Acute neurodegeneration and the inflammasome: Central processor for danger signals and the inflammatory response?

Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism

Volumn 28, Issue 5, 2008, Pages 867-881

  Trendelenburg, George ^a  

^a CHARITÉ UNIVERSITÄTSMEDIZIN BERLIN   (Germany)

Author keywords

Cerebral ischemia; Inflammasome; Neurodegeneration; Toll like receptors

Indexed keywords

INTERLEUKIN 1BETA; INTERLEUKIN 1BETA CONVERTING ENZYME;

BRAIN INJURY; BRAIN ISCHEMIA; CELL DEATH; CYTOKINE RELEASE; ENZYME ACTIVATION; HUMAN; INFLAMMATION; NERVE DEGENERATION; NEUROMODULATION; NEUROPROTECTION; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN FUNCTION; PROTEIN PROCESSING; REVIEW; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; STIMULUS RESPONSE;

ACUTE DISEASE; ANIMALS; BRAIN ISCHEMIA; ENCEPHALITIS; HUMANS; NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES;

EID: 42549161426     PISSN: 0271678X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1038/sj.jcbfm.9600609     Document Type: Review

References (192)

1. Adibhatla RM, Hatcher JF, Larsen EC, Chen X, Sun D, Tsao FH (2006) CDP-choline significantly restores phosphatidylcholine levels by differentially affecting phospholipase A2 and CTP: phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase after stroke. J Biol Chem 281:6718-25
2. Agostini L, Martinon F, Burns K, McDermott MF, Hawkins PN, Tschopp J (2004) NALP3 forms an IL-1beta-processing inflammasome with increased activity in Muckle-Wells autoinflammatory disorder. Immunity 20:319-25
3. Akahoshi T, Murakami Y, Kitasato H (2006) Recent advances in crystal-induced acute inflammation. Curr Opin Rheumatol 19:146-50
4. Akira S, Takeda K (2004) Toll-like receptor signaling. Nat Rev Immunol 4:499-511
5. Aliprantis AO, Yang RB, Weiss DS, Godowski P, Zychlinsky A (2000) The apoptotic signaling pathway activated by Toll-like receptor-2. EMBO J 19:3325-36
6. Allan SM, Tyrrell PJ, Rothwell NJ (2005) Interleukin-1 and neuronal injury. Nat Rev Immunol 5:629-40
7. Asea A, Rehli M, Kabingu E, Boch JA, Bare O, Auron PE, Stevenson MA, Calderwood SK (2002) Novel signal transduction pathway utilized by extracellular HSP70: role of toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 and TLR4. J Biol Chem 277:15028-34
8. Babcock AA, Wirenfeldt M, Holm T, Nielsen HH, Dissing-Olesen L, Toft-Hansen H, Millward JM, Landmann R, Rivest S, Finsen B, Owens T (2006) Toll-like receptor 2 signaling in response to brain injury: an innate bridge to neuroinflammation. J Neurosci 26:12826-37
9. Basu S, Binder RJ, Suto R, Anderson KM, Srivastava PK (2000) Necrotic but not apoptotic cell death releases heat shock proteins, whichdeliver a partial maturation signal to dendritic cells and activate the NF-kappa B pathway. Int Immunol 12:1539-46
10. Bedoya F, Sandler LL, Harton JA (2007) Pyrin-only protein 2 modulates NF-κB and disrupts ASC:CLR interactions. J Immunol 178:3837-45
11. Bergman P, Termen S, Johansson L, Nystrom L, Arenas E, Jonsson AB, Hokfelt T, Gudmundsson GH, Agerberth B (2005) The antimicrobial peptide rCRAMP is present in the central nervous system of the rat. J Neurochem 93:1132-40
12. Beschorner R, Schluesener HJ, Gozalan F, Meyermann R, Schwab JM (2002) Infiltrating CD14+ monocytes and expression of CD14 by activated parenchymal microglia/macrophages contribute to the pool of CD14+ cells in ischemic brain lesions. J Neuroimmunol 126:107-15
13. Betz AL, Schielke GP, Yang GY (1996) Interleukin-1 in cerebral ischemia. Keio J Med 45:230-7
14. Beutler B, Jiang Z, Georgel P, Crozat K, Croker B, Rutschmann S, Du X, Hoebe K (2006) Genetic analysis of host resistance: Toll-like receptor signaling and immunity at large. Annu Rev Immunol 24:353-89
15. Block ML, Hong JS (2005) Microglia and inflammation-mediated neurodegeneration: multiple triggers with a common mechanism. Prog Neurobiol 76:77-98
16. Bonventre JV, Huang Z, Taheri MR, O'Leary E, Li E, Moskowitz MA, Sapirstein A (1997) Reduced fertility and postischaemic brain injury in mice deficient in cytosolic phospholipase A2. Nature 390:622-5
17. Bos MJ, Koudstaal PJ, Hofman A, Witteman JC, Breteler MM (2006) Uric acid is a risk factor for myocardial infarction and stroke: the Rotterdam study. Stroke 37:1503-7
18. Böttcher T, von Mering M, Ebert S, Meyding-Lamade U, Kuhnt U, Gerber J, Nau R (2002) Differential regulation of Toll-like receptor mRNAs in experimental murine central nervous system infections. Neurosci Lett 344:17-20
19. Boutin H, LeFeuvre RA, Horai R, Asano M, Iwakura Y, Rothwell NJ (2001) Role of IL-1alpha and IL-1beta in ischemic brain damage. J Neurosci 21:5528-34
20. Bowman CC, Rasley A, Tranguch SL, Marriott I (2003) Cultured astrocytes express toll-like receptors for bacterial products. Glia 43:281-91
21. Braddock M, Quinn A (2004) Targeting IL-1 in inflammatory disease: new opportunities for therapeutic intervention. Nat Rev Drug Discov 3:330-9
22. Bramlett HM, Dietrich WD (2004) Pathophysiology of cerebral ischemia and brain trauma: similarities and differences. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 24:133-50
23. Bsibsi M, Bajramovic JJ, Van Duijvenvoorden E, Persoon C, Ravid R, Van Noort JM, Vogt MH (2007) Identification of soluble CD14 as an endogenous agonist for Toll-like receptor 2 on human astrocytes by genome-scale functional screening of glial cell derived proteins. Glia 55:473-82
24. Bsibsi M, Persoon-Deen C, Verwer RW, Meeuwsen S, Ravid R, Van Noort JM (2006) Toll-like receptor 3 on adult human astrocytes triggers production of neuroprotective mediators. Glia 53:688-95
25. Bsibsi M, Ravid R, Gveric D, van Noort JM (2002) Broad expression of Toll-like receptors in the human central nervous system. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 61:1013-21
26. Cao CX, Yang QW, Lv FL, Cui J, Fu HB, Wang JZ (2007) Reduced cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury in Toll-like receptor 4 deficient mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 353:509-14
27. Carmody RJ, Ruan Q, Palmer S, Hilliard B, Chen YH (2007) Negative regulation of toll-like receptor signaling by NF-kappaB p50 ubiquitination blockade. Science 317:675-8
28. Caso JR, Pradillo JM, Hurtado O, Lorenzo P, Moro MA, Lizasoain I (2007) Toll-like receptor 4 is involved in brain damage and inflammation after experimental stroke. Circulation 115:1599-608
29. Chae JJ, Wood G, Masters SL, Richard K, Park G, Smith BJ, Kastner DL (2006) The B30.2 domain of pyrin, the familial Mediterranean fever protein, interacts directly with caspase-1 to modulate IL-1beta production. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103:9982-7
30. Chavakis E, Hain A, Vinci M, Carmona G, Bianchi ME, Vajkoczy P, Zeiher AM, Chavakis T, Dimmeler S (2007) High-mobility group box 1 activates integrin-dependent homing of endothelial progenitor cells. Circ Res 100:204-12
31. Chen CJ, Kono H, Golenbock D, Reed G, Akira S, Rock KL (2007) Identification of a key pathway required for the sterile inflammatory response triggered by dying cells. Nat Med 13:851-6
32. Cho S, Park EM, Febbraio M, Anrather J, Park L, Racchumi G, Silverstein RL, Iadecola C (2005) The class B scavenger receptor CD36 mediates free radical production and tissue injury in cerebral ischemia. J Neurosci 25:2504-12
33. Coban C, Ishii KJ, Uematsu S, Arisue N, Sato S, Yamamoto M, Kawai T, Takeuchi O, Hisaeda H, Horii T, Akira S (2007) Pathological role of Toll-like receptor signaling in cerebral malaria. Int Immunol 19:67-79
34. Creagh EM, O'Neill LA (2006) TLRs, NLRs and RLRs: a trinity of pathogen sensors that co-operate in innate immunity. Trends Immunol 27:352-7
35. Cruz CM, Rinna A, Forman HJ, Ventura AL, Persechini PM, Ojcius DM (2007) ATP activates an ros-dependent oxidative stress response and secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines in macrophages. J Biol Chem 282:2871-9
36. Cummings BS, McHowat J, Schnellmann RG (2000) Phospholipase A(2)s in cell injury and death. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 294:793-9
37. D'Ambrosio AL, Pinsky DJ, Connolly ES (2001) The role of the complement cascade in ischemia/reperfusion injury: implications for neuroprotection. Mol Med 7:367-82
38. Deane JA, Bolland S (2006) Nucleic acid-sensing TLRs as modifiers of autoimmunity. J Immunol 177:6573-8
39. del Zoppo GJ (1999) In stroke, complement will get you nowhere. Nat Med 5:995-6
40. Delbridge LM, O'riordan MX (2007) Innate recognition of intracellular bacteria. Curr Opin Immunol 19:10-6
41. Dinarello CA (2005) Blocking IL-1 in systemic inflammation. J Exp Med 201:1355-9
42. Dirnagl U, Iadecola C, Moskowitz MA (1999) Pathobiology of ischaemic stroke: an intergrated view. Trends Neurosci 22:391-7
43. Dirnagl U, Simon RP, Hallenbeck JM (2003) Ischemic tolerance and endogenous neuroprotection. Trends Neurosci 26:248-54
44. Divanovic S, Trompette A, Atabani SF, Madan R, Golenbock DT, Visintin A, Finberg RW, Tarakhovsky A, Vogel SN, Belkaid Y, Kurt-Jones EA, Karp CL (2005) Negative regulation of Toll-like receptor 4 signaling by the Toll-like receptor homolog RP105. Nat Immunol 6:571-8
45. Dorfleutner A, Bryan NB, Talbott SJ, Funya KN, Rellick SL, Reed JC, Shi X, Rojanasakul Y, Flynn DC, Stehlik C (2007) Cellular pyrin domain-only protein 2 is a candidate regulator of inflammasome activation. Infect Immun 75:1484-92
46. Duncan JA, Bergstralh DT, Wang Y, Willingham SB, Ye Z, Zimmermann AG, Ting JP (2007) Cryopyrin/NALP3 binds ATP/dATP, is an ATPase, and requires ATP binding to mediate inflammatory signaling. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104:8041-6
47. Elward K, Gasque P (2003) 'Eat me' and 'don't eat me' signals govern the innate immune response and tissue repair in the CNS: emphasis on the critical role of the complement system. Mol Immunol 40:85-94
48. Emsley HC, Smith CJ, Georgiou RF, Vail A, Hopkins SJ, Rothwell NJ, Tyrrell PJ, Acute Stroke Investigators (2005) A randomised phase II study of interleukin-1 receptor antagonist in acute stroke patients. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 76:1366-72
49. Faustin B, Lartigue L, Bruey JM, Luciano F, Sergienko E, Bailly-Maitre B, Volkmann N, Hanein D, Rouiller I, Reed JC (2007) Reconstituted NALP1 inflammasome reveals two-step mechanism of caspase-1 activation. Mol Cell 25:713-24
50. Favre J, Musette P, Douin-Echinard V, Laude K, Henry JP, Arnal JF, Thuillez C, Richard V (2007) Toll-like receptors 2-deficient mice are protected against postischemic coronary endothelial dysfunction. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 27:1064-71
51. Ferrari D, Pizzirani C, Adinolfi E, Lemoli RM, Curti A, Idzko M, Panther E, Di Virgilio F (2006) The P2X7 receptor: a key player in IL-1 processing and release. J Immunol 176:3877-83
52. Fisher CJ, Jr, Dhainaut JF, Opal SM, Pribble JP, Balk RA, Slotman GJ, Iberti TJ, Rackow EC, Shapiro MJ, Greenman RL et al (1994) Recombinant human interleukin 1 receptor antagonist in the treatment of patients with sepsis syndrome. Results from a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Phase III rhIL-1Ra Sepsis Syndrome Study Group. JAMA 271:1836-43
53. + for caspase-1 activation induced by intracellular and extracellular bacteria. J Biol Chem 282:18810-8
54. Friedlander RM, Gagliardini V, Hara H, Fink KB, Li W, MacDonald G, Fishman MC, Greenberg AH, Moskowitz MA, Yuan J (1997) Expression of a dominant negative mutant of interleukin-1 beta converting enzyme in transgenic mice prevents neuronal cell death induced by trophic factor withdrawal and ischemic brain injury. J Exp Med 185:933-40
55. Glantz L, Avramovich A, Trembovler V, Gurvitz V, Kohen R, Eidelman LA, Shohami E (2005) Ischemic preconditioning increases antioxidants in the brain and peripheral organs after cerebral ischemia. Exp Neurol 192:117-24
56. Goldbach-Mansky R, Dailey NJ, Canna SW, Gelabert A, Jones J, Rubin BI et al (2006) Neonatal-onset multisystem inflammatory disease responsive to interleukin-1beta inhibition. N Engl J Med 355:581-92
57. Gomez-Pinilla F, Vu L, Cotman CW (1995) Regulation of astrocyte proliferation by FGF-2 and heparan sulfate in vivo. J Neurosci 15:2021-9
58. Gurcel L, Abrami L, Girardin S, Tschopp, van der Goot (2006) Caspase-1 activation of lipid metabolic pathways in response to bacterial pore-forming toxins promotes cell survival. Cell 126:1135-45
59. Hao HN, Zhao J, Lotoczky G, Grever WE, Lyman WD (2001) Induction of human beta-defensin-2 expression in human astrocytes by lipopolysaccharide and cytokines. J Neurochem 77:1027-35
60. Hara H, Fink K, Endres M, Friedlander RM, Gagliardini V, Yuan J, Moskowitz MA (1997b) Attenuation of transient focal cerebral ischemic injury in transgenic mice expressing a mutant ICE inhibitory protein. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 17:370-5
61. Hara H, Friedlander RM, Gagliardini V, Ayata C, Fink K, Huang Z, Shimizu-Sasamata M, Yuan J, Moskowitz MA (1997a) Inhibition of interleukin 1beta converting enzyme family proteases reduces ischemic and excitotoxic neuronal damage. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94:2007-12
62. Hauff K, Zamzow C, Law WJ, De Melo J, Kennedy K, Los M (2005) Peptide-based approaches to treat asthma, arthritis, other autoimmune diseases and pathologies of the central nervous system. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 53:308-20
63. Hawkins PN, Lachmann HJ, Aganna E, McDermott MF (2004) Spectrum of clinical features in Muckle-Wells syndrome and response to anakinra. Arthritis Rheum 50:607-12
64. Hoebe K, Georgel P, Rutschmann S, Du X, Mudd S, Crozat K, Sovath S, Shamel L, Hartung T, Zahringer U, Beutler B (2005) CD36 is a sensor of diacylglycerides. Nature 433:523-7
65. Hoffman HM, Rosengren S, Boyle DL, Cho JY, Nayar J, Mueller JL, Anderson JP, Wanderer AA, Firestein GS (2004) Prevention of cold-associated acute inflammation in familial cold autoinflammatory syndrome by interleukin-1 receptor antagonist. Lancet 364:1779-85
66. Hoffmann O, Braun JS, Becker D, Halle A, Freyer D, Dagand E, Lehnardt S, Weber JR (2007) Toll-like receptor 2 mediates neuroinflammation and neuronal damage. J Immunol 178:6476-81
67. Hossmann K-A (2006) Pathophysiology and therapy of experimental stroke. Cell Mol Neurobiol 26:1055-81
68. Hozawa A, Folsom AR, Ibrahim H, Javier Nieto F, Rosamond WD, Shahar E (2006) Serum uric acid and risk of ischemic stroke: the ARIC Study. Atherosclerosis 187:401-7
69. Huang J, Kim LJ, Mealey R, Marsh HC, Jr, Zhang Y, Tenner AJ, Connolly ES, Jr, Pinsky DJ (1999) Neuronal protection in stroke by an sLex-glycosylated complement inhibitory protein. Science 285:595-9
70. Inohara N, Chamaillard M, McDonald C, Nunez G (2005) NOD-LRR proteins: role in host-microbial interactions and inflammatory disease. Annu Rev Biochem 74:355-84
71. Izuishi K, Tsung A, Jeyabalan G, Critchlow ND, Li J, Tracey KJ, Demarco RA, Lotze MT, Fink MP, Geller DA, Billiar TR (2006) Cutting edge: high-mobility group box 1 preconditioning protects against liver ischemia-reperfusion injury. J Immunol 176:7154-8
72. Johnston JB, Barrett JW, Nazarian SH, Goodwin M, Ricuttio D, Wang G, McFadden G (2005) A poxvirus-encoded pyrin domain protein interacts with ASC-1 to inhibit host inflammatory and apoptotic responses to infection. Immunity 23:587-98
73. + release. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 286:C1100-8
74. Kanemitsu H, Tamura A, Kirino T, Karasawa S, Sano K, Iwamoto T, Yoshiura M, Iriyama K (1988) Xanthine and uric acid levels in rat brain following focal ischemia. J Neurochem 51:1882-5
75. Kang SJ, Wang S, Hara H, Peterson EP, Namura S, Amin-Hanjani S, Huang Z, Srinivasan A, Tomaselli KJ, Thornberry NA, Moskowitz MA, Yuan J (2000) Dual role of caspase-11 in mediating activation of caspase-1 and caspase-3 under pathological conditions. J Cell Biol 149:613-22
76. Kanneganti TD, Body-Malapel M, Amer A, Park JH, Whitfield J, Taraporewala ZF, Miller D, Patton JT, Inohara N, Nunez G (2006b) Critical role for cryopyrin/Nalp3 in activation of caspase-1 in response to viral infection and double-stranded RNA. J Biol Chem 281:36560-8
77. Kanneganti TD, Lamkanfi M, Kim YG, Chen G, Park JH, Franchi L, Vandenabeele P, Nunez G (2007) Pannexin-1-mediated recognition of bacterial molecules activates the cryopyrin inflammasome independent of Toll-like receptor signaling. Immunity 26:433-43
78. Kanneganti TD, Ozoren N, Body-Malapel M, Amer A, Park JH, Franchi L, Whitfield J, Barchet W, Colonna M, Vandenabeele P, Bertin J, Coyle A, Grant EP, Akira S, Nunez G (2006a) Bacterial RNA and small antiviral compounds activate caspase-1 through cryopyrin/Nalp3. Nature 440:233-6
79. Kariko K, Buckstein M, Ni H, Weissman D (2005) Suppression of RNA recognition by Toll-like receptors: the impact of nucleoside modification and the evolutionary origin of RNA. Immunity 23:165-75
80. Kariko K, Ni H, Capodici J, Lamphier M, Weissman D (2004b) mRNA is an endogenous ligand for Toll-like receptor 3. J Biol Chem 279:12542-50
81. Kariko K, Weissman D, Welsh FA (2004a) Inhibition of toll-like receptor and cytokine signaling - a unifying theme in ischemic tolerance. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 24:1288-304
82. Khakh BS, North RA (2006) P2X receptors as cell-surface ATP sensors in health and disease. Nature 442:527-32
83. Kielian T (2006) Toll-like receptors in central nervous system glial inflammation and homeostasis. J Neurosci Res 83:711-30
84. Kinoshita T, Wang Y, Hasegawa M, Imamura R, Suda T (2005) PYPAF3, a PYRIN-containing APAF-1-like protein, is a feedback regulator of caspase-1-dependent interleukin-1beta secretion. J Biol Chem 280:21720-5
85. Kobayashi K, Inohara N, Hernandez LD, Galan JE, Nunez G, Janeway CA, Medzhitov R, Flavell RA (2002) RICK/Rip2/CARDIAK mediates signaling for receptors of the innate and adaptive immune systems. Nature 416:194-9
86. Kummer JA, Broekhuizen R, Everett H, Agostini L, Kuijk L, Martinon F, van Bruggen R, Tschopp J (2007) Inflammasome components NALP 1 and 3 show distinct but separate expression profiles in human tissues, suggesting a site-specific role in the inflammatory response. J Histochem Cytochem 55:443-52
87. Lamkanfi M, Kanneganti TD, Franchi L, Nunez G (2007) Caspase-1 inflammasomes in infection and inflammation. J Leukoc Biol 82:220-5
88. Le Feuvre RA, Brough D, Touzani O, Rothwell NJ (2003) Role of P2X7 receptors in ischemic and excitotoxic brain injury in vivo. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 23:381-4
89. Leadbeater WE, Gonzalez AM, Logaras N, Berry M, Turnbull JE, Logan A (2006) Intracellular trafficking in neurones and glia of fibroblast growth factor-2, fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 and heparan sulphate proteoglycans in the injured adult rat cerebral cortex. J Neurochem 96:1189-200
90. Leemans JC, Stokman G, Claessen N, Rouschop KM, Teske GJ, Kirschning CJ, Akira S, van der Poll T, Weening JJ, Florquin S (2005) Renal-associated TLR2 mediates ischemia/reperfusion injury in the kidney. J Clin Invest 115:2894-903
91. Lehnardt S, Massillon L, Follett P, Jensen FE, Ratan R, Rosenberg PA, Volpe JJ, Vartanian T (2003) Activation of innate immunity in the CNS triggers neurodegeneration through a Toll-like receptor 4-dependent pathway. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100:8514-9
92. Liao Z, Grimshaw RS, Rosenstreich DL (1984) Identification of a specific interleukin 1 inhibitor in the urine of febrile patients. J Exp Med 159:126-36
93. Liew FY, Xu D, Brint EK, O'Neill LA (2005) Negative regulation of toll-like receptor-mediated immune responses. Nat Rev Immunol 5:446-58
94. Lin YC, Chang YM, Yu JM, Yen JH, Chang JG, Hu CJ (2005) Toll-like receptor 4 gene C119A but not Asp299Gly polymorphism is associated with ischemic stroke among ethnic Chinese in Taiwan. Atherosclerosis 180:305-9
95. Liu F, Lo CF, Ning X, Kajkowski EM, Jin M, Chiriac C, Gonzales C, Naureckiene S, Lock YW, Pong K, Zaleska MM, Jacobsen JS, Silverman S, Ozenberger BA (2004) Expression of NALP1 in cerebellar granule neurons stimulates apoptosis. Cell Signal 16:1013-21
96. Lotze MT, Tracey KJ (2005) High-mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1): nuclear weapon in the immune arsenal. Nat Rev Immunol 5:331-42
97. Lucas SM, Rothwell NJ, Gibson RM (2006) The role of inflammation in CNS injury and disease. Br J Pharmacol 147:S232-40
98. Malathi K, Dong B, Gale M, Jr, Silverman RH (2007) Small self-RNA generated by RNase L amplifies antiviral innate immunity. Nature 448:816-9
99. Mariathasan S, Monack DM (2007) Inflammasome adaptors and sensors: intracellular regulators of infection and inflammation. Nat Rev Immunol 7:31-40
100. Mariathasan S, Weiss DS, Dixit VM, Monack DM (2005) Innate immunity against Francisella tularensis is dependent on the ASC/caspase-1 axis. J Exp Med 202:1043-9
101. Mariathasan S, Weiss DS, Newton K, McBride J, O'rourke K, Roose-Girma M, Lee WP, Weinrauch Y, Monack DM, Dixit VM (2006) Cryopyrin activates the inflammasome in response to toxins and ATP. Nature 440:228-32
102. Martinon F, Burns K, Tschopp J (2002) The inflammasome: a molecular platform triggering activation of inflammatory caspases and processing of proIL-beta. Mol Cell 10:417-26
103. Martinon F, Petrilli V, Mayor A, Tardivel A, Tschopp J (2006) Gout-associated uric acid crystals activate the NALP3 inflammasome. Nature 440:237-41
104. Martinon F, Tschopp J (2004) Inflammatory caspases: linking an intracellular innate immune system to autoinflammatory diseases. Cell 117:561-74
105. Martinon F, Tschopp J (2007) Inflammatory caspases and inflammasomes: master switches of inflammation. Cell Death Differ 14:10-22
106. Maslinska D, Laure-Kamionowska M, Maslinski S (2004) Toll-like receptors in rat brains injured by hypoxic-ischaemia or exposed to staphylococcal alpha-toxin. Folia Neuropathol 42:125-32
107. Masumoto J, Dowds TA, Schaner P, Chen FF, Ogura Y, Li M, Zhu L, Katsuyama T, Sagara J, Taniguchi S, Gumucio DL, Nunez G, Inohara N (2003) ASC is an activating adaptor for NF-kappa B and caspase-8-dependent apoptosis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 303:69-73
108. Masumoto J, Taniguchi S, Ayukawa K, Sarvotham H, Kishino T, Niikawa N, Hidaka E, Katsuyama T, Higuchi T, Sagara J (1999) ASC, a novel 22-kDa protein, aggregates during apoptosis of human promyelocytic leukemia HL-60 cells. J Biol Chem 274:33835-8
109. Masumoto J, Taniguchi S, Nakayama K, Ayukawa K, Sagara J (2001a) Murine ortholog of ASC, a CARD-containing protein, self-associates and exhibits restricted distribution in developing mouse embryos. Exp Cell Res 262:128-33
110. Masumoto J, Taniguchi S, Nakayama J, Shiohara M, Hidaka E, Katsuyama T, Murase S, Sagara J (2001b) Expression of apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a caspase recruitment domain, a pyrin N-terminal homology domain-containing protein, in normal human tissues. J Histochem Cytochem 49:1269-75
111. Matzinger P (2002) The danger model: a renewed sense of self. Science 296:301-5
112. Matzinger P (2007) Friendly and dangerous signals: is the tissue in control? Nat Immunol 8:11-3
113. Mayor A, Martinon F, De Smedt T, Petrilli V, Tschopp J (2007) A crucial function of SGT1 and HSP90 in inflammasome activity links mammalian and plant innate immune responses. Nat Immunol 8:497-503
114. McKimmie CS, Johnson N, Fooks AR, Fazakerley JK (2005) Viruses selectively upregulate Toll-like receptors in the central nervous system. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 336:925-33
115. Meylan E, Tschopp J, Karin M (2006) Intracellular pattern recognition receptors in the host response. Nature 442:39-44
116. Miao EA, Alpuche-Aranda CM, Dors M, Clark AE, Bader MW, Miller SI, Aderem A (2006) Cytoplasmic flagellin activates caspase-1 and secretion of interleukin 1beta via Ipaf. Nat Immunol 7:569-75
117. Miggin SM, Palsson-McDermott E, Dunne A, Jefferies C, Pinteaux E, Banahan K, Murphy C, Moynagh P, Yamamoto M, Akira S, Rothwell N, Golenbock D, Fitzgerald KA, O'Neill LA (2007) NF-kappaB activation by the Toll-IL-1 receptor domain protein MyD88 adapter-like is regulated by caspase-1. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104:3372-7
118. Mishra BB, Mishra PK, Teale JM (2006) Expression and distribution of Toll-like receptors in the brain during murine neurocysticercosis. J Neuroimmunol 181:46-56
119. Mitchell JA, Paul-Clark MJ, Clarke GW, McMaster SK, Cartwright N (2007) Critical role of toll-like receptors and nucleotide oligomerisation domain in the regulation of health and disease. J Endocrinol 193:323-30
120. Naiki Y, Michelsen KS, Zhang W, Chen S, Doherty TM, Arditi M (2005) Transforming growth factor-beta differentially inhibits MyD88-dependent, but not TRAM-and TRIF-dependent, lipopolysaccharide-induced TLR4 signaling. J Biol Chem 280:5491-5
121. Netea MG, Ferwerda G, de Jong DJ, Jansen T, Jacobs L, Kramer M, Naber TH, Drenth JP, Girardin SE, Kullberg BJ, Adema GJ, Van der Meer JW (2005) Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-2 modulates specific TLR pathways for the induction of cytokine release. J Immunol 174:6518-23
122. Nishimura M, Naito S (2005) Tissue-specific mRNA expression profiles of human toll-like receptors and related genes. Biol Pharm Bull 28:886-92
123. O'Connor W, Jr, Harton JA, Zhu X, Linhoff MW, Ting JP (2003) Cutting edge: CIAS1/cryopyrin/PYPAF1/NALP3/CATERPILLER 1.1 is an inducible inflammatory mediator with NF-kappa B suppressive properties. J Immunol 171:6329-33
124. Ogura Y, Bonen DK, Inohara N, Nicolae DL, Chen FF, Ramos R, Britton H, Moran T, Karaliuskas R, Duerr RH, Achkar JP, Brant SR, Bayless TM, Kirschner BS, Hanauer SB, Nunez G, Cho JH (2001) A frameshift mutation in NOD2 associated with susceptibility to Crohn's disease. Nature 411:603-6
125. Ogura Y, Sutterwala FS, Flavell RA (2006) The inflammasome: first line of the immune response to cell stress. Cell 126:659-62
126. Ohtsuka T, Ryu H, Minamishima YA, Macip S, Sagara J, Nakayama KI, Aaronson SA, Lee SW (2004) ASC is a Bax adaptor and regulates the p53-Bax mitochondrial apoptosis pathway. Nat Cell Biol 6:121-8
127. Orihuela CJ, Fillon S, Smith-Sielicki SH, El Kasmi KC, Gao G, Soulis K, Patil A, Murray PJ, Tuomanen EI (2006) Cell wall-mediated neuronal damage in early sepsis. Infect Immun 74:3783-9
128. Orlova VV, Choi EY, Xie C, Chavakis E, Bierhaus A, Ihanus E, Ballantyne CM, Gahmberg CG, Bianchi ME, Nawroth PP, Chavakis T (2007) A novel pathway of HMGB1-mediated inflammatory cell recruitment that requires Mac-1-integrin. EMBO J 26:1129-39
129. Özören N, Masumoto J, Franchi L, Kanneganti TD, Body-Malapel M, Erturk I, Jagirdar R, Zhu L, Inohara N, Bertin J, Coyle A, Grant EP, Nunez G (2006) Distinct roles of TLR2 and the adaptor ASC in IL-1beta/IL-18 secretion in response to Listeria monocytogenes. J Immunol 176:4337-42
130. Park HH, Lo YC, Lin SC, Wang L, Yang JK, Wu H (2007a) The death domain superfamily in intracellular signaling of apoptosis and inflammation. Annu Rev Immunol 25:561-86
131. Park JH, Kim YG, McDonald C, Kanneganti TD, Hasegawa M, Body-Malapel M, Inohara N, Nunez G (2007b) RICK/RIP2 mediates innate immune responses induced through Nod1 and Nod2 but not TLRs. J Immunol 178:2380-6
132. Park JS, Svetkauskaite D, He Q, Kim JY, Strassheim D, Ishizaka A, Abraham E (2004) Involvement of toll-like receptors 2 and 4 in cellular activation by high mobility group box 1 protein. J Biol Chem 279:7370-7
133. Petrilli V, Papin S, Dostert C, Mayor A, Martinon F, Tschopp J (2007) Activation of the NALP3 inflammasome is triggered by low intracellular potassium concentration. Cell Death Differ 14:1583-9
134. Pinteaux E, Rothwell NJ, Boutin H (2006) Neuroprotective actions of endogenous interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) are mediated by glia. Glia 53:551-6
135. Powers KA, Szaszi K, Khadaroo RG, Tawadros PS, Marshall JC, Kapus A, Rotstein OD (2006) Oxidative stress generated by hemorrhagic shock recruits Toll-like receptor 4 to the plasma membrane in macrophages. J Exp Med 203:1951-61
136. Poyet JL, Srinivasula SM, Tnani M, Razmara M, Fernandes-Alnemri T, Alnemri ES (2001) Identification of Ipaf, a human caspase-1-activating protein related to Apaf-1. J Biol Chem 276:28309-13
137. Prass K, Meisel C, Hoflich C, Braun J, Halle E, Wolf T, Ruscher K, Victorov IV, Priller J, Dirnagl U, Volk HD, Meisel A (2003) Stroke-induced immunodeficiency promotes spontaneous bacterial infections and is mediated by sympathetic activation reversal by post-stroke T helper cell type 1-like immunostimulation. J Exp Med 198:725-36
138. Prins RM, Craft N, Bruhn KW, Khan-Farooqi H, Koya RC, Stripecke R, Miller JF, Liau LM (2006) The TLR-7 agonist, imiquimod, enhances dendritic cell survival and promotes tumor antigen-specific T cell priming: relation to central nervous system antitumor immunity. J Immunol 176:157-64
139. Qiu J, Nishimura M, Wang Y, Sims JR, Qiu S, Savitz SI, Salomone S, Moskowitz MA (2007) Early release of HMGB-1 from neurons after the onset of brain ischemia. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab (in press)
140. Richards N, Schaner P, Diaz A, Stuckey J, Shelden E, Wadhwa A, Gumucio DL (2001) Interaction between pyrin and the apoptotic speck protein (ASC) modulates ASC-induced apoptosis. J Biol Chem 276:39320-9
141. Rolls A, Shechter R, London A, Ziv Y, Ronen A, Levy R, Schwartz M (2007) Toll-like receptors modulate adult hippocampal neurogenesis. Nat Cell Biol 9:1081-9
142. Romanos E, Planas AM, Amaro S, Chamorro A (2007) Uric acid reduces brain damage and improves the benefits of rt-PA in a rat model of thromboembolic stroke. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 27:14-20
143. Rosenstiel P, Huse K, Till A, Hampe J, Hellmig S, Sina C, Billmann S, von Kampen O, Waetzig GH, Platzer M, Seegert D, Schreiber S (2006) A short isoform of NOD2/CARD15, NOD2-S, is an endogenous inhibitor of NOD2/receptor-interacting protein kinase 2-induced signaling pathways. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103:3280-5
144. Sakata Y, Dong JW, Vallejo JG, Huang CH, Baker JS, Tracey KJ, Tacheuchi O, Akira S, Mann DL (2007) Toll-like receptor 2 modulates left ventricular function following ischemia-reperfusion injury. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 292:H503-9
145. Saleh M (2006) Caspase-1 builds a new barrier to infection. Cell 126:1028-30
146. Saleh M, Mathison JC, Wolinski MK, Bensinger SJ, Fitzgerald P, Droin N, Ulevitch RJ, Green DR, Nicholson DW (2006) Enhanced bacterial clearance and sepsis resistance in caspase-12-deficient mice. Nature 440:1064-8
147. Scaffidi P, Misteli T, Bianchi ME (2002) Release of chromatin protein HMGB1 by necrotic cells triggers inflammation. Nature 418:191-5
148. Schielke GP, Yang GY, Shivers BD, Betz AL (1998) Reduced ischemic brain injury in interleukin-1 beta converting enzyme-deficient mice. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 18:180-5
149. Scott P, Ma H, Viriyakosol S, Terkeltaub R, Liu-Bryan R (2006) Engagement of CD14 mediates the inflammatory potential of monosodium urate crystals. J Immunol 177:6370-8
150. Seong SY, Matzinger P (2004) Hydrophobicity: an ancient damage-associated molecular pattern that initiates innate immune responses. Nat Rev Immunol 4:469-78
151. Shi Y, Evans JE, Rock KL (2003) Molecular identification of a danger signal that alerts the immune system to dying cells. Nature 425:516-21
152. Shiohara M, Taniguchi S, Masumoto J, Yasui K, Koike K, Komiyama A, Sagara J (2002) ASC, which is composed of a PYD and a CARD, is up-regulated by inflammation and apoptosis in human neutrophils. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 293:1314-8
153. So A, De Smedt T, Revaz S, Tschopp J (2007) A pilot study of IL-1 inhibition by anakinra in acute gout. Arthritis Res Ther 9:R28
154. Solle M, Labasi J, Perregaux DG, Stam E, Petrushova N, Koller BH, Griffiths RJ, Gabel CA (2001) Altered cytokine production in mice lacking P2X(7) receptors. J Biol Chem 276:125-32
155. Somjen GG (2001) Mechanisms of spreading depression and hypoxic spreading depression-like depolarization. Physiol Rev 81:1065-96
156. Stahel PF, Morganti-Kossmann MC, Kossmann T (1998) The role of the complement system in traumatic brain injury. Brain Res Rev 27:243-56
157. Stehlik C, Dorfleutner A (2007) COPs and POPs: modulators of inflammasome activity. J Immunol 179:7993-8
158. Stehlik C, Fiorentino L, Dorfleutner A, Bruey JM, Ariza EM, Sagara J, Reed JC (2002) The PAAD/PYRIN-family protein ASC is a dual regulator of a conserved step in nuclear factor kappaB activation pathways. J Exp Med 196:1605-15
159. Stehlik C, Krajewska M, Welsh K, Krajewski S, Godzik A, Reed JC (2003) The PAAD/PYRIN-only protein POP1/ASC2 is a modulator of ASC-mediated nuclear-factor-kappa B and pro-caspase-1 regulation. Biochem J 373:101-13
160. Stenzel-Poore MP, Stevens SL, King JS, Simon RP (2007) Preconditioning reprograms the response to ischemic injury and primes the emergence of unique endogenous neuroprotective phenotypes: a speculative synthesis. Stroke 38:680-5
161. Sterka D, Jr, Rati DM, Marriott I (2006) Functional expression of NOD2, a novel pattern recognition receptor for bacterial motifs, in primary murine astrocytes. Glia 53:322-30
162. Stevens SL, Stenzel-Poore MP (2006) Toll-like receptors and tolerance to ischaemic injury in the brain. Biochem Soc Trans 34:1352-5
163. Strober W, Murray PJ, Kitani A, Watanabe T (2006) Signaling pathways and molecular interactions of NOD1 and NOD2. Nat Rev Immunol 6:9-20
164. Sutterwala FS, Ogura Y, Flavell RA (2007) The inflammasome in pathogen recognition and inflammation. J Leukoc Biol 82:259-64
165. Svensson PA, Asea A, Englund MC, Bausero MA, Jernas M, Wiklund O, Ohlsson BG, Carlsson LM, Carlsson B (2006) Major role of HSP70 as a paracrine inducer of cytokine production in human oxidized LDL treated macrophages. Atherosclerosis 185:32-8
166. Swanson MS, Molofsky AB (2005) Autophagy and inflammatory cell death, partners of innate immunity. Autophagy 1:174-6
167. Tang SC, Arumugam TV, Xu X, Cheng A, Mughal MR, Jo DG, Lathia JD, Siler DA, Chigurupati S, Ouyang X, Magnus T, Camandola S, Mattson MP (2007) Pivotal role for neuronal Toll-like receptors in ischemic brain injury and functional deficits. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104:13798-803
168. Tate CC, Tate MC, LaPlaca MC (2007) Fibronectin and laminin increase in the mouse brain after controlled cortical impact injury. J Neurotrauma 24:226-30
169. Taxman DJ, Zhang J, Champagne C, Bergstralh DT, Iocca HA, Lich JD, Ting JP (2006) Cutting edge: ASC mediates the induction of multiple cytokines by Porphyromonas gingivalis via caspase-1-dependent and -independent pathways. J Immunol 177:4252-6
170. Thome M, Hofmann K, Burns K, Martinon F, Bodmer JL, Mattmann C, Tschopp J (1998) Identification of CARDIAK, a RIP-like kinase that associates with caspase-1. Curr Biol 8:885-8
171. Thornberry NA, Bull HG, Calaycay JR, Chapman KT, Howard AD, Kostura MJ, Miller DK, Molineaux SM, Weidner JR, Aunins J et al (1992) A novel heterodimeric cysteine protease is required for interleukin-1 beta processing in monocytes. Nature 356:768-74
172. Ting JP, Kastner DL, Hoffman HM (2006) CATERPILLERs, pyrin and hereditary immunological disorders. Nat Rev Immunol 6:183-95
173. Trendelenburg G, Dirnagl U (2005) Neuroprotective role of astrocytes in cerebral ischemia: focus on ischemic preconditioning. Glia 50:307-20
174. Tsung A, Sahai R, Tanaka H, Nakao A, Fink MP, Lotze MT, Yang H, Li J, Tracey KJ, Geller DA, Billiar TR (2005) The nuclear factor HMGB1 mediates hepatic injury after murine liver ischemia-reperfusion. J Exp Med 201:1135-43
175. Vabulas RM, Ahmad-Nejad P, Ghose S, Kirschning CJ, Issels RD, Wagner H (2002) HSP70 as endogenous stimulus of the Toll/interleukin-1 receptor signal pathway. J Biol Chem 277:15107-12
176. Van Beek J, Elward K, Gasque P (2003) Activation of complement in the central nervous system. Ann NY Acad Sci 992:56-71
177. Vogl T, Tenbrock K, Ludwig S, Leukert N, Ehrhardt C, van Zoelen MA, Nacken W, Foell D, van der Poll T, Sorg C, Roth J (2007) Mrp8 and Mrp14 are endogenous activators of Toll-like receptor 4, promoting lethal, endotoxin-induced shock. Nat Med 13:1042-9
178. Wald D, Qin J, Zhao Z, Qian Y, Naramura M, Tian L, Towne J, Sims JE, Stark GR, Li X (2003) SIGIRR, a negative regulator of Toll-like receptor-interleukin 1 receptor signaling. Nat Immunol 4:920-7
179. Wang S, Miura M, Jung YK, Zhu H, Li E, Yuan J (1998) Murine caspase-11, an ICE-interacting protease, is essential for the activation of ICE. Cell 92:501-9
180. Wang X, Yue TL, Young PR, Barone FC, Feuerstein GZ (1995) Expression of interleukin-6, c-fos, and zif268 mRNAs in rat ischemic cortex. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 15:166-71
181. Wang Y, Hasegawa M, Imamura R, Kinoshita T, Kondo C, Konaka K, Suda T (2004) PYNOD, a novel Apaf-1/CED4-like protein is an inhibitor of ASC and caspase-1. Int Immunol 16:777-86
182. Watanabe T, Kitani A, Murray PJ, Strober W (2004) NOD2 is a negative regulator of Toll-like receptor 2-mediated T helper type 1 responses. Nat Immunol 5:800-8
183. Weir CJ, Muir SW, Walters MR, Lees KR (2003) Serum urate as an independent predictor of poor outcome and future vascular events after acute stroke. Stroke 34:1951-6
184. Xiong ZQ, Qian W, Suzuki K, McNamara JO (2003) Formation of complement membrane attack complex in mammalian cerebral cortex evokes seizures and neurodegeneration. J Neurosci 23:955-60
185. Yanqing Z, Yu-Min L, Jian Q, Bao-Guo X, Chuan-Zhen L (2006) Fibronectin and neuroprotective effect of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor in focal cerebral ischemia. Brain Res 1098:161-9
186. Yoo NJ, Park WS, Kim SY, Reed JC, Son SG, Lee JY, Lee SH (2002) Nod1, a CARD protein, enhances pro-interleukin-1beta processing through the interaction with pro-caspase-1. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 299:652-8
187. Yu M, Wang H, Ding A, Golenbock DT, Latz E, Czura CJ, Fenton MJ, Tracey KJ, Yang H (2006) HMGB1 signals through toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 and TLR2. Shock 26:174-9
188. Zedler S, Faist E (2006) The impact of endogenous triggers on trauma-associated inflammation. Curr Opin Crit Care 12:595-601
189. Zhang WH, Wang X, Narayanan M, Zhang Y, Huo C, Reed JC, Friedlander RM (2003) Fundamental role of the Rip2/caspase-1 pathway in hypoxia and ischemia-induced neuronal cell death. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100:16012-7
190. Zhang X, Kimura Y, Fang C, Zhou L, Sfyroera G, Lambris JD, Wetsel RA, Miwa T, Song WC (2007) Regulation of Toll-like receptor-mediated inflammatory response by complement in vivo. Blood 110:228-36
191. Zhao TY, Zou SP, Knapp PE (2007) Exposure to cell phone radiation up-regulates apoptosis genes in primary cultures of neurons and astrocytes. Neurosci Lett 412:34-8
192. Ziegler G, Harhausen D, Prinz V, König J, Schepers C, Röhr C, Hoffmann O, Lehrach H, Nietfeld W, Trendelenburg G (2007) TLR has a detrimental role in mouse transient focal cerebral ischemia. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 359:574-9