Impairment of mitochondrial dynamics: A target for the treatment of neurological disorders?

Future Neurology

Volumn 8, Issue 3, 2013, Pages 333-346

  Su, Yu Chin ^a   Qi, Xin ^a  

^a CASE WESTERN RESERVE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

fission; fusion; mitochondria; neurological disease; neuronal damage

Indexed keywords

ALPHA SYNUCLEIN; AMYLOID BETA PROTEIN; APOPTOTIC PROTEASE ACTIVATING FACTOR 1; BH3 PROTEIN; COPPER ZINC SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE; CYTOCHROME C; DJ 1 PROTEIN; DRP1 PROTEIN; GUANOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE; HYDROGEN PEROXIDE; HYDROXYL RADICAL; LEUCINE RICH REPEAT KINASE 2; MITOCHONDRIAL DNA; MITOCHONDRIAL PROTEIN; MITOFUSIN 1; MITOFUSIN 2; OPA1 PROTEIN; PARKIN; PROCASPASE 9; PROTEIN BAK; PROTEIN BAX; PROTEIN BCL 2; REACTIVE OXYGEN METABOLITE; SECOND MITOCHONDRIAL ACTIVATOR OF CASPASE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

ALZHEIMER DISEASE; AMYLOID PLAQUE; AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS; APOPTOSIS; AUTOPHAGY; BRAIN INFARCTION; BRAIN ISCHEMIA; CELL FISSION; CELL FUNCTION; CELL FUSION; CELL MEMBRANE PERMEABILITY; CELL STRUCTURE; CELLULAR DISTRIBUTION; CELLULAR PARAMETERS; CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT; DIABETIC NEUROPATHY; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DISORDERS OF MITOCHONDRIAL FUNCTIONS; DNA REPAIR; DOPAMINERGIC NERVE CELL; HUMAN; HUNTINGTON CHOREA; HYPERTENSION ENCEPHALOPATHY; LEWY BODY; MITOCHONDRIAL MEMBRANE; MITOCHONDRION; MOLECULARLY TARGETED THERAPY; NERVE CELL NECROSIS; NERVE DEGENERATION; NEUROLOGIC DISEASE; NONHUMAN; PARKINSON DISEASE; PATHOGENESIS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN FUNCTION; PROTEIN HYDROLYSIS; PROTEIN PROTEIN INTERACTION; RESPIRATORY CHAIN; REVIEW; SUBSTANTIA NIGRA PARS COMPACTA;

EID: 84877282837     PISSN: 14796708     EISSN: 17486971     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2217/fnl.13.8     Document Type: Review

References (182)

1. Grossman LI, Shoubridge EA. Mitochondrial genetics and human disease. Bioessays 18(12), 983-991 (1996).
2. Chinnery PF, Schon EA. Mitochondria. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 74(9), 1188-1199 (2003).
3. Kroemer G, Reed JC. Mitochondrial control of cell death. Nat. Med. 6(5), 513-519 (2000).
4. Herrmann JM, Longen S, Weckbecker D, Depuydt M. Biogenesis of mitochondrial proteins. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 748, 41-64 (2012).
5. Sas K, Robotka H, Toldi J, Vecsei L. Mitochondria, metabolic disturbances, oxidative stress and the kynurenine system, with focus on neurodegenerative disorders. J. Neurol. Sci. 257(1-2), 221-239 (2007).
6. Bononi A, Missiroli S, Poletti F et al. Mitochondria-associated membranes (MAMs) as hotspot Ca(2+) signaling units. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 740, 411-437 (2012).
7. Rizzuto R, De Stefani D, Raffaello A, Mammucari C. Mitochondria as sensors and regulators of calcium signalling. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell. Biol. 13(9), 566-578 (2012).
8. Cali T, Ottolini D, Brini M. Mitochondrial Ca(2+) and neurodegeneration. Cell Calcium 52(1), 73-85 (2012).
9. Giorgi C, Baldassari F, Bononi A et al. Mitochondrial Ca(2+) and apoptosis. Cell Calcium 52(1), 36-43 (2012).
10. Rasola A, Bernardi P. Mitochondrial permeability transition in Ca(2+)-dependent apoptosis and necrosis. Cell Calcium 50(3), 222-233 (2011).
11. Osteryoung KW, Nunnari J. The division of endosymbiotic organelles. Science 302(5651), 1698-1704 (2003).
12. Antico Arciuch VG, Elguero ME, Poderoso JJ, Carreras MC. Mitochondrial regulation of cell cycle and proliferation. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 16(10), 1150-1180 (2012).
13. Moyes CD, Hood DA. Origins and consequences of mitochondrial variation in vertebrate muscle. Annu. Rev. Physiol. 65, 177-201 (2003).
14. Schatten H, Prather RS, Sun QY. The significance of mitochondria for embryo development in cloned farm animals. Mitochondrion 5(5), 303-321 (2005).
15. Erecinska M, Cherian S, Silver IA. Energy metabolism in mammalian brain during development. Prog. Neurobiol. 73(6), 397-445 (2004).
16. Gupta S. Molecular signaling in death receptor and mitochondrial pathways of apoptosis (review). Int. J. Oncol. 22(1), 15-20 (2003).
17. Green DR, Reed JC. Mitochondria and apoptosis. Science 281(5381), 1309-1312 (1998).
18. Wang C, Youle RJ. The role of mitochondria in apoptosis. Annu. Rev. Genet. 43, 95-118 (2009).
19. Jezek P, Hlavata L. Mitochondria in homeostasis of reactive oxygen species in cell, tissues, and organism. Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol. 37(12), 2478-2503 (2005).
20. Camello-Almaraz C, Gomez-Pinilla PJ, Pozo MJ, Camello PJ. Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species and Ca2+ signaling. Am. J. Physiol. Cell. Physiol. 291(5), C1082-C1088 (2006).
21. Grivennikova VG, Vinogradov AD. Generation of superoxide by the mitochondrial complex I. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1757(5-6), 553-561 (2006).
22. Macmillan-Crow LA, Cruthirds DL. Invited review: manganese superoxide dismutase in disease. Free Radic. Res. 34(4), 325-336 (2001).
23. Kowaltowski AJ, de Souza-Pinto NC, Castilho RF, Vercesi AE. Mitochondria and reactive oxygen species. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 47(4), 333-343 (2009).
24. Lutz RJ. Role of the BH3 (Bcl-2 homology 3) domain in the regulation of apoptosis and Bcl-2-related proteins. Biochem. Soc. Trans. 28(2), 51-56 (2000).
25. Vander Heiden MG, Thompson CB. Bcl-2 proteins: regulators of apoptosis or of mitochondrial homeostasis? Nat. Cell. Biol. 1(8), E209-E216 (1999).
26. Ekert PG, Vaux DL. The mitochondrial death squad: hardened killers or innocent bystanders? Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 17(6), 626-630 (2005).
27. Chen H, Chan DC. Mitochondrial dynamics in mammals. Curr. Top. Dev. Biol. 59, 119-144 (2004).
28. Youle RJ, Karbowski M. Mitochondrial fission in apoptosis. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell. Biol. 6(8), 657-663 (2005).
29. Rube DA, van der Bliek AM. Mitochondrial morphology is dynamic and varied. Mol. Cell. Biochem. 256-257(1-2), 331-339 (2004).
30. Song YH, Pinkernell K, Alt E. Stem cell induced cardiac regeneration: fusion/mitochondrial exchange and/or transdifferentiation? Cell Cycle 10(14), 2281-2286 (2011).
31. Sheng ZH, Cai Q. Mitochondrial transport in neurons: impact on synaptic homeostasis and neurodegeneration. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 13(2), 77-93 (2012).
32. Bleazard W, McCaffery JM, King EJ et al. The dynamin-related GTPase Dnm1 regulates mitochondrial fission in yeast. Nat. Cell. Biol. 1(5), 298-304 (1999).
33. Catlett NL, Weisman LS. Divide and multiply: organelle partitioning in yeast. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 12(4), 509-516 (2000).
34. Chen H, Chan DC. Mitochondrial dynamics - fusion, fission, movement, and mitophagy - in neurodegenerative diseases. Hum. Mol. Genet. 18(R2), R169-R176 (2009).
35. Chen H, Chan DC. Emerging functions of mammalian mitochondrial fusion and fission. Hum. Mol. Genet. 14(Spec. No 2), R283-R289 (2005).
36. Chan DC. Mitochondria: dynamic organelles in disease, aging, and development. Cell 125(7), 1241-1252 (2006).
37. Scott I, Youle RJ. Mitochondrial fission and fusion. Essays Biochem. 47, 85-98 (2010).
38. Detmer SA, Chan DC. Functions and dysfunctions of mitochondrial dynamics. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 8(11), 870-879 (2007).
39. Cline SD. Mitochondrial DNA damage and its consequences for mitochondrial gene expression. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1819(9-10), 979-991 (2012).
40. Swerdlow RH. Role and treatment of mitochondrial DNA-related mitochondrial dysfunction in sporadic neurodegenerative diseases. Curr. Pharm. Des. 17(31), 3356-3373 (2011).
41. Swerdlow RH. Mitochondrial DNA - related mitochondrial dysfunction in neurodegenerative diseases. Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med. 126(3), 271-280 (2002).
42. Suen DF, Norris KL, Youle RJ. Mitochondrial dynamics and apoptosis. Genes Dev. 22(12), 1577-1590 (2008).
43. Martinou JC, Youle RJ. Mitochondria in apoptosis: Bcl-2 family members and mitochondrial dynamics. Dev. Cell 21(1), 92-101 (2011).
44. Castanier C, Arnoult D. [Mitochondrial dynamics during apoptosis]. Med. Sci. (Paris) 26(10), 830-835 (2010).
45. Sheridan C, Martin SJ. Mitochondrial fission/fusion dynamics and apoptosis. Mitochondrion 10(6), 640-648 (2010).
46. Wang Z, Jiang H, Chen S, Du F, Wang X. The mitochondrial phosphatase PGAM5 functions at the convergence point of multiple necrotic death pathways. Cell 148(1-2), 228-243 (2012).
47. Giedt RJ, Yang C, Zweier JL, Matzavinos A, Alevriadou BR. Mitochondrial fission in endothelial cells after simulated ischemia/reperfusion: role of nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 52(2), 348-356 (2012).
48. Lee J, Giordano S, Zhang J. Autophagy, mitochondria and oxidative stress: cross-talk and redox signalling. Biochem. J. 441(2), 523-540 (2012).
49. Ducluzeau PH, Priou M, Weitheimer M et al. Dynamic regulation of mitochondrial network and oxidative functions during 3T3-L1 fat cell differentiation. J. Physiol. Biochem. 67(3), 285-296 (2011).
50. Bereiter-Hahn J, Jendrach M. Mitochondrial dynamics. Int. Rev. Cell. Mol. Biol. 284, 1-65 (2010).
51. Benard G, Bellance N, Jose C, Melser S, Nouette-Gaulain K, Rossignol R. Multi-site control and regulation of mitochondrial energy production. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1797(6-7), 698-709 (2010).
52. Cho DH, Nakamura T, Lipton SA. Mitochondrial dynamics in cell death and neurodegeneration. Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 67(20), 3435-3447 (2010).
53. Cipolat S, Martins de Brito O, Dal Zilio B, Scorrano L. OPA1 requires mitofusin 1 to promote mitochondrial fusion. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 101(45), 15927-15932 (2004).
54. Chang CR, Blackstone C. Dynamic regulation of mitochondrial fission through modification of the dynamin-related protein Drp1. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 1201, 34-39 (2010).
55. Smirnova E, Griparic L, Shurland DL, van der Bliek AM. Dynamin-related protein Drp1 is required for mitochondrial division in mammalian cells. Mol. Biol. Cell. 12(8), 2245-2256 (2001).
56. Yoon Y, Krueger EW, Oswald BJ, McNiven MA. The mitochondrial protein hFis1 regulates mitochondrial fission in mammalian cells through an interaction with the dynamin-like protein DLP1. Mol. Cell. Biol. 23(15), 5409-5420 (2003).
57. James DI, Parone PA, Mattenberger Y, Martinou JC. hFis1, a novel component of the mammalian mitochondrial fission machinery. J. Biol. Chem. 278(38), 36373-36379 (2003).
58. Otera H, Wang C, Cleland MM et al. Mff is an essential factor for mitochondrial recruitment of Drp1 during mitochondrial fission in mammalian cells. J. Cell Biol. 191(6), 1141-1158 (2010).
59. Palmer CS, Osellame LD, Laine D, Koutsopoulos OS, Frazier AE, Ryan MT. MiD49 and MiD51, new components of the mitochondrial fission machinery. EMBO Rep. 12(6), 565-5732011).
60. Zhao J, Liu T, Jin S et al. Human MIEF1 recruits Drp1 to mitochondrial outer membranes and promotes mitochondrial fusion rather than fission. EMBO J. 30(14), 2762-2778 (2011
61. Loson OC, Song Z, Chen H, Chan DC. Fis1, Mff, MiD49 and MiD51 mediate Drp1 recruitment in mitochondrial fission. Mol. Biol. Cell. 24(5), 659-667 (2013).
62. Niemann A, Ruegg M, La Padula V, Schenone A, Suter U. Ganglioside-induced differentiation associated protein 1 is a regulator of the mitochondrial network: new implications for Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease. J. Cell Biol. 170(7), 1067-1078 (2005).
63. Karbowski M, Jeong SY, Youle RJ. Endophilin B1 is required for the maintenance of mitochondrial morphology. J. Cell Biol. 166(7), 1027-1039 (2004).
64. Tondera D, Czauderna F, Paulick K, Schwarzer R, Kaufmann J, Santel A. The mitochondrial protein MTP18 contributes to mitochondrial fission in mammalian cells. J. Cell Sci. 118(Pt 14), 3049-3059 (2005).
65. Zhao J, Liu T, Jin SB et al. The novel conserved mitochondrial inner-membrane protein MTGM regulates mitochondrial morphology and cell proliferation. J. Cell Sci. 122(Pt 13), 2252-2262 (2009).
66. Gilquin B, Taillebourg E, Cherradi N et al. The AAA+ ATPase ATAD3A controls mitochondrial dynamics at the interface of the inner and outer membranes. Mol. Cell. Biol. 30(8), 1984-1996 (2010).
67. Reddy PH, Reddy TP, Manczak M, Calkins MJ, Shirendeb U, Mao P. Dynamin-related protein 1 and mitochondrial fragmentation in neurodegenerative diseases. Brain Res. Rev. 67(1-2), 103-118 (2011).
68. Santel A, Frank S. Shaping mitochondria: the complex posttranslational regulation of the mitochondrial fission protein DRP1. IUBMB Life 60(7), 448-455 (2008).
69. Berman SB, Chen YB, Qi B et al. Bcl-x L increases mitochondrial fission, fusion, and biomass in neurons. J. Cell Biol. 184(5), 707-719 (2009).
70. Tanner EA, Blute TA, Brachmann CB, McCall K. Bcl-2 proteins and autophagy regulate mitochondrial dynamics during programmed cell death in the Drosophila ovary. Development 138(2), 327-338 (2011).
71. Autret A, Martin SJ. Emerging role for members of the Bcl-2 family in mitochondrial morphogenesis. Mol. Cell 36(3), 355-363 (2009).
72. Wu S, Zhou F, Zhang Z, Xing D. Bax is essential for Drp1-mediated mitochondrial fission but not for mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization caused by photodynamic therapy. J. Cell. Physiol. 226(2), 530-541 (2011).
73. Whelan RS, Konstantinidis K, Wei AC et al. Bax regulates primary necrosis through mitochondrial dynamics. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 109(17), 6566-6571 (2012).
74. Brooks C, Wei Q, Feng L et al. Bak regulates mitochondrial morphology and pathology during apoptosis by interacting with mitofusins. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 104(28), 11649-11654 (2007).
75. Delivani P, Adrain C, Taylor RC, Duriez PJ, Martin SJ. Role for CED-9 and Egl-1 as regulators of mitochondrial fission and fusion dynamics. Mol. Cell 21(6), 761-773 (2006).
76. Lu Y, Rolland SG, Conradt B. A molecular switch that governs mitochondrial fusion and fission mediated by the BCL2-like protein CED-9 of Caenorhabditis elegans. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 108(41), E813-E822 (2011).
77. Estaquier J, Arnoult D. CED-9 and EGL-1: a duo also regulating mitochondrial network morphology. Mol. Cell 21(6), 730-732 (2006).
78. Rolland SG, Lu Y, David CN, Conradt B. The BCL-2-like protein CED-9 of C. elegans promotes FZO-1/Mfn1,2- and EAT-3/Opa1- dependent mitochondrial fusion. J. Cell Biol. 186(4), 525-540 (2009).
79. Hermann GJ, Thatcher JW, Mills JP et al. Mitochondrial fusion in yeast requires the transmembrane GTPase Fzo1p. J. Cell Biol. 143(2), 359-373 (1998).
80. Rapaport D, Brunner M, Neupert W, Westermann B. Fzo1p is a mitochondrial outer membrane protein essential for the biogenesis of functional mitochondria in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J. Biol. Chem. 273(32), 20150-20155 (1998).
81. Chen H, McCaffery JM, Chan DC. Mitochondrial fusion protects against neurodegeneration in the cerebellum. Cell 130(3), 548-562 (2007).
82. Sitarz KS, Yu-Wai-Man P, Pyle A et al. MFN2 mutations cause compensatory mitochondrial DNA proliferation. Brain 135(Pt 8), e219, 1-3; author reply e220, 1-3 (2012).
83. Chen H, Vermulst M, Wang YE et al. Mitochondrial fusion is required for mtDNA stability in skeletal muscle and tolerance of mtDNA mutations. Cell 141(2), 280-289 (2010).
84. Jones BA, Fangman WL. Mitochondrial DNA maintenance in yeast requires a protein containing a region related to the GTP-binding domain of dynamin. Genes Dev. 6(3), 380-389 (1992).
85. Elachouri G, Vidoni S, Zanna C et al. OPA1 links human mitochondrial genome maintenance to mtDNA replication and distribution. Genome Res. 21(1), 12-20 (2011).
86. Amati-Bonneau P, Valentino ML, Reynier P et al. OPA1 mutations induce mitochondrial DNA instability and optic atrophy 'plus' phenotypes. Brain 131(Pt 2), 338-351 (2008).
87. Hudson G, Amati-Bonneau P, Blakely EL et al. Mutation of OPA1 causes dominant optic atrophy with external ophthalmoplegia, ataxia, deafness and multiple mitochondrial DNA deletions: a novel disorder of mtDNA maintenance. Brain 131(Pt 2), 329-337 (2008).
88. Carelli V, Schimpf S, Fuhrmann N et al. A clinically complex form of dominant optic atrophy (OPA8) maps on chromosome 16. Hum. Mol. Genet. 20(10), 1893-1905 (2011).
89. Rouzier C, Bannwarth S, Chaussenot A et al. The MFN2 gene is responsible for mitochondrial DNA instability and optic atrophy 'plus' phenotype. Brain 135(Pt 1), 23-34 (2012).
90. Parone PA, Da Cruz S, Tondera D et al. Preventing mitochondrial fission impairs mitochondrial function and leads to loss of mitochondrial DNA. PLoS ONE 3(9), e3257 (2008).
91. Malena A, Loro E, Di Re M, Holt IJ, Vergani L. Inhibition of mitochondrial fission favours mutant over wild-type mitochondrial DNA. Hum. Mol. Genet. 18(18), 3407-3416 (2009).
92. Yu-Wai-Man P, Chinnery PF. Dysfunctional mitochondrial maintenance: what breaks the circle of life? Brain 135(Pt 1), 9-11 (2012).
93. Rintoul GL, Reynolds IJ. Mitochondrial trafficking and morphology in neuronal injury. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1802(1), 143-150 (2010).
94. Kuznetsov AV, Hermann M, Saks V, Hengster P, Margreiter R. The cell-type specificity of mitochondrial dynamics. Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol. 41(10), 1928-1939 (2009).
95. Lu B. Mitochondrial dynamics and neurodegeneration. Curr. Neurol. Neurosci. Rep. 9(3), 212-219 (2009).
96. Knott AB, Perkins G, Schwarzenbacher R, Bossy-Wetzel E. Mitochondrial fragmentation in neurodegeneration. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 9(7), 505-518 (2008).
97. Frank S. Dysregulation of mitochondrial fusion and fission: an emerging concept in neurodegeneration. Acta Neuropathol. 111(2), 93-100 (2006).
98. Soltysinska E, Kabzinska D, Kochanski A. [Mutations in the mitofusin 2 gene are the most common cause of Charcot-Marie-Tooth type 2 disease]. Neurol. Neurochir. Pol. 41(4), 350-354 (2007).
99. Cartoni R, Martinou JC. Role of mitofusin 2 mutations in the physiopathology of Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 2A. Exp. Neurol. 218(2), 268-273 (2009).
100. Pham AH, Meng S, Chu QN, Chan DC. Loss of Mfn2 results in progressive, retrograde degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the nigrostriatal circuit. Hum. Mol. Genet. 21(22), 4817-4826 (2012).
101. Lee S, Sterky FH, Mourier A et al. Mitofusin 2 is necessary for striatal axonal projections of midbrain dopamine neurons. Hum. Mol. Genet. 21(22), 4827-4835 (2012).
102. Sitarz KS, Chinnery PF, Yu-Wai-Man P. Disorders of the optic nerve in mitochondrial cytopathies: new ideas on pathogenesis and therapeutic targets. Curr. Neurol. Neurosci. Rep. 12(3), 308-317 (2012).
103. Olichon A, Baricault L, Gas N et al. Loss of OPA1 perturbates the mitochondrial inner membrane structure and integrity, leading to cytochrome c release and apoptosis. J. Biol. Chem. 278(10), 7743-7746 (2003).
104. Olichon A, Landes T, Arnaune-Pelloquin L et al. Effects of OPA1 mutations on mitochondrial morphology and apoptosis: relevance to ADOA pathogenesis. J. Cell. Physiol. 211(2), 423-430 (2007).
105. Lodi R, Tonon C, Valentino ML et al. Deficit of in vivo mitochondrial ATP production in OPA1-related dominant optic atrophy. Ann. Neurol. 56(5), 719-723 (2004).
106. Chevrollier A, Guillet V, Loiseau D et al. Hereditary optic neuropathies share a common mitochondrial coupling defect. Ann. Neurol. 63(6), 794-798 (2008).
107. Kushnareva YE, Gerencser AA, Bossy B et al. Loss of OPA1 disturbs cellular calcium homeostasis and sensitizes for excitotoxicity. Cell Death Differ. 20(2), 353-3652013).
108. Li H, Chen Y, Jones AF et al. Bcl-xL induces Drp1-dependent synapse formation in cultured hippocampal neurons. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 105(6), 2169-2174 (2008).
109. Ishihara N, Nomura M, Jofuku A et al. Mitochondrial fission factor Drp1 is essential for embryonic development and synapse formation in mice. Nat. Cell. Biol. 11(8), 958-966 (2009).
110. Wakabayashi J, Zhang Z, Wakabayashi N et al. The dynamin-related GTPase Drp1 is required for embryonic and brain development in mice. J. Cell Biol. 186(6), 805-816 (2009).
111. Kageyama Y, Zhang Z, Roda R et al. Mitochondrial division ensures the survival of postmitotic neurons by suppressing oxidative damage. J. Cell Biol. (4), 535-551 (2012).
112. Waterham HR, Koster J, van Roermund CW, Mooyer PA, Wanders RJ, Leonard JV. A lethal defect of mitochondrial and peroxisomal fission. N. Engl. J. Med. 356(17), 1736-1741 (2007).
113. Yan FP, Chen YJ, Huang XH. [Expression of beclin1 and LC3 after rat's skin contusion]. Fa Yi Xue Za Zhi 23(1), 11-13 (2007).
114. Lovell MA, Markesbery WR. Oxidative damage in mild cognitive impairment and early Alzheimer's disease. J. Neurosci. Res. 85(14), 3036-3040 (2007).
115. Manczak M, Calkins MJ, Reddy PH. Impaired mitochondrial dynamics and abnormal interaction of amyloid beta with mitochondrial protein Drp1 in neurons from patients with Alzheimer's disease: implications for neuronal damage. Hum. Mol. Genet. 20(13), 2495-2509 (2011).
116. Cho DH, Nakamura T, Fang J et al. S-nitrosylation of Drp1 mediates beta-amyloid-related mitochondrial fission and neuronal injury. Science 324(5923), 102-105 (2009).
117. Wang X, Su B, Siedlak SL et al. Amyloid-beta overproduction causes abnormal mitochondrial dynamics via differential modulation of mitochondrial fission/fusion proteins. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 105(49), 19318-19323 (2008).
118. Manczak M, Mao P, Calkins MJ et al. Mitochondria-targeted antioxidants protect against amyloid-beta toxicity in Alzheimer's disease neurons. J. Alzheimers Dis. 20(Suppl. 2), S609-S631 (2010).
119. Duboff B, Gotz J, Feany MB. Tau promotes neurodegeneration via DRP1 mislocalization in vivo. Neuron 75(4), 618-632 (2012).
120. Witt K, Daniels C, Reiff J et al. Neuropsychological and psychiatric changes after deep brain stimulation for Parkinson's disease: a randomised, multicentre study. Lancet Neurol. 7(7), 605-614 (2008).
121. Galindo MF, Solesio ME, Atienzar-Aroca S, Zamora MJ, Jordan Bueso J. Mitochondrial dynamics and mitophagy in the 6-hydroxydopamine preclinical model of Parkinson's disease. Parkinsons Dis. 2012, 131058 (2012).
122. Solesio ME, Prime TA, Logan A et al. The mitochondria-targeted anti-oxidant MitoQ reduces aspects of mitochondrial fission in the 6-OHDA cell model of Parkinson's disease. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1832(1), 174-182 (2012).
123. Barsoum MJ, Yuan H, Gerencser AA et al. Nitric oxide-induced mitochondrial fission is regulated by dynamin-related GTPases in neurons. EMBO J. 25(16), 3900-3911 (2006).
124. Wang X, Su B, Liu W et al. DLP1-dependent mitochondrial fragmentation mediates 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium toxicity in neurons: implications for Parkinson's disease. Aging Cell 10(5), 807-823 (2011).
125. Rakovic A, Grunewald A, Seibler P et al. Effect of endogenous mutant and wild-type PINK1 on Parkin in fibroblasts from Parkinson disease patients. Hum. Mol. Genet. 19(16), 3124-3137 (2010).
126. Rakovic A, Grunewald A, Kottwitz J et al. Mutations in PINK1 and Parkin impair ubiquitination of mitofusins in human fibroblasts. PLoS ONE 6(3), e16746 (2011).
127. Deng H, Dodson MW, Huang H, Guo M. The Parkinson's disease genes pink1 and parkin promote mitochondrial fission and/or inhibit fusion in Drosophila. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 105(38), 14503-14508 (2008).
128. Poole AC, Thomas RE, Andrews LA, McBride HM, Whitworth AJ, Pallanck LJ. The PINK1/Parkin pathway regulates mitochondrial morphology. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 105(5), 1638-1643 (2008).
129. Yang Y, Ouyang Y, Yang L et al. Pink1 regulates mitochondrial dynamics through interaction with the fission/fusion machinery. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 105(19), 7070-7075 (2008).
130. Yu W, Sun Y, Guo S, Lu B. The PINK1/ Parkin pathway regulates mitochondrial dynamics and function in mammalian hippocampal and dopaminergic neurons. Hum. Mol. Genet. 20(16), 3227-3240 (2011).
131. Wang X, Petrie TG, Liu Y, Liu J, Fujioka H, Zhu X. Parkinson's disease-associated DJ-1 mutations impair mitochondrial dynamics and cause mitochondrial dysfunction. J. Neurochem. 121(5), 830-839 (2012).
132. Surmeier DJ, Guzman JN, Sanchez-Padilla J, Schumacker PT. The role of calcium and mitochondrial oxidant stress in the loss of substantia nigra pars compacta dopaminergic neurons in Parkinson's disease. Neuroscience 198, 221-231 (2011).
133. Goldberg JA, Guzman JN, Estep CM et al. Calcium entry induces mitochondrial oxidant stress in vagal neurons at risk in Parkinson's disease. Nat. Neurosci. 15(10), 1414-1421 (2012).
134. Ren H, Fu K, Mu C, Zhen X, Wang G. L166P mutant DJ-1 promotes cell death by dissociating Bax from mitochondrial Bcl-XL. Mol. Neurodegener. 7, 40 (2012).
135. Joselin AP, Hewitt SJ, Callaghan SM et al. ROS-dependent regulation of Parkin and DJ-1 localization during oxidative stress in neurons. Hum. Mol. Genet. 21(22), 4888-4903 (2012).
136. Niu J, Yu M, Wang C, Xu Z. Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 disturbs mitochondrial dynamics via dynamin-like protein. J. Neurochem. 122(3), 650-658 (2012).
137. Wang X, Yan MH, Fujioka H et al. LRRK2 regulates mitochondrial dynamics and function through direct interaction with DLP1. Hum. Mol. Genet. 21(9), 1931-1944 (2012).
138. Wang H, Song P, Du L et al. Parkin ubiquitinates Drp1 for proteasome-dependent degradation: implication of dysregulated mitochondrial dynamics in Parkinson disease. J. Biol. Chem. 286(13), 11649-11658 (2011).
139. Tanaka A, Cleland MM, Xu S et al. Proteasome and p97 mediate mitophagy and degradation of mitofusins induced by Parkin. J. Cell Biol. 191(7), 1367-13802010).
140. Cui M, Tang X, Christian WV, Yoon Y, Tieu K. Perturbations in mitochondrial dynamics induced by human mutant PINK1 can be rescued by the mitochondrial division inhibitor mdivi-1. J. Biol. Chem. 285(15), 11740-11752 (2010).
141. Narendra DP, Jin SM, Tanaka A et al. PINK1 is selectively stabilized on impaired mitochondria to activate Parkin. PLoS Biol. 8(1), e1000298 (2010).
142. A novel gene containing a trinucleotide repeat that is expanded and unstable on Huntington's disease chromosomes. The Huntington's Disease Collaborative Research Group. Cell 72(6), 971-983 (1993).
143. Browne SE. Mitochondria and Huntington's disease pathogenesis: insight from genetic and chemical models. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 1147, 358-382 (2008).
144. Gaeta M, Mileto A, Mazzeo A et al. MRI findings, patterns of disease distribution, and muscle fat fraction calculation in five patients with Charcot-Marie-Tooth type 2 F disease. Skeletal Radiol. 41(5), 515-524 (2012).
145. Imarisio S, Carmichael J, Korolchuk V et al. Huntington's disease: from pathology and genetics to potential therapies. Biochem. J. 412(2), 191-209 (2008).
146. Jezek P, Plecitá-Hlavatá L. Mitochondrial reticulum network dynamics in relation to oxidative stress, redox regulation, and hypoxia. Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol. 41(10), 1790-1804 (2009).
147. Liot G, Bossy B, Lubitz S, Kushnareva Y, Sejbuk N, Bossy-Wetzel E. Complex II inhibition by 3-NP causes mitochondrial fragmentation and neuronal cell death via an NMDA- and ROS-dependent pathway. Cell Death Differ. 16(6), 899-909 (2009).
148. Song W, Chen J, Petrilli A et al. Mutant huntingtin binds the mitochondrial fission GTPase dynamin-related protein-1 and increases its enzymatic activity. Nat. Med. 17(3), 377-382 (2011).
149. Costa V, Giacomello M, Hudec R et al. Mitochondrial fission and cristae disruption increase the response of cell models of Huntington's disease to apoptotic stimuli. EMBO Mol. Med. 2(12), 490-503 (2010).
150. Shirendeb UP, Calkins MJ, Manczak M et al. Mutant huntingtin's interaction with mitochondrial protein Drp1 impairs mitochondrial biogenesis and causes defective axonal transport and synaptic degeneration in Huntington's disease. Hum. Mol. Genet. 21(2), 406-420 (2012).
151. Wang H, Lim PJ, Karbowski M, Monteiro MJ. Effects of overexpression of huntingtin proteins on mitochondrial integrity. Hum. Mol. Genet. 18(4), 737-752 (2009).
152. Reddy PH, Shirendeb UP. Mutant huntingtin, abnormal mitochondrial dynamics, defective axonal transport of mitochondria, and selective synaptic degeneration in Huntington's disease. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1822(2), 101-110 (2012).
153. Magrane J, Manfredi G. Mitochondrial function, morphology, and axonal transport in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 11(7), 1615-1626 (2009).
154. Barrett EF, Barrett JN, David G. Mitochondria in motor nerve terminals: function in health and in mutant superoxide dismutase 1 mouse models of familial ALS. J. Bioenerg. Biomembr. 43(6), 581-586 (2011).
155. Duffy LM, Chapman AL, Shaw PJ, Grierson AJ. Review: the role of mitochondria in the pathogenesis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neuropathol. Appl. Neurobiol. 37(4), 336-352 (2011).
156. Crugnola V, Lamperti C, Lucchini V et al. Mitochondrial respiratory chain dysfunction in muscle from patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Arch. Neurol. 67(7), 849-854 (2010).
157. Vielhaber S, Winkler K, Kirches E et al. Visualization of defective mitochondrial function in skeletal muscle fibers of patients with sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J. Neurol. Sci. 169(1-2), 133-139 (1999).
158. Silani V, Braga M, Ciammola A, Cardin V, Scarlato G. Motor neurones in culture as a model to study ALS. J. Neurol. 247(Suppl. 1), I28-I36 (2000).
159. Magrane J, Hervias I, Henning MS, Damiano M, Kawamata H, Manfredi G. Mutant SOD1 in neuronal mitochondria causes toxicity and mitochondrial dynamics abnormalities. Hum. Mol. Genet. 18(23), 4552-4564 (2009).
160. Ferri A, Fiorenzo P, Nencini M et al. Glutaredoxin 2 prevents aggregation of mutant SOD1 in mitochondria and abolishes its toxicity. Hum. Mol. Genet. 19(22), 4529-4542 (2010).
161. Song W, Song Y, Kincaid B, Bossy B, Bossy-Wetzel E. Mutant SOD1G93A triggers mitochondrial fragmentation in spinal cord motor neurons: neuroprotection by SIRT3 and PGC-1alpha. Neurobiol. Dis. 51, 72-81 (2012).
162. Bertoni-Freddari C, Fattoretti P, Casoli T et al. Reactive structural dynamics of synaptic mitochondria in ischemic delayed neuronal death. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 1090, 26-34 (2006).
163. Liu W, Tian F, Kurata T, Morimoto N, Abe K. Dynamic changes of mitochondrial fission proteins after transient cerebral ischemia in mice. Brain Res. 1456, 94-99 (2012).
164. Liu W, Tian F, Kurata T, Morimoto N, Abe K. Dynamic changes of mitochondrial fusion and fission proteins after transient cerebral ischemia in mice. J. Neurosci. Res. 90(6), 1183-1189 (2012).
165. Grohm J, Kim SW, Mamrak U et al. Inhibition of Drp1 provides neuroprotection in vitro and in vivo. Cell Death Differ. 19(9), 1446-1458 (2012).
166. Liu D, Croteau DL, Souza-Pinto N et al. Evidence that OGG1 glycosylase protects neurons against oxidative DNA damage and cell death under ischemic conditions. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 31(2), 680-692 (2011).
167. Zhao J, Li L, Ling C et al. Marine compound Xyloketal B protects PC12 cells against OGD-induced cell damage. Brain Res. 1302, 240-247 (2009).
168. Qi X, Disatnik MH, Shen N, Sobel RA, Mochly-Rosen D. Aberrant mitochondrial fission in neurons induced by protein kinase C{delta} under oxidative stress conditions in vivo. Mol. Biol. Cell 22(2), 256-265 (2011).
169. Leinninger GM, Backus C, Sastry AM, Yi YB, Wang CW, Feldman EL. Mitochondria in DRG neurons undergo hyperglycemic mediated injury through Bim, Bax and the fission protein Drp1. Neurobiol. Dis. 23(1), 11-22 (2006).
170. Yan J, Feng Z, Liu J et al. Enhanced autophagy plays a cardinal role in mitochondrial dysfunction in Type 2 diabetic Goto-Kakizaki (GK) rats: ameliorating effects of (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate. J. Nutr. Biochem. 23(7), 716-724 (2012).
171. Zhong Q, Kowluru R A. Diabetic retinopathy and damage to mitochondrial structure and transport machinery. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 52(12), 8739-8746 (2011).
172. Cassidy-Stone A, Chipuk JE, Ingerman E et al. Chemical inhibition of the mitochondrial division dynamin reveals its role in Bax/Bak-dependent mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization. Dev. Cell 14(2), 193-204 (2008).
173. Tanaka A, Youle RJ. A chemical inhibitor of DRP1 uncouples mitochondrial fission and apoptosis. Mol. Cell 29(4), 409-410 (2008).
174. Brooks C, Wei Q, Cho SG, Dong Z. Regulation of mitochondrial dynamics in acute kidney injury in cell culture and rodent models. J. Clin. Invest. 119(5), 1275-1285 (2009).
175. Ferrari LF, Chum A, Bogen O, Reichling DB, Levine JD. Role of Drp1, a key mitochondrial fission protein, in neuropathic pain. J. Neurosci. 31(31), 11404-11410 (2011).
176. Ong SB, Subrayan S, Lim SY, Yellon DM, Davidson SM, Hausenloy DJ. Inhibiting mitochondrial fission protects the heart against ischemia/reperfusion injury. Circulation 121(18), 2012-2022 (2010).
177. Qi X, Inagaki K, Sobel RA, Mochly-Rosen D. Sustained pharmacological inhibition of deltaPKC protects against hypertensive encephalopathy through prevention of blood-brain barrier breakdown in rats. J. Clin. Invest. 118(1), 173-182 (2008).
178. Bright R, Raval AP, Dembner JM et al. Protein kinase C delta mediates cerebral reperfusion injury in vivo. J. Neurosci. 24(31), 6880-6888 (2004).
179. Qi X, Qvit N, Su YC, Mochly-Rosen D. Novel Drp1 inhibitor diminishes aberrant mitochondrial fission and neurotoxicity. J. Cell Sci. doi:10.1242/jcs.114439 (2012) (Epub ahead of print).
180. Beal MF. Mitochondria take center stage in aging and neurodegeneration. Ann. Neurol. 58, 495-505 (2005).
181. Benard G, Bellance N, James D et al. Mitochondrial bioenergetics and structural network organization. J. Cell Sci. 120, 838-848 (2007).
182. Bossy-Wetzel E, Barsoum MJ, Godzik A, Schwarzenbacher R, Lipton SA. Mitochondrial fission in apoptosis, neurodegeneration and aging. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 15, 706-716 (2003).