Estimation of the dermal absorption of m-xylene vapor in humans using breath sampling and physiologically based pharmacokinetic analysis

Toxicological Sciences

Volumn 48, Issue 2, 1999, Pages 170-179

  Loizou, George D ^a   Jones, Katherine ^a   Akrill, Peter ^a   Dyne, Delyth ^a   Cocker, John ^a  

^a HEALTH AND SAFETY LABORATORY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Dermal absorption; M xylene; Pharmacokinetic modeling

Indexed keywords

HIPPURIC ACID DERIVATIVE; META XYLENE;

ADULT; ARTICLE; BIOLOGICAL MONITORING; BLOOD LEVEL; BODY BURDEN; BREATH ANALYSIS; CONTROLLED STUDY; FEMALE; HUMAN; HUMAN EXPERIMENT; INHALATION; MALE; OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE; RISK ASSESSMENT; SKIN ABSORPTION; TOXICOKINETICS; URINE LEVEL; VAPOR;

ADMINISTRATION, CUTANEOUS; ADMINISTRATION, INHALATION; BODY BURDEN; BREATH TESTS; DOSE-RESPONSE RELATIONSHIP, DRUG; FEMALE; HIPPURATES; HUMANS; MALE; MODELS, BIOLOGICAL; SKIN ABSORPTION; VOLATILIZATION; XYLENES;

EID: 0032911753     PISSN: 10966080     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/48.2.170     Document Type: Article

References (48)

1. Andersen, M. E., Clewell, H. J., III, and Frederick, C. B. (1995). Applying simulation modeling to problems in toxicology and risk assessment - a short perspective. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 133, 181-187.
2. Andersen, M. E., Gargas, M. L., Clewell, H. J., III, and Severyn, K. M. (1987). Quantitative evaluation of the metabolic interactions between trichloroethylene and 1,1-dichloroethylene in vivo using gas uptake methods. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 89, 149-157.
3. Andersen, M. E., and Krishnan, K. (1994). Physiologically-based pharmacokinetics and cancer risk assessment. Environ. Health Perspect. 102(suppl.), 103-108.
4. Arms, A. D., and Travis, C. C. (1988). Reference physiological parameters in pharmacokinetic modeling. Office of Health and Environmental Assessment, U.S. EPA, Washington, DC. NTIS PB88-196019.
5. Åstrand, I., Engström, J., and Övrum, P. (1978). Exposure to xylene and ethylbenzene. I. Uptake, distribution and elimination in man. Scand. J. Work Environ. Health 4, 185-194.
6. Clewell, H. J., III, Gentry, P. R., Gearhart, J. M., Allen, B. C., and Andersen, M. E. (1995). Considering pharmacokinetic and mechanistic information in cancer risk assessments for environmental contaminants: Examples with vinyl chloride and trichloroethylene. Chemosphere 31(1), 2561-2578.
7. Corley, R. A., Markham, D. A., Banks, C., Delorme, P., Masterman, A., and Houle, J. M. (1997). Physiologically-based pharmacokinetics and the dermal absorption of 2-butoxyethanol vapor by humans. Fund. Appl. Toxicol. 39, 120-130.
8. Corley, R. A., Mendrala, A. L., Smith, F. A., Staats, D. A., Gargas, M. L., Conolly, R. B., Andersen, M. E., and Reitz, R. H. (1990). Development of a physiologically-based pharmacokinetic model for chloroform. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 103, 512-527.
9. Daniell, W., Stebbins, A., Kalman, D., O'Donnell, J. F., and Horstman, S. W. (1992). The contributions to solvent uptake by skin and inhalation exposure. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 53, 124-129.
10. DuBois, D., and DuBois, E. F. (1916). Clinical calorimetry. Tenth paper. A formula to estimate the approximate surface area if height and weight be known. Arch. Int. Med. 17, 863-871.
11. Dyne, D., Cocker, J., and Wilson, H. K. (1997). A novel device for capturing breath samples for solvent analysis. Sci. Total Environ. 199, 83-89.
12. EN: 140 (1989). British Standard Specification for half masks and quarter masks for respiratory protective devices. BS 7356: 1990. British Standards Institution, London.
13. Engström, K., Husman, K., Pfäffli, P., and Riihimäki, V. (1978). Evaluation of occupational exposure to xylene by blood, exhaled air and urine analysis. Scand. J. Work Environ. Health 4, 114-121.
14. Fisher, J. W., Wittaker, T. A., Taylor, D. H., Clewell, H. J., III, and Andersen, M. E. (1989). Physiologically-based pharmacokinetic modeling of the pregnant rat: A multiroute exposure model for trichloroethylene and its metabolite, trichloroacetic acid. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 99, 395-414.
15. Gargas, M. L., Burgess, R. J., Voisard, D. E., Cason, G. H., and Andersen, M. E. (1989). Partition coefficients of low-molecular weight volatile chemicals in various liquids and tissues. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 98, 87-99.
16. Gargas, M. L., Clewell, I. H. J., and Andersen, M. E. (1990). Gas uptake inhalation techniques and the rates of metabolism of chloromethanes, chloroethanes, and chloroethylenes in the rat. Inhal. Toxicol. 2, 295-319.
17. Gerlowski, L. E., and Jain, R. K. (1983). Physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling: principles and applications. J. Pharm. Sci. 72, 1103-1127.
18. Guengerich, F. P., and Shimada, T. (1991). Oxidation of toxic and carcinogenic chemicals by human cytochrome P-450 enzymes. Chem. Res. Toxicol. 4, 391-407.
19. Houston, J. B. (1994). Utility of in vitro drug metabolism data in predicting in vivo metabolic clearance. Biochem. Pharmacol. 47, 1469-1479.
20. Jaffé, M. (1886). Über den Niederschlag, welchen Pikriksäure in normalem Ham erzeugt und über eine neue Reaktion des Kreatinins. Z. Physiol. Chem. 10, 391-400.
21. Jones, K., Dyne, D., Cocker, J., and Wilson, H. K. (1997). A biological monitoring study of 1-methoxy-2-propanol: Analytical method development and a human volunteer study. Sci. Total Environ. 199, 23-30.
22. Koizumi, A. (1989). Potential of physiologically based pharmacokinetics to amalgamate kinetic data of trichloroethylene and tetrachloroethylene obtained in rats and man. Brit. J. Ind. Med. 46, 239-249.
23. Krishnan, K., and Andersen, M. E. (1994). Physiologically-based pharmacokinetic modeling in toxicology. In Principals and Methods of Toxicology (Hayes, A. W., Ed.), pp. 149-188. Raven Press, New York.
24. Lam, C.-W., Galen, T. J., Boyd, J. F., and Pierson, D. L. (1990). Mechanism of transport and distribution of organic solvents in blood. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 104, 117-129.
25. Laparé, S., Tardif, R., and Brodeur, J. (1993). Effect of various exposure scenarios on the biological monitoring of organic solvents in alveolar air. I. Toluene and m-xylene. Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health 64, 569-580.
26. Lees, P. S. J., Corn, M., and Breysse, P. N. (1987). Evidence for dermal absorption as the major route of body entry during exposure of transformer maintenance and repairmen to PCBs. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 48, 257-264.
27. Liira, J., Elovaara, E., Raunio, H., Riihimaki, V., and Engstrom, K. (1991). Metabolic interaction and disposition of methyl ethyl ketone and m-xylene in rats at single and repeated inhalation exposures. Xenobiotica 21, 53-63.
28. Loizou, G. D., and Anders, M. W. (1993). Gas-uptake pharmacokinetics and biotransformation of 1,1-dichloro-1-fluoroethane (HCFC-141b). Drug Metab. Dispos. 21, 634-639.
29. Loizou, G. D., Urban, G., Dekant, W. and Anders, M. W. (1994). Gas-uptake pharmacokinetics of 2,2-dichloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane (HCFC-123). Drug Metab. Dispos. 22, 511-517.
30. Mattie, D. R., Bates, G. D., Jr., Jepson, G. W., Fisher, J. W., and McDougal, J. N. (1994). Determination of skin:air partition coefficients for volatile chemicals: experimental method and applications. Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. 22, 51-57.
31. McDougal, J. N., Jepson, G. W., Clewell, H. J., III, Gargas, M. L., and Andersen, M. E. (1990). Dermal absorption of organic chemical vapors in rats and humans. Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. 14, 299-308.
32. MDHS 3 (1990). Methods for the Determination of Hazardous Substances: Generation of Test Atmospheres of Organic Vapors by the Syringe Injection Technique. HSE (ISBN 07 176 02281).
33. Nakajima, T., Wang, R.-S., Elovaara, E., Park, S. S., Gelboin, H. V., Hietanen, E., and Vainio, H. (1991). Monoclonal antibody-directed characterization of cytochrome P450 isozymes responsible for toluene metabolism in rat liver. Biochem. Pharmacol. 41, 395-404.
34. NIOSH (1994). Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. NIOSH Publications, Cincinnati, OH.
35. Nise, G., Attewell, R., Skerfving, S. and Orbaek, P. (1989). Elimination of toluene from venous blood and adipose tissue after occupational exposure. Brit. J. Ind. Med. 46, 407-411.
36. Olson, M. J., Johnson, J. T., O'Gara, J. F., and Surbrook, J. S. (1991a). Metabolism in vivo and in vitro of the refrigerant substitute 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoro-2-chloroethane. Drug Metab. Dispos. 19, 1004-1011.
37. Olson, M. J., Kim, S. G., Reidy, C. A., Johnson, J. T., and Novak, R. F. (1991b). Oxidation of 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (R-134a) in rat liver microsomes is catalyzed primarily by cytochrome P450IIE1. Drug Metab. Dispos. 19, 298-303.
38. Ramsey, J. C., and Andersen, M. E. (1984). A physiologically based description of the inhalation pharmacokinetics of styrene in rats and humans. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 73, 159-175.
39. Riihimäki, V., Pfäffli, P., Savolainen, K., and Pekari, K. (1979). Kinetics of m-xylene in man. General features of absorption, distribution, biotransformation, and excretion in repetitive inhalation exposure. Scand. J. Work Environ. Health 5, 217-231.
40. Rowland, M. (1985). Physiologic pharmacokinetic models and interanimal species scaling. Pharmacol. Ther. 29, 49-68.
41. Roy, A., Weisel, C. P., Lioy, P. J., and Georgopoulos, P. G. (1996). A distributed parameter physiologically-based pharmacokinetic model for dermal and inhalation exposure to volatile organic compounds. Risk Anal. 16 (2), 147-160.
42. Sato, A., and Nakajima, T. (1979). A vial-equilibration method to evaluate the drug-metabolizing enzyme activity for volatile hydrocarbons. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 47, 41-46.
43. Sedivec, V., and Flek, J. (1976). The absorption, metabolism and excretion of xylenes in man. Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health 37, 205-217.
44. Tassaneeyakul, W., Birkett, D. J., Edwards, J. W., Veronese, M. E., Tassaneeyakul, W., Tukey, R. H., and Miners, J. O. (1996). Human cytochrome P450 isoform specificity in the regioselective metabolism of toluene and o-, m-and p-xylene. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 276, 101-108.
45. Thomas, R. S., Bigelow, P. L., Keefe, T. J., and Yang, R. S. H. (1996). Variability in biological exposure indices using physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling and Monte Carlo simulation. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 57, 23-32.
46. Williams, R. J., Vinegar, A., McDougal, J. N., Jarabek, A. M., and Fisher, J. W. (1996). Rat to human extrapolation of HCFC-123 kinetics deduced from halothane kinetics: A corollary approach to physiologically-based modelling. Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. 30, 55-66.
47. Wilschut, A., and ten Berge, W. F. (1995). Two mathematical skin permeation models for vapors. Fourth International Prediction of Percutaneous Penetration Conference, pp. 182-185. La Grande Motte, STS Publishing, Cardiff, U.K.
48. Woollen, B. H. (1993). Biological monitoring for pesticide absorption. Ann. Occup. Hyg. 37, 525-540.