Whole body pharmacokinetic models

Clinical Pharmacokinetics

Volumn 42, Issue 10, 2003, Pages 883-908

  Nestorov, Ivan ^a  

^a AMGEN INC   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

HERBACEOUS AGENT;

BODY DISTRIBUTION; DRUG ABSORPTION; DRUG DISTRIBUTION; DRUG ELIMINATION; DRUG TRANSPORT; MEDICINAL PLANT; METHODOLOGY; NONHUMAN; PHYSIOLOGICALLY BASED PHARMACOKINETIC MODEL; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; TECHNIQUE; THEORETICAL MODEL; TOXICOKINETICS;

HUMANS; MODELS, BIOLOGICAL; PHARMACOKINETICS;

EID: 0042161645     PISSN: 03125963     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2165/00003088-200342100-00002     Document Type: Review

References (272)

1. Rowland M. Physiologic pharmacokinetic models and inter-animal species scaling. In: Rowland M, Tucker GT, editors. Pharmacokinetics: theory and methodology. International Encyclopedia of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Section 122. Oxford: Pergamon, 1986: 69-88
2. Thakur AK. Model: mechanistic vs empirical. In: Resigno A, Thakur AK, editors. New trends in pharmacokinetics. New York: Plenum Press, 1991: 41-51
3. Rescigno A, Beck JS. The use and abuse of models. J Pharmacokinet Biopharm 1987; 15: 327-44
4. Nestorov I, Petrov I, Hadjitodorov S, et al. Empirical versus mechanistic modelling: comparison of an artificial neural network to a mechanistically based model for quantitative structure pharmacokinetics relationship. Pharm Sci 1999; 1 (4): 17. Available from URL: http://www.phamsci.org [Accessed 2003 Jul 18]
5. Godfrey K. Compartmental models and their application. New York: Academic Press, 1983
6. Anderson DA. Compartmental modeling and tracer kinetics: lecture notes in biomathematics. Vol. 50. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1983
7. Bischoff KB. Physiological pharmacokinetics. Bull Math Biol 1986; 48: 309-22
8. Chen HS, Gross JF. Physiologically based pharmacokinetic models for anticancer drugs. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 1979; 2: 85-94
9. Gargas ML, Burgess RJ, Voisard DE, et al. Partition coefficients of low-molecular-weight volatile chemicals in various liquids and tissues. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1989; 98: 87-99
10. Clewell III HJ, Andersen ME. Risk assessment extrapolations and physiological modeling. Toxicol Ind Health 1985; 1: 111-31
11. Lave T, Coassolo P, Reigner B. Prediction of hepatic metabolic clearance based on interspecies allometric scaling techniques and in vitro-in vivo correlations. Clin Pharmacokinet 1999; 36: 211-31
12. Houston JB, Carlile DJ. Prediction of hepatic clearance from microsomes, hepatocytes, and liver slices. Drug Metab Rev 1997; 29: 891-922
13. Obach RS, Baxter JG, Liston TE, et al. The prediction of human pharmacokinetic parameters from preclinical and in vitro metabolism data. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1997; 283: 46-58
14. Houston JB. Utility of in vitro drug metabolism data in predicting in vivo metabolic clearance. Biochem Pharmacol 1994; 47: 1469-79
15. Haber LT, Maier A, Zhao Q, et al. Applications of mechanistic data in risk assessment: the past, present, and future. Toxicol Sci 2001; 61: 32-9
16. Kaneko T, Horiuchi J, Sato A. Development of a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model of organic solvent in rats. Pharmacol Res 2000; 42: 465-70
17. O'Flaherty EJ. Physiologically based models of metal kinetics. Crit Rev Toxicol 1998; 28: 271-317
18. Bailer AJ, Dankovic DA. An introduction to the use of physiologically based pharmacokinetic models in risk assessment. Stat Methods Med Res 1997; 6: 341-58
19. el-Masri HA, Thomas RS, Benjamin SA, et al. Physiologically based pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic modeling of chemical mixtures and possible applications in risk assessment. Toxicology 1995; 105: 275-82
20. Yang RS, el-Masri HA, Thomas RS, et al. The use of physiologically-based pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic dosimetry models for chemical mixtures. Toxicol Lett 1995; 82-83: 497-504
21. Filser JG, Csanady GA, Kreuzer PE, et al. Toxicokinetic models for volatile industrial chemicals and reactive metabolites. Toxicol Lett 1995; 82-83: 357-66
22. Becking GC. Use of mechanistic information in risk assessment for toxic chemicals. Toxicol Lett 1995; 77: 15-24
23. Krewski D, Withey JR, Ku LF, et al. Applications of physiologic pharmacokinetic modeling in carcinogenic risk assessment. Environ Health Perspect 1994; 102 Suppl. 11: 37-50
24. O'Flaherty EJ. Physiologically based pharmacokinetic models in developmental toxicology. Risk Anal 1994; 14: 605-11
25. Andersen ME, Krishnan K. Physiologically based pharmacokinetics and cancer risk assessment. Environ Health Perspect 1994; 102 Suppl. 1: 103-8
26. Clewell III HJ, Andersen ME. Physiologically-based pharmacokinetic modeling and bioactivation of xenobiotics. Toxicol Ind Health 1994; 10: 1-24
27. Leung HW. Use of physiologically based pharmacokinetic models to establish biological exposure indexes. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 1992; 53: 369-74
28. Andersen ME. Physiological modelling of organic compounds. Ann Occup Hyg 1991; 35: 309-21
29. Nestorov I, Aarons LJ, Arundel PA, et al. Lumping of whole-body physiologically based pharmacokinetic models. J Pharmacokinet Biopharm 1998; 26: 21-46
30. Baxter LT, Zhu H, Mackensen DG, et al. Biodistribution of monoclonal antibodies: scale-up from mouse to human using a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model. Cancer Res 1995; 55: 4611-22
31. Baxter LT, Zhu H, Mackensen DG, et al. Physiologically based pharmacokinetic model for specific and nonspecific monoclonal antibodies and fragments in normal tissues and human tumor xenografts in nude mice. Cancer Res 1994; 54: 1517-28
32. Tsukamoto Y, Kato Y, Ura M, et al. A physiologically based pharmacokinetic analysis of capecitabine, a triple prodrug of 5-FU, in humans: the mechanism for tumor-selective accumulation of 5-FU. Pharm Res 2001; 18: 1190-202
33. Clewell III HJ, Gentry PR, Gearhart JM, et al. Development of a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model of isopropanol and its metabolite acetone. Toxicol Sci 2001; 63: 160-72
34. Fisher JW. Physiologically based pharmacokinetic models for trichloroethylene and its oxidative metabolites. Environ Health Perspect 2000; 108 Suppl. 2: 265-73
35. Lipscomb JC, Fisher JW, Confer PD, et al. In vitro to in vivo extrapolation for trichloroethylene metabolism in humans. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1998; 152: 376-87
36. Fisher JW, Mahle D, Abbas R. A human physiologically based pharmacokinetic model for trichloroethylene and its metabolites, trichloroacetic acid and free trichloroethanol. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1998; 152: 339-59
37. Clewell III HJ, Andersen ME, Wills RJ, et al. A physiologically based pharmacokinetic model for retinoic acid and its metabolites. J Am Acad Dermatol 1997; 36 (3 Pt 2): S77-85
38. Cong D, Doherty M, Pang KS. A new physiologically based, segregated-flow model to explain route-dependent intestinal metabolism. Drug Metab Dispos 2000; 28: 224-35
39. Clewell III HJ, Gentry PR, Covington TR, et al. Development of a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model of trichloroethylene and its metabolites for use in risk assessment. Environ Health Perspect 2000; 108 Suppl. 2: 283-305
40. Blakey GE, Nestorov IA, Arundel PA, et al. Quantitative structure-pharmacokinetics relationships: I. development of a whole-body physiologically based model to characterize changes in pharmacokinetics across a homologous series of barbiturates in the rat. J Pharmacokinet Biopharm 1997; 25: 277-312
41. Igari Y, Sugiyama Y, Awazu S, et al. Comparative physiologically based pharmacokinetics of hexobarbital, phenobarbital and thiopental in the rat. J Pharmacokinet Biopharm 1982; 10: 53-75
42. Igari Y, Sugiyama Y, Sawada Y, et al. Prediction of diazepam disposition in the rat and man by a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model. J Pharmacokinet Biopharm 1983; 11: 577-93
43. Bernareggi A, Rowland M. Physiological modeling of cyclosporine kinetics in rat and man. J Pharmacokinet Biopharm 1991; 19: 21-50
44. Kawai R, Lemaire M, Steimer J-L, et al. Physiologically based pharmacokinetic study on a cyclosporine derivative, SDZ IMM 125. J Pharmacokinet Biopharm 1994; 22: 327-65
45. Bjorkman S, Stanski DR, Harashima H, et al. Tissue distribution of fentanyl and alfentanil in the rat cannot be described by a blood flow limited model. J Pharmacokinet Biopharm 1993; 21: 255-79
46. Bjorkman S, Wada DR, Stanski DR, et al. Comparative pharmacokinetics of fentanyl and alfentanil in rats and humans based on parametric single-tissue models. J Pharmacokinet Biopharm 1994; 22: 381-410
47. Peng B, Andrews J, Nestorov I, et al. Tissue distribution and physiologically based pharmacokinetics of antisense phosphorothioate oligonucleotide ISIS 1082 in rat. Antisense Nucleic Acid Drug Dev 2001; 11: 15-27
48. Gerlovski LE, Jain RK. Physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling: principles and applications. J Pharm Sci 1983; 72: 1103-29
49. Sato H, Sugiyama Y, Sawada Y, et al. Physiologically based pharmacokinetics of radioiodinated human beta-endorphin in rats: an application of the capillary membrane-limited model. Drug Metab Dispos 1987; 15: 540-50
50. Tanaka C, Kawai R, Rowland M. Physiologically based pharmacokinetics of cyclosporine A: reevaluation of dose-nonlinear kinetics in rats. J Pharmacokinet Biopharm 1999; 27: 597-623
51. Kawai R, Mathew D, Tanaka C, et al. Physiologically based pharmacokinetics of cyclosporine A: extension to tissue distribution kinetics in rats and scale-up to human. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1998; 287: 457-68
52. Naritomi Y, Terashita S, Kimura S, et al. Prediction of human hepatic clearance from in vivo animal experiments and in vitro metabolic studies with liver microsomes from animals and humans. Drug Metab Dispos 2001; 29: 1316-24
53. Roberts MS, Anissimov YG. Modeling of hepatic elimination and organ distribution kinetics with the extended convection-dispersion model. J Pharmacokinet Biopharm 1999; 27: 343-82
54. Chou CH, Aarons L, Rowland M. Optimal experimental design for precise estimation of the parameters of the axial dispersion model of hepatic elimination. J Pharmacokinet Biopharm 1998; 26: 595-615
55. Hisaka A, Sugiyama Y. Analysis of nonlinear and nonsteady state hepatic extraction with the dispersion model using the finite difference method. J Pharmacokinet Biopharrn 1998; 26: 495-519
56. Weiss M. Pharmacokinetics in organs of the intact body: model validation and reduction. Eur J Pharm Sci 1999; 7: 119-27
57. Oliver RE, Heatherington AC, Jones AF, et al. A physiologically based pharmacokinetic model incorporating dispersion principles to describe solute distribution in the perfused rat hindlimb preparation. J Pharmacokinet Biopharm 1997; 25: 389-412
58. Roy A, Weisel CP, Lioy PJ, et al. A distributed parameter physiologically-based pharmacokinetic model for dermal and inhalation exposure to volatile organic compounds. Risk Anal 1996; 16: 147-60
59. Frederick CB, Bush ML, Lomax LG, et al. Application of a hybrid computational fluid dynamics and physiologically based inhalation model for interspecies dosimetry extrapolation of acidic vapors in the upper airways. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1998; 152: 211-31
60. Oliver RE, Jones AF, Rowland M. A whole-body physiologically based pharmacokinetic model incorporating dispersion concepts: short and long time characteristics. J Pharmacokinet Biopharm 2001; 28: 27-55
61. Shelley ML, Harris RL, Boehlecke BA. A mathematical model of bronchial absorption of vapors in the human lung and its significance in pharmacokinetic modeling. SAR QSAR Environ Res 1996; 5: 221-53
62. Martonen TB. Mathematical model for the selective deposition of inhaled pharmaceuticals. J Pharm Sci 1993; 82: 1191-9
63. Morris JB, Hassett DN, Blanchard KT. A physiologically based pharmacokinetic model for nasal uptake and metabolism of nonreactive vapors. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1993; 123: 120-9
64. Kiriyama A, Nishiura T, Yamaji H, et al. Physiologically based pharmacokinetics of KNI-272, a tripeptide HIV-1 protease inhibitor. Biopharm Drug Dispos 1999; 20: 199-205
65. Cox Jr LA. Reassessing benzene risks using internal doses and Monte-Carlo uncertainty analysis. Environ Health Perspect 1996; 104 Suppl. 6: 1413-29
66. Travis CC, Quillen JL, Arms AD. Pharmacokinetics of benzene. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1990; 102: 400-20
67. Tsuji A, Yoshikawa T, Nishide K, et al. Physiologically based pharmacokinetic model for beta-lactam antibiotics I: tissue distribution and elimination in rats. J Pharm Sci 1983; 72: 1239-52
68. Brown RP, Delp MD, Lindstedt SL, et al. Physiological parameter values for physiologically based pharmacokinetic models. Toxicol Ind Health 1997; 13: 407-84
69. Davies B, Morris T. Physiological parameters in laboratory animals and humans. Pharm Res 1993; 10: 1093-5
70. Kuwahira I, Gonzales NC, Heisler N, et al. Regional blood flow in conscious resting rats determined by microsphere distribution. J Appl Physiol 1993; 74: 203-10
71. Leggert RW, Williams LR. Suggested reference values for regional blood volumes in humans. Health Phys 1989; 60: 139-54
72. Sato A. Confounding factors in biological monitoring of exposure to organic solvents. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 1993; 65 (1 Suppl.): S61-7
73. Gargas ML, Tyler TR, Sweeney LM, et al. A toxicokinetic study of inhaled ethylene glycol monomethyl ether (2-ME) and validation of a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model for the pregnant rat and human. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2000; 165: 53-62
74. Luecke RH, Wosilait WD, Pearce BA, et al. A physiologically based pharmacokinetic computer model for human pregnancy. Teratology 1994; 4: 90-103
75. Fisher J, Mahle D, Bankston L, et al. Lactational transfer of volatile chemicals in breast milk. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 1997; 58: 425-31
76. Byczkowski JZ, Fisher JW. Lactational transfer of tetrachloroethylene in rats. Risk Anal 1994; 14: 339-49
77. Byczkowski JZ, Kinkead ER, Leahy HF, et al. Computer simulation of the lactational transfer of tetrachloroethylene in rats using a physiologically based model. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1994; 125: 228-36
78. Kawahara M, Sakata A, Miyashita T, et al. Physiologically based pharmacokinetics of digoxin in mdrla knockout mice. J Pharm Sci 1999; 88: 1281-7
79. Sasaki Y, Wagner HN. Measurement of the distribution of cardiac output in unanesthetized rats. J Appl Physiol 1971; 30: 879-84
80. Wada DR, Bjorkman S, Ebling WF, et al. Computer simulation of the effects of alterations in blood flows and body composition on thiopental pharmacokinetics in humans. Anaesthesiology 1997; 87: 884-99
81. Nestorov I. Modelling and simulation of variability and uncertainty in toxicokinetics and pharmacokinetics. Toxicol Lett 2001; 120: 411-20
82. Nestorov IA, Aarons LJ, Rowland M. Physiologically-based pharmacokinetic modelling of a homologous series of barbiturates in the rat: a sensitivity analysis. J Pharmacokin Biopharm 1997; 25: 413-47
83. Nestorov I. A structural approach to sensitivity analysis of physiologically based pharmacokinetic models. J Pharmacokinet Biopharm 1999; 27: 577-97
84. Laughlin MH, Armstrong RB. Adrenoreceptor effects on rat muscle blood flow during treadmill exercise. J Appl Physiol 1987; 62: 1465-72
85. Li S-G, Randall DC, Brown DR. Roles of cardiac output and peripheral resistance in mediating blood pressure response to stress in rats. Am J Physiol 1998; 274: R1065-9
86. Calder, WA. Size, function, and life history. London: Harvard University Press, England, 1984
87. Delp MD, Manning RO, Bruckner JV, et al. Distribution of cardiac output during diurnal changes of activity in rats. Am J Physiol 1991; 261 (5 Pt 2): H1487-93
88. Bukowski J, Korn L, Wartenberg D. Correlated inputs in quantitative risk assessment: the effects of distributional shape. Risk Anal 1995; 15: 215-9
89. Jonsson F, Bois FY, Johanson G. Assessing the reliability of PBPK models using data from methyl chloride-exposed, non-conjugating human subjects. Arch Toxicol 2001; 75: 189-99
90. Jonsson F, Johanson G. A Bayesian analysis of the influence of GSTT1 polymorphism on the cancer risk estimate for dichloromethane. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2001; 174: 99-112
91. Jonsson F, Johanson G. Bayesian estimation of variability in adipose tissue blood flow in man by physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling of inhalation exposure to toluene. Toxicology 2001; 157: 177-93
92. Jonsson F, Bois F, Johanson G. Physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling of inhalation exposure of humans to dichloromethane during moderate to heavy exercise. Toxicol Sci 2001; 59: 209-18
93. Lin JH, Sugiyama Y, Awazu S, et al. In vitro and in vivo evaluation of the tissue-to-blood partition coefficient for physiological pharmacokinetic models. J Pharmacokinet Biopharm 1982; 10: 637-47
94. Roth WL, Weber LW, Rozman KK. Incorporation of first-order uptake rate constants from simple mammillary models into blood-flow limited physiological pharmacokinetic models via extraction efficiencies. Pharm Res 1995; 12: 263-9
95. Hwang IY, Reardon KF, Tessari JD, et al. A gas-liquid system for enzyme kinetic studies of volatile organic chemicals: determination of enzyme kinetic constants and partition coefficients of trichloroethylene. Drug Metab Dispos 1996; 24: 377-82
96. DeJongh J, Blaauboer BJ. Simulation of toluene kinetics in the rat by a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model with application of biotransformation parameters derived independently in vitro and in vivo. Fundam Appl Toxicol 1996; 32: 260-8
97. Ballard P, Leahy DE, Rowland M. Prediction of in vivo tissue distribution for in vitro data 1: experiments with markers of aqueous spaces. Pharm Res 2000; 17: 321-6
98. Bogaards JJ, Freidig AP, van Bladeren PJ. Prediction of isoprene diepoxide levels in vivo in mouse, rat and man using enzyme kinetic data in vitro and physiologically-based pharmacokinetic modelling. Chem Biol Interact 2001; 138: 247-65
99. Cole CE, Tran HT, Schlosser PM. Physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling of benzene metabolism in mice through extrapolation from in vitro to in vivo. J Toxicol Environ Health A 2001; 62: 439-65
100. Bogaards JJ, Hissink EM, Briggs M, et al. Prediction of interindividual variation in drug plasma levels in vivo from individual enzyme kinetic data and physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling. Eur J Pharm Sci 2000; 12: 117-24
101. Hissink AM, Wormhoudt LW, Sherratt PJ, et al. A physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PB-PK) model for ethylene dibromide: relevance of extrahepatic metabolism. Food Chem Toxicol 2000; 38: 707-16
102. Quick DJ, Shuler ML. Use of in vitro data for construction of a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model for naphthalene in rats and mice to probe species differences. Biotechnol Prog 1999; 15: 540-55
103. Ploemen JP, Wormhoudt LW, Haenen GR, et al. The use of human in vitro metabolic parameters to explore the risk assessment of hazardous compounds: the case of ethylene dibromide. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1997; 143: 56-69
104. Clewell III HJ. Coupling of computer modeling with in vitro methodologies to reduce animal usage in toxicity testing. Toxicol Lett 1993; 68: 101-17
105. Nugent LJ, Jain RK. Extravascular diffusion in normal and neoplastic tissues. Cancer Res 1984; 44: 238-44
106. Gerlowski LE, Jain RK. Microvascular permeability of normal and neoplastic tissues. Microvasc Res 1986; 31: 288-305
107. Rippe R, Haraldsson B. Fluid and protein fluxes across small and large pores in the microvasculature: application of two pore equations. Acta Physiol Scand 1987; 131: 411-28
108. Pastino GM, Conolly RB. Application of a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model to estimate the bioavailability of ethanol in male rats: distinction between gastric and hepatic pathways of metabolic clearance. Toxicol Sci 2000; 55: 256-65
109. Lilly PD, Andersen ME, Ross TM, et al. A physiologically based pharmacokinetic description of the oral uptake, tissue dosimetry, and rates of metabolism of bromodichloromethane in the male rat. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1998; 150: 205-17
110. Semino G, Lilly P, Andersen ME. A pharmacokinetic model describing pulsatile uptake of orally-administered carbon tetrachloride. Toxicology 1997; 117: 25-33
111. Carlton LD, Pollack GM, Brouwer KL. Physiologic pharmacokinetic modeling of gastrointestinal blood flow as a rate-limiting step in the oral absorption of digoxin: implications for patients with congestive heart failure receiving epoprostenol. J Pharm Sci 1996; 85: 473-7
112. Polak J, O'Flaherty EJ, Freeman GB, et al. Evaluating lead bioavailability data by means of a physiologically based lead kinetic model. Fundam Appl Toxicol 1996; 29: 63-70
113. Frederick CB, Potter DW, Chang-Mateu MI, et al. A physiologically based pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic model to describe the oral dosing of rats with ethyl acrylate and its implications for risk assessment. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1992; 114: 246-60
114. Staats DA, Fisher JW, Connolly RB. Gastrointestinal absorption of xenobiotics in physiologically based pharmacokinetic models: a two-compartment description. Drug Metab Dispos 1991; 19: 144-8
115. Clements JA, Nimmo WS, Heading RC, et al. A physiologically-based pharmacokinetic model for absorption of oral paracetamol in man [abstract]. J Pharm Pharmacol 1978; 30 Suppl.: 60P
116. Willems BA, Melnick RL, Kohn MC, et al. A physiologically based pharmacokinetic model for inhalation and intravenous administration of naphthalene in rats and mice. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2001; 176: 81-91
117. Thrall KD, Vucelick ME, Gies RA, et al. Comparative metabolism of carbon tetrachloride in rats, mice, and hamsters using gas uptake and PBPK modeling. J Toxicol Environ Health A 2000; 60: 531-48
118. Bogen KT, McKone TE. Linking indoor air and pharmacokinetic models to assess tetrachloroethylene risk. Risk Anal 1988; 8: 509-20
119. Poet TS, Corley RA, Thrall KD, et al. Assessment of the percutaneous absorption of trichloroethylene in rats and humans using MS/MS real-time breath analysis and physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling. Toxicol Sci 2000; 56: 61-72
120. Thrall KD, Poet TS, Corley RA, et al. A real-time in-vivo method for studying the percutaneous absorption of volatile chemicals. Int J Occup Environ Health 2000; 6: 96-103
121. Corley RA, Gordon SM, Wallace LA. Physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling of the temperature-dependent dermal absorption of chloroform by humans following bath water exposures. Toxicol Sci 2000; 53: 13-23
122. Jepson GW, McDougal JN. Predicting vehicle effects on the dermal absorption of halogenated methanes using physiologically based modeling. Toxicol Sci 1999; 48: 180-8
123. Loizou GD, Jones K, Akrill P, et al. Estimation of the dermal absorption of m-xylene vapor in humans using breath sampling and physiologically based pharmacokinetic analysis. Toxicol Sci 1999; 48: 170-9
124. Bookout Jr RL, Quinn DW, McDougal JN. Parallel dermal subcompartments for modeling chemical absorption. SAR QSAR Environ Res 1997; 7: 259-79
125. Macpherson SE, Barton CN, Bronaugh RL. Use of in vitro skin penetration data and a physiologically based model to predict in vivo blood levels of benzoic acid. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1996; 140: 436-43
126. Mattie DR, Grabau JH, McDougal JN. Significance of the dermal route of exposure to risk assessment. Risk Anal 1994; 14: 277-84
127. McDougal JN, Jepson GW, Clewell III HJ, et al. Dermal absorption of organic chemical vapors in rats and humans. Fundam Appl Toxicol 1990; 14: 299-308
128. Yu LX, Lipka E, Crison JR, et al. Transport approaches to the biopharmaceutical design of oral drug delivery systems: prediction of intestinal absorption. Adv Drug Del Rev 1996; 19: 359-76
129. Yu LX, Crison JR, Amidon GL. Compartmental transit and dispersion model analysis of small intestinal transit flow in humans. Int J Pharm 1996; 140: 111-8
130. Yu LX, Amidon GL. Characterization of small intestinal transit time distribution in humans. Int J Pharm 1998; 171: 157-63
131. Yu LX, Amidon GL. A compartmental absorption and transit model for estimating oral drug absorption. Int J Pharm 1999; 186: 119-25
132. Yu LX. An integrated model for determining causes of poor oral drug absorption. Pharm Res 1999; 16: 1883-7
133. Williams LR, Leggert RW. Reference values for resting blood flow to organs of man. Clin Phys Physiol Meas 1989; 10: 187-217
134. Holt JP, Rhode EA, Kines H. Ventricular volumes and body weight in mammals. Am J Physiol 1968; 215: 704-15
135. White L, Haines H, Adams T. Cardiac output related to body weight in small mammals. Comp Biochem Physiol 1968; 27: 559-65
136. Stahl WR. Scaling of respiratory variables in mammals. J Appl Physiol 1967; 22: 453-60
137. Watanabe KH, Bois FY. Interspecies extrapolation of physiological pharmacokinetic parameter distributions. Risk Anal 1996; 16: 741-54
138. Ebling WF, Wada DR, Stanski DR. From piecewise to full pharmacokinetic modeling: applied to thiopental disposition in the rat. J Pharmacokinet Biopharm 1994; 22: 259-92
139. Carpenter RL. Aerosol deposition modeling using ACSL. Drug Chem Toxicol 1999; 22: 73-90
140. Thomas RS, Lytle WE, Keefe TJ, et al. Incorporating Monte Carlo simulation into physiologically based pharmacokinetic models using advanced continuous simulation language (ACSL): a computational method. Fundam Appl Toxicol 1996; 31: 19-28
141. Evans MV, Crank WD, Yang HM, et al. Applications of sensitivity analysis to a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model for carbon tetrachloride in rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1994; 128: 36-44
142. Ball R, Schwartz SL. CMATRIX: software for physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling using a symbolic matrix representation system. Comput Biol Med 1994; 24: 269-76
143. Krishnan K, Haddad S, Pelekis M. A simple index for representing the discrepancy between simulations of physiological pharmacokinetic models and experimental data. Toxicol Ind Health 1995; 11: 413-22
144. Li H, Watanabe K, Auslander D, et al. Model parameter estimation and analysis: understanding parametric structure. Ann Biomed Eng 1994; 22: 97-111
145. Woodruff TJ, Bois FY, Auslander D, et al. Structure and parameterization of pharmacokinetic models: their impact on model predictions. Risk Anal 1992; 12: 189-201
146. Gallo JM, Lam FC, Perrier DG. Area method for the estimation of partition coefficients for physiological pharmacokinetic models. J Pharmacokinet Biopharm 1987; 15: 271-80
147. Verotta D, Sheiner LB, Ebling WF, et al. A semiparametric approach to physiological flow models. J Pharmacokinet Biopharm 1989; 17: 463-91
148. Chen HSG, Gross JF. Estimation of tissue to plasma partition coefficients used in physiological pharmacokinetic models. J Pharmacokinet Biopharm 1979; 7: 117-25
149. Slob W, Janssen PH, van den Hof JM. Structural identifiability of PBPK models: practical consequences for modeling strategies and study designs. Crit Rev Toxicol 1997; 27: 261-72
150. Pleil JD, Lindstrom AB. Sample timing and mathematical considerations for modeling breath elimination of volatile organic compounds. Risk Anal 1998; 18: 585-602
151. Isukapalli SS, Roy A, Georgopoulos PG. Efficient sensitivity/uncertainty analysis using the combined stochastic response surface method and automated differentiation: application to environmental and biological systems. Risk Anal 2000; 20: 591-602
152. Clewell III HJ, Lee TS, Carpenter RL. Sensitivity of physiologically based pharmacokinetic models to variation in model parameters: methylene chloride. Risk Anal 1994; 14: 521-31
153. Clewell III HJ, Jarnot BM. Incorporation of pharmacokinetics in noncancer risk assessment: example with chloropentafluorobenzene. Risk Anal 1994; 14: 265-76
154. Hetrick DM, Jarabek AM, Travis CC. Sensitivity analysis for physiologically based pharmacokinetic models. J Pharmacokinet Biopharm 1991; 19: 1-20
155. Varkonyi P, Bruckner JV, Gallo JM. Effect of parameter variability on physiologically-based pharmacokinetic model predicted drug concentrations. J Pharm Sci 1995; 84: 381-4
156. Spear RC, Bois FY. Parameter variability and the interpretation of physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling results. Environ Health Perspect 1994; 102 Suppl. 11: 61-6
157. Spear RC, Bois FY, Woodruff T, et al. Modeling benzene pharmacokinetics across three sets of animal data: parametric sensitivity and risk implications. Risk Anal 1991; 11: 641-54
158. Farrar D, Allen B, Crump K, et al. Evaluation of uncertainty in input parameters to pharmacokinetic models and the resulting uncertainty in output. Toxicol Lett 1989; 49: 371-85
159. Krewski D, Wang Y, Bartlett S, et al. Uncertainty, variability, and sensitivity analysis in physiological pharmacokinetic models. J Biopharm Stat 1995; 5: 245-71
160. Edler L. Uncertainty in biomonitoring and kinetic modeling. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1999; 895: 80-100
161. Jang JY, Droz PO, Chung HK. Uncertainties in physiologically based pharmacokinetic models caused by several input parameters. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 1999; 72: 247-54
162. Isukapalli SS, Roy A, Georgopoulos PG. Stochastic response surface methods (SRSMs) for uncertainty propagation: application to environmental and biological systems. Risk Anal 1998; 18: 351-63
163. Allen BC, Covington TR, Clewell HJ. Investigation of the impact of pharmacokinetic variability and uncertainty on risks predicted with a pharmacokinetic model for chloroform. Toxicology 1996; 111: 289-303
164. Hattis D, White P, Koch P. Uncertainties in pharmacokinetic modeling for perchloroethylene: II. comparison of model predictions with data for a variety of different parameters. Risk Anal 1993; 13: 599-610
165. Gearhart JM, Mahle DA, Greene RJ, et al. Variability of physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model parameters and their effects on PBPK model predictions in a risk assessment for perchloroethylene (PCE). Toxicol Lett 1993; 68: 131-44
166. Hattis D, White P, Marmorstein L, et al. Uncertainties in pharmacokinetic modeling for perchloroethylene: I. comparison of model structure, parameters, and predictions for low-dose metabolism rates for models derived by different authors. Risk Anal 1990; 10: 449-58
167. Licata AC, Dekant W, Smith CE, et al. A physiologically based pharmacokinetic model for methyl tert-butyl ether in humans: implementing sensitivity and variability analyses. Toxicol Sci 2001; 62: 191-204
168. Clewell HJ, Gearhart JM, Gentry PR, et al. Evaluation of the uncertainty in an oral reference dose for methylmercury due to interindividual variability in pharmacokinetics. Risk Anal 1999; 19: 547-58
169. Evans MV, Andersen ME. Sensitivity analysis of a physiological model for 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD): assessing the impact of specific model parameters on sequestration in liver and fat in the rat. Toxicol Sci 2000; 54: 71-80
170. Beck BD, Mattuck RL, Bowers TS, et al. The development of a stochastic physiologically-based pharmacokinetic model for lead. Sci Total Environ 2001; 274: 15-9
171. Sweeney LM, Tyler TR, Kirman CR, et al. Proposed occupational exposure limits for select ethylene glycol ethers using PBPK models and Monte Carlo simulations. Toxicol Sci 2001; 62: 124-39
172. Thomas RS, Bigelow PL, Keefe TJ, et al. Variability in biological exposure indices using physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling and Monte Carlo simulation. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 1996; 57: 23-32
173. Cronin IV WJ, Oswald EJ, Shelley ML, et al. A trichloroethylene risk assessment using a Monte Carlo analysis of parameter uncertainty in conjunction with physiologically-based pharmacokinetic modeling. Risk Anal 1995; 15: 555-65
174. Droz PO. Quantification of biological variability. Ann Occup Hyg 1992; 36: 295-306
175. Mordenti J. Man versus beast: pharmacokinetic scaling in mammals. J Pharm Sci 1986; 75: 1028-40
176. Ings RMJ. Interspecies scaling and comparisons in drug development and toxicokinetics. Xenobiotica 1990; 11: 1201-31
177. Ruelius HW. Extrapolation from animals to man: predictions, pitfalls and perspectives. Xenobiotica 1987; 17: 255-65
178. Sawada Y, Harashima H, Hanano M, et al. Prediction of the plasma concentration time courses of various drugs in humans based on data from rats. J Pharmacobiodyn 1985; 8: 757-66
179. Fennell TR, Brown CD. A physiologically based pharmacokinetic model for ethylene oxide in mouse, rat, and human. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2001; 173: 161-75
180. Young JF, Wosilait WD, Luecke RH. Analysis of methylmercury disposition in humans utilizing a PBPK model and animal pharmacokinetic data. J Toxicol Environ Health A 2001; 63: 19-52
181. Ploeger B, Mensinga T, Sips A, et al. A human physiologically-based model for glycyrrhzic acid, a compound subject to presystemic metabolism and enterohepatic cycling. Pharm Res 2000; 17: 1516-25
182. Wang X, Santostefano MJ, DeVito MJ, et al. Extrapolation of a PBPK model for dioxins across dosage regimen, gender, strain, and species. Toxicol Sci 2000; 56: 49-60
183. Chow HH. A physiologically based pharmacokinetic model of zidovudine (AZT) in the mouse: model development and scale-up to humans. J Pharm Sci 1997; 86: 1223-8
184. Bonate PL, Swann A, Silverman PB. Preliminary physiologically based pharmacokinetic model for cocaine in the rat: model development and scale-up to humans. J Pharm Sci 1996; 85: 878-83
185. Dallas CE, Chen XM, Muralidhara S, et al. Physiologically based pharmacokinetic model useful in prediction of the influence of species, dose, and exposure route on perchloroethylene pharmacokinetics. J Toxicol Environ Health 1995; 44: 301-17
186. Hildebrand M. Inter-species extrapolation of pharmacokinetic data of three prostacyclin-mimetics. Prostaglandins 1994; 48: 297-312
187. Horton VL, Higuchi MA, Rickert DE. Physiologically based pharmacokinetic model for methanol in rats, monkeys, and humans. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1992; 117: 26-36
188. Nakashima E, Yokogawa K, Ichimura F, et al. A physiologically based pharmacokinetic model for biperiden in animals and its extrapolation to humans. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 1987; 35: 718-25
189. Tsuji A, Nishide K, Minami H, et al. Physiologically based pharmacokinetic model for cefazolin in rabbits and its preliminary extrapolation to man. Drug Metab Dispos 1985; 13: 729-39
190. Harrison LI, Gibaldi M. Physiologically based pharmacokinetic model for digoxin disposition in dogs and its preliminary application to humans. J Pharm Sci 1977; 66: 1679-83
191. Mann S, Droz PO, Vahter M. A physiologically based pharmacokinetic model for arsenic exposure: II. validation and application in humans. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1996; 140: 471-86
192. Poulin P, Krishnan K. A tissue composition-based algorithm for predicting tissue: air partition coefficients of organic chemicals. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1996; 136: 126-30
193. Parham FM, Kohn MC, Matthews HB, et al. Using structural information to create physiologically based pharmacokinetic models for all polychlorinated biphenyls: I. tissue: blood partition coefficients. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1997; 144: 340-7
194. Pelekis M, Poulin P, Krishnan K. An approach for incorporating tissue composition data into physiologically based pharmacokinetic models. Toxicol Ind Health 1995; 11: 511-22
195. Nestorov I, Aarons L, Rowland M. Quantitative structure-pharmacokinetics relationships: II. mechanistically based model for the relationship between the tissue distribution parameters and the lipophilicity of the compounds. J Pharmacokinet Biopharm 1998; 26: 521-46
196. Poulin P, Krishnan K. Molecular structure-based prediction of the partition coefficients of organic chemicals for physiological pharmacokinetic models. Toxicol Meth 1996; 6: 117-37
197. Balaz S, Lukacova V. A model-based dependence of the human tissue/blood partition coefficients of chemicals on lipophilicity and tissue composition. QSAR 1999; 18: 361-8
198. Poulin P, Theil FP. Prediction of pharmacokinetics prior to in vivo studies: 1. mechanism-based prediction of volume of distribution. J Pharm Sci 2002; 91: 129-56
199. Poulin P, Schoenlein K, Theil FP. Prediction of adipose tissue: plasma partition coefficients for structurally unrelated drugs. J Pharm Sci 2001; 90: 436-47
200. Poulin P, Krishnan K. Molecular structure-based prediction of human abdominal skin permeability coefficients for several organic compounds. J Toxicol Environ Health A 2001; 62: 143-59
201. DeJongh J, Verhaar HJ, Hermens JL. A quantitative property-property relationship (QPPR) approach to estimate in vitro tissue-blood partition coefficients of organic chemicals in rats and humans. Arch Toxicol 1997; 72: 17-25
202. Fouchecourt MO, Beliveau M, Krishnan K. Quantitative structure-pharmacokinetic relationship modelling. Sci Total Environ 2001; 274: 125-35
203. Kim CS, Sandberg JA, Slikker W, et al. Quantitative exposure assessment: application of physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling of low-dose, long-term exposures of organic acid toxicant in the brain. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 2001; 9: 153-60
204. Meulenberg CJ, Vijveberg HPM. Empirical relations predicting human and rat tissue: air partition coefficients of volatile organic compounds. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2000; 165: 206-16
205. Parham FM, Portier CJ. Using structural information to create physiologically based pharmacokinetic models for all polychlorinated biphenyls: II. rates of metabolism. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1998; 151: 110-6
206. Ishizaki J, Yokogawa K, Nakashima E, et al. Relationships between the hepatic intrinsic clearance or blood cell-plasma partition coefficient in the rabbit and the lipophilicity of basic drugs. J Pharm Pharmacol 1997; 49: 768-72
207. Ishizaki J, Yokogawa K, Nakashima E, et al. Prediction of changes in the clinical pharmacokinetics of basic drugs on the basis of octanol-water partition coefficients. J Pharm Pharmacol 1997; 49: 762-7
208. Piotrovskij VK, Shvatchko EV, Trnovec T. The use of physiologically based models to simulate enantioselective differences in pharmacokinetics. Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol 1994 16: 263-9
209. Melnick RL, Kohn MC. Dose-response analyses of experimental cancer data. Drug Metab Rev 2000; 32: 193-209
210. Chen HS, Gross JF. Intra-arterial infusion of anticancer drugs: theoretic aspects of drug delivery and review of responses. Cancer Treat Rep 1980; 64: 31-40
211. Chen HS, Gross JF. Clearance constants in physiologically based pharmacokinetic models. J Pharm Sci 1979; 68: 1066-7
212. Tsukamoto Y, Kato Y, Ura M, et al. Investigation of 5-FU disposition after oral administration of capecitabine, a triple-prodrug of 5-FU, using a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model in a human cancer xenograft model: comparison of the simulated 5-FU exposures in the tumour tissue between human and xenograft model. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2001; 22: 1-14
213. Kirman CR, Hays SM, Kedderis GL, et al. Improving cancer dose-response characterization by using physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling: an analysis of pooled data for acrylonitrile-induced brain tumors to assess cancer potency in the rat. Risk Anal 2000; 20: 135-51
214. Zhu H, Jain RK, Baxter LT. Tumor pretargeting for radioimmunodetection and radioimmunotherapy. J Nucl Med 1998; 39: 65-76
215. Zhu H, Baxter LT, Jain RK. Potential and limitations of radioimmunodetection and radioimmunotherapy with monoclonal antibodies. J Nucl Med 1997; 38: 731-41
216. Devineni D, Klein-Szanto A, Gallo JM. In vivo microdialysis to characterize drug transport in brain tumors: analysis of methotrexate uptake in rat glioma-2 (RG-2)-bearing rats. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 1996; 38: 499-507
217. Hays SM, Elswick BA, Blumenthal GM, et al. Development of a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model of 2-methoxyethanol and 2-methoxyacetic acid disposition in pregnant rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2000; 163: 67-74
218. Kawahara M, Nanbo T, Tsuji A. Physiologically based pharmacokinetic prediction of p-phenylbenzoic acid disposition in the pregnant rat. Biopharm Drug Dispos 1998; 19: 445-53
219. Young JF. Physiologically-based pharmacokinetic model for pregnancy as a tool for investigation of developmental mechanisms. Comput Biol Med 1998; 28: 359-64
220. Ward KW, Blumenthal GM, Welsch F, et al. Development of a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model to describe the disposition of methanol in pregnant rats and mice. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1997; 145: 311-22
221. Luecke RH, Wosilait WD, Pearce BA, et al. A computer model and program for xenobiotic disposition during pregnancy. Comput Methods Programs Biomed 1997; 53: 201-24
222. Gray DG. A physiologically based pharmacokinetic model for methyl mercury in the pregnant rat and fetus. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1995; 132: 91-102
223. Terry KK, Elswick BA, Welsch F, et al. Development of a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model describing 2-methoxyacetic acid disposition in the pregnant mouse. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1995; 132: 103-14
224. Clarke DO, Elswick BA, Welsch F, et al. Pharmacokinetics of 2-methoxyethanol and 2-methoxyacetic acid in the pregnant mouse: a physiologically based mathematical model. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1993; 121: 239-52
225. Fisher JW, Whittaker TA, Taylor DH, et al. Physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling of the pregnant rat: a multiroute exposure model for trichloroethylene and its metabolite, trichloroacetic acid. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1989; 99: 395-414
226. Byczkowski JZ, Lipscomb JC. Physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling of the lactational transfer of methylmercury. Risk Anal 2001; 21: 869-82
227. Lee SK, Ou YC, Yang RS. Comparison of pharmacokinetic interactions and physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling of PCB 153 and PCB 126 in nonpregnant mice, lactating mice, and suckling pups. Toxicol Sci 2002; 65: 26-34
228. Jang JY, Droz PO. Ethnic differences in biological monitoring of several organic solvents: II. a simulation study with a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 1997; 70: 41-50
229. Welsch F, Blumenthal GM, Conolly RB. Physiologically based pharmacokinetic models applicable to organogenesis: extrapolation between species and potential use in prenatal toxicity risk assessments. Toxicol Lett 1995; 82-83: 539-47
230. Byczkowski JZ, Fisher JW. A computer program linking physiologically based pharmacokinetic model with cancer risk assessment for breast-fed infants. Comput Methods Programs Biomed 1995; 46: 155-63
231. Fisher JW, Whittaker TA, Taylor DH, et al. Physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling of the lactating rat and nursing pup: a multiroute exposure model for trichloroethylene and its metabolite, trichloroacetic acid. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1990; 102: 497-513
232. Shelley ML, Andersen ME, Fisher JW. An inhalation distribution model for the lactating mother and nursing child. Toxicol Lett 1988; 43: 23-9
233. Bjorkman S, Wada DR, Berling BM, et al. Prediction of the disposition of midazolam in surgical patients by a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model. J Pharm Sci 2001; 90: 1226-41
234. El-Masri HA, Portier CJ. Physiologically based pharmacokinetics model of primidone and its metabolites phenobarbital and phenylethylmalonamide in humans, rats, and mice. Drug Metab Dispos 1998; 26: 585-94
235. Krejcie TC, Avram MJ, Gentry WB, et al. A recirculatory model of the pulmonary uptake and pharmacokinetics of lidocaine based on analysis of arterial and mixed venous data from dogs. J Pharmacokinet Biopharm 1997; 25: 169-90
236. Wada DR, Ward DS. Open loop control of multiple drug effects in anesthesia. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 1995; 42: 666-77
237. Wada DR, Ward DS. The hybrid model: a new pharmacokinetic model for computer-controlled infusion pumps. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 1994; 41: 134-42
238. Engasser JM, Sarhan F, Falcoz C, et al. Distribution, metabolism, and elimination of phenobarbital in rats: physiologically based pharmacokinetic model. J Pharm Sci 1981; 70: 1233-8
239. Nakajima Y, Hattori K, Shinsei M, et al. Physiologically-based pharmacokinetic analysis of grepafloxacin. Biol Pharm Bull 2000; 23: 1077-83
240. Manuilov KK, Navashin SM, Kuleshov SE. Use of gentamicin physiologically-based model for individual dosing. Int J Clin Pharmacol Res 1993; 13: 59-63
241. Manuilov KK. Use of a physiologically-based pharmacokinetic model for analysis of antibiotic distribution in tissue. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther Toxicol 1992; 30: 548-9
242. Pollet RA, Glatz CE, Dyer DC. The pharmacokinetics of chlortetracycline orally administered to turkeys: influence of citric acid and Pasteurella multocida infection. J Pharmacokinet Biopharm 1985; 13: 243-64
243. Weissbrod JM, Jain RK. Preliminary model for streptozocin metabolism in mice. J Pharm Sci 1980; 69: 691-4
244. Saijo Y, Perlaky L, Wang H, et al. Pharmacokinetics, tissue distribution, and stability of antisense oligodeoxynucleotide phosphorothioate ISIS 3466 in mice. Oncol Res 1994; 6: 243-9
245. Zhang R, Diasio RB, Lu Z, et al. Pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution in rats of an oligodeoxynucleotide phosphorothioate (gem 91) developed as a therapeutic agent for human immunodeficiency virus type-1. Biochem Pharmacol 1995; 49: 929-39
246. AB) of the antivenin. Toxicon 1998; 36: 93-114
247. Coyne CP, Moritz JT, Fenwick BW. Inhibition of lipopolysaccharide-induced TNF-alpha production by semisynthetic polymyxin-B conjugated dextran. Biotechnol Ther 1994-95; 5: 137-62
248. 2, and Fab′in mice. Cancer Res 1986; 46: 3969-78
249. Bois F, Woodruff T, Spear R. Comparison of three physiologically based pharmacokinetic models of benzene disposition. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1991; 110: 79-88
250. Bois FY, Krowech G, Zeise L. Modeling human interindividual variability in metabolism and risk: the example of 4-aminobiphenyl. Risk Anal 1995; 15: 205-13
251. Holford NHG, Hale M, Ko HC, et al., editors. Simulation in drug development: good practices. Report of the CDDS meeting 'Modelling and Simulation of Clinical Trials: Best Practices Workshop' [online]. Available from URL: http://www.cdds.georgetown.edu/research/sddgp723.html. [Accessed 1999]
252. Bois FY. Analysis of PBPK models for risk characterization. In: Bailer AI, Maltoni C, Bailar III JC, Belpoggi F, Brazier JV, Soffritti M, editors. Uncertainty in the risk assessment of environmental and occupational hazards. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1999; 895: 317-37
253. Bois FY, Zeise L, Tozer TN. Precision and sensitivity of pharmacokinetic models for cancer risk assessment: tetrachlorethylene in mice, rats, and humans. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1990; 102: 300-15
254. Williams PJ, Ette EI. The role of population pharmacokinetics in drug development in light of the Food and Drug Administration's 'Guidance for Industry: population pharmacokinetics'. Clin Pharmacokinet 2000; 39: 385-95
255. Ette EI, Howie CA, Kelman AW, et al. Experimental design and efficient parameter estimation in preclinical pharmacokinetic studies. Pharm Res 1995; 12: 729-37
256. Ette EI, Kelman AW, Howie CA, et al. Analysis of animal pharmacokinetic data: performance of the one point per animal design. J Pharmacokinet Biopharm 1995; 23: 551-66
257. Lindstrom FT, Birkes DS. Estimation of population pharmacokinetic parameters using destructively obtained experimental data: a simulation study of the one-compartment open model. Drug Metab Rev 1984; 15: 195-264
258. Bernillon P, Bois FY. Statistical issues in toxicokinetic modeling: a Bayesian perspective. Environ Health Perspect 2000; 108 Suppl. 5: 883-93
259. Bois FY. Statistical analysis of Clewell, et al. PBPK model of trichloroethylene kinetics. Environ Health Perspect 2000; 108 Suppl. 2: 307-16
260. Bois FY. Statistical analysis of Fisher, et al. PBPK model of trichloroethylene kinetics. Environ Health Perspect 2000; 108 Suppl. 2: 275-82
261. 8-toluene kinetics: an empirical Bayes estimation strategy. Risk Anal 1999; 19: 1127-34
262. Nestorov I, Gueorguieva I, Jones HM, et al. Incorporating measures of variability and uncertainty into the prediction of in vivo hepatic clearance from in vitro data. Drug Metab Dispos 2002; 30: 276-82
263. Dubois D, Prade H. Fuzzy sets and systems: theory and applications. New York: Academic Press, 1980
264. Berkan R, Trubatch S. Fuzzy systems design principles. New York: IEEE Press, 1997
265. Ross T. Fuzzy logic with engineering applications. New York: McGraw Hill, 1995
266. Zimmermann H. Uncertainty modelling and fuzzy sets. In: Natke HG, Ben-Haim Y, editors. Uncertainty: models and measures. Heidelberg: Akademie-Verlag, 1997
267. Hüllermeier E. An approach to modelling and simulation of uncertain dynamical systems. International Journal of Uncertainty, Fuzziness and Knowledge-Based Systems 1997; 5: 117-37
268. Gieschke R, Steimer JL. Pharmacometrics: modelling and simulation tools to improve decision making in clinical drug development. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2000; 25: 49-58
269. Norris DA, Leesman GD, Sinko PJ, et al. Development of predictive pharmacokinetic simulation models for drug discovery. J Control Release 2000; 65: 55-62
270. Charnick SB, Kawai R, Nedelman JR, et al. Perspectives in pharmacokinetics: physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling as a tool for drug development. J Pharmacokinet Biopharm 1995; 23: 217-29
271. Nestorov IA. A WWW resource for physiologically based modelling in pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, toxicology and risk assessment. Med Inform (Lond) 1998; 23: 193-8
272. Salkovich-Petrisic M, Mrzljak A. Lackovic Z. Usage of the internet pharmacology resources among European pharmacologists: a preliminary investigation. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2001; 15: 55-60