayaz F.A., Torun H., Ayaz S., Correia F.J., Alaiz M., Sanz C., Grúz J., Strnad M. Determination of chemical composition of Anatolian carob pod (Ceratonia siliqua L.): Sugars, amino and organic acids, minerals and phenolic compounds. Journal of Food Quality 2007, 30:1040-1055.
12. Banel D.K., Hu F.B. Effects of walnut consumption on blood lipids and other cardiovascular risk factors: A meta-analysis and systematic review. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2009, 90:56-63.
13. Baytop T. Therapy with medicinal plants in Turkey (past and present) 1984, Istanbul University, Istanbul, No: 3255.
14. Bekir J., Mars M., Souchard J.P., Bouajila J. Assessment of antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-cholinesterase and cytotoxic activities of pomegranate (Punica granatum) leaves. Food and Chemical Toxicology 2013, 55:470-475.
15. Berk S., Tepe B., Arslan S., Sarikurkcu C. Screening of the antioxidant, antimicrobial and DNA damage protection potentials of the aqueous extract of Asplenium ceterach D.C. African Journal of Biotechnology 2011, 10:8902-8908.
16. Braicu C., Ladomery M.R., Chedea V.S., Irimie A., Berindan-Neagoe I. The relationship between the structure and biological actions of green tea catechins. Food Chemistry 2013, 141:3282-3289.
17. Brito A., Ramirez J.E., Areche C., Sepúlveda B., Simirgiotis M.J. HPLC-UV-MS profiles of phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity of fruits from three citrus species consumed in Northern Chile. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) 2014, 19:17400-17421.
18. Butkhup L., Samappito W., Samappito S. Phenolic composition and antioxidant activity of white mulberry (Morus alba L.) fruits. International Journal of Food Science & Technology 2013, 48:934-940.
19. Butt M.S., Nazir A., Sultan M.T., Schroën K. Morus alba L. nature's functional tonic. Trends in Food Science & Technology 2008, 19:505-512.
20. Caliskan O., Polat A.A. Phytochemical and antioxidant properties of selected fig (Ficus carica L.) accessions from the eastern Mediterranean region of Turkey. Scientia Horticulturae 2011, 128:473-478.
21. Cao G., Sofic E., Prior R.L. Antioxidant and prooxidant behavior of flavonoids: Structure-activity relationships. Free Radical Biology & Medicine 1997, 22:749-760.
22. Caponio F., Alloggio V., Gomes T. Phenolic compounds of virgin olive oil: Influence of paste preparation techniques. Food Chemistry 1999, 64:203-209.
23. Carvalho A.M., Morales R. Persistence of wild food and wild medicinal plant knowledge in a North-Eastern Region of Portugal. Ethnobotany in the new Europe: People, health and wild plant resources 2010, 147-171. Berghahn Books, Oxford, UK. M. Pardo de Santayana, A. Pieroni, R. Puri (Eds.).
24. Cha D.S., Eun J.S., Jeon H. Anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive properties of the leaves of Eriobotrya japonica. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 2011, 134:305-312.
25. Chai W.M., Wei M.K., Wang R., Deng R.G., Zou Z.R., Peng Y.Y. Avocado proanthocyanidins as a source of tyrosinase inhibitors: Structure characterization, inhibitory activity, and mechanism. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 2015, 63:7381-7387.
26. Chang L.W., Juang L.J., Wang B.S., Wang M.Y., Tai H.M., Hung W.J., Chen Y.J., Huang M.H. Antioxidant and antityrosinase activity of mulberry (Morus alba L.) twigs and root bark. Food and Chemical Toxicology 2011, 49:785-790.
27. Colaric M., Veberic R., Solar A., Hudina M., Stampar F. Phenolic acids, syringaldehyde, and juglone in fruits of different cultivars of Juglans regia L. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 2005, 53:6390-6396.
28. Custódio L., Escapa A.L., Fernandes E., Fajardo A., Aligué R., Alberício F., Neng N., Noqueira J.M., Romano A. Phytochemical profile, antioxidant and cytotoxic activities of the carob tree (Ceratonia siliqua L.) germflour extracts. Plant Foods for Human Nutrition 2011, 66:78-84.
29. Custódio L., Patarra J., Alberício F., Neng N.R., Nogueira J.M.F., Romano A. In vitro antioxidant and inhibitory activity of water decoctions of carob tree (Ceratonia siliqua L.) on cholinesterases, α-amylase and α-glucosidase. Natural Product Research 2015, 29:2155-2159.
30. Custodio L., Fernandes E., Escapa A.L., Fajardo A., Aligue R., Alberício F., Neng N.R., Nogueira J.M.F., Romano A. Antioxidant and cytotoxic activities of carob tree fruit pulps are strongly influenced by gender and cultivar. Journal of Functional Foods 2011, 59:7005-7012.
31. de la Cerda-Carrasco A., López-Solís R., Nuñez-Kalasic H., Peña-Neiraa A., Obreque-Slier E. Phenolic composition and antioxidant capacity of pomaces from four grape varieties (Vitis vinifera L.). Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 2014, 95:1521-1527.
32. Dassprakash M.V., Arun R., Abraham S.K., Premkumar K. In vitro and in vivo evaluation of antioxidant and antigenotoxic potential of Punica granatum leaf extract. Pharmaceutical Biology 2012, 50:1523-1530.
33. Delfanian M., Kenari R.E., Sahari M.A. Influence of extraction techniques on antioxidant properties and bioactive compounds of loquat fruit (Eriobotrya japonica Lindl.) skin and pulp extracts. Food Science & Nutrition 2015, 3:179-187.
34. Deshmukh S.V., Pathak N.V., Takalikar D.A. Nutritional effect of mulberry (Morus alba) leaves as sole ration of adult rabbits. World Rabbit Science 1993, 1:67-69.
35. Ding C.K., Chachin K., Ueda Y., Imahori Y., Wang C.Y. Metabolism of phenolic compounds during loquat fruit development. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 2001, 49:2883-2888.
36. Durazzo A., Turfani V., Narducci V., Azzini E., Maiani G., Carcea M. Nutritional characterisation and bioactive components of commercial carobs flour. Food Chemistry 2014, 153:109-113.
37. Elfalleh W., Tlil N., Nasri N., Yahia Y., Hannachi H., Chaira N., Ying M., Ferchichi A. Antioxidant capacities of phenolic compounds and tocopherols from Tunisian pomegranate (Punica granatum) fruits. Journal of Food Science 2011, 76:707-713.
38. Ellman G.L., Courtney K.D., Andres V., Featherstone R.M. A new and rapid colorimetric determination of acetylcholinesterase activity. Biochemical Pharmacology 1961, 7:88-95.
39. Ercisli S., Gozlekci S., Sengul M., Hegedusd A., Tepe S. Some physicochemical characteristics, bioactive content and antioxidant capacity of loquat (Eriobotrya japonica (Thunb.) Lindl.) fruits from Turkey. Scientia Horticulturae 2012, 148:185-189.
40. Erturk Y.E., Gecer M.K. Economy of berries. Proceedings of 4th National Berry Symposium 2012, 368-385. Antalya, Turkey.
41. Eyduran S.P., Ercisli S., Akin M., Beyhan O., Gecer M.K., Eyduran E., Erturk Y.E. Organic acids, sugars, vitamin C, antioxidant capacity and phenolic compounds in fruits of white (Morus alba L.) and black (Morus nigra L.) mulberry genotypes. Journal of Applied Botany and Food Quality 2015, 88:134-138.
42. Fawole O.A., Makunga N.P., Opara U.L. Antibacterial, antioxidant and tyrosinase-inhibition activities of pomegranate fruit peel methanolic extract. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2012, 12:200.
43. Fawole O.A., Opara U.L. Effects of storage temperature and duration on physiological responses of pomegranate fruit. Industrial Crops and Products 2013, 47:300-309.
44. Fawole O.A., Opara U.L., Theron K.I. Chemical and phytochemical properties and antioxidant activities of three pomegranate cultivars grown in South Africa. Food and Bioprocess Technology 2012, 5:2934-2940.
45. FAO FAOSTAT data 2013, Food and Agriculture Organisation, Rome.
46. Feng Y.C., Li W.L., He F.M., Kong T.T., Huang X.W., Gao Z.H., Lu N.H., Li H.L. Aqueous two-phase system as an effective tool for purification of phenolic compounds from fig fruits (Ficus carica L.). Separation Science and Technology 2015, 50:1785-1793.
47. Finger A., Engelhadt U.H., Wray V. Flavonoltriglycosides containing galactose in tea. Phytochemistry 1991, 30:2057-2060.
48. García-Salas P., Gómez-Caravaca A.M., Arráez-Román D., Segura-Carretero A., Guerra-Hernández E., García-Villanova B., Fernández-Gutiérrez A. Influence of technological processes on phenolic compounds, organic acids, furanic derivatives, and antioxidant activity of whole-lemon powder. Food Chemistry 2013, 141:869-878.
49. Gomez Lopez V.M. Characterization of avocado (Persea americana Mill.) varieties of very low oil content. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 1998, 46:3643-3647.
50. Gond N.Y., Khadabadi S.S. Hepatoprotective activity of Ficus carica leaf extract on rifampicin-induced hepatic damage in rats. Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 2008, 70:364-366.
51. González-Molina E., Domínguez-Perles R., Moreno D.A., García-Viguera C. Natural bioactive compounds of Citrus limon for food and health. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis 2010, 51:327-345.
52. Gorinstein S., Cvikrova M., Machackova I., Haruenkit R., Park Y., Jung S.T., Yamamotof K., Ayala A.L.M., Katricha E., Trakhtenbergh S. Characterization of antioxidant compounds in Jaffa sweeties and white grapefruits. Food Chemistry 2004, 84:503-510.
53. Graf E. Antioxidant potential of ferulic acid. Free Radical Biology and Medicine 1992, 13:435-448.
54. Guimarães R., Barros L., Barreira J.C.M., Sousa M.J., Carvalho A.M., Ferreira I.C.F.R. Targeting excessive free radicals with peels and juices of citrus fruits: Grapefruit, lemon, lime and orange. Food and Chemical Toxicology 2010, 48:99-106.
55. Gundogdu M., Muradoglu F., Sensoy R.I.G., Yilmaz H. Determination of fruit chemical properties of Morus nigra L., Morus alba L. and Morus rubra L. by HPLC. Scientia Horticulturae 2011, 132:37-41.
56. Hajaji H.E., Lachkar N., Alaoui K., Cherrah Y., Farah A., Ennabili A., Bali B.E., Lachkar M. Antioxidant properties and total phenolic content of three varieties of carob tree leaves from Morocco. Records of Natural Products 2010, 4:193-204.
57. Hertog M.G.L., Hollman P.C.H., Katan M.B., Kromhout D. Intake of potentially anticarcinogenic flavonoids and their determinants in adults in The Netherlands. Nutrition and Cancer 1993, 20:21-29.
58. Hsouna A.B., Saoudi M., Trigui M., Jamoussi K., Boudawara T., Jaoua S., Feki A.E. Characterization of bioactive compounds and ameliorative effects of Ceratonia siliqua leaf extract against CCl4 induced hepatic oxidative damage and renal failure in rats. Food and Chemical Toxicology 2011, 49:3183-3191.
59. Imafidon K.E., Amaechina F.C. Effects of aqueous seed extract of Persea americana Mill. (avocado) on blood pressure and lipid profile in hypertensive rats. Advances in Biological Research 2010, 4:116-121.
60. Intra J., Kuo S.M. Physiological levels of tea catechins increase cellular lipid antioxidant activity of vitamin C and vitamin E in human intestinal Caco-2 cells. Chemico-Biological Interactions 2007, 169:91-99.
61. Ito H., Kobayashi E., Li S., Hatano T., Sugita D., Kubo N., Shimura S., Itoh Y., Tokuda H., Nishino H. Antitumor activity of compounds isolated from leaves of Eriobotrya japonica. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 2002, 50:2400-2403.
62. Jacobo-Velazquez D.A., Cisneros-Zevallos L. Correlations of antioxidant activity against phenolic content revisited: A new approach in data analysis for food and medicinal plants. Journal of Food Science 2009, 74:107-113.
63. Jazayeri S.B., Amanlou A., Ghanadian N., Pasalar P., Amanlou M. A preliminary investigation of anticholinesterase activity of some Iranian medicinal plants commonly used in traditional medicine. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 2014, 22:17.
64. Kaneria M.J., Bapodara M.B., Chanda S.V. Effect of extraction techniques and solvents on antioxidant activity of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) leaf and stem. Food Analytical Methods 2012, 5:396-404.
65. Karaaslan M., Vardin H., Varliklioz S., Yilmaz F.M. Antiproliferative and antioxidant activities of Turkish pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) accessions. International Journal of Food Science and Technology 2014, 49:82-90.
66. Katalinic M., Rusak G., Domacinovic Barovic J., Sinko G., Jelic D., Antolovic R., Kovarik Z. Structural aspects of flavonoids as inhibitors of human butyrylcholinesterase. European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 2010, 45:186-192.
67. Kazunori K., Matsuoka A., Osada K., Huang Y. Effect of loquat (Eriobotrya japonica) extracts on LDL oxidation. Food Chemistry 2007, 104:308-316.
68. Kedage V.V., Tilak J.C., Dixit G.B., Devasagayam T.P.A., Mhatre M. A study of antioxidant properties of some varieties of grapes (Vitis vinifera L.). Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 2007, 47:175-185.
69. Keser S., Celik S., Turkoglu S. Total phenolic contents and free-radical scavenging activities of grape (Vitis vinifera L.) and grape products. International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition 2013, 64:210-216.
70. Khair M., El-Shatnawi J., Ereifej K.I. Chemical composition and livestock ingestion of carob (Ceratonia siliqua L.) seeds. Journal of Range Management 2001, 54:669-673.
71. Kivçak B., Mert T., Ozturk H.T. Antimicrobial and cytotoxic activity of Ceratonia siliqua L. extracts. The Turkish Journal of Biology 2002, 26:197-200.
72. Kosar M., Küpeli E., Malyer H., Uylaser V., Türkben C., Can Baser K.H. Effect of brining on biological activity of leaves of Vitis vinifera L. (Cv Sultani cekirdeksiz) from Turkey. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 2007, 55:4596-4603.
73. Kosińska A., Karamać M., Estrella I., Hernández T., Bartolomé B., Dykes G.A. Phenolic compound profiles and antioxidant capacity of Persea americana Mill. peels and seeds of two varieties. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 2012, 60:4613-4619.
74. Kumar A., Singh A., Ekavali A review on Alzheimer's disease pathophysiology and its management: An update. Pharmacological Reports 2015, 67:195-203.
75. Kwak E.J., Lee J.Y., Choi S. Physicochemical properties and antioxidant activities of Korean traditional alcoholic beverage, yakju, enriched with mulberry. Journal of Food Science 2012, 77:752-758.
76. Kwon S.H., Lee H.K., Kim J.A., Hong S.I., Kim H.C., Jo T.H., Park Y.I., Lee C.K., Kim Y.B., Lee S.Y., Jang C.G. Neuroprotective effects of chlorogenic acid on scopolamine-induced amnesia via anti-acetylcholinesterase and anti-oxidative activities in mice. European Journal of Pharmacology 2010, 649:210-217.
77. Lei F., Zhang X.N., Wang W., Xing D.M., Xie W.D., Su H., Du L.J. Evidence of anti-obesity effects of the pomegranate leaf extract in high-fat diet induced obese mice. International Journal of Obesity 2007, 31:1023-1029.
78. Li Y., Guo C., Yang J., Wei J., Xu J., Cheng S. Evaluation of antioxidant properties of pomegranate peel extract in comparison with pomegranate pulp extract. Food Chemistry 2006, 96:254-260.
79. Liang Z., Cheng L., Zhong G.Y., Liu R.H. Antioxidant and antiproliferative activities of twenty-four Vitis vinifera grapes. PLoS ONE 2014, 9:e105146.
80. Lizcano L.J., Bakkali F., Ruiz-Larrea M.B., Ruiz-Sanz J.I. Antioxidant activity and polyphenol content of aqueous extracts from Colombian Amazonian plants with medicinal use. Food Chemistry 2010, 119:1566-1570.
81. Loizzo M.R., Bonesi M., Pugliese A., Menichini F., Tundis R. Chemical composition and bioactivity of dried fruits and honey of Ficus carica cultivars Dottato, San Francesco and Citrullara. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 2014, 94:2179-2186.
82. Makris D.P., Kefalas P. Carob pods (Ceratonia siliqua L.) as a source of polyphenolic antioxidants. Food Technology and Biotechnology 2004, 42:105-108.
83. Manach C., Williamson G., Morand C., Scalbert A., Remesy C. Bioavailability and bioefficacy of polyphenols in humans. I. Review of 97 bioavailability studies. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2005, 81:230-242.
84. Martínez M.L., Labuckas D.O., Lamarque A.L., Maestri D.M. Walnut (Juglans regia L.): Genetic resources, chemistry, by-products. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 2010, 12:1959-1967.
85. Mathew M., Subramanian S. In vitro screening for anti-cholinesterase and antioxidant activity of methanolic extracts of ayurvedic medicinal plants used for cognitive disorders. PLoS ONE 2014, 9:e86804.
86. McGovern P.E. Ancient wine: The search for the origins of viniculture 2003, Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ.
87. Mikaberidze K.G., Moniava I.I. Umbelliferone from tea leaves. Chemistry of Natural Compounds 1974, 10:81.
88. Monagas M., Bartolome B., Gomez-Cordoves C. Updated knowledge about the presence of phenolic compounds in wine. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 2005, 45:85-118.
89. Monagas M., Gómez-Cordovés C., Bartolomé B., Laureano O., Ricardo da Silva J.M. Monomeric, oligomeric, and polymeric flavan-3-ol composition of wines and grapes from Vitis vinifera L. Cv. Graciano, Tempranillo, and Cabernet Sauvignon. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 2003, 51:6475-6481.
90. Montanari A., Chen J., Widmer W. Citrus flavonoids: A review of past biological activity against disease - Discovery of new flavonoids from Dancy tangerine cold pressed peel oil solids and leaves. Flavonoids in the Living System 1998, 439:103-116.
91. Mullen W., Nemzer B., Ou B., Stalmach A., Hunter J., Clifford M.N., Combet E. The antioxidant and chlorogenic acid profiles of whole coffee fruits are influenced by the extraction procedures. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 2011, 59:3754-3762.
92. Muthiah P.L., Umamaheswari M., Asokkumar K. In vitro antioxidant activities of leaves, fruit and peel extracts of citrus. International Journal of Phytopharmacy 2012, 2:13-20.
93. Nabavi S.F., Nabavi S.M., Setzer W.N., Nabavi S.A., Nabavi S.A., Ebrahimzadeh M.A. Antioxidant and antihemolytic activity of lipid-soluble bioactive substances in avocado fruits. Fruits 2013, 68:185-193.
94. Naveen A. Antidiabetic activity of polyherbal formulation in alloxan-induced diabetes mellitus. Journal of Pharmacy Research 2010, 3:1119-1120.
95. Negi A.S., Luqman S., Srivastava S., Krishna V., Gupta N., Darokar M.P. Antiproliferative and antioxidant activities of Juglans regia fruit extracts. Pharmaceutical Biology 2011, 49:669-673.
96. Ninfali P., Mea G., Giorgini S., Rocchi M., Bacchiocca M. Antioxidant capacity of vegetables, spices and dressings relevant to nutrition. The British Journal of Nutrition 2005, 93(02):257-266.
97. Oh J., Min O., Kim H., Kim Y.J., Baek H.Y., Rhyu D.Y. Effect of Eriobotrya japonica on adipogenesis and body weight. Journal of the Korean Society for Applied Biological Chemistry 2011, 54:382-387.
98. Orhan I., Kartal M., Tosun F., Sener B. Screening of various phenolic acids and flavonoid derivatives for their anticholinesterase potential. Zeitschrift für Naturforschung. C 2007, 62:829-832.
99. Orhan I.E., Senol F.S., Gulpinar A.R., Sekeroglu N., Kartal M., Sener B. Neuroprotective potential of some terebinth coffee brands and the unprocessed fruits of Pistacia terebinthus L. and their fatty and essential oil analyses. Food Chemistry 2012, 130:882-888.
100. Orhan I.E., Suntar I.P., Akkol E.K. In vitro neuroprotective effects of the leaf and fruit extracts of Juglans regia L. (walnut) through enzymes linked to Alzheimer's disease and antioxidant activity. International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition 2011, 62:781-786.
101. Ozgen M., Serce S., Kaya C. Phytochemical and antioxidant properties of anthocyanin-rich Morus nigra and Morus rubra fruits. Scientia Horticulturae 2009, 119:275-279.
102. Petit M.D., Pinilla J.M. Production and purification of sugar pods syrup from carob. LWT - Food Science and Technology 1995, 28:145-152.
103. Re R., Pellegrini N., Proteggente A., Pannala A., Yang M., Rice-Evans C. Antioxidant activity applying an improved ABTS radical cation decolorization assay. Free Radical Biology and Medicine 1999, 26:1231-1237.
104. Rice-Evans C.A., Miller N.J., Paganga G. Structure-antioxidant activity relationships of flavonoids and phenolic acids. Free Radical Biology and Medicine 1996, 20:933-956.
105. 2 in Jurkat T cells. Nutrition Research 2002, 22:1143-1150.
106. Rizzo V., Tomaselli F., Gentile A., La Malfa S., Maccarone E. Rheological properties and sugar composition of locust bean gum from different carob varieties (Ceratonia siliqua L.). Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 2004, 52:7925-7930.
107. Rodríguez-Carpena J.G., Morcuende D., Andrade M.J., Kylli P., Estevez M. Avocado (Persea americana Mill.) phenolics, in vitro antioxidant and antimicrobial activities, and inhibition of lipid and protein oxidation in porcine patties. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 2011, 59:5625-5635.
108. Roseiro L.B., Duarte L.C., Oliveira D.L., Roque R., Bernardo-Gil M.G., Martins A.I., Sepúlveda C., Almeida J., Meireles M., Gírio F.M., Rauter A.P. Super-critical, ultrasound and conventional extracts from carob (Ceratonia siliqua L.) biomass: Effect on the phenolic profile and antiproliferative activity. Industrial Crops and Products 2013, 47:132-138.
109. Sánchez-Salcedo E.M., Mena P., García-Viguera C., Martínez J.J., Hernández F. Phytochemical evaluation of white (Morus alba L.) and black (Morus nigra L.) mulberry fruits, a starting point for the assessment of their beneficial properties. Journal of Functional Foods 2015, 12:399-408.
110. Sarikurkcu C., Arisoy K., Tepe B., Cakir A., Abali G., Mete E. Studies on the antioxidant activity of essential oil and different solvent extracts of Vitex agnus castus L. fruits from Turkey. Food and Chemical Toxicology 2009, 47:2479-2483.
111. Sat I.G., Sengul M., Keles F. Use of grape leaves in canned food. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition 2002, 1:257-262.
112. Scalbert A., Williamson G. Dietary intake and bioavailability of polyphenols. Journal of Nutrition 2000, 130:2073-2085.
113. Scarmeas N., Stern Y., Tang M.X., Mayeux R., Luchsinger J.A. Mediterranean diet and risk for Alzheimer's disease. Annals of Neurology 2006, 59:912-921.
114. Schneider L.S., Mangialasche F., Andreasen N., Feldman H., Giacobini E., Jones R., Mantua V., Mecocci P., Pani L., Winblad B., Kivipelto M. Clinical trials and late-stage drug development for Alzheimer's disease: An appraisal from 1984 to 2014. Journal of Internal Medicine 2014, 275:251-283.
115. Seeram N.P., Adams L.S., Henning S.M., Niu Y., Zhang Y., Nair M.G., Heber D. In vitro antiproliferative, apoptotic and antioxidant activities of punicalagin, ellagic acid and a total pomegranate tannin extract are enhanced in combination with other polyphenols as found in pomegranate juice. The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry 2005, 16:3670-3677.
116. Shahidi F., Naczk M. Food phenolics: Sources, chemistry, effects, applications 1995, 231-245. Technomic Publishing Company Inc., Lancaster, PA.
117. Sidina M., Hansali E., Wahid M., Ouatmane N., Boulli A., Haddioui A. Fruit and seed diversity of domesticated carob (Ceratonia siliqua L.) in Morocco. Scientia Horticulturae 2009, 123:110-116.
118. Slatnar A., Mikulic-Petkovsek M., Stampar F., Veberic R., Solar A. Identification and quantification of phenolic compounds in kernels, oil and bagasse pellets of common walnut (Juglans regia L.). Food Research International 2015, 67:255-263.
119. Slavin J.L. Figs: Past, present and future. Nutrition Today 2006, 41:180-184.
120. Slinkard K., Singleton V.L. Total phenol analyses: Automation and comparison with manual methods. American Journal of Enology and Viticulture 1977, 28:49-55.
121. Solomon A., Golubowicz S., Yablowicz Z., Grossman S., Bergman M., Gottlieb H., Altman A., Kerem Z., Flaishman M.A. Antioxidant activities and anthocyanin content of fresh fruits of common fig (Ficus carica L.). Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 2006, 54:7717-7723.
122. Souza D.S., Marques L.G., de Barros Gomes E., Narain N. Lyophilization of avocado (Persea americana Mill.): Effect of freezing and lyophilization pressure on antioxidant activity, texture, and browning of pulp. Drying Technology: An International Journal 2015, 33:194-204.
123. Stampar F., Solar A., Huduna M., Veberic R., Colaric M. Traditional walnut liquor - Cocktail of phenolics. Food Chemistry 2006, 95:627-631.
124. Swisher H.O. Avocado oil from food use to skin care. Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society 1993, 65:1704-1706.
125. Tu Y.Y., Yang Z.Y., Dong F. Antioxidation mechanism of phenolic compounds in black tea and its structure relationship. Chinese Traditional and Herbal Drugs 2007, 38:1581-1585.
126. Veberic R., Colaric M., Stampar F. Phenolic acids and flavonoids of fig fruit (Ficus carica L.) in the northern Mediterranean region. Food Chemistry 2008, 106:153-157.
127. Viuda-Martos M., Fernandez-Lopez J., Perez-Alvarez J.A. Pomegranate and its many functional components as related to human health: A review. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety 2010, 9:635-654.
128. Wang X., Zhao M., Su G., Cai M., Zhou C., Huang J., Lin L. The antioxidant activities and the xanthine oxidase inhibition effects of walnut (Juglans regia L.) fruit, stem and leaf. International Journal of Food Science and Technology 2015, 50:233-239.
129. Wang Y., Xiang L., Wang C., Tang C., He X. Antidiabetic and antioxidant effects and phytochemicals of mulberry fruit (Morus alba L.) polyphenol enhanced extract. PLoS ONE 2013, 8:e71144.
130. Wu C.R., Lin W.H., Hseu Y.C., Lien J.C., Lin Y.T., Kuo T.P., Ching H. Evaluation of the antioxidant activity of five endemic Ligustrum species leaves from Taiwan flora in vitro. Food Chemistry 2011, 127:564-571.
131. Xie P.J., Huang L.X., Zhang C.H., Zhang Y.L. Phenolic compositions, and antioxidant performance of olive leaf and fruit (Olea europaea L.) extracts and their structure-activity relationships. Journal of Functional Foods 2015, 16:460-471.
132. Xu H.X., Chen J.W. Commercial quality, major bioactive compound content and antioxidant capacity of 12 cultivars of loquat (Eriobotrya japonica Lindl.) fruits. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 2011, 91:1057-1063.
133. Xu H.X., Li X.Y., Chen J.W. Comparison of phenolic compound contents and antioxidant capacities of loquat (Eriobotrya japonica Lindl.) fruits. Food Science and Biotechnology 2014, 23:2013-2020.
134. Zahin M., Aqil F., Ahmad I. Broad spectrum antimutagenic activity of antioxidant active fraction of Punica granatum L. peel extracts. Mutation Research 2010, 703:99-107.
135. Zang L.Y., Cosma G., Gardner H., Castranova V., Vallyathan V. Effect of chlorogenic acid on hydroxyl radical. Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry 2003, 247:205-210.
136. Zaouay F., Mena P., Garcia-Viguera C., Mars M. Antioxidant activity and physico-chemical properties of Tunisian grown pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) cultivars. Industrial Crops and Products 2012, 40:81-89.
137. Zaveri N.T. Green tea and its polyphenolic catechins: Medicinal uses in cancer and noncancer applications. Life Sciences 2006, 78:2073-2080.
138. Zhang H.Y., Ge N., Zhang Z.Y. Theoretical elucidation of activity difference of five phenolic antioxidants. Acta Pharmacologica Sinica 1999, 20:363-366.
139. Zhang W., Zhao X., Sun C., Li X., Chen K. Phenolic composition from different loquat (Eriobotrya japonica Lindl.) cultivars grown in china and their antioxidant properties. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) 2015, 20:542-555.
140. Zheng L.T., Ryu G.M., Kwon B.M., Lee W.H., Suk K. Anti-inflammatory effects of catechols in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated microglia cells: Inhibition of microglial neurotoxicity. European Journal of Pharmacology 2008, 588:106-113.
141. Zhou C.H., Xu C.J., Sun C.D., Li X., Chen K.S. Carotenoids in white- and red-fleshed loquat fruits. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 2007, 55:7822-7830.