Orchestrating the network of molecular pathways affecting aging: Role of nonselective autophagy and mitophagy

Mechanisms of Ageing and Development

Volumn 153, Issue , 2016, Pages 30-40

  Knuppertz, Laura ^a   Osiewacz, Heinz D ^a  

^a GOETHE UNIVERSITY   (Germany)

Author keywords

Aging; Autophagy; Mitochondria; Mitophagy

Indexed keywords

AUTOPHAGY PROTEIN; BECLIN 1; HYPOXIA INDUCIBLE FACTOR; IMMUNOGLOBULIN ENHANCER BINDING PROTEIN; PARKIN; PROTEIN; PROTEIN KINASE; PROTEIN KINASE PINK1; PROTEIN P53; SIRTUIN 1; TARGET OF RAPAMYCIN KINASE; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR FKHRL1; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

AGING; ALZHEIMER DISEASE; AUTOPHAGY; CYTOLOGY; ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR; GENE MUTATION; HEREDITY; HUMAN; LIFESPAN; LONGEVITY; MITOPHAGY; MOLECULAR MECHANICS; NONHUMAN; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PARKINSON DISEASE; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; PROTEIN FUNCTION; PROTEIN INTERACTION; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; ANIMAL; DISEASE MODEL; ENVIRONMENT; METABOLISM; MITOCHONDRION; MOUSE; MUTATION; PHYSIOLOGY; SYSTEMS BIOLOGY; UMBILICAL VEIN ENDOTHELIAL CELL;

AGING; ANIMALS; AUTOPHAGY; DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL; ENVIRONMENT; HUMAN UMBILICAL VEIN ENDOTHELIAL CELLS; HUMANS; LONGEVITY; MICE; MITOCHONDRIA; MITOCHONDRIAL DEGRADATION; MUTATION; PARKINSON DISEASE; SYSTEMS BIOLOGY;

EID: 84955616469     PISSN: 00476374     EISSN: 18726216     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2016.01.003     Document Type: Review

References (220)

1. Aldridge J.E., Horibe T., Hoogenraad N.J. Discovery of genes activated by the mitochondrial unfolded protein response (mtUPR) and cognate promoter elements. PLoS One 2007, 2:e874.
2. Al Rawi S., Louvet-Vallée S., Djeddi A., Sachse M., Culetto E., Hajjar C., Boyd L., Legouis R., Galy V. Postfertilization autophagy of sperm organelles prevents paternal mitochondrial DNA transmission. Science 2011, 334:1144-1147.
3. Alvers A.L., Wood M.S., Hu D., Kaywell A.C., Dunn W.A., Aris J.P. Autophagy is required for extension of yeast chronological life span by rapamycin. Autophagy 2009, 5:847-849.
4. Alvers A.L., Fishwick L.K., Wood M.S., Hu D., Chung H.S., Dunn W.A., Aris J.P. Autophagy and amino acid homeostasis are required for chronological longevity in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Aging Cell 2009, 8:353-369.
5. Artal-Sanz M., Tavernarakis N. Prohibitin couples diapause signalling to mitochondrial metabolism during ageing in C. elegans. Nature 2009, 461:793-797.
6. Ashrafi G., Schwarz T.L. The pathways of mitophagy for quality control and clearance of mitochondria. Cell Death Differ. 2013, 20:31-42.
7. Axe E.L., Walker S.A., Manifava M., Chandra P., Roderick H.L., Habermann A., Griffiths G., Ktistakis N.T. Autophagosome formation from membrane compartments enriched in phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate and dynamically connected to the endoplasmic reticulum. J. Cell Biol. 2008, 182:685-701.
8. Baker M., Tatsuta T., Langer T. Quality control of mitochondrial proteostasis. Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Biol. 2011, 3. pii: a007559.
9. Barros M.H., da Cunha F.M., Oliveira G.A., Tahara E.B., Kowaltowski A.J. Yeast as a model to study mitochondrial mechanisms in ageing. Mech. Ageing Dev. 2010, 131:494-502.
10. Becker D., Richter J., Tocilescu M.A., Przedborski S., Voos W. Pink1 kinase and its membrane potential (Deltapsi)-dependent cleavage product both localize to outer mitochondrial membrane by unique targeting mode. J. Biol. Chem. 2012, 287:22969-22987.
11. Bellot G., Garcia-Medina R., Gounon P., Chiche J., Roux D., Pouyssegur J., Mazure N.M. Hypoxia-induced autophagy is mediated through hypoxia-inducible factor induction of BNIP3 and BNIP3L via their BH3 domains. Mol. Cell Biol. 2009, 29:2570-2581.
12. Bellu A.R., Kiel J.A. Selective degradation of peroxisomes in yeasts. Microsc. Res. Tech. 2003, 61:161-170.
13. Bereiter-Hahn J., Vöth M., Mai S., Jendrach M. Structural implications of mitochondrial dynamics. Biotechnol. J. 2008, 3:765-780.
14. Bernales S., McDonald K.L., Walter P. Autophagy counterbalances endoplasmic reticulum expansion during the unfolded protein response. PLoS. Biol. 2006, 4:e423.
15. Bernhardt D., Hamann A., Osiewacz H.D. The role of mitochondria in fungal aging. Curr. Opin. Microbiol. 2014, 22:1-7.
16. Bjedov I., Toivonen J.M., Kerr F., Slack C., Jacobson J., Foley A., Partridge L. Mechanisms of life span extension by rapamycin in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. Cell Metab. 2010, 11:35-46.
17. Bjørkøy G., Lamark T., Brech A., Outzen H., Perander M., Overvatn A., Stenmark H., Johansen T. p62/SQSTM1 forms protein aggregates degraded by autophagy and has a protective effect on huntingtin-induced cell death. J. Cell Biol. 2005, 171:603-614.
18. Böckler S., Westermann B. Mitochondrial ER contacts are crucial for mitophagy in yeast. Dev. Cell 2014, 28:450-458.
19. Breitenbach M., Laun P., Dickinson J.R., Klocker A., Rinnerthaler M., Dawes I.W., Aung-Htut M.T., Breitenbach-Koller L., Caballero A., Nystrom T., et al. The role of mitochondria in the aging processes of yeast. Subcell. Biochem. 2012, 57:55-78.
20. Burnett C., Valentini S., Cabreiro F., Goss M., Somogyvári M., Piper M.D., Hoddinott M., Sutphin G.L., Leko V., McElwee J.J., et al. Absence of effects of Sir2 overexpression on lifespan in C. elegans and Drosophila. Nature 2011, 477:482-485.
21. Castrejón-Jiménez N.S., Leyva-Paredes K., Hernández-González J.C., Luna-Herrera J., García-Pérez B.E. The role of autophagy in bacterial infections. Biosci. Trends 2015, 9:149-159.
22. Cantó C., Jiang L.Q., Deshmukh A.S., Mataki C., Coste A., Lagouge M., Zierath J.R., Auwerx J. Interdependence of AMPK and SIRT1 for metabolic adaptation to fasting and exercise in skeletal muscle. Cell Metab. 2010, 11:213-219.
23. Chan N.C., Salazar A.M., Pham A.H., Sweredoski M.J., Kolawa N.J., Graham R.L., Hess S., Chan D.C. Broad activation of the ubiquitin-proteasome system by Parkin is critical for mitophagy. Hum. Mol. Genet. 2011, 20:1726-1737.
24. Chatenay-Lapointe M., Shadel G.S. Stressed-out mitochondria get MAD. Cell Metab. 2010, 12:559-560.
25. Chen F., Wang C.C., Kim E., Harrison L.E. Hyperthermia in combination with oxidative stress induces autophagic cell death in HT-29 colon cancer cells. Cell Biol. Int. 2008, 32:715-723.
26. Chu C.T., Ji J., Dagda R.K., Jiang J.F., Tyurina Y.Y., Kapralov A.A., Tyurin V.A., Yanamala N., Shrivastava I.H., Mohammadyani D., et al. Cardiolipin externalization to the outer mitochondrial membrane acts as an elimination signal for mitophagy in neuronal cells. Nat. Cell Biol. 2013, 15:1197-1205.
27. Cilenti L., Ambivero C.T., Ward N., Alnemri E.S., Germain D., Zervos A.S. Inactivation of Omi/HtrA2 protease leads to the deregulation of mitochondrial Mulan E3 ubiquitin ligase and increased mitophagy. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 2014, 1843:1295-1307.
28. Clark I.E., Dodson M.W., Jiang C., Cao J.H., Huh J.R., Seol J.H., Yoo S.J., Hay B.A., Guo M. Drosophila pink1 is required for mitochondrial function and interacts genetically with parkin. Nature 2006, 441:1162-1166.
29. Cuervo A.M., Dice J.F. Age-related decline in chaperone-mediated autophagy. J. Biol. Chem. 2000, 275:31505-31513.
30. Cuervo A.M. Autophagy and aging: keeping that old broom working. Trends Genet. 2008, 24:604-612.
31. Cuervo A.M., Macian F. Autophagy and the immune function in aging. Curr. Opin. Immunol. 2014, 29:97-104.
32. Dagda R.K., Cherra S.J., Kulich S.M., Tandon A., Park D., Chu C.T. Loss of PINK1 function promotes mitophagy through effects on oxidative stress and mitochondrial fission. J. Biol. Chem. 2009, 284:13843-13855.
33. de Vries R.L., Przedborski S. Mitophagy and Parkinson's disease: be eaten to stay healthy. Mol. Cell Neurosci. 2013, 55:37-43.
34. Deng H., Dodson M.W., Huang H., Guo M. The Parkinson's disease genes pink1 and parkin promote mitochondrial fission and/or inhibit fusion in Drosophila. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2008, 105:14503-14508.
35. Dice J.F. Altered degradation of proteins microinjected into senescent human fibroblasts. J. Biol. Chem. 1982, 257:14624-14627.
36. Ding W.X., Yin X.M. Mitophagy: mechanisms, pathophysiological roles, and analysis. Biol. Chem. 2012, 393:547-564.
37. Donati A., Cavallini G., Paradiso C., Vittorini S., Pollera M., Gori Z., Bergamini E. Agerelated changes in the autophagic proteolysis of rat isolated liver cells: effects of antiaging dietary restrictions. J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci. 2001, 56:B375-B383.
38. Egan D.F., Shackelford D.B., Mihaylova M.M., Gelino S., Kohnz R.A., Mair W., Vasquez D.S., Joshi A., Gwinn D.M., Taylor R., et al. Phosphorylation of ULK1 (hATG1) by AMP-activated protein kinase connects energy sensing to mitophagy. Science 2011, 331:456-461.
39. Eisenberg T., Knauer H., Schauer A., Buttner S., Ruckenstuhl C., Carmona-Gutierrez D., Ring J., Schroeder S., Magnes C., Antonacci L., et al. Induction of autophagy by spermidine promotes longevity. Nat. Cell Biol. 2009, 11:1305-1314.
40. Eisenberg T., Schroeder S., Andryushkova A., Pendl T., Küttner V., Bhukel A., Mariño G., Pietrocola F., Harger A., Zimmermann A., et al. Nucleocytosolic depletion of the energy metabolite acetyl-coenzyme a stimulates autophagy and prolongs lifespan. Cell Metab. 2014, 19:431-444.
41. Erlich S., Shohami E., Pinkas-Kramarski R. Neurodegeneration induces upregulation of Beclin 1. Autophagy 2006, 2:49-51.
42. Feng Y., He D., Yao Z., Klionsky D.J. The machinery of macroautophagy. Cell Res. 2014, 24:24-41.
43. Finkel T., Deng C.X., Mostoslavsky R. Recent progress in the biology and physiology of sirtuins. Nature 2009, 460:587-591.
44. Fischer F., Hamann A., Osiewacz H.D. Mitochondrial quality control: an integrated network of pathways. Trends Biochem. Sci. 2012, 37:284-292.
45. Friedland-Leuner K., Stockburger C., Denzer I., Eckert G.P., Müller W.E. Mitochondrial dysfunction: cause and consequence of Alzheimer's disease. Prog. Mol. Biol. Transl. Sci. 2014, 127:183-210.
46. Füllgrabe J., Klionsky D.J., Joseph B. The return of the nucleus: transcriptional and epigenetic control of autophagy. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell. Biol. 2014, 15:65-74.
47. Gautier C.A., Kitada T., Shen J. Loss of PINK1 causes mitochondrial functional defects and increased sensitivity to oxidative stress. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2008, 105:11364-11369.
48. Ge L., Melville D., Zhang M., Schekman R. The ER-Golgi intermediate compartment is a key membrane source for the LC3 lipidation step of autophagosome biogenesis. Elife 2013, 2:e00947.
49. Gegg M.E., Cooper J.M., Chau K.Y., Rojo M., Schapira A.H., Taanman J.W. Mitofusin 1 and mitofusin 2 are ubiquitinated in a PINK1/parkin-dependent manner upon induction of mitophagy. Hum. Mol. Genet. 2010, 19:4861-4870.
50. Geisler S., Holmstrom K.M., Skujat D., Fiesel F.C., Rothfuss O.C., Kahle P.J., Springer W. PINK1/Parkin-mediated mitophagy is dependent on VDAC1 and p62/SQSTM1. Nat. Cell Biol. 2010, 12:119-131.
51. Goldman S.J., Taylor R., Zhang Y., Jin S. Autophagy and the degradation of mitochondria. Mitochondrion 2010, 10:309-315.
52. Gottlieb R.A., Mentzer R.M. Autophagy during cardiac stress: joys and frustrations of autophagy. Annu. Rev. Physiol. 2010, 72:45-59.
53. Graef M., Nunnari J. Mitochondria regulate autophagy by conserved signalling pathways. EMBO J. 2011, 30:2101-2114.
54. Green D.R., Galluzzi L., Kroemer G. Mitochondria and the autophagy-inflammation-cell death axis in organismal aging. Science 2011, 333:1109-1112.
55. Greene J.C., Whitworth A.J., Kuo I., Andrews L.A., Feany M.B., Pallanck L.J. Mitochondrial pathology and apoptotic muscle degeneration in Drosophila parkin mutants. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2003, 100:4078-4083.
56. Hailey D.W., Rambold A.S., Satpute-Krishnan P., Mitra K., Sougrat R., Kim P.K., Lippincott-Schwartz J. Mitochondria supply membranes for autophagosome biogenesis during starvation. Cell 2010, 141:656-667.
57. Hamasaki M., Furuta N., Matsuda A., Nezu A., Yamamoto A., Fujita N., Oomori H., Noda T., Haraguchi T., Hiraoka Y., et al. Autophagosomes form at ER-mitochondria contact sites. Nature 2013, 495:389-393.
58. Hanna R.A., Quinsay M.N., Orogo A.M., Giang K., Rikka S., Gustafsson A.B. Microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3) interacts with Bnip3 protein to selectively remove endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria via autophagy. J. Biol. Chem. 2012, 287:19094-19104.
59. Hansen M., Chandra A., Mitic L.L., Onken B., Driscoll M., Kenyon C. A role for autophagy in the extension of lifespan by dietary restriction in C. elegans. PLoS Genet. 2008, 4:e24.
60. Hara T., Nakamura K., Matsui M., Yamamoto A., Nakahara Y., Suzuki-Migishima R., Yokoyama M., Mishima K., Saito I., Okano H., et al. Suppression of basal autophagy in neural cells causes neurodegenerative disease in mice. Nature 2006, 441:885-889.
61. Harrison D.E., Strong R., Sharp Z.D., Nelson J.F., Astle C.M., Flurkey K., Nadon N.L., Wilkinson J.E., Frenkel K., Carter C.S., et al. Rapamycin fed late in life extends lifespan in genetically heterogeneous mice. Nature 2009, 460:392-395.
62. Hars E.S., Qi H., Ryazanov A.G., Jin S., Cai L., Hu C., Liu L.F. Autophagy regulates ageing in C. elegans. Autophagy 2007, 3:93-95.
63. Hartleben B., Godel M., Meyer-Schwesinger C., Liu S., Ulrich T., Kobler S., Wiech T., Grahammer F., Arnold S.J., Lindenmeyer M.T., et al. Autophagy influences glomerular disease susceptibility and maintains podocyte homeostasis in aging mice. J. Clin. Invest. 2010, 120:1084-1096.
64. Hasson S.A., Kane L.A., Yamano K., Huang C.H., Sliter D.A., Buehler E., Wang C., Heman-Ackah S.M., Hessa T., Guha R., et al. High-content genome-wide RNAi screens identify regulators of parkin upstream of mitophagy. Nature 2013, 504:291-295.
65. Hayashi-Nishino M., Fujita N., Noda T., Yamaguchi A., Yoshimori T., Yamamoto A. A subdomain of the endoplasmic reticulum forms a cradle for autophagosome formation. Nat. Cell Biol. 2009, 11:1433-1437.
66. Hindle J.V. Ageing, neurodegeneration and Parkinson's disease. Age Ageing 2010, 39:156-161.
67. He Y., Deng Y.Z., Naqvi N.I. Atg24-assisted mitophagy in the foot cells is necessary for proper asexual differentiation in Magnaporthe oryzae. Autophagy 2013, 9:1818-1827.
68. Heo J.M., Ordureau A., Paulo J.A., Rinehart J., Harper J.W. The PINK1-PARKIN mitochondrial ubiquitylation pathway drives a program of OPTN/NDP52 recruitment and TBK1 activation to promote mitophagy. Mol. Cell 2015, 60:7-20.
69. Herhaus L., Dikic I. Expanding the ubiquitin code through post-translational modification. EMBO Rep. 2015, 16:1071-1083.
70. Hesp K., Smant G., Kammenga J.E. Caenorhabditis elegans DAF-16/FOXO transcription factor and its mammalian homologs associate with age-related disease. Exp. Gerontol. 2015, 72:1-7.
71. Imai S., Johnson F.B., Marciniak R.A., McVey M., Park P.U., Guarente L. Sir2: an NAD-dependent histone deacetylase that connects chromatin silencing, metabolism, and aging. Cold Spring Harb. Symp. Quant. Biol. 2000, 65:297-302.
72. Johansen T., Lamark T. Selective autophagy mediated by autophagic adapter proteins. Autophagy 2011, 7:279-296.
73. Joo J.H., Dorsey F.C., Joshi A., Hennessy-Walters K.M., Rose K.L., McCastlain K., Zhang J., Iyengar R., Jung C.H., Suen D.F., et al. Hsp90-Cdc37 chaperone complex regulates Ulk1- and Atg13-mediated mitophagy. Mol. Cell 2011, 43:572-585.
74. Juhász G., Erdi B., Sass M., Neufeld T.P. Atg7-dependent autophagy promotes neuronal health, stress tolerance, and longevity but is dispensable for metamorphosis in Drosophila. Genes Dev. 2007, 21:3061-3066.
75. Kaeberlein M., Kirkland K.T., Fields S., Kennedy B.K. Sir2-independent life span extension by calorie restriction in yeast. PLoS Biol. 2004, 2:E296.
76. Kaeberlein M., Powers R.W., Steffen K.K., Westman E.A., Hu D., Dang N., Kerr E.O., Kirkland K.T., Fields S., Kennedy B.K. Regulation of yeast replicative life span by TOR and Sch9 in response to nutrients. Science 2005, 310:1193-1196.
77. Kaeberlein M. Lessons on longevity from budding yeast. Nature 2010, 464:513-519.
78. Kane L.A., Lazarou M., Fogel A.I., Li Y., Yamano K., Sarraf S.A., Banerjee S., Youle R.J. PINK1 phosphorylates ubiquitin to activate Parkin E3 ubiquitin ligase activity. J. Cell Biol. 2014, 205:143-153.
79. Kang C., You Y.J., Avery L. Dual roles of autophagy in the survival of Caenorhabditis elegans during starvation. Genes Dev. 2007, 21:2161-2171.
80. Kanki T., Klionsky D.J. Atg32 is a tag for mitochondria degradation in yeast. Autophagy 2009, 5:1201-1202.
81. Kanki T., Wang K., Cao Y., Baba M., Klionsky D.J. Atg32 is a mitochondrial protein that confers selectivity during mitophagy. Dev. Cell 2009, 17:98-109.
82. Kanki T., Furukawa K., Yamashita S. Mitophagy in yeast: molecular mechanisms and physiological role. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 2015, 1853:2756-2765.
83. Karanasios E., Stapleton E., Manifava M., Kaizuka T., Mizushima N., Walker S.A., Ktistakis N.T. Dynamic association of the ULK1 complex with omegasomes during autophagy induction. J. Cell Sci. 2013, 126:5224-5238.
84. Kaushik S., Cuervo A.M. Chaperone-mediated autophagy: a unique way to enter the lysosome world. Trends Cell Biol. 2012, 22:407-417.
85. Kennedy B.K., Austriaco N.R., Zhang J., Guarente L.P. Mutation in the silencing gene SIR4 can delay aging in S. cerevisiae. Cell 1995, 80:485-496.
86. Kenyon C.J. The genetics of ageing. Nature 2010, 464:504-512.
87. Khalil B., El Fissi N., Aouane A., Cabirol-Pol M.J., Rival T., Liévens J.C. PINK1-induced mitophagy promotes neuroprotection in Huntington's disease. Cell Death Dis. 2015, 6:e1617.
88. Kim I., Rodriguez-Enriquez S., Lemasters J.J. Selective degradation of mitochondria by mitophagy. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 2007, 462:245-253.
89. Kim J., Kundu M., Viollet B., Guan K.L. AMPK and mTOR regulate autophagy through direct phosphorylation of Ulk1. Nat. Cell Biol. 2011, 13:132-141.
90. Kissova I., Deffieu M., Manon S., Camougrand N. Uth1p is involved in the autophagic degradation of mitochondria. J. Biol. Chem. 2004, 279:39068-39074.
91. Kitada T., Asakawa S., Hattori N., Matsumine H., Yamamura Y., Minoshima S., Yokochi M., Mizuno Y., Shimizu N. Mutations in the parkin gene cause autosomal recessive juvenile parkinsonism. Nature 1998, 392:605-608.
92. Klionsky D.J., Abdelmohsen K., Abe A., Abedin M.J., Abeliovich H., Acevedo Arozena A., Adachi H., Adams C.M., Adams P.D., Adeli K., et al. Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy (3rd edition). Autophagy 2016, 12:1-222. 10.1080/15548627.2015.1100356.
93. Knuppertz L., Hamann A., Pampaloni F., Stelzer E., Osiewacz H.D. Identification of autophagy as a longevity-assurance mechanism in the aging model Podospora anserina. Autophagy 2014, 10:822-834.
94. Komata T., Kanzawa T., Nashimoto T., Aoki H., Endo S., Nameta M., Takahashi H., Yamamoto T., Kondo S., Tanaka R. Mild heat shock induces autophagic growth arrest, but not apoptosis in U251-MG and U87-MG human malignant glioma cells. J. Neurooncol. 2004, 68:101-111.
95. Komatsu M., Waguri S., Ueno T., Iwata J., Murata S., Tanida I., Ezaki J., Mizushima N., Ohsumi Y., Uchiyama Y., et al. Impairment of starvation-induced and constitutive autophagy in Atg7-deficient mice. J. Cell Biol. 2005, 169:425-434.
96. Komatsu M., Waguri S., Chiba T., Murata S., Iwata J., Tanida I., Ueno T., Koike M., Uchiyama Y., Kominami E., et al. Loss of autophagy in the central nervous system causes neurodegeneration in mice. Nature 2006, 441:880-884.
97. Komatsu M., Waguri S., Koike M., Sou Y.S., Ueno T., Hara T., Mizushima N., Iwata J., Ezaki J., Murata S., et al. Homeostatic levels of p62 control cytoplasmic inclusion body formation in autophagy deficient mice. Cell 2007, 131:1149-1163.
98. Kourtis N., Tavernarakis N. Autophagy and cell death in model organisms. Cell Death Differ. 2009, 16:21-30.
99. Lazarou M., Sliter D.A., Kane L.A., Sarraf S.A., Wang C., Burman J.L., Sideris D.P., Fogel A.I., Youle R.J. The ubiquitin kinase PINK1 recruits autophagy receptors to induce mitophagy. Nature 2015, 524:309-314.
100. Lee J.H., Budanov A.V., Park E.J., Birse R., Kim T.E., Perkins G.A., Ocorr K., Ellisman M.H., Bodmer R., Bier E., et al. Sestrin as a feedback inhibitor of TOR that prevents age-related pathologies. Science 2010, 327:1223-1228.
101. Lemasters J.J. Selective mitochondrial autophagy, or mitophagy, as a targeted defense against oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and aging. Rejuvenation Res. 2005, 8:3-5.
102. Levine B., Kroemer G. Autophagy in the pathogenesis of disease. Cell 2008, 132:27-42.
103. Lionaki E., Markaki M., Tavernarakis N. Autophagy and ageing: insights from invertebrate model organisms. Ageing Res. Rev. 2013, 12:413-428.
104. Lipinski M.M., Zheng B., Lu T., Yan Z., Py B.F., Ng A., Xavier R.J., Li C., Yankner B.A., Scherzer C.R., Yuan J. Genome-wide analysis reveals mechanisms modulating autophagy in normal brain aging and in Alzheimer's disease. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2010, 107:14164-14169.
105. Liu L., Feng D., Chen G., Chen M., Zheng Q., Song P., Ma Q., Zhu C., Wang R., Qi W., et al. Mitochondrial outer-membrane protein FUNDC1 mediates hypoxia-induced mitophagy in mammalian cells. Nat. Cell Biol. 2012, 14:177-185.
106. López-Otín C., Blasco M.A., Partridge L., Serrano M., Kroemer G. The hallmarks of aging. Cell 2013, 153:1194-1217.
107. Lu H., Li G., Liu L., Feng L., Wang X., Jin H. Regulation and function of mitophagy in development and cancer. Autophagy 2013, 9:1720-1736.
108. MacVicar T.D., Lane J.D. Impaired OMA1-dependent cleavage of OPA1 and reduced DRP1 fission activity combine to prevent mitophagy in cells that are dependent on oxidative phosphorylation. J. Cell Sci. 2014, 127:2313-2325.
109. Madeo F., Tavernarakis N., Kroemer G. Can autophagy promote longevity?. Nat. Cell Biol. 2010, 12:842-846.
110. Mai S., Klinkenberg M., Auburger G., Bereiter-Hahn J., Jendrach M. Decreased expression of Drp1 and Fis1 mediates mitochondrial elongation in senescent cells and enhances resistance to oxidative stress through PINK1. J. Cell Sci. 2010, 123:917-926.
111. Makrides S.C. Protein synthesis and degradation during aging and senescence. Biol. Rev. Camb. Philos. Soc. 1983, 58:343-422.
112. Malpass K. Neurodegenerative disease: defective mitochondrial dynamics in the hot seat-a therapeutic target common to many neurological disorders?. Nat. Rev. Neurol. 2013, 9:417.
113. Mammucari C., Milan G., Romanello V., Masiero E., Rudolf R., Del Piccolo P., Burden S.J., Di Lisi R., Sandri C., Zhao J., et al. FoxO3 controls autophagy in skeletal muscle in vivo. Cell Metab. 2007, 6:458-471.
114. Mao K., Klionsky D.J. MAPKs regulate mitophagy in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Autophagy 2011, 7:1564-1565.
115. Mao K., Wang K., Liu X., Klionsky D.J. The scaffold protein Atg11 recruits fission machinery to drive selective mitochondria degradation by autophagy. Dev. Cell 2013, 26:9-18.
116. Markaki M., Tavernarakis N. Metabolic control by target of rapamycin and autophagy during ageing-a mini-review. Gerontology 2013, 59:340-348.
117. Massey A.C., Kaushik S., Sovak G., Kiffin R., Cuervo A.M. Consequences of the selective blockage of chaperone-mediated autophagy. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2006, 103:5805-5810.
118. Matecic M., Smith D.L., Pan X., Maqani N., Bekiranov S., Boeke J.D., Smith J.S. A microarray-based genetic screen for yeast chronological aging factors. PLoS Genet. 2010, 6:e1000921.
119. Matsuda N., Sato S., Shiba K., Okatsu K., Saisho K., Gautier C.A., Sou Y.S., Saiki S., Kawajiri S., Sato F., et al. PINK1 stabilized by depolarization recruits Parkin to damaged mitochondria and activates latent Parkin for mitophagy. J. Cell Biol. 2010, 189:211-221.
120. Melendez A., Talloczy Z., Seaman M., Eskelinen E.L., Hall D.H., Levine B. Autophagy genes are essential for dauer development and life-span extension in C. elegans. Science 2003, 301:1387-1391.
121. Minina E.A., Sanchez-Vera V., Moschou P.N., Suarez M.F., Sundberg E., Weih M., Bozhkov P.V. Autophagy mediates caloric restriction-induced lifespan extension in Arabidopsis. Aging Cell 2013, 12:327-329.
122. Mirzaei H., Longo V.D. Acetyl-CoA synthetase is a conserved regulator of autophagy and life span. Cell Metab. 2014, 19:555-557.
123. Mizushima N., Levine B. Autophagy in mammalian development and differentiation. Nat. Cell Biol. 2010, 12:823-830.
124. Mizushima N., Levine B., Cuervo A.M., Klionsky D.J. Autophagy fights disease through cellular self-digestion. Nature 2008, 451:1069-1075.
125. Morselli E., Maiuri M.C., Markaki M., Megalou E., Pasparaki A., Palikaras K., Criollo A., Galluzzi L., Malik S.A., Vitale I., et al. Caloric restriction and resveratrol promote longevity through the Sirtuin-1-dependent induction of autophagy. Cell Death Dis. 2010, 1:e10.
126. Murakawa T., Yamaguchi O., Hashimoto A., Hikoso S., Takeda T., Oka T., Yasui H., Ueda H., Akazawa Y., Nakayama H., et al. Bcl-2-like protein 13 is a mammalian Atg32 homologue that mediates mitophagy and mitochondrial fragmentation. Nat. Commun. 2015, 6:7527.
127. Nakai A., Yamaguchi O., Takeda T., Higuchi Y., Hikoso S., Taniike M., Omiya S., Mizote I., Matsumura Y., Asahi M., et al. The role of autophagy in cardiomyocytes in the basal state and in response to hemodynamic stress. Nat. Med. 2007, 13:619-624.
128. Nakatogawa H., Suzuki K., Kamada Y., Ohsumi Y. Dynamics and diversity in autophagy mechanisms: lessons from yeast. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 2009, 10:458-467.
129. Narendra D., Tanaka A., Suen D.F., Youle R.J. Parkin is recruited selectively to impaired mitochondria and promotes their autophagy. J. Cell Biol. 2008, 183:795-803.
130. Narendra D.P., Jin S.M., Tanaka A., Suen D.F., Gautier C.A., Shen J., Cookson M.R., Youle R.J. PINK1 is selectively stabilized on impaired mitochondria to activate Parkin. PLoS Biol. 2010, 8:e1000298.
131. Nedelsky N.B., Todd P.K., Taylor J.P. Autophagy and the ubiquitin-proteasome system: collaborators in neuroprotection. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 2008, 1782:691-699.
132. Neufeld T.P. TOR-dependent control of autophagy: biting the hand that feeds. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 2010, 22:157-168.
133. Ney P.A. Normal and disordered reticulocyte maturation. Curr. Opin. Hematol. 2011, 18:152-157.
134. Novak I., Dikic I. Autophagy receptors in developmental clearance of mitochondria. Autophagy 2011, 7:301-303.
135. Novak I., Kirkin V., McEwan D.G., Zhang J., Wild P., Rozenknop A., Rogov V., Lohr F., Popovic D., Occhipinti A., et al. Nix is a selective autophagy receptor for mitochondrial clearance. EMBO Rep. 2010, 11:45-51.
136. Nowikovsky K., Reipert S., Devenish R.J., Schweyen R.J. Mdm38 protein depletion causes loss of mitochondrial K+/H+ exchange activity, osmotic swelling and mitophagy. Cell Death Differ. 2007, 14:1647-1656.
137. Okamoto K., Kondo-Okamoto N., Ohsumi Y. A landmark protein essential for mitophagy: Atg32 recruits the autophagic machinery to mitochondria. Autophagy 2009, 5:1203-1205.
138. Orvedahl A., Sumpter R., Xiao G., Ng A., Zou Z., Tang Y., Narimatsu M., Gilpin C., Sun Q., Roth M., et al. Image-based genome-wide siRNA screen identifies selective autophagy factors. Nature 2011, 480:113-117.
139. Osiewacz H.D. Mitochondrial functions and aging. Gene 2002, 286:65-71.
140. Osiewacz H.D., Bernhardt D. Mitochondrial quality control: impact on aging and life span-a mini-review. Gerontology 2013, 59:413-420.
141. Palikaras K., Lionaki E., Tavernarakis N. Coordination of mitophagy and mitochondrial biogenesis during ageing in C. elegans. Nature 2015, 521:525-528.
142. Palikaras K., Lionaki E., Tavernarakis N. Balancing mitochondrial biogenesis and mitophagy to maintain energy metabolism homeostasis. Cell Death Differ. 2015, 22:1399-1401.
143. Pan Y., Schroeder E., Ocampo A., Barrientos A., Shadel G. Regulation of yeast chronological life span by TORC1 via adaptive mitochondrial ROS signaling. Cell Metab. 2011, 13:668-678.
144. Pandey U.B., Nie Z., Batlevi Y., McCray B.A., Ritson G.P., Nedelsky N.B., Schwartz S.L., DiProspero N.A., Knight M.A., Schuldiner O., et al. HDAC6 rescues neurodegeneration and provides an essential link between autophagy and the UPS. Nature 2007, 447:859-863.
145. Pankiv S., Clausen T.H., Lamark T., Brech A., Bruun J.A., Outzen H., Øvervatn A., Bjørkøy G., Johansen T. p62/SQSTM1 binds directly to Atg8/LC3 to facilitate degradation of ubiquitinated protein aggregates by autophagy. J. Biol. Chem. 2007, 282:24131-24145.
146. Pattingre S., Tassa A., Qu X., Garuti R., Liang X.H., Mizushima N., Packer M., Schneider M.D., Levine B. Bcl-2 antiapoptotic proteins inhibit Beclin 1-dependent autophagy. Cell 2005, 122:927-939.
147. Petiot A., Pattingre S., Arico S., Meley D., Codogno P. Diversity of signaling controls of macroautophagy in mammalian cells. Cell Struct. Funct. 2002, 27:431-441.
148. Philipp O., Hamann A., Servos J., Werner A., Koch I., Osiewacz H.D. A genome-wide longitudinal transcriptome analysis of the aging model Podospora anserina. PLoS One 2013, 8:e83109.
149. Poole A.C., Thomas R.E., Andrews L.A., McBride H.M., Whitworth A.J., Pallanck L.J. The PINK1/Parkin pathway regulates mitochondrial morphology. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2008, 105:1638-1643.
150. Pouysségur J., Dayan F., Mazure N.M. Hypoxia signalling in cancer and approaches to enforce tumour regression. Nature 2006, 441:437-443.
151. Preston C.C., Oberlin A.S., Holmuhamedov E.L., Gupta A., Sagar S., Syed R.H., Siddiqui S.A., Raghavakaimal S., Terzic A., Jahangir A. Aging-induced alterations in gene transcripts and functional activity of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation complexes in the heart. Mech. Ageing Dev. 2008, 129:304-312.
152. Priault M., Salin B., Schaeffer J., Vallette F.M., di Rago J.P., Martinou J.C. Impairing the bioenergetic status and the biogenesis of mitochondria triggers mitophagy in yeast. Cell Death Differ. 2005, 12:1613-1621.
153. Pyo J.O., Yoo S.M., Ahn H.H., Nah J., Hong S.H., Kam T.I., Jung S., Jung Y.K. Overexpression of Atg5 in mice activates autophagy and extends lifespan. Nat. Commun. 2013, 4:2300.
154. Rabinowitz J.D., White E. Autophagy and metabolism. Science 2010, 330:1344-1348.
155. Rana A., Rera M., Walker D.W. Parkin overexpression during aging reduces proteotoxicity, alters mitochondrial dynamics, and extends lifespan. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2013, 110:8638-8643.
156. Ravikumar B., Sarkar S., Davies J.E., Futter M., Garcia-Arencibia M., Green-Thompson Z.W., Jimenez-Sanchez M., Korolchuk V.I., Lichtenberg M., Luo S., et al. Regulation of mammalian autophagy in physiology and pathophysiology. Physiol. Rev. 2010, 90:1383-1435.
157. Richard V.R., Leonov A., Beach A., Burstein M.T., Koupaki O., Gomez-Perez A., Levy S., Pluska L., Mattie S., Rafesh R., et al. Macromitophagy is a longevity assurance process that in chronologically aging yeast limited in calorie supply sustains functional mitochondria and maintains cellular lipid homeostasis. Aging (Albany NY) 2013, 5:234-269.
158. Richie D.L., Fuller K.K., Fortwendel J., Miley M.D., McCarthy J.W., Feldmesser M., Rhodes J.C., Askew D.S. Unexpected link between metal ion deficiency and autophagy in Aspergillus fumigatus. Eukaryot. Cell 2007, 6:2437-2447.
159. Ristow M., Zarse K. How increased oxidative stress promotes longevity and metabolic health: the concept of mitochondrial hormesis (mitohormesis). Exp. Gerontol. 2010, 45:410-418.
160. Rubinsztein D.C., Marino G., Kroemer G. Autophagy and aging. Cell 2011, 146:682-695.
161. Sahu R., Kaushik S., Clement C.C., Cannizzo E.S., Scharf B., Follenzi A., Potolicchio I., Nieves E., Cuervo A.M., Santambrogio L. Microautophagy of cytosolic proteins by late endosomes. Dev. Cell 2011, 20:131-139.
162. Salminen A., Kaarniranta K. SIRT1: regulation of longevity via autophagy. Cell Signal 2009, 21:1356-1360.
163. Salminen A., Kaarniranta K. NF-kappaB signaling in the aging process. J. Clin. Immunol. 2009, 29:397-405.
164. Sampaio-Marques B., Felgueiras C., Silva A., Rodrigues F., Ludovico P. Yeast chronological lifespan and proteotoxic stress: is autophagy good or bad?. Biochem. Soc. Trans. 2011, 39:1466-1470.
165. Sandoval H., Thiagarajan P., Dasgupta S.K., Schumacher A., Prchal J.T., Chen M., Wang J. Essential role for Nix in autophagic maturation of erythroid cells. Nature 2008, 454:232-235.
166. Sarraf S.A., Raman M., Guarani-Pereira V., Sowa M.E., Huttlin E.L., Gygi S.P., Harper J.W. Landscape of the PARKIN-dependent ubiquitylome in response to mitochondrial depolarization. Nature 2013, 496:372-376.
167. Sato M., Sato K. Degradation of paternal mitochondria by fertilization-triggered autophagy in C. elegans embryos. Science 2011, 334:1141-1144.
168. Sämann J., Hegermann J., von Gromoff E., Eimer S., Baumeister R., Schmidt E. Caenorhabditits elegans LRK-1 and PINK-1 act antagonistically in stress response and neurite outgrowth. J. Biol. Chem. 2009, 284:16482-16491.
169. Schiavi A., Torgovnick A., Kell A., Megalou E., Castelein N., Guccini I., Marzocchella L., Gelino S., Hansen M., Malisan F., et al. Autophagy induction extends lifespan and reduces lipid content in response to frataxin silencing in C. elegans. Exp. Gerontol. 2013, 48:191-201.
170. Schiavi A., Maglioni S., Palikaras K., Shaik A., Strappazzon F., Brinkmann V., Torgovnick A., Castelein N., De Henau S., Braeckman B.P., et al. Iron-starvation-induced mitophagy mediates lifespan extension upon mitochondrial stress in C. elegans. Curr. Biol. 2015, 25:1810-1822.
171. Schofield C.J., Ratcliffe P.J. Oxygen sensing by HIF hydroxylases. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 2004, 5:343-354.
172. Schweers R.L., Zhang J., Randall M.S., Loyd M.R., Li W., Dorsey F.C., Kundu M., Opferman J.T., Cleveland J.L., Miller J.L., et al. NIX is required for programmed mitochondrial clearance during reticulocyte maturation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2007, 104:19500-19505.
173. Scott R.C., Schuldiner O., Neufeld T.P. Role and regulation of starvation-induced autophagy in the Drosophila fat body. Dev. Cell 2004, 7:167-178.
174. Scott R.C., Juhász G., Neufeld T.P. Direct induction of autophagy by Atg1 inhibits cell growth and induces apoptotic cell death. Curr. Biol. 2007, 17:1-11.
175. Semenza G.L. Targeting HIF-1 for cancer therapy. Nat. Rev. Cancer 2003, 3:721-732.
176. Sheng R., Zhang L.S., Han R., Liu X.Q., Gao B., Qin Z.H. Autophagy activation is associated with neuroprotection in a rat model of focal cerebral ischemic preconditioning. Autophagy 2010, 6:482-494.
177. Simonsen A., Cumming R.C., Brech A., Isakson P., Schubert D.R., Finley K.D. Promoting basal levels of autophagy in the nervous system enhances longevity and oxidant resistance in adult Drosophila. Autophagy 2008, 4:176-184.
178. Singh R., Kaushik S., Wang Y., Xiang Y., Novak I., Komatsu M., Tanaka K., Cuervo A.M., Czaja M.J. Autophagy regulates lipid metabolism. Nature 2009, 458:1131-1135.
179. Springer W., Hoppe T., Schmidt E., Baumeister R. A Caenorhabditis elegans Parkin mutant with altered solubility couples alpha-synuclein aggregation to proteotoxic stress. Hum. Mol. Genet. 2005, 14:3407-3423.
180. Sugiura A., McLelland G.L., Fon E.A., McBride H.M. A new pathway for mitochondrial quality control: mitochondrial-derived vesicles. EMBO J. 2014, 33:2142-2156.
181. Szklarczyk R., Nooteboom M., Osiewacz H.D. Control of mitochondrial integrity in ageing and disease. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 2014, 369:20130439.
182. Tal R., Winter G., Ecker N., Klionsky D.J., Abeliovich H. Aup1p, a yeast mitochondrial protein phosphatase homolog, is required for efficient stationary phase mitophagy and cell survival. J. Biol. Chem. 2007, 282:5617-5624.
183. Tasdemir E., Maiuri M.C., Galluzzi L., Vitale I., Djavaheri-Mergny M., D'Amelio M., Criollo A., Morselli E., Zhu C., Harper F., et al. Regulation of autophagy by cytoplasmic p53. Nat. Cell Biol. 2008, 10:676-687.
184. Taylor E.B., Rutter J. Mitochondrial quality control by the ubiquitin-proteasome system. Biochem. Soc. Trans. 2011, 39:1509-1513.
185. Teichert I., Nowrousian M., Pöggeler S., Kück U. The filamentous fungus Sordaria macrospora as a genetic model to study fruiting body development. Adv. Genet. 2014, 87:199-244.
186. Tooze S.A., Yoshimori T. The origin of the autophagosomal membrane. Nat. Cell Biol. 2010, 12:831-835.
187. Toth M.L., Sigmond T., Borsos E., Barna J., Erdelyi P., Takacs-Vellai K., Orosz L., Kovacs A.L., Csikos G., Sass M., et al. Longevity pathways converge on autophagy genes to regulate life span in Caenorhabditis elegans. Autophagy 2008, 4:330-338.
188. Twig G., Elorza A., Molina A.J., Mohamed H., Wikstrom J.D., Walzer G., Stiles L., Haigh S.E., Katz S., Las G., et al. Fission and selective fusion govern mitochondrial segregation and elimination by autophagy. EMBO J. 2008, 27:433-446.
189. Twig G., Shirihai O.S. The interplay between mitochondrial dynamics and mitophagy. Antioxid. Redox Signal 2011, 14:1939-1951.
190. Ugidos A., Nystrom T., Caballero A. Perspectives on the mitochondrial etiology of replicative aging in yeast. Exp. Gerontol. 2010, 45:512-515.
191. Vafai S.B., Mootha V.K. Mitochondrial disorders as windows into an ancient organelle. Nature 2012, 491:374-383.
192. Van Humbeeck C., Cornelissen T., Vandenberghe W. Ambra1: a Parkin-binding protein involved in mitophagy. Autophagy 2011, 7:1555-1556.
193. Vellai T., Takacs-Vellai K., Sass M., Klionsky D.J. The regulation of aging: does autophagy underlie longevity?. Trends Cell Biol. 2009, 19:487-494.
194. Vittorini S., Paradiso C., Donati A., Cavallini G., Masini M., Gori Z., Pollera M., Bergamini E. The age-related accumulation of protein carbonyl in rat liver correlates with the age-related decline in liver proteolytic activities. J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci. 1999, 54:B318-B323.
195. Vives-Bauza C., Zhou C., Huang Y., Cui M., de Vries R.L., Kim J., May J., Tocilescu M.A., Liu W., Ko H.S., et al. PINK1-dependent recruitment of Parkin to mitochondria in mitophagy. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2010, 107:378-383.
196. Wallace D.C. A mitochondrial paradigm of metabolic and degenerative diseases, aging, and cancer: a dawn for evolutionary medicine. Annu. Rev. Genet. 2005, 39:359-407.
197. Wang K., Jin M., Liu X., Klionsky D.J. Proteolytic processing of Atg32 by the mitochondrial i-AAA protease Yme1 regulates mitophagy. Autophagy 2013, 9:1828-1836.
198. Wang M., Miller R.A. Fibroblasts from long-lived mutant mice exhibit increased autophagy and lower TOR activity after nutrient deprivation or oxidative stress. Aging Cell 2012, 11:668-674.
199. Wang W., Wang X., Fujioka H., Hoppel C., Whone A.L., Caldwell M.A., Cullen P.J., Liu J., Zhu X. Parkinson's disease-associated mutant VPS35 causes mitochondrial dysfunction by recycling DLP1 complexes. Nat. Med. 2016, 22:54-63. [Epub ahead of print]. 10.1038/nm.3983.
200. Wirawan E., Vanden Berghe T., Lippens S., Agostinis P., Vandenabeele P. Autophagy: for better or for worse. Cell Res. 2012, 22:43-61.
201. Wu J.J., Quijano C., Chen E., Liu H., Cao L., Fergusson M.M., Rovira I.I., Gutkind S., Daniels M.P., Komatsu M., et al. Mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress mediate the physiological impairment induced by the disruption of autophagy. Aging (Albany NY) 2009, 1:425-437.
202. Wullschleger S., Loewith R., Hall M.N. TOR signaling in growth and metabolism. Cell 2006, 124:471-484.
203. Wurzer B., Zaffagnini G., Fracchiolla D., Turco E., Abert C., Romanov J., Martens S. Oligomerization of p62 allows for selection of ubiquitinated cargo and isolation membrane during selective autophagy. Elife 2015, 4. pii: e08941.
204. Yamano K., Youle R.J. PINK1 is degraded through the N-end rule pathway. Autophagy 2013, 9:1758-1769.
205. Yang Y., Ouyang Y., Yang L., Beal M.F., McQuibban A., Vogel H., Lu B. Pink1 regulates mitochondrial dynamics through interaction with the fission/fusion machinery. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2008, 105:7070-7075.
206. Yang W., Hekimi S. Two modes of mitochondrial dysfunction lead independently to lifespan extension in Caenorhabditis elegans. Aging Cell 2010, 9:433-447.
207. Yang Z., Klionsky D.J. Mammalian autophagy: core molecular machinery and signaling regulation. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 2010, 22:124-131.
208. Yen W.L., Shintani T., Nair U., Cao Y., Richardson B.C., Li Z., Hughson F.M., Baba M., Klionsky D.J. The conserved oligomeric Golgi complex is involved in double-membrane vesicle formation during autophagy. J. Cell Biol. 2010, 188:101-114.
209. Yoneda T., Benedetti C., Urano F., Clark S.G., Harding H.P., Ron D. Compartment-specific perturbation of protein handling activates genes encoding mitochondrial chaperones. J. Cell Sci. 2004, 117:4055-4066.
210. Yorimitsu T., Klionsky D.J. Autophagy: molecular machinery for self-eating. Cell Death Differ. 2005, 2:1542-1552.
211. Yorimitsu T., Klionsky D.J. Endoplasmic reticulum stress: a new pathway to induce autophagy. Autophagy 2007, 3:160-162.
212. Yoshii S.R., Kishi C., Ishihara N., Mizushima N. Parkin mediates proteasome-dependent protein degradation and rupture of the outer mitochondrial membrane. J. Biol. Chem. 2011, 286:19630-19640.
213. Zhao J., Brault J.J., Schild A., Cao P., Sandri M., Schiaffino S., Lecker S.H., Goldberg A.L. FoxO3 coordinately activates protein degradation by the autophagic/lysosomal and proteasomal pathways in atrophying muscle cells. Cell Metab. 2007, 6:472-483.
214. Zhao Y., Huang Q., Yang J., Lou M., Wang A., Dong J., Qin Z., Zhang T. Autophagy impairment inhibits differentiation of glioma stem/progenitor cells. Brain Res. 2010, 1313:250-258.
215. Zhao S., Lin L., Kan G., Xu C., Tang Q., Yu C., Sun W., Cai L., Xu C., Cui S. High autophagy in the naked mole rat may play a significant role in maintaining good health. Cell Physiol. Biochem. 2014, 33:321-332.
216. Zhao Q., Wang J., Levichkin I.V., Stasinopoulos S., Ryan M.T., Hoogenraad N.J. A mitochondrial specific stress response in mammalian cells. EMBO J. 2002, 21:4411-4419.
217. Zhou Q., Li H., Xue D. Elimination of paternal mitochondria through the lysosomal degradation pathway in C. elegans. Cell Res. 2011, 21:1662-1669.
218. Zhu W., Li X., Xie W., Luo F., Kaur D., Andersen J.K., Jankovic J., Le W. Genetic iron chelation protects against proteasome inhibition-induced dopamine neuron degeneration. Neurobiol. Dis. 2010, 37:307-313.
219. Zhu Y., Massen S., Terenzio M., Lang V., Chen-Lindner S., Eils R., Novak I., Dikic I., Hamacher-Brady A., Brady N.R. Modulation of serines 17 and 24 in the LC3-interacting region of Bnip3 determines pro-survival mitophagy versus apoptosis. J. Biol. Chem. 2013, 288:1099-1113.
220. Zoncu R., Efeyan A., Sabatini D.M. mTOR: from growth signal integration to cancer, diabetes and ageing. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 2011, 12:21-35.