Alzheimer’s disease

Springer Handbook of Bio-/Neuroinformatics

Volumn , Issue , 2014, Pages 889-920

  Schliebs, Reinhard ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF LEIPZIG   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT; ESSENTIAL FEATURES; HYPERPHOSPHORYLATED; NEURODEGENERATION; NEURODEGENERATIVE DISORDERS; NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES; RESEARCH FRAMEWORKS; UNIFIED MODELING;

NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES;

EID: 84919452903     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-30574-0_51     Document Type: Chapter

References (255)

1. N.K. Kasabov, R. Schliebs, H. Kojima: Probabilistic computational neurogenetic modeling: From cognitive systems to Alzheimer’s disease, IEEE Trans. Auton. Mental Dev. 3, 1-12 (2011)
2. A. Alzheimer: Über eine eigenartige Erkrankung der Hirnrinde, Allg. Z. Psychiatr. Psychisch-Gerichtl. Med. 64, 146-148 (1907)
3. G.G. Glenner, C.W. Wong: Alzheimer’s disease and Down’s syndrome: Sharing of a unique cerebrovascular amyloid fibril protein, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 122, 1131-1135 (1984)
4. C.L.Masters, G. Simms, N.A.Weinman, G. Multhaup, B.L. McDonald, K. Beyreuther: Amyloid plaque core protein in Alzheimer disease and down syndrome, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 82, 4245-4249 (1985)
5. J. Kang, H.G. Lemaire, A. Unterbeck, J.M. Salbaum, C.L. Masters, K.H. Grzeschik, G. Multhaup, K. Beyreuther, B. Müller-Hill: The precursor of Alzheimer’s disease amyloid A4 protein resembles a cell-surface receptor, Nature 325, 733-736 (1987)
6. D. Goldgaber, M.I. Lerman, O.W. McBride, U. Saffiotti, D.C. Gajdusek: (1987) Characterization and chromosomal localization of a cDNA encoding brain amyloid of Alzheimer’s disease, Science 235, 877-880 (2006)
7. N.K. Robakis, N. Ramakrishna, G. Wolfe, H.M. Wisniewski: Molecular cloning and characterization of a cDNA encoding the cerebrovascular and the neuritic plaque amyloid peptides, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 84, 4190-4194 (1987)
8. R.E. Tanzi, J.F. Gusella, P.C. Watkins, G.A. Bruns, P. St George-Hyslop, M.L. Van Keuren, D. Patterson, S. Pagan, D.M. Kurnit, R.L. Neve: Amyloid β protein gene: CDNA, mRNA distribution, and genetic linkage near the Alzheimer locus, Science 235, 880-884 (1987)
9. H. Bickel: Die Epidemiologie der Demenz, Informationsblatt (Deutsche Alzheimer Gesellschaft e.V., Berlin 2010), available online at www.deutschealzheimer. de/
10. K. Herrup: Reimagining Alzheimer’s disease-an age-based hypothesis, J. Neurosci. 30, 16755-16762 (2010)
11. R.S. Turner: Alzheimer’s disease, Semin. Neurol. 26, 499-506 (2006)
12. R.J. Castellani, R.K. Rolston, M.A. Smith: Alzheimer disease, Dis. Mon. 56, 484-546 (2010)
13. G.G. Glenner, C.W. Wong, V. Quaranta, E.D. Eanes: The amyloid deposits in Alzheimer’s disease: Their nature and pathogenesis, Appl. Pathol. 2, 357-369 (1984)
14. I. Grundke-Iqbal, K. Iqbal, Y.C. Tung, M. Quinlan, H.M. Wisniewski, L.I. Binder: Abnormal phosphorylation of the microtubule-associated protein tau (tau) in Alzheimer cytoskeletal pathology, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 83, 4913-4917 (1986)
15. I. Grundke-Iqbal, K. Iqbal, M. Quinlan, Y.C. Tung, M.S. Zaidi, H.M. Wisniewski: Microtubule-associated protein tau. A component of Alzheimer paired helical filaments, J. Biol. Chem. 261, 6084-6089 (1986)
16. K. Iqbal, I. Grundke-Iqbal, A.J. Smith, L. George, Y.C. Tung, T. Zaidi: Identification and localization of a tau peptide to paired helical filaments of Alzheimer disease, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86, 5646-5650 (1989)
17. R. Lee, P. Kermani, K.K. Teng, B.L. Hempstead: Regulation of cell survival by secreted proneurotrophins, Science 294, 1945-1948 (2001)
18. K. Iqbal, C. Alonso Adel, S. Chen, M.O. Chohan, E. El-Akkad, C.X. Gong, S. Khatoon, B. Li, F. Liu, A. Rahman, H. Tanimukai, I. Grundke-Iqbal: Tau pathology in Alzheimer disease and other tauopathies, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1739, 198-210 (2005)
19. A. Alonso, T. Zaidi, M. Novak, I. Grundke-Iqbal, K. Iqbal: Hyperphosphorylation induces self-assembly of tau into tangles of paired helical filaments/straight filaments, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98, 6923-6928 (2001)
20. K.R. Patterson, C. Remmers, Y. Fu, S. Brooker, N.M. Kanaan, L. Vana, S. Ward, J.F. Reyes, K. Philibert, M.J. Glucksman, L.I. Binder: Characterization of prefibrillar tau oligomers in vitro and in Alzheimer disease, J. Biol. Chem. 286, 23063-23076 (2011)
21. C. Ballard, S. Gauthier, A. Corbett, C. Brayne, D. Aarsland, E. Jones: Alzheimer’s disease, Lancet 377, 1019-1031 (2011)
22. M.S. Wolfe: Tau mutations in neurodegenerative diseases, J. Biol. Chem. 284, 6021-6025 (2009)
23. M. Goedert, M.G. Spillantini: A century of Alzheimer’s disease, Science 314, 777-781 (2006)
24. S.A. Small, K. Duff: Linking Aβ and tau in late-onset Alzheimer’s disease: A dual pathway hypothesis, Neuron 60, 534-542 (2008)
25. L. Bertram, C.M. Lill, R.E. Tanzi: The genetics of Alzheimer disease: Back to the future, Neuron 68, 270-281 (2010)
26. E.H. Corder, A.M. Saunders, W.J. Strittmatter, D.E. Schmechel, P.C. Gaskell, G.W. Small, A.D. Roses, J.L. Haines, M.A. Pericak-Vance: Gene dose of apolipoprotein E type 4 allele and the risk of Alzheimer’s disease in late onset families, Science 261, 921-923 (1993)
27. A.M. Saunders, W.J. Strittmatter, D. Schmechel, P.H. George-Hyslop, M.A. Pericak-Vance, S.H. Joo, B.L. Rosi, J.F. Gusella, D.R. Crapper-MacLachlan, M.J. Alberts, C. Hulette, B. Crain, D. Goldgaber, A.D. Roses: Association of apolipoprotein E allele epsilon 4 with late-onset familial and sporadic Alzheimer’s disease, Neurology 43, 467-1472 (1993)
28. Y. Huang: Aβ-independent roles of apolipoprotein E4 in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease, Trends Mol. Med. 16, 287-294 (2010)
29. E. Rogaeva, Y. Meng, J.H. Lee, Y. Gu, T. Kawarai, F. Zou, T. Katayama, C.T. Baldwin, R. Cheng, H. Hasegawa, F. Chen, N. Shibata, K.L. Lunetta, R. Pardossi-Piquard, C. Bohm, Y. Wakutani, L.A. Cupples, K.T. Cuenco, R.C. Green, L. Pinessi, I. Rainero, S. Sorbi, A. Bruni, R. Duara, R.P. Friedland, R. Inzelberg, W. Hampe, H. Bujo, Y.Q. Song, O.M. Andersen, T.E. Willnow, N. Graff-Radford, R.C. Petersen, D. Dickson, S.D. Der, P.E. Fraser, G. Schmitt-Ulms, S. Younkin, R. Mayeux, L.A. Farrer, P. St George-Hyslop: The neuronal sortilinrelated receptor SORL1 is genetically associated with Alzheimer disease, Nat. Genet. 39, 168-177 (2007)
30. K. Morgan: The three new pathways leading to AD, Neuropathol. Appl. Neurobiol. 37, 353-357 (2011)
31. D.M. Bowen, C.B. Smith, P. White, A.N. Davison: Neurotransmitter-related enzymes and indices of hypoxia in senile dementia and other abiotrophies, Brain 99, 459-496 (1976)
32. P. Davies, A.J. Maloney: Selective loss of central cholinergic neurons in Alzheimer’s disease, Lancet 2, 1403 (1976)
33. E.K. Perry, P.H. Gibson, G. Blessed, R.H. Perry, B.E. Tomlinson: Neurotransmitter enzyme abnormalities in senile dementia. Choline acetyltransferase and glutamic acid decarboxylase activities in necropsy brain tissue, J. Neurol. Sci. 34, 247-265 (1977)
34. E.K. Perry, R.H. Perry, G. Blessed, B.E. Tomlinson: Necropsy evidence of central cholinergic deficits in senile dementia, Lancet. 1, 189 (1977)
35. D.S. Auld, T.J. Kornecook, S. Bastianetto, R. Quirion: Alzheimer’s disease and the basal forebrain cholinergic system: Relations to β-amyloid peptides, cognition, and treatment strategies, Prog. Neurobiol. 68, 209-245 (2002)
36. A. Nordberg: Neuroreceptor changes in Alzheimer disease, Cerebrovasc. Brain Metab. Rev. 4, 303-328 (1992)
37. L.M. Bierer, V. Haroutunian, S. Gabriel, P.J. Knott, L.S. Carlin, D.P. Purohit, D.P. Perl, J. Schmeidler, P. Kanof, K.L. Davis: Neurochemical correlates of dementia severity in Alzheimer’s disease: Relative importance of the cholinergic deficits, J. Neurochem. 64, 749-760 (1995)
38. W. Gsell, G. Jungkunz, P. Riederer: Functional neurochemistry of Alzheimer’s disease, Curr. Pharmacol. Des. 10, 265-293 (2004)
39. R.T. Bartus: On neurodegenerative diseases, models, and treatment strategies: Lessons learned and lessons forgotten a generation following the cholinergic hypothesis, Exp. Neurol. 163, 495-529 (2000)
40. E.J. Mufson, S.E. Counts, S.E. Perez, S.D. Ginsberg: Cholinergic system during the progression of Alzheimer’s disease: Therapeutic implications, Exp, Rev. Neurother. 8, 1703-1718 (2008)
41. E.J. Mufson, S.E. Counts, M. Fahnestock, S.D. Ginsberg: Cholinotrophic molecular substrates of mild cognitive impairment in the elderly, Curr. Alzheimer Res. 4, 340-350 (2007)
42. A.C. Cuello, M.A. Bruno, K.F. Bell: NGF-cholinergic dependency in brain aging, MCI and Alzheimer’s disease, Curr. Alzheimer Res. 4, 351-358 (2007)
43. Y.W. Zhang, R. Thompson, H. Zhang, H. Xu: APP processing in Alzheimer’s disease, Mol. Brain 4, 3 (2011), doi: 10.1186/1756-6606-4-3
44. A. Nikolaev, T. McLaughlin, D.D. O’Leary, M. Tessier-Lavigne: APP binds DR6 to trigger axon pruning and neuron death via distinct caspases, Nature 457, 981-989 (2009)
45. H. Li, B. Wang, Z. Wang, Q. Guo, K. Tabuchi, R.E. Hammer, T.C. Südhof, H. Zheng: Soluble amyloid precursor protein (APP) regulates transthyretin and Klotho gene expression without rescuing the essential function of APP, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 107, 17362-17367 (2010)
46. B. De Strooper, R. Vassar, T. Golde: The secretases: Enzymes with therapeutic potential in Alzheimer disease, Nat. Rev. Neurol. 6, 99-107 (2010)
47. J. Hardy, D. Allsop: Amyloid deposition as the central event in the aetiology of Alzheimer’s disease, Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 12, 383-388 (1991)
48. J. Hardy: The amyloid hypothesis for Alzheimer’s disease: A critical reappraisal, J. Neurochem. 110, 1129-1134 (2009)
49. B.K. Harvey, C.T. Richie, B.J. Hoffer, M. Airavaara: Transgenic animal models of neurodegeneration based on human genetic studies, J. Neural Transm. 118, 27-45 (2011)
50. A. Thathiah, B. De Strooper: The role of G proteincoupled receptors in the pathology of Alzheimer’s disease, Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 12, 73-87 (2011)
51. M. Pákáski, J. Kálmán: Interactions between the amyloid and cholinergic mechanisms in Alzheimer’s disease, Neurochem. Int. 53, 103-111 (2008)
52. R.H. Parri, T.K. Dineley: Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor interaction with beta-amyloid: Molecular, cellular, and physiological consequences, Curr. Alzheimer Res. 7, 27-39 (2010)
53. M.M. Mesulam: Alzheimer plaques and cortical cholinergic innervation, Neuroscience 17, 275-276 (1986)
54. M.A. Moran, E.J. Mufson, P. Gomez-Ramos: Colocalization of cholinesterases with β-amyloid protein in aged and Alzheimer’s brain, Acta Neuropathol. 85, 362-369 (1993)
55. R.M. Nitsch, B.E. Slack, R.J. Wurtman, J.H. Growdon: Release of Alzheimer amyloid precursor derivatives stimulated by activation of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors, Science 258, 304-307 (1992)
56. J.D. Buxbaum, M. Oishi, H.I. Chen, R. Pinkas-Kramarski, E.A. Jaffe, S.E. Gandy, P. Greengard: Cholinergic agonists and interleukin 1 regulate processing and secretion of the Alzheimer β/A4 amyloid protein precursor, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89, 10075-10078 (1992)
57. R.M. Nitsch, S.A. Farber, J.H. Growdon, R.J. Wurtman: Release of amyloid beta-protein precursor derivatives by electrical depolarization of rat hippocampal slices, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90, 5191-5193 (1993)
58. H.A. Ensinger, H.N. Doods, A.R. Immel-Sehr, F.J. Kuhn, G. Lambrecht, K.D. Mendla, R.E. Muller, E. Mutschler, A. Sagrada, G. Walther: WAL 2014-a muscarinic agonist with preferential neuronstimulating properties, Life Sci. 52, 473-480 (1993)
59. S.A. Farber, R.M. Nitsch, J.G. Schulz, R.J. Wurtman: Regulated secretion of beta-amyloid precursor protein in rat brain, J. Neurosci. 15, 7442-7451 (1995)
60. A. Walland, S. Burkard, R. Hammer, W. Troger: In vivo consequences of M1-receptor activation by talsaclidine, Life Sci. 60, 977-984 (1997)
61. D.M. Müller, K. Mendla, S.A. Farber, R.M. Nitsch: Muscarinic M1 receptor agonists increase the secretion of the amyloid precursor protein ectodomain, Life Sci. 60, 985-991 (1997)
62. C. Hock, A. Maddalena, A. Raschig, F. Müller-Spahn, G. Eschweiler, K. Hager, I. Heuser, H. Hampel, T. Müller-Thomsen, W. Oertel, M. Wienrich, A. Signorell, C. Gonzalez-Agosti, R.M. Nitsch: Treatment with the selective muscarinic m1 agonist talsaclidine decreases cerebrospinal fluid levels of A beta 42 in patients with Alzheimer’s disease, Amyloid 10, 1-6 (2003)
63. R.M. Nitsch: Treatment with the selective muscarinic m1 agonist talsaclidine decreases cerebrospinal fluid levels of Aβ42 in patients with Alzheimer’s disease, Amyloid 10, 1-6 (2003)
64. A.Y. Hung, C. Haass, R.M. Nitsch, W.Q. Qiu, M. Citron, R.J. Wurtman, J.H. Growdon, D.J. Selkoe: Activation of protein kinase C inhibits cellular production of the amyloid beta-protein, J. Biol. Chem. 268, 22959-22962 (1993)
65. M. Cisse, U. Braun, M. Leitges, A. Fisher, G. Pages, F. Checler, B. Vincent: ERK1-independent α-secretase cut of β-amyloid precursor protein via M1 muscarinic receptors and PKCα/ε, Mol. Cell Neurosci. 47, 223-232 (2011)
66. B.E. Slack, J. Breu, M.A. Petryniak, K. Srivastava, R.J. Wurtman: Tyrosine phosphorylationdependent stimulation of amyloid precursor protein secretion by the m3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor, J. Biol. Chem. 270, 8337-8344 (1995)
67. R. Haring, A. Fisher, D. Marciano, Z. Pittel, Y. Kloog, A. Zuckerman, N. Eshhar, E. Heldman: Mitogenactivated protein kinase-dependent and protein kinase C-dependent pathways link the m1 muscarinic receptor to beta-amyloid precursor protein secretion, J. Neurochem. 71, 2094-2103 (1998)
68. S. Roßner, U. Ueberham, R. Schliebs, J.R. Perez-Polo, V. Bigl: The regulation of amyloid precursor protein metabolism by cholinergic mechanisms and neurotrophin receptor signaling, Prog. Neurobiol. 56, 541-569 (1998)
69. L. Lin, B. Georgievska, A. Mattsson, O. Isacson: Cognitive changes and modified processing of amyloid precursor protein in the cortical and hippocampal system after cholinergic synapse loss and muscarinic receptor activation, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96, 12108-12113 (1999)
70. H. Seo, A.W. Ferree, O. Isacson: Corticohippocampal APP and NGF levels are dynamically altered by cholinergic muscarinic antagonist or M1 agonist treatment in normal mice, Eur J. Neurosci. 15, 498-505 (2002)
71. W. Liskowsky, R. Schliebs: Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor inhibition in transgenic Alzheimer-like Tg2576 mice by scopolamine favours the amyloidogenic route of processing of amyloid precursor protein, Int. J. Devl. Neurosci. 24, 149-156 (2006)
72. A.A. Davis, J.J. Fritz, J. Wess, J.J. Lah, A.I. Levey: Deletion of M1 muscarinic acetylcholine receptors increases amyloid pathology in vitro and in vivo, J. Neurosci. 30, 4190-4196 (2010)
73. A. Caccamo, S. Oddo, L.M. Billings, K.N. Green, H. Martinez-Coria, A. Fisher, F.M. LaFerla: M1 receptors play a central role in modulating AD-like pathology in transgenic mice, Neuron 49, 671-682 (2006)
74. R. Medeiros, M. Kitazawa, A. Caccamo, D. Baglietto-Vargas, T. Estrada-Hernandez, D.H. Cribbs, A. Fisher, F.M. Laferla: Loss of muscarinic M(1) receptor exacerbates Alzheimer’s disease-like pathology and cognitive decline, Am. J. Pathol. 179, 980-991 (2011)
75. T. Züchner, J.R. Perez-Polo, R. Schliebs: β-secretase BACE1 is differentially controlled through muscarinic acetylcholine receptor signaling, J. Neurosci. Res. 77, 250-257 (2004)
76. T.A. Kohout, R.J. Lefkowitz: Regulation of G protein-coupled receptor kinases and arrestins during receptor desensitization, Mol. Pharmacol. 63, 9-18 (2003)
77. J. Liu, I. Rasul, Y. Sun, G. Wu, L. Li, R.T. Premont, W.Z. Suo: GRK5 deficiency leads to reduced hippocampal acetylcholine level via impaired presynaptic M2/M4 autoreceptor desensitization, J. Biol. Chem. 284, 19564-19571 (2009)
78. W. Zhang, A.S. Basile, J. Gomeza, L.A. Volpicelli, A.I. Levey, J. Wess: Characterization of central inhibitory muscarinic autoreceptors by the use of muscarinic acetylcholine receptor knock-out mice, J. Neurosci. 22, 1709-1717 (2002)
79. Z. Suo, M.Wu, B.A. Citron, G.T.Wong, B.W. Festoff: Abnormality of G-protein-coupled receptor kinases at prodromal and early stages of Alzheimer’s disease: An association with early beta-amyloid accumulation, J. Neurosci. 24, 3444-3452 (2004)
80. S. Cheng, L. Li, S. He, J. Liu, Y. Sun, M. He, K. Grasing, R.T. Premont, W.Z. Suo: GRK5 deficiency accelerates β-amyloid accumulation in Tg2576 mice via impaired cholinergic activity, J. Biol. Chem. 285, 41541-41548 (2010)
81. S. Efthimiopoulos, D. Vassilacopoulou, J.A. Ripellino, N. Tezapsidis, N.K. Robakis: Cholinergic agonists stimulate secretion of soluble full-length amyloid precursor protein in neuroendocrine cells, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93, 8046-8050 (1996)
82. S.H. Kim, Y.K. Kim, S.J. Jeong, C. Haass, Y.H. Kim, Y.H. Suh: Enhanced release of secreted form of Alzheimer’s amyloid precursor protein from PC12 cells by nicotine, Mol. Pharmacol. 52, 430-436 (1997)
83. J. Seo, S. Kim, H. Kim, C.H. Park, S. Jeong, J. Lee, S.H. Choi, K. Chang, J. Rah, J. Koo, E. Kim, Y. Suh: Effects of nicotine on APP secretion and Aβ-or CT(105)-induced toxicity, Biol. Psychiatry 49, 240-247 (2001)
84. X.L. Qi, A. Nordberg, J. Xiu, Z.Z. Guan: The consequences of reducing expression of the alpha7 nicotinic receptor by RNA interference and of stimulating its activity with an alpha7 agonist in SH-SY5Y cells indicate that this receptor plays a neuroprotective role in connection with the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease, Neurochem. Int. 51, 377-383 (2007)
85. T. Utsuki, M. Shoaib, H.W. Holloway, D.K. Ingram, W.C. Wallace, V. Haroutunian, K. Sambamurti, D.K. Lahiri, N.H. Greig: Nicotine lowers the secretion of the Alzheimer’s amyloid β-protein precursor that contains amyloid β-peptide in rat, J. Alzheimers Dis. 4, 405-415 (2002)
86. D.K. Lahiri, T. Utsuki, D. Chen, M.R. Farlow, M. Shoaib, D.K. Ingram, N.H. Greig: Nicotine reduces the secretion of Alzheimer’s β-amyloid precursor protein containing β-amyloid peptide in the rat without altering synaptic proteins, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 965, 364-372 (2002)
87. M. Mousavi, E. Hellström-Lindahl: Nicotinic receptor agonists and antagonists increase sAPPalpha secretion and decrease Abeta levels in vitro, Neurochem. Int. 54, 237-244 (2009)
88. H.Z. Nie, S. Shi, R.J. Lukas, W.J. Zhao, Y.N. Sun, M. Yin: Activation of α7 nicotinic receptor affects APP processing by regulating secretase activity in SH-EP1-α7 nAChR-hAPP695 cells, Brain Res. 1356, 112-120 (2010)
89. H.Z. Nie, Z.Q. Li, Q.X. Yan, Z.J. Wang, W.J. Zhao, L.C. Guo, M. Yin: Nicotine decreases beta-amyloid through regulating BACE1 transcription in SH-EP1-α4β2 nAChR-APP695 cells, Neurochem. Res. 36, 904-912 (2011)
90. E. Hellstrom-Lindahl, J. Court, J. Keverne, M. Svedberg, M. Lee, A. Marutle, A. Thomas, E. Perry, I. Bednar, A. Nordberg: Nicotine reduces Aβ in the brain and cerebral vessels of APPsw mice, Eur. J. Neurosci. 19, 2703-2710 (2004)
91. M. Srivareerat, T.T. Tran, S. Salim, A.M. Aleisa, K.A. Alkadhi: Chronic nicotine restores normal Aβ levels and prevents short-term memory and E-LTP impairment in Aβ ratmodel of Alzheimer’s disease, Neurobiol. Aging 32, 834-844 (2011)
92. J.A. Court, M. Johnson, D. Religa, J. Keverne, R. Kalaria, E. Jaros, I.G. McKeith, R. Perry, J. Naslund, E.K. Perry: Attenuation of Aβ deposition in the entorhinal cortex of normal elderly individuals associated with tobacco smoking, Neuropathol. Appl. Neurobiol. 31, 522-535 (2005)
93. A.M. Klein, N.W. Kowall, R.J. Ferrante: Neurotoxicity and oxidative damage of β-amyloid 1-42 versus β-amyloid 1-40 in themouse cerebral cortex, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 893, 314-320 (1999)
94. W. Härtig, A. Bauer, K. Brauer, J. Gosche, T. Hortobagyi, B. Penke, R. Schliebs, T. Harkany: Functional recovery of cholinergic basal forebrain neurons under disease conditions: Old problems, Rev. Neurosci. 13, 95-165 (2002)
95. D.M. Walsh, D.J. Selkoe: Aβ oligomers-a decade of discovery, J. Neurochem. 101, 1172-1184 (2007)
96. B.A. Yankner, T. Lu: Amyloid β-protein toxicity and the pathogenesis of Alzheimer disease, J. Biol. Chem. 284, 4755-4759 (2009)
97. R. Schliebs, T. Arendt: The cholinergic system in aging and neuronal degeneration, Behav. Brain Res. 221, 555-563 (2011)
98. T. Ondrejcak, I. Klyubin, N.W. Hu, A.E. Barry, W.K. Cullen, M.J. Rowan: Alzheimer’s disease amyloid beta-protein and synaptic function, Neuromolecular Med. 12, 13-26 (2010)
99. M.S. Parihar, G.J. Brewer: Amyloid beta as a modulator of synaptic plasticity, J. Alzheimers Dis. 22, 741-763 (2010)
100. J.P. Cleary, D.M. Walsh, J.J. Hofmeister, G.M. Shankar, M.A. Kuskowski, D.J. Selkoe, K.H. Ashe: Natural oligomers of the amyloid-β protein specifically disrupt cognitive function, Nat. Neurosci. 8, 79-84 (2005)
101. S. Lesné, M.T. Koh, L. Kotinilek, R. Kayed, C.G. Glabe, A. Yang, M. Gallagher, K.H. Ashe: A specific amyloid protein assembly in the brain impairs memory, Nature 440, 352-357 (2006)
102. C.A. McLean, R.A. Cherny, F.W. Fraser, S.J. Fuller, M.J. Smith, K. Beyreuther, A.I. Bush, C.L. Masters: Soluble pool of Aβ amyloid as a determinant of severity of neurodegeneration in Alzheimer’s disease, Ann. Neurol. 46, 860-866 (1999)
103. J. Apelt, A. Kumar, R. Schliebs: Impairment of cholinergic neurotransmission in adult and aged transgenic Tg2576 mouse brain expressing the Swedish mutation of human beta-amyloid precursor protein, Brain Res. 953, 17-30 (2002)
104. H.J. Lüth, J. Apelt, A. Ihunwo, R. Schliebs: Degeneration of β-amyloid-associated cholinergic structures in transgenic APPSW mice, Brain Res. 977, 16-22 (2003)
105. M. Klingner, J. Apelt, A. Kumar, D. Sorger, O. Sabri, J. Steinbach, M. Scheunemann, R. Schliebs: Alterations in cholinergic and non-cholinergic neurotransmitter receptor densities in transgenic Tg2576 mouse brain with β-amyloid plaque pathology, Int. J. Devl. Neurosci. 21, 357-369 (2003)
106. A. Bellucci, I. Luccarini, C. Scali, C. Prosperi, M.G. Giovannini, G. Pepeu, F. Casamenti: Cholinergic dysfunction, neuronal damage and axonal loss in TgCRND8mice, Neurobiol. Dis. 23, 260-272 (2006)
107. D. Van Dam, B. Marescau, S. Engelborghs, T. Cremers, J. Mulder, M. Staufenbiel, P.P. De Deyn: Analysis of cholinergic markers, biogenic amines, and amino acids in the CNS of two APP overexpression mouse models, Neurochem. Int. 46, 409-422 (2005)
108. K.R. Bales, E.T. Tzavara, S. Wu, M.R. Wade, F.P. Bymaster, S.M. Paul, G.G. Nomikos: Cholinergic dysfunction in a mouse model of Alzheimer disease is reversed by an anti-Aβ antibody, J. Clin. Invest. 116, 825-832 (2006)
109. E. Machová, J. Jakubík, P. Michal, M. Oksman, H. Iivonen, H. Tanila, V. Dolezal: Impairment of muscarinic transmission in transgenic APPswe/PS1dE9 mice, Neurobiol. Aging. 29, 368-378 (2008)
110. Y. Luo, B. Bolon, S. Kahn, B.D. Bennett, S. Babu-Khan, P. Denis, W. Fan, H. Kha, J. Zhang, Y. Gong, L. Martin, J.C. Louis, Q. Yan, W.G. Richards, M. Citron, R. Vassar: Mice deficient in BACE1, the Alzheimer’s beta-secretase, have normal phenotype and abolished β-amyloid generation, Nat. Neurosci. 4, 231-232 (2001)
111. M. Ohno, E.A. Sametsky, L.H. Younkin, H. Oakley, S.G. Younkin, M. Citron, R. Vassar, J.F. Disterhoft: BACE1 deficiency rescues memory deficits and cholinergic dysfunction in a mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease, Neuron. 41, 27-33 (2004)
112. F. Bao, L. Wicklund, P.N. Lacor, W.L. Klein, A. Nordberg, A. Marutle: Different β-amyloid oligomer assemblies in Alzheimer brains correlate with age of disease onset and impaired cholinergic activity, Neurobiol. Aging. 33, 825.e1-825.e13 (2012)
113. C. Haass, D.J. Selkoe: Cellular processing of betaamyloid precursor protein and the genesis of amyloid beta-peptide, Cell 75, 1039-1042 (1993)
114. M. Shoji, T.E. Golde, J. Ghiso, T.T. Cheung, S. Estus, L.M. Shaffer, X.D. Cai, D.M. McKay, R. Tintner, B. Frangione: Production of the Alzheimer amyloid beta protein by normal proteolytic processing, Science 258, 126-129 (1992)
115. S. Kar, S.P. Slowikowski, D. Westaway, H.T. Mount: Interactions between β-amyloid and central cholinergic neurons: Implications for Alzheimer’s disease, J. Psychiatry Neurosci. 29, 427-441 (2004)
116. R.J. Wurtman: Choline metabolism as a basis for the selective vulnerability of cholinergic neurons, Trends Neurosci. 15, 117-122 (1992)
117. C. Hock, A. Maddalena, A. Raschig, F. Muller-Spahn, G. Eschweiler, K. Hager, I. Heuser, H. Hampel, T. Muller-Thomsen, W. Oertel, M. Wienrich, A. Signorell, C. Gonzalez-Agosti, M. Hoshi, A. Takashima, M. Murayama, K. Yasutake, N. Yoshida, K. Ishiguro, T. Hoshino, K. Imahori: Nontoxic amyloid β peptide 1-42 suppresses acetylcholine synthesis. Possible role in cholinergic dysfunction in Alzheimer’s disease, J. Biol. Chem. 272, 2038-2041 (1997)
118. W.A. Pedersen, M.A. Kloczewiak, J.K. Blusztajn: Amyloid β-protein reduces acetylcholine synthesis in a cell line derived from cholinergic neurons of the basal forebrain, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93, 8068-8071 (1996)
119. D. Hicks, D. John, N.Z. Makova, Z. Henderson, N.N. Nalivaeva, A.J. Turner: Membrane targeting, J. Neurochem. 116, 742-746 (2011)
120. J.F. Kelly, K. Furukawa, S.W. Barger, M.R. Rengen, R.J. Mark, E.M. Blanc, G.S. Roth, M.P. Mattson: Amyloid β-peptide disrupts carbachol-induced muscarinic cholinergic signal transduction in cortical neurons, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93, 6753-6758 (1996)
121. B. Wang, L. Yang, Z. Wang, H. Zheng: Amyolid precursor protein mediates presynaptic localization and activity of the high-affinity choline transporter, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 104, 14140-14145 (2007)
122. J. Pavia, J. Alberch, I. Alvárez, A. Toledano, M.L. de Ceballos: Repeated intracerebroventricular administration of beta-amyloid (25-35) to rats decreases muscarinic receptors in cerebral cortex, Neurosci. Lett. 278, 69-72 (2000)
123. A. Thathiah, B. De Strooper: G protein-coupled receptors, cholinergic dysfunction, and Aβ toxicity in Alzheimer’s disease, Sci. Signal. 2(93), re8 (2009)
124. T. Chiba, M. Yamada, J. Sasabe, K. Terashita, M. Shimoda, M. Matsuoka, S. Aiso: Amyloid-β causes memory impairment by disturbing the JAK2/STAT3 axis in hippocampal neurons, Mol. Psychiatry 14, 206-222 (2009)
125. L. Burghaus, U. Schütz, U. Krempel, R.A. de Vos, E.N. Jansen Steur, A. Wevers, J. Lindstrom, H. Schröder: Quantitative assessment of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor proteins in the cerebral cortex of Alzheimer patients, Mol. Brain Res. 76, 385-388 (2000)
126. M. Mousavi, E. Hellström-Lindahl, Z.Z. Guan, K.R. Shan, R. Ravid, A. Nordberg: Protein andmRNA levels of nicotinic receptors in brain of tobacco using controls and patients with Alzheimer’s disease, Neuroscience 122, 515-520 (2003)
127. C.M. Martin-Ruiz, J.A. Court, E. Molnar, M. Lee, C. Gotti, A. Mamalaki, T. Tsouloufis, S. Tzartos, C. Ballard, R.H. Perry, E.K. Perry: Alpha4 but not alpha3 and alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunits are lost from the temporal cortex in Alzheimer’s disease, J. Neurochem. 73, 1635-1640 (1999)
128. A. Wevers, H. Schröder: Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in Alzheimer’s disease, J. Alzheimers Dis. 1, 207-219 (1999)
129. A. Nordberg: Nicotinic receptor abnormalities of Alzheimer’s disease: Therapeutic implications, Biol. Psychiatry 49, 200-210 (2001)
130. S.D. Buckingham, A.K. Jones, L.A. Brown, D.B. Sattelle: Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor signalling: Roles in Alzheimer’s disease and amyloid neuroprotection, Pharmacol. Rev. 61, 39-61 (2009)
131. S. Jürgensen, S. Ferreira: Nicotinic receptors, amaloid-β, and synaptic failure in Alzheimer’s disease, J. Mol. Neurosci. 40, 221-229 (2010)
132. R.G. Nagele, M.R. D’Andrea, W.J. Anderson, H.Y. Wang: Intracellular accumulation of betaamyloid (1-42) in neurons is facilitated by the alpha 7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor in Alzheimer’s disease, Neuroscience 110, 199-211 (2002)
133. F.J. Barrantes, V. Borroni, S. Vallés: Neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor-cholesterol crosstalk in Alzheimer’s disease, FEBS Lett. 584, 1856-1863 (2010)
134. Z.Z. Guan, H. Miao, J.Y. Tian, C. Unger, A. Nordberg, X. Zhang: Suppressed expression of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors by nanomolar β-amyloid peptides in PC12 cells, J. Neural Transm. 108, 1417-1433 (2001)
135. Q. Liu, H. Kawai, D.K. Berg: β-amyloid peptide blocks the response of α7-containing nicotinic receptors on hippocampal neurons, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98, 4734-4739 (2001)
136. K.A. Alkadhi, K.H. Alzoubi, M. Srivareerat, T.T. Tran: Elevation of BACE in an Aβ rat model of Alzheimer’s disease: Exacerbation by chronic stress and prevention by nicotine, Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol. 28, 1-11 (2011)
137. H.Y. Wang, D.H. Lee, M.R. D’Andrea, P.A. Peterson, R.P. Shank, A.B. Reitz: β-Amyloid(1-42) binds to α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor with high affinity, Implications for Alzheimer’s disease pathology, J. Biol. Chem. 275, 5626-5632 (2000)
138. H.Y. Wang, D.H. Lee, C.B. Davis, R.P. Shank: Amyloid peptide Aβ (1-42) binds selectively and with picomolar affinity to α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, J. Neurochem. 75, 1155-1161 (2000)
139. S. Oddo, A. Caccamo, K.N. Green, K. Liang, L. Tran, Y. Chen, F.M. Leslie, F.M. LaFerla: Chronic nicotine administration exacerbates tau pathology in a transgenic model of Alzheimer’s disease, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 102, 3046-3051 (2005)
140. X.L. Qi, J. Xiu, K.R. Shan, Y. Xiao, R. Gu, R.Y. Liu, Z.Z. Guan: Oxidative stress induced by β-amyloid peptide (1-42) is involved in the altered composition of cellular membrane lipids and the decreased expression of nicotinic receptors in human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells, Neurochem. Int. 46, 613-621 (2005)
141. Z.Z. Guan, W.F. Yu, K.R. Shan, T. Nordman, J. Olsson, A. Nordberg: Loss of nicotinic receptors induced by β-amyloid peptides in PC12 cells: Possible mechanism involving lipid peroxidation, J. Neurosci. Res. 71, 397-406 (2003)
142. K.T. Dineley, M. Westerman, D. Bui, K. Bell, K.H. Ashe, J.D. Sweatt: β-amyloid activates the mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade via hippocampal α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors: In vitro and in vivo mechanisms related to Alzheimer’s disease, J. Neurosci. 21, 4125-4133 (2001)
143. H.Y. Wang, W. Li, N.J. Benedetti, D.H. Lee: α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors mediate β-amyloid peptide-induced tau protein phosphorylation, J. Biol. Chem. 278, 31547-31553 (2003)
144. K.T. Dineley, K.A. Bell, D. Bui, J.D. Sweatt: β-Amyloid peptide activates α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors expressed in Xenopus oocytes, J. Biol. Chem. 277, 25056-25061 (2002)
145. M. Bencherif, P. Lippiello: α7 neuronal nicotinic receptors: The missing link to understanding Alzheimer’s etiopathology?, Med. Hypotheses 74, 281-285 (2010)
146. 1-42-induced tau phosphorylation in PC12 cells, J. Neurochem. 106, 1371-1377 (2008)
147. G. Dziewczapolski, C.M. Glogowski, E. Masliah, S.F. Heinemann: Deletion of the α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor gene improves cognitive deficits and synaptic pathology in a mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease, J. Neurosci. 29, 8805-8815 (2009)
148. A.M. Lilja, O. Porras, E. Storelli, A. Nordberg, A. Marutle: Functional interactions of fibrillar and oligomeric amyloid-β with alpha7 nicotinic receptors in Alzheimer’s disease, J. Alzheimers Dis. 23, 335-347 (2011)
149. Y. An, X.L. Qi, J.J. Pei, Z. Tang, Y. Xiao, Z.Z. Guan: Amyloid precursor protein gene mutated at Swedish 670/671 sites in vitro induces changed expression of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and neurotoxicity, Neurochem. Int. 57, 647-654 (2010)
150. G. Niewiadomska, A. Mietelska-Porowska, M. Mazurkiewicz: The cholinergic system, nerve growth factor and the cytoskeleton, Behav. Brain Res. 221, 515-526 (2011)
151. S. Capsoni, R. Brandi, I. Arisi, M. D’Onofrio, A. Cattaneo: A dual mechanism linking NGF/proNGF imbalance and early inflammation to Alzheimer’s disease neurodegeneration in the AD11 Anti-NGF mouse model, CNS Neurol. Disord. Drug Targets, 10, 635-647 (2011)
152. A. Salehi, J.D. Delcroix, P.V. Belichenko, K. Zhan, C. Wu, J.S. Valletta, R. Takimoto-Kimura, A.M. Kleschevnikov, K. Sambamurti, P.P. Chung, W. Xia, A. Villar, W.A. Campbell, L.S. Kulnane, R.A. Nixon, B.T. Lamb, C.J. Epstein, G.B. Stokin, L.S. Goldstein, C. Mobley: Increased APP expression in a mouse model of Down’s syndrome disrupts NGF transport and causes cholinergic neuron degeneration, Neuron 51, 29-42 (2006)
153. J. Fombonne, S. Rabizadeh, S. Banwait, P. Mehlen, D.E. Bredesen: Selective vulnerability in Alzheimer’s disease: Amyloid precursor protein and p75(NTR) interaction, Ann. Neurol. 65, 294-303 (2009)
154. K.K. Teng, S. Felice, T. Kim, B.L. Hempstead: Understanding proneurotrophin actions: Recent advances and challenges, Dev. Neurobiol. 70, 350-359 (2010)
155. M. Fahnestock, G. Yu, M.D. Coughlin: ProNGF: A neurotrophic or an apoptotic molecule?, Prog. Brain Res. 146, 101-110 (2004)
156. M.A. Bruno, W.C. Leon, G. Fragoso, W.E. Mushynski, G. Almazan, A.C. Cuello: Amyloid β-induced nerve growth factor dysmetabolism in Alzheimer disease, J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 68, 857-869 (2009)
157. E.J. Coulson, L.M. May, A.M. Sykes, A.S. Hamlin: The role of the p75 neurotrophin receptor in choplinergic dysfunction in Alzheimer’s disease, Neuroscientist 15, 317-322 (2009)
158. C. Costantini, F. Rossi, E. Formaggio, R. Bernardoni, D. Cecconi, V. Della-Bianca: Characterization of the signaling pathway downstream p75 neurotrophin receptor involved in β-amyloid peptidedependent cell death, J. Mol. Neurosci. 25, 141-156 (2005)
159. E.J. Coulson: Does the p75 neurotrophin receptor mediate Aβ-induced toxicity in Alzheimer’s disease?, J. Neurochem. 98, 654-660 (2006)
160. 1-42 induces neuronal death through the p75 neurotrophin receptor, J. Neurosci. 28, 3941-3946 (2008)
161. J.K. Knowles, J. Rajadas, T.V. Nguyen, T. Yang, M.C. LeMieux, L. Vander Griend, C. Ishikawa, S.M. Massa, T. Wyss-Coray, F.M. Longo: The p75 neurotrophin receptor promotes amyloid-beta (1-42)-induced neuritic dystrophy in vitro and in vivo, J. Neurosci. 29, 10627-10637 (2009)
162. M. Yaar, S. Zhai, I. Panova, R.E. Fine, P.B. Eisenhauer, J.K. Blusztajn, I. Lopez-Coviella, B.A. Gilchrest: A cyclic peptide that binds p75(NTR) protects neurones from β amyloid (1-40)-induced cell death, Neuropathol. Appl. Neurobiol. 33, 533-543 (2007)
163. Y.J. Wang, X. Wang, J.J. Lu, Q.X. Li, C.Y. Gao, X.H. Liu, Y. Sun, M. Yang, Y. Lim, G. Evin, J.H. Zhong, C. Masters, X.F. Zhou: p75NTR regulates Aβ deposition by increasing Aβ production but inhibiting Aβ aggregation with its extracellular domain, J. Neurosci. 31, 2292-2304 (2011)
164. B. Chakravarthy, C. Gaudet, M. Ménard, T. Atkinson, L. Brown, F.M. Laferla, U. Armato, J. Whitfield: Amyloid-β peptides stimulate the expression of the p75(NTR) neurotrophin receptor in SHSY5Y human neuroblastoma cells and AD transgenic mice, J. Alzheimers Dis. 19, 915-925 (2010)
165. M. Goedert, R. Jakes: Mutations causing neurodegenerative tauopathies, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1739, 240-250 (2005)
166. S. Oddo, A. Caccamo, M. Kitazawa, B.P. Tseng, F.M. LaFerla: Amyloid deposition precedes tangle formation in a triple transgenic model of Alzheimer’s disease, Neurobiol. Aging 24, 1063-1070 (2003)
167. L.M. Billings, S. Oddo, K.N. Green, J.L. McGaugh, F.M. LaFerla: Intraneuronal Aβ causes the onset of early Alzheimer’s disease-related cognitive deficits in transgenic mice, Neuron 45, 675-688 (2005)
168. M. Kitazawa, S. Oddo, T.R. Yamasaki, K.N. Green, F.M. LaFerla: Lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation exacerbates tau pathology by a cyclindependent kinase 5-mediated pathway in a transgenic model of Alzheimer’s disease, J. Neurosci. 25, 8843-8853 (2005)
169. S.D. Ginsberg, S. Che, S.E. Counts, E.J. Mufson: Shift in the ratio of three-repeat tau and four-repeat tau mRNAs in individual cholinergic basal forebrain neurons in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s disease, J. Neurochem. 96, 1401-1408 (2006)
170. M. Mesulam: The cholinergic lesion of Alzheimer’s disease: Pivotal factor or side show, Learn Mem. 11, 43-49 (2004)
171. C. Geula, N. Nagykery, A. Nicholas, C.K. Wu: Cholinergic neuronal and axonal abnormalities are present early in aging and in Alzheimer disease, J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 67, 309-318 (2008)
172. K. Belarbi, S. Burnouf, F.J. Fernandez-Gomez, J. Desmerciéres, L. Troquier, J. Brouillette, L. Tsambou, M.E. Grosjean, R. Caillierez, D. Demeyer, M. Hamdane, K. Schindowski, D. Blum, L. Buée: Loss of medial septum cholinergic neurons in THY-tau22 mouse model: What links with tau pathology?, Curr. Alzheimer Res. 8, 633-638 (2011)
173. J.C. de la Torre: Vascular risk factor detection and control may prevent Alzheimer’s disease, Ageing Res. Rev. 9, 218-225 (2010)
174. C. Iadecola, L. Park, C. Capone: Threats to themind: Aging, amyloid, and hypertension, Stroke. 40(3 Suppl), S40-44 (2009)
175. J.C. de la Torre, T. Mussivand: Can disturbed brain microcirculation cause Alzheimer’s disease?, Neurol. Res. 15, 146-153 (1993)
176. R.N. Kalaria: Vascular basis for brain degeneration: Faltering controls and risk factors for dementia, Nutr. Rev. 68(Suppl.), S74-87 (2010)
177. N. Nicolakakis, E. Hamel: Neurovascular function in Alzheimer’s disease patients and experimental models, Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 31, 1354-1370 (2011)
178. R.O. Weller, D. Boche, J.A.R. Nicoll: Microvasculature changes and cerebral amyloid angiopathy in Alzheimer’s disease and their potential impact on therapy, Acta Neuropathol. 119, 87-102 (2009)
179. C. Cordonnier, W.M. van der Flier: Brain microbleeds and Alzheimer’s disease: Innocent observation or key player?, Brain 134, 335-344 (2011)
180. B.V. Zlokovic: New therapeutic targets in the neurovascular pathway in Alzheimer’s disease, Neurotherapeutics 5, 409-414 (2008)
181. C.A. Hawkes, W. Härtig, J. Kacza, R. Schliebs, R.O. Weller, J.A. Nicoll, R.O. Carare: Perivascular drainage of solutes is impaired in the ageing mouse brain and in the presence of cerebral amyloid angiopathy, Acta Neuropathol. 121, 431-443 (2011)
182. M. Merlini, E.P. Meyer, A. Ulmann-Schuler, R.M. Nitsch: Vascular β-amyloid and early astrocyte alterations impair cerebrovascular function and cerebral metabolism in transgenic arcAβ mice, Acta Neuropathol. 122, 293-311 (2011)
183. D. Paris, J. Humphrey, A. Quadros, N. Patel, R. Crescentini, F. Crawford, M. Mullan: Vasoactive effects of Aβ in isolated human cerebrovessels and in a transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease: Role of inflammation, Neurol. Res. 25, 642-651 (2003)
184. C. Iadecola: Neurovascular regulation in the normal brain and in Alzheimer’s disease, Nat Rev. Neurosci. 5, 347-360 (2004)
185. A. Rocchi, D. Orsucci, G. Tognoni, R. Ceravolo, G. Siciliano: The role of vascular factors in late-onset sporadic Alzheimer’s disease. Genetic and molecular aspects, Curr. Alzheimer Res. 6, 224-237 (2009)
186. H.J. Milionis, M. Florentin, S. Giannopoulos: Metabolic syndrome and Alzheimer’s disease: A link to a vascular hypothesis?, CNS Spectrums 13, 606-613 (2008)
187. D.A. Snowdon, L.H. Greiner, J.A. Mortimer, K.P. Riley, P.A. Greiner, W.R. Markesbery: Brain infarction and the clinical expression of Alzheimer disease, The Nun Study, J. Am. Med. Assoc. 277, 813-817 (1997)
188. S.L. Cole, R. Vassar: Linking vascular disorders and Alzheimer’s disease: Potential involvement of BACE1, Neurbiol. Aging 30, 1535-1544 (2009)
189. E.E. Smith, S.M. Greenberg: β-amyloid, blood vessels and brain function, Stroke 40, 2601-2606 (2009)
190. H.K. Shin, P.B. Jones, M. Garcia-Alloza, L. Borrelli, S.M. Greenberg, B.J. Bacskai, M.P. Frosch, B.T. Hyman, M.A. Moskowitz, C. Ayata: Age-dependent cerebrovascular dysfunction in a transgenic mouse model of cerebral amyloid angiopathy, Brain. 130(Pt 9), 2310-2319 (2007)
191. D. Paris, N. Patel, A. DelleDonne, A. Quadros, R. Smeed, M. Mullan: Impaired angiogenesis in a transgenic mouse model of cerebral amyloidosis, Neurosci. Lett. 366, 80-85 (2004)
192. D. Paris, K. Townsend, A. Quadros, J. Humphrey, J. Sun, S. Brem, M. Wotoczek-Obadia, A. Delle-Donne, N. Patel, D.F. Obregon, R. Crescentini, L. Abdullah, D. Coppola, A.M. Rojiani, F. Crawford, S.M. Sebti, M. Mullan: Inhibition of angiogenesis by Aβ peptides, Angiogenesis 7, 75-85 (2004)
193. C. Ruiz de Almodovar, D. Lambrechts, M. Mazzone, P. Carmeliet: Role and therapeutic potential of VEGF in the nervous system, Physiol. Rev. 89, 607-648 (2009)
194. F.Y. Sun, X. Guo: Molecular and cellular mechanisms of neuroprotection by vascular endothelial growth factor, J. Neurosci. Res. 79, 180-184 (2005)
195. N. Ferrara, H.P. Gerber, J. LeCouter: The biology of VEGF and its receptors, Nat. Med. 9, 669-676 (2003)
196. R.N. Kalaria, D.L. Cohen, D.R. Premkumar, S. Nag, J.C. LaManna, W.D. Lust: Vascular endothelial growth factor in Alzheimer’s disease and experimental cerebral ischemia, Mol. Brain Res. 62, 101-105 (1998)
197. E. Tarkowski, R. Issa, M. Sjogren, A. Wallin, K. Blennow, A. Tarkowski: Increased intrathecal levels of the angiogenic factors VEGF and TGFbeta in Alzheimer’s disease and vascular dementia, Neurobiol. Aging 23, 237-243 (2002)
198. S.P. Yang, D.G. Bae, H.J. Kang, B.J. Gwag, Y.S. Gho, C.B. Chae: Co-accumulation of vascular endothelial growth factor with β-amyloid in the brain of patients with Alzheimer’s disease, Neurobiol. Aging 25, 283-290 (2004)
199. J.K. Ryu, T. Cho, H.B. Choi, Y.T. Wang, J.G. Mc-Larnon: Microglial VEGF receptor response is an integral chemotactic component in Alzheimer’s disease pathology, J. Neurosci. 29, 3-13 (2009)
200. A.I. Pogue, W.J. Lukiw: Angiogenic signaling in Alzheimer’s disease, Neuroreport 15, 1507-1510 (2004)
201. L. Thirumangalakudi, P.G. Samany, A. Owoso, B. Wiskar, P. Grammas: Angiogenic proteins are expressed by brain blood vessels in Alzheimer’s disease, J. Alzheimer Dis. 10, 111-118 (2006)
202. A.H. Vagnucci, W.W. Li: Alzheimer’s disease and angiogenesis, Lancet 361, 605-608 (2003)
203. B.S. Desai, J.A. Schneider, J.L. Li, P.M. Carvey, B. Hendey: Evidence of angiogenic vessels in Alzheimer’s disease, J. Neural Transm. 116, 587-597 (2009)
204. H.J. Marti, M. Bernaudin, A. Bellail, H. Schoch, M. Euler, W. Petit: Hypoxia-induced vascular endothelial growth factor expression precedes neovascularization after cerebral ischemia, Am. J. Pathol. 156, 965-976 (2000)
205. I. Stein, M. Neeman, D. Shweiki, A. Itin, E. Keshet: Stabilization of vascular endothelial growth factor mRNA by hypoxia and hypoglycemia and coregulation with other ischemia-induced genes, Mol. Cell Biol. 15, 5363-5368 (1995)
206. G.D. Yancopoulos, S. Davis, N.W. Gale, J.S. Rudge, S.J. Wiegand, J. Holash: Vascular-specific growth factors and blood vessel formation, Nature 407, 242-248 (2000)
207. D. Paris, A. Quadros, N. Patel, A. DelleDonne, J. Humphrey, M. Mullan: Inhibition of angiogenesis and tumour growth by β-and γ-secretase inhibitors, Eur. J. Pharmacol. 514, 1-15 (2005)
208. J.R. Ciallella, H. Figueiredo, V. Smith-Swintosky, J.P. McGillis: Thrombin induces surface and intracellular secretion of amyloid precursor protein from human endothelial cells, Thromb. Haemost. 81, 630-637 (1999)
209. S. Bürger, M. Noack, L.P. Kirazov, E.P. Kirazov, C.L. Naydenov, E. Kouznetsova, Y. Yafai, R. Schliebs: Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) affects processing of the amyloid precursor protein and β-amyloidogenesis in brain slice cultures derived from transgenic Tg2576 mouse brain, Int. J. Dev. Neurosci. 27, 517-523 (2009)
210. S. Bürger, Y. Yafai, M. Bigl, P. Wiedemann, R. Schliebs: Effect of VEGF and its receptor antagonist SU-5416, an inhibitor of angiogenesis, on processing of the β-amyloid precursor protein in primary neuronal cells derived from brain tissue of Tg2576 mice, Int. J. Dev. Neurosci. 28, 597-604 (2010)
211. H. Girouard, C. Iadecola: Neurovascular coupling in the normal brain and in hypertension, stroke, and Alzheimer disease, J. Appl. Physiol. 100, 328-335 (2006)
212. E. Hamel: Perivascular nerves and the regulation of cerebrovascular tone, J. Appl. Physiol. 100, 1059-1064 (2006)
213. A.H. VanBeek, J.A. Claassen: The cerebrovascular role of the cholinergic neural system in Alzheimer’s disease, Behav. Brain Res. 221, 537-542 (2003)
214. E. Vaucher, E. Hamel: Cholinergic basal forebrain neurons project to cortical microvessels in the rat: Electron microscopic study with anterogradely transported Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin and choline acetyltransferase immunocytochemistry, J. Neurosci. 15, 7427-7441 (1995)
215. E. Hamel: Cholinergic modulation of the cortical microvascular bed, Prog. Brain Res. 145, 171-178 (2004)
216. A. Elhusseiny, E. Hamel: Muscarinic-but not nicotinic-acetylcholine receptors mediate a nitric oxide-dependent dilation in brain cortical arterioles: A possible role for the M5 receptor subtype, J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 20, 298-305 (2000)
217. E. Farkas, P.G. Luiten: Cerebral microvascular pathology in aging and Alzheimer’s disease, Prog. Neurobiol. 64, 575-611 (2001)
218. B. Cauli, X.K. Tong, A. Rancillac, N. Serluca, B. Lambolez, J. Rossier, E. Hamel: Cortical GABA interneurons in neurovascular coupling: Relays for subcortical vasoactive pathways, J. Neurosci. 24, 8940-8949 (2004)
219. C. Humpel, J. Marksteiner: Cerebrovascular damage as a cause for Alzheimer’s disease, Curr. Neurovasc. Res. 2, 341-347 (2005)
220. J.A. Claassen, R.W. Jansen: Cholinergically mediated augmentation of cerebral perfusion in Alzheimer’s disease and related cognitive disorders: The cholinergic-vascular hypothesis, J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci. 61, 267-271 (2006)
221. E. Kouznetsova, R. Schliebs: Role of cholinergic system in β-amyloid related changes of perivascular innervation of cerebral microvessels in transgenic Tg2576 Alzheimer-like mice, J. Neurochem. 101(Suppl. 1), 63 (2007)
222. A. Szutowicz, H. Bielarczyk, S. Gul, P. Zieliński, T. Pawełczyk, M. Tomaszewicz: Nerve growth factor and acetyl-l-carnitine evoked shifts in acetyl-CoA and cholinergic SN56 cell Vulnerability to neurotoxic inputs, J. Neurosci. Res. 79, 185-192 (2005)
223. S.C. Correia, R.X. Santos, G. Perry, X. Zhu, P.I. Moreira, M.A. Smith: Insulin-resistant brain state: The culprit in sporadic Alzheimer’s disease?, Ageing Res. Rev. 10, 264-273 (2011)
224. M. Bigl, J. Apelt, K. Eschrich, R. Schliebs: Cortical glucose metabolism is altered in aged transgenic Tg2576 mice that demonstrate Alzheimer plaque pathology, J. Neural Transm. 110, 77-94 (2003)
225. P. Ghosh, A. Kumar, B. Datta, V. Rangachari: Dynamics of protofibril elongation and association involved in Aβ42 peptide aggregation in Alzheimer’s disease, BMC Bioinformatics 11(Suppl 6), S24 (2010)
226. N.L. Fawzi, E.H. Yap, Y. Okabe, K.L. Kohlstedt, S.P. Brown, T. Head-Gordon: Contrasting disease and nondisease protein aggregation by molecular simulation, Acc. Chem. Res. 41, 1037-1047 (2008)
227. A.R. George, D.R. Howlett: Computationally derived structural models of the beta-amyloid found in Alzheimer’s disease plaques and the interaction with possible aggregation inhibitors, Biopolymers 50, 733-741 (1999)
228. S.Y. Ponomarev, J. Audie: Computational prediction and analysis of the DR6-NAPP interaction, Proteins. 79, 1376-1395 (2011)
229. J. Luo, J.D. Maréchal, S. Wärmländer, A. Gräslund, A. Perálvarez-Marín: In silico analysis of the apolipoprotein E and the amyloid beta peptide interaction: Misfolding induced by frustration of the salt bridge network, PLoS Comput. Biol. 6(2), e1000663 (2010)
230. J.Y. Chen, E. Youn, S.D. Mooney: Connecting protein interaction data, mutations, Methods Mol. Biol. 541, 449-461 (2009)
231. K.C. Chou, K.D. Watenpaugh, R.L. Heinrikson: A model of the complex between cyclin-dependent kinase 5 and the activation domain of neuronal Cdk5 activator, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 259, 420-428 (1999)
232. Y. Huang, X. Sun, G. Hu: An integrated genetics approach for identifying protein signal pathways of Alzheimer’s disease, Comput. Methods Biomech. Biomed. Engin. 14, 371-378 (2011)
233. D.L. Cook, J.C. Wiley, J.H. Gennari: Chalkboard: Ontology-based pathway modeling and qualitative inference of disease mechanisms, Pac. Symp. Biocomput. 2007, 16-27 (2007)
234. I. García, Y. Fall, G. Gómez, H. González-Díaz: First computational chemistry multi-target model for anti-Alzheimer, anti-parasitic, anti-fungi, and anti-bacterial activity of GSK-3 inhibitors in vitro, in vivo, and in different cellular lines, Mol. Divers. 15, 561-567 (2011)
235. R. Gómez-Balderas, D.F. Raffa, G.A. Rickard, P. Brunelle, A. Rauk: Computational studies of Cu(II)/Met and Cu(I)/Met binding motifs relevant for the chemistry of Alzheimer’s disease, J. Phys. Chem. A 109, 5498-5508 (2005)
236. R. Singh, A. Barman, R. Prabhakar: Computational insights into aspartyl protease activity of presenilin 1 (PS1) generating Alzheimer amyloid β-peptides (Aβ40 and Aβ42), J. Phys. Chem. B. 113, 2990-2999 (2009)
237. M. Eisenstein: Genetics: Finding risk factors, Nature 475, S20-S22 (2011)
238. M.D. Ritchie, L.W. Hahn, J.H. Moore: Power of multifactor dimensionality reduction for detecting gene-gene interactions in the presence of genotyping error, missing data, phenocopy, and genetic heterogeneity, Genet. Epidemiol. 24, 150-157 (2003)
239. S.Y. Lee, Y. Chung, R.C. Elston, Y. Kim, T. Park: Loglinear model-based multifactor dimensionality reduction method to detect gene gene interactions, Bioinformatics. 23, 2589-2595 (2007)
240. J. Andrade, M. Andersen, A. Sillén, C. Graff, J. Odeberg: The use of grid computing to drive data-intensive genetic research, Eur. J. Hum. Genet. 15, 694-702 (2007)
241. B. Liu, T. Jiang, S. Ma, H. Zhao, J. Li, X. Jiang, J. Zhang: Exploring candidate genes for human brain diseases from a brain-specific gene network, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 349, 1308-1314 (2006)
242. K. Heinitz, M. Beck, R. Schliebs, J.R. Perez-Polo: Toxicity mediated by soluble oligomers of β-amyloid (1-42) on cholinergic SN56.B5.G4 cells, J. Neurochem. 98, 1930-1945 (2006)
243. S. Joerchel, M. Raap, M. Bigl, K. Eschrich, R. Schliebs: Oligomeric β-amyloid (1-42) induces the expression of Alzheimer disease-relevant proteins in cholinergic SN56.B5.G4 cells as revealed by proteomic analysis, Int. J. Dev. Neurosci. 26, 301-308 (2006)
244. J. Li, X. Zhu, J.Y. Chen: Building disease-specific drug-protein connectivity maps from molecular interaction networks and PubMed abstracts, PLoS Comput. Biol. 5(7), e1000450 (2009)
245. Y. He, Z. Chen, G. Gong, A. Evans: Neuronal networks in Alzheimer’s disease, Neuroscientist 15, 333-350 (2009)
246. D.J. Watts, S.H. Strogatz: Collective dynamics of ‘small-world’ networks, Nature 393, 440-442 (1998)
247. C.J. Stam, B.F. Jones, G. Nolte, M. Breakspear, P. Scheltens: Small-world networks and functional connectivity in Alzheimer’s disease, Cereb. Cortex 17, 92-99 (2007)
248. R. Tandon, S. Adak, J.A. Kaye: Neural networks for longitudinal studies in Alzheimer’s disease, Artif. Intell. Med. 36, 245-255 (2006)
249. M.E. Hasselmo: A computational model of the progression of Alzheimer’s disease, M.D. Computing 14, 181-191 (1997)
250. M.E. Hasselmo: Neuromodulation and cortical function: Modeling the physiological basis of behavior, Behav. Brain Res. 67, 1-27 (1995)
251. D. Horn, N. Levy, E. Ruppin: Neuronal-based synaptic compensation: A computational study in Alzheimer’s disease, Neural Comput. 8, 1227-1243 (1996)
252. L. Nickels, B. Biedermann, M. Coltheart, S. Saunders, J.J. Tree: Computational modelling of phonological dyslexia: How does the DRC model fare?, Cogn. Neuropsychol. 25, 165-193 (2008)
253. A. Serna, V. Rialle, H. Pigot: Computational representation of Alzheimer’s disease evolution applied to a cooking activity, Stud. Health Technol. Inform. 124, 587-592 (2006)
254. M.A. Ahmadi-Pajouh, F. Towhidkhah, S. Gharibzadeh, M. Mashhadimalek: Path planning in the hippocampo-prefrontal cortex pathway: An adaptive model based receding horizon planner, Med. Hypotheses 68, 1411-1415 (2007)
255. E. Ruppin, J.A. Reggia: A neural model of memory impairment in diffuse cerebral atrophy, Br. J. Psychiatry. 166, 19-28 (1995)