Epigenetics, a key for unlocking complex CNS disorders? Therapeutic implications

European Neuropsychopharmacology

Volumn 25, Issue 5, 2015, Pages 682-702

  Szyf, Moshe ^a  

^a MCGILL UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

Author keywords

Alzheimer disease; DNA methylation; Early life adversity; Epigenetic therapy; Epigenetics; Epilepsy; Histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors; S adenosylmethionine (SAM); Schizophrenia; Valproic acid

Indexed keywords

HISTONE ACETYLTRANSFERASE; HISTONE DEACETYLASE; VALPROIC ACID; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM AGENTS;

ARTICLE; BRAIN DISEASE; CELL DIFFERENTIATION; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASE; CHROMATIN STRUCTURE; DNA METHYLATION; DNA MODIFICATION; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; EPIGENETICS; GENE FUNCTION; GENE SEQUENCE; GENOTYPE ENVIRONMENT INTERACTION; GERMLINE MUTATION; HUMAN; PERSONAL EXPERIENCE; PHENOTYPE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SCHIZOPHRENIA; ANIMAL; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; DRUG EFFECTS; GENETIC EPIGENESIS; GENETICS;

ANIMALS; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM AGENTS; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; EPIGENESIS, GENETIC; HUMANS;

EID: 84928295107     PISSN: 0924977X     EISSN: 18737862     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2014.01.009     Document Type: Article

References (245)

1. Abel T., Zukin R.S. Epigenetic targets of HDAC inhibition in neurodegenerative and psychiatric disorders. Curr. Opin. Pharmacol. 2008, 8:57-64.
2. Adams R.L., Turnbull J., Smillie E.J., Burdon R.H. DNA methylation in nuclei and studies using a purified DNA methylase from ascites cells. Post-synthetic Modification of Macromolecules 1975, 39-48. North-Holland, Amsterdam. F. Antoni, A. Farago (Eds.).
3. Afifi T.O., Enns M.W., Cox B.J., Asmundson G.J., Stein M.B., Sareen J. Population attributable fractions of psychiatric disorders and suicide ideation and attempts associated with adverse childhood experiences. Am. J. Public Health 2008, 98:946-952.
4. Agid O., Shapira B., Zislin J., Ritsner M., Hanin B., Murad H., Troudart T., Bloch M., Heresco-Levy U., Lerer B. Environment and vulnerability to major psychiatric illness: a case control study of early parental loss in major depression, bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. Mol. Psychiatry 1999, 4:163-172.
5. Alarcon J.M., Malleret G., Touzani K., Vronskaya S., Ishii S., Kandel E.R., Barco A. Chromatin acetylation, memory, and LTP are impaired in CBP+/- mice: a model for the cognitive deficit in Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome and its amelioration. Neuron 2004, 42:947-959.
6. Amir R.E., Van den Veyver I.B., Wan M., Tran C.Q., Francke U., Zoghbi H.Y. Rett syndrome is caused by mutations in X-linked MECP2, encoding methyl-CpG-binding protein 2 [see comments]. Nat. Genet. 1999, 23:185-188.
7. Anney R., Klei L., Pinto D., Regan R., Conroy J., Magalhaes T.R., Correia C., Abrahams B.S., Sykes N., Pagnamenta A.T., Almeida J., Bacchelli E., Bailey A.J., Baird G., Battaglia A., Berney T., Bolshakova N., Bolte S., Bolton P.F., Bourgeron T., Brennan S., Brian J., Carson A.R., Casallo G., Casey J., Chu S.H., Cochrane L., Corsello C., Crawford E.L., Crossett A., Dawson G., de Jonge M., Delorme R., Drmic I., Duketis E., Duque F., Estes A., Farrar P., Fernandez B.A., Folstein S.E., Fombonne E., Freitag C.M., Gilbert J., Gillberg C., Glessner J.T., Goldberg J., Green J., Guter S.J., Hakonarson H., Heron E.A., Hill M., Holt R., Howe J.L., Hughes G., Hus V., Igliozzi R., Kim C., Klauck S.M., Kolevzon A., Korvatska O., Kustanovich V., Lajonchere C.M., Lamb J.A., Laskawiec M., Leboyer M., Le Couteur A., Leventhal B.L., Lionel A.C., Liu X.Q., Lord C., Lotspeich L., Lund S.C., Maestrini E., Mahoney W., Mantoulan C., Marshall C.R., McConachie H., McDougle C.J., McGrath J., McMahon W.M., Melhem N.M., Merikangas A., Migita O., Minshew N.J., Mirza G.K., Munson J., Nelson S.F., Noakes C., Noor A., Nygren G., Oliveira G., Papanikolaou K., Parr J.R., Parrini B., Paton T., Pickles A., Piven J., Posey D.J., Poustka A., Poustka F., Prasad A., Ragoussis J., Renshaw K., Rickaby J., Roberts W., Roeder K., Roge B., Rutter M.L., Bierut L.J., Rice J.P., Salt J., Sansom K., Sato D., Segurado R., Senman L., Shah N., Sheffield V.C., Soorya L., Sousa I., Stoppioni V., Strawbridge C., Tancredi R., Tansey K., Thiruvahindrapduram B., Thompson A.P., Thomson S., Tryfon A., Tsiantis J., Van Engeland H., Vincent J.B., Volkmar F., Wallace S., Wang K., Wang Z., Wassink T.H., Wing K., Wittemeyer K., Wood S., Yaspan B.L., Zurawiecki D., Zwaigenbaum L., Betancur C., Buxbaum J.D., Cantor R.M., Cook E.H., Coon H., Cuccaro M.L., Gallagher L., Geschwind D.H., Gill M., Haines J.L., Miller J., Monaco A.P., Nurnberger J.I., Paterson A.D., Pericak-Vance M.A., Schellenberg G.D., Scherer S.W., Sutcliffe J.S., Szatmari P., Vicente A.M., Vieland V.J., Wijsman E.M., Devlin B., Ennis S., Hallmayer J. A genome-wide scan for common alleles affecting risk for autism. Hum. Mol. Genet. 2010, 19:4072-4082.
8. Arand J., Spieler D., Karius T., Branco M.R., Meilinger D., Meissner A., Jenuwein T., Xu G., Leonhardt H., Wolf V., Walter J. In vivo control of CpG and non-CpG DNA methylation by DNA methyltransferases. PLoS Genet. 2012, 8:e1002750.
9. Barr C.S., Newman T.K., Becker M.L., Parker C.C., Champoux M., Lesch K.P., Goldman D., Suomi S.J., Higley J.D. The utility of the non-human primate; model for studying gene by environment interactions in behavioral research. Genes Brain Behav. 2003, 2:336-340.
10. Barreto G., Schafer A., Marhold J., Stach D., Swaminathan S.K., Handa V., Doderlein G., Maltry N., Wu W., Lyko F., Niehrs C. Gadd45a promotes epigenetic gene activation by repair-mediated DNA demethylation. Nature 2007, 445:671-675.
11. Bartel D.P. MicroRNAs: genomics, biogenesis, mechanism, and function. Cell 2004, 116:281-297.
12. Bellinger D.L., Lubahn C., Lorton D. Maternal and early life stress effects on immune function: relevance to immunotoxicology. J. Immunotoxicol. 2008, 5:419-444.
13. Bhattacharya S.K., Ramchandani S., Cervoni N., Szyf M. A mammalian protein with specific demethylase activity for mCpG DNA. Nature 1999, 397:579-583.
14. Borghol N., Suderman M., McArdle W., Racine A., Hallett M., Pembrey M., Hertzman C., Power C., Szyf M. Associations with early-life socio-economic position in adult DNA methylation. Int. J. Epidemiol. 2012, 41:62-74.
15. Bos K., Zeanah C.H., Fox N.A., Drury S.S., McLaughlin K.A., Nelson C.A. Psychiatric outcomes in young children with a history of institutionalization. Harv. Rev. Psychiatry 2011, 19:15-24.
16. Bottiglieri T., Godfrey P., Flynn T., Carney M.W., Toone B.K., Reynolds E.H. Cerebrospinal fluid S-adenosylmethionine in depression and dementia: effects of treatment with parenteral and oral S-adenosylmethionine. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 1990, 53:1096-1098.
17. Bottiglieri T., Hyland K. S-adenosylmethionine levels in psychiatric and neurological disorders: a review. Acta Neurol. Scand. Suppl. 1994, 154:19-26.
18. Bourgeron T. A synaptic trek to autism. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 2009, 19:231-234.
19. Brown S.E., Weaver I.C., Meaney M.J., Szyf M. Regional-specific global cytosine methylation and DNA methyltransferase expression in the adult rat hippocampus. Neurosci. Lett. 2008, 440:49-53.
20. Buske-Kirschbaum A. Cortisol responses to stress in allergic children: interaction with the immune response. Neuroimmunomodulation 2009, 16:325-332.
21. Caliskan M., Cusanovich D.A., Ober C., Gilad Y. The effects of EBV transformation on gene expression levels and methylation profiles. Hum. Mol. Genet. 2011, 20:1643-1652.
22. Cash-Padgett T., Jaaro-Peled H. DISC1 mouse models as a tool to decipher gene-environment interactions in psychiatric disorders. Front. Behav. Neurosci. 2013, 7:113.
23. Caspi A., Sugden K., Moffitt T.E., Taylor A., Craig I.W., Harrington H., McClay J., Mill J., Martin J., Braithwaite A., Poulton R. Influence of life stress on depression: moderation by a polymorphism in the 5-HTT gene. Science 2003, 301:386-389.
24. Cedar H., Verdine G.L. Gene expression. The amazing demethylase [news; comment]. Nature 1999, 397:568-569.
25. Cervoni N., Szyf M. Demethylase activity is directed by histone acetylation. J. Biol. Chem. 2001, 276:40778-40787.
26. Chen C.C., Wang K.Y., Shen C.K. The mammalian de novo DNA methyltransferases DNMT3A and DNMT3B are also DNA 5-hydroxymethylcytosine dehydroxymethylases. J. Biol. Chem. 2012, 287:33116-33121.
27. Chen C.C., Wang K.Y., Shen C.K. DNA 5-methylcytosine demethylation activities of the mammalian DNA methyltransferases. J. Biol. Chem. 2013.
28. Chen K.L., Wang S.S., Yang Y.Y., Yuan R.Y., Chen R.M., Hu C.J. The epigenetic effects of amyloid-beta(1-40) on global DNA and neprilysin genes in murine cerebral endothelial cells. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 2009, 378:57-61.
29. Chestnut B.A., Chang Q., Price A., Lesuisse C., Wong M., Martin L.J. Epigenetic regulation of motor neuron cell death through DNA methylation. J. Neurosci. 2011, 31:16619-16636.
30. Chiesa A., Lia L., Han C., Lee S.J., Pae C.U., Serretti A. Investigation of epistasis between DAOA and 5HTR1A variants on clinical outcomes in patients with schizophrenia. Genet. Test Mol. Biomark. 2013, 17:504-507.
31. Chik F., Szyf M. Effects of specific DNMT-gene depletion on cancer cell transformation and breast cancer cell invasion; towards selective DNMT inhibitors. Carcinogenesis 2011, 32:224-232.
32. Cho H.J., Bower J.E., Kiefe C.I., Seeman T.E., Irwin M.R. Early life stress and inflammatory mechanisms of fatigue in the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study. Brain Behav. Immun. 2012, 26:859-865.
33. Chouliaras L., Mastroeni D., Delvaux E., Grover A., Kenis G., Hof P.R., Steinbusch H.W., Coleman P.D., Rutten B.P., van den Hove D.L. Consistent decrease in global DNA methylation and hydroxymethylation in the hippocampus of Alzheimer's disease patients. Neurobiol. Aging 2013.
34. Coe C.L., Erickson C.M. Stress decreases lymphocyte cytolytic activity in the young monkey even after blockade of steroid and opiate hormone receptors. Dev. Psychobiol. 1997, 30:1-10.
35. Coe C.L., Lubach G.R. Prenatal influences on neuroimmune set points in infancy. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 2000, 917:468-477.
36. Coe C.L., Lubach G.R. Prenatal origins of individual variation in behavior and immunity. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 2005, 29:39-49.
37. Cohen B.M., Satlin A., Zubenko G.S. S-adenosyl-l-methionine in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. J. Clin. Psychopharmacol. 1988, 8:43-47.
38. Collier D.A., Stober G., Li T., Heils A., Catalano M., Di Bella D., Arranz M.J., Murray R.M., Vallada H.P., Bengel D., Muller C.R., Roberts G.W., Smeraldi E., Kirov G., Sham P., Lesch K.P. A novel functional polymorphism within the promoter of the serotonin transporter gene: possible role in susceptibility to affective disorders. Mol. Psychiatry 1996, 1:453-460.
39. Comb M., Goodman H.M. CpG methylation inhibits proenkephalin gene expression and binding of the transcription factor AP-2. Nucleic Acids Res. 1990, 18:3975-3982.
40. Corder E.H., Saunders A.M., Strittmatter W.J., Schmechel D.E., Gaskell P.C., Small G.W., Roses A.D., Haines J.L., Pericak-Vance M.A. Gene dose of apolipoprotein E type 4 allele and the risk of Alzheimer's disease in late onset families. Science 1993, 261:921-923.
41. Couret D., Jamin A., Kuntz-Simon G., Prunier A., Merlot E. Maternal stress during late gestation has moderate but long-lasting effects on the immune system of the piglets. Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. 2009, 131:17-24.
42. Danzer S.C. Postnatal and adult neurogenesis in the development of human disease. Neuroscientist 2008, 14:446-458.
43. Deng Y., Ding Y., Hou D. Research status of the regulation of miRNA on BACE1. Int. J. Neurosci. 2013, (Epub ahead of print).
44. Detich N., Bovenzi V., Szyf M. Valproate induces replication-independent active DNA demethylation. J. Biol. Chem. 2003, 278:27586-27592.
45. Detich N., Hamm S., Just G., Knox J.D., Szyf M. The methyl donor S-adenosylmethionine inhibits active demethylation of DNA: a candidate novel mechanism for the pharmacological effects of S-adenosylmethionine. J. Biol. Chem. 2003, 278:20812-20820.
46. Detich N., Theberge J., Szyf M. Promoter-specific activation and demethylation by MBD2/demethylase. J. Biol. Chem. 2002, 277:35791-35794.
47. Doi T., Kawata T., Tadano N., Iijima T., Maekawa A. Effect of vitamin B12 deficiency on S-adenosylmethionine metabolism in rats. J. Nutr. Sci. Vitaminol. (Tokyo) 1989, 35:1-9.
48. Dong E., Chen Y., Gavin D.P., Grayson D.R., Guidotti A. Valproate induces DNA demethylation in nuclear extracts from adult mouse brain. Epigenetics 2010, 5:730-735.
49. Dong E., Guidotti A., Grayson D.R., Costa E. Histone hyperacetylation induces demethylation of reelin and 67-kDa glutamic acid decarboxylase promoters. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2007, 104:4676-4681.
50. Dong E., Nelson M., Grayson D.R., Costa E., Guidotti A. Clozapine and sulpiride but not haloperidol or olanzapine activate brain DNA demethylation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2008, 105:13614-13619.
51. Dorval V., Nelson P.T., Hebert S.S. Circulating microRNAs in Alzheimer's disease: the search for novel biomarkers. Front. Mol. Neurosci. 2013, 6:24.
52. Drahovsky D., Morris N.R. Mechanism of action of rat liver DNA methylase. I. Interaction with double-stranded methyl-acceptor DNA. J. Mol. Biol. 1971, 57:475-489.
53. Echeverria V., Ducatenzeiler A., Alhonen L., Janne J., Grant S.M., Wandosell F., Muro A., Baralle F., Li H., Duff K., Szyf M., Cuello A.C. Rat transgenic models with a phenotype of intracellular Abeta accumulation in hippocampus and cortex. J. Alzheimers Dis. 2004, 6:209-219.
54. Fass D.M., Reis S.A., Ghosh B., Hennig K.M., Joseph N.F., Zhao W.N., Nieland T.J., Guan J.S., Groves Kuhnle C.E., Tang W., Barker D.D., Mazitschek R., Schreiber S.L., Tsai L.H., Haggarty S.J. Crebinostat: a novel cognitive enhancer that inhibits histone deacetylase activity and modulates chromatin-mediated neuroplasticity. Neuropharmacology 2013, 64:81-96.
55. Fatemi S.H. Reelin mutations in mouse and man: from reeler mouse to schizophrenia, mood disorders, autism and lissencephaly. Mol. Psychiatry 2001, 6:129-133.
56. Feng J., Zhou Y., Campbell S.L., Le T., Li E., Sweatt J.D., Silva A.J., Fan G. Dnmt1 and Dnmt3a maintain DNA methylation and regulate synaptic function in adult forebrain neurons. Nat. Neurosci. 2010, 13:423-430.
57. Finch J.T., Lutter L.C., Rhodes D., Brown R.S., Rushton B., Levitt M., Klug A. Structure of nucleosome core particles of chromatin. Nature 1977, 269:29-36.
58. Fischer A., Sananbenesi F., Mungenast A., Tsai L.H. Targeting the correct HDAC(s) to treat cognitive disorders. Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 2010, 31:605-617.
59. Flanagan J.M., Popendikyte V., Pozdniakovaite N., Sobolev M., Assadzadeh A., Schumacher A., Zangeneh M., Lau L., Virtanen C., Wang S.C., Petronis A. Intra- and interindividual epigenetic variation in human germ cells. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 2006, 79:67-84.
60. Flanagan J.M., Wild L. An epigenetic role for noncoding RNAs and intragenic DNA methylation. Genome Biol. 2007, 8:307.
61. Francis D., Diorio J., Liu D., Meaney M.J. Nongenomic transmission across generations of maternal behavior and stress responses in the rat. Science 1999, 286:1155-1158.
62. Fuso A., Ferraguti G., Grandoni F., Ruggeri R., Scarpa S., Strom R., Lucarelli M. Early demethylation of non-CpG, CpC-rich, elements in the myogenin 5'-flanking region: a priming effect on the spreading of active demethylation. Cell Cycle 2010, 9:3965-3976.
63. Fuso A., Nicolia V., Cavallaro R.A., Scarpa S. DNA methylase and demethylase activities are modulated by one-carbon metabolism in Alzheimer's disease models. J. Nutr. Biochem. 2011, 22:242-251.
64. Garcia-Linares M.I., Sanchez-Lorente S., Coe C.L., Martinez M. Intimate male partner violence impairs immune control over herpes simplex virus type 1 in physically and psychologically abused women. Psychosom. Med. 2004, 66:965-972.
65. Geoffroy P.A., Etain B., Houenou J. Gene X environment interactions in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: evidence from neuroimaging. Front. Psychiatry 2013, 4:136.
66. Gold M., Gefter M., Hausmann R., Hurwitz J. Methylation of DNA. J. Gen. Physiol. 1966, 49:5-28.
67. Gottesman I.I., Shields J. Schizophrenia: geneticism and environmentalism. Hum. Hered. 1971, 21:517-522.
68. Graff J., Rei D., Guan J.S., Wang W.Y., Seo J., Hennig K.M., Nieland T.J., Fass D.M., Kao P.F., Kahn M., Su S.C., Samiei A., Joseph N., Haggarty S.J., Delalle I., Tsai L.H. An epigenetic blockade of cognitive functions in the neurodegenerating brain. Nature 2012, 483:222-226.
69. Grafodatskaya D., Choufani S., Ferreira J.C., Butcher D.T., Lou Y., Zhao C., Scherer S.W., Weksberg R. EBV transformation and cell culturing destabilizes DNA methylation in human lymphoblastoid cell lines. Genomics 2010, 95:73-83.
70. Grayson D.R., Guidotti A. The dynamics of DNA methylation in schizophrenia and related psychiatric disorders. Neuropsychopharmacology 2013, 38:138-166.
71. Grayson D.R., Jia X., Chen Y., Sharma R.P., Mitchell C.P., Guidotti A., Costa E. Reelin promoter hypermethylation in schizophrenia. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2005, 102:9341-9346.
72. Greenberg B.D., Li Q., Lucas F.R., Hu S., Sirota L.A., Benjamin J., Lesch K.P., Hamer D., Murphy D.L. Association between the serotonin transporter promoter polymorphism and personality traits in a primarily female population sample. Am. J. Med. Genet. 2000, 96:202-216.
73. Grice D.E., Buxbaum J.D. The genetics of autism spectrum disorders. Neuromolecular Med. 2006, 8:451-460.
74. Gruenbaum Y., Cedar H., Razin A. Substrate and sequence specificity of a eukaryotic DNA methylase. Nature 1982, 295:620-622.
75. Gruenbaum Y., Stein R., Cedar H., Razin A. Methylation of CpG sequences in eukaryotic DNA. FEBS Lett. 1981, 124:67-71.
76. Gu T.P., Guo F., Yang H., Wu H.P., Xu G.F., Liu W., Xie Z.G., Shi L., He X., Jin S.G., Iqbal K., Shi Y.G., Deng Z., Szabo P.E., Pfeifer G.P., Li J., Xu G.L. The role of Tet3 DNA dioxygenase in epigenetic reprogramming by oocytes. Nature 2011, 477:606-610.
77. Guan J.S., Haggarty S.J., Giacometti E., Dannenberg J.H., Joseph N., Gao J., Nieland T.J., Zhou Y., Wang X., Mazitschek R., Bradner J.E., DePinho R.A., Jaenisch R., Tsai L.H. HDAC2 negatively regulates memory formation and synaptic plasticity. Nature 2009, 459:55-60.
78. Guan Z., Giustetto M., Lomvardas S., Kim J.H., Miniaci M.C., Schwartz J.H., Thanos D., Kandel E.R. Integration of long-term-memory-related synaptic plasticity involves bidirectional regulation of gene expression and chromatin structure. Cell 2002, 111:483-493.
79. Guidotti A., Dong E., Gavin D.P., Veldic M., Zhao W., Bhaumik D.K., Pandey S.C., Grayson D.R. DNA methylation/demethylation network expression in psychotic patients with a history of alcohol abuse. Alcohol.: Clin. Exp. Res. 2013, 37:417-424.
80. Guo J.U., Ma D.K., Mo H., Ball M.P., Jang M.H., Bonaguidi M.A., Balazer J.A., Eaves H.L., Xie B., Ford E., Zhang K., Ming G.L., Gao Y., Song H. Neuronal activity modifies the DNA methylation landscape in the adult brain. Nat. Neurosci. 2011, 14:1345-1351.
81. Guo J.U., Su Y., Zhong C., Ming G.L., Song H. Hydroxylation of 5-methylcytosine by TET1 promotes active dna demethylation in the adult brain. Cell 2011, 145:423-434.
82. Hellings J.A., Hossain S., Martin J.K., Baratang R.R. Psychopathology, GABA, and the Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome: a review and case study. Am. J. Med. Genet. 2002, 114:190-195.
83. Henikoff S., McKittrick E., Ahmad K. Epigenetics, histone H3 variants, and the inheritance of chromatin states. Cold Spring Harb. Symp. Quant. Biol. 2004, 69:235-243.
84. Hertzman C., Power C., Matthews S., Manor O. Using an interactive framework of society and lifecourse to explain self-rated health in early adulthood. Soc. Sci. Med. 2001, 53:1575-1585.
85. Hodgson N., Trivedi M., Muratore C., Li S., Deth R. Soluble oligomers of amyloid-beta cause changes in redox state, DNA methylation, and gene transcription by inhibiting EAAT3 mediated cysteine uptake. J. Alzheimers Dis. 2013, 36:197-209.
86. Hoffman C.L., Higham J.P., Heistermann M., Coe C.L., Prendergast B.J., Maestripieri D. Immune function and HPA axis activity in free-ranging rhesus macaques. Physiol. Behav. 2011, 104:507-514.
87. Holbert M.A., Marmorstein R. Structure and activity of enzymes that remove histone modifications. Curr. Opin. Struct. Biol. 2005, 15:673-680.
88. Hotchkiss R.D. The quantitative separation of purines, pyrimidines, and nucleosides by paper chromatography. J. Biol. Chem. 1948, 175:315-332.
89. Hsieh C.L. In vivo activity of murine de novo methyltransferases, Dnmt3a and Dnmt3b. Mol. Cell. Biol. 1999, 19:8211-8218.
90. Hsieh J., Eisch A.J. Epigenetics, hippocampal neurogenesis, and neuropsychiatric disorders: unraveling the genome to understand the mind. Neurobiol. Dis. 2010, 39:73-84.
91. Inoue A., Shen L., Dai Q., He C., Zhang Y. Generation and replication-dependent dilution of 5fC and 5caC during mouse preimplantation development. Cell Res. 2011, 21:1670-1676.
92. Inoue A., Zhang Y. Replication-dependent loss of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine in mouse preimplantation embryos. Science 2011, 334:194.
93. Ito S., D'Alessio A.C., Taranova O.V., Hong K., Sowers L.C., Zhang Y. Role of Tet proteins in 5mC to 5hmC conversion, ES-cell self-renewal and inner cell mass specification. Nature 2010, 466:1129-1133.
94. Ito S., Shen L., Dai Q., Wu S.C., Collins L.B., Swenberg J.A., He C., Zhang Y. Tet proteins can convert 5-methylcytosine to 5-formylcytosine and 5-carboxylcytosine. Science 2011, 333:1300-1303.
95. Jaffe A.E., Eaton W.W., Straub R.E., Marenco S., Weinberger D.R. Paternal age, de novo mutations and schizophrenia. Mol. Psychiatry 2014, 19:274-275.
96. Jamain S., Quach H., Betancur C., Rastam M., Colineaux C., Gillberg I.C., Soderstrom H., Giros B., Leboyer M., Gillberg C., Bourgeron T. Mutations of the X-linked genes encoding neuroligins NLGN3 and NLGN4 are associated with autism. Nat. Genet. 2003, 34:27-29. Paris Autism Research International Sibpair Study.
97. Jensen A.R. Estimation of the limits of heritability of traits by comparison of monozygotic and dizygotic twins. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1967, 58:149-156.
98. Jenuwein T. Re-SET-ting heterochromatin by histone methyltransferases. Trends Cell Biol. 2001, 11:266-273.
99. Johnson S.B., Riley A.W., Granger D.A., Riis J. The science of early life toxic stress for pediatric practice and advocacy. Pediatrics 2013, 131:319-327.
100. Jones J.R., Skinner C., Friez M.J., Schwartz C.E., Stevenson R.E. Hypothesis: dysregulation of methylation of brain-expressed genes on the X chromosome and autism spectrum disorders. Am. J. Med. Genet. A 2008, 146A:2213-2220.
101. Jones P.L., Veenstra G.J., Wade P.A., Vermaak D., Kass S.U., Landsberger N., Strouboulis J., Wolffe A.P. Methylated DNA and MeCP2 recruit histone deacetylase to repress transcription. Nat. Genet. 1998, 19:187-191.
102. Jost J.P. Nuclear extracts of chicken embryos promote an active demethylation of DNA by excision repair of 5-methyldeoxycytidine. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1993, 90:4684-4688.
103. Kaminsky Z.A., Tang T., Wang S.C., Ptak C., Oh G.H., Wong A.H., Feldcamp L.A., Virtanen C., Halfvarson J., Tysk C., McRae A.F., Visscher P.M., Montgomery G.W., Gottesman I.I., Martin N.G., Petronis A. DNA methylation profiles in monozygotic and dizygotic twins. Nat. Genet. 2009, 41:240-245.
104. Kenny E.M., Cormican P., Furlong S., Heron E., Kenny G., Fahey C., Kelleher E., Ennis S., Tropea D., Anney R., Corvin A.P., Donohoe G., Gallagher L., Gill M., Morris D.W. Excess of rare novel loss-of-function variants in synaptic genes in schizophrenia and autism spectrum disorders. Mol. Psychiatry 2013, (Epub ahead of print).
105. Kiko T., Nakagawa K., Tsuduki T., Furukawa K., Arai H., Miyazawa T. MicroRNAs in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid as potential markers for Alzheimer's disease. J. Alzheimers Dis. 2014, 39:253-259.
106. Kinnally E.L., Capitanio J.P., Leibel R., Deng L., LeDuc C., Haghighi F., Mann J.J. Epigenetic regulation of serotonin transporter expression and behavior in infant rhesus macaques. Genes Brain Behav. 2010, 9:575-582.
107. Klengel T., Mehta D., Anacker C., Rex-Haffner M., Pruessner J.C., Pariante C.M., Pace T.W., Mercer K.B., Mayberg H.S., Bradley B., Nemeroff C.B., Holsboer F., Heim C.M., Ressler K.J., Rein T., Binder E.B. Allele-specific FKBP5 DNA demethylation mediates gene-childhood trauma interactions. Nat. Neurosci. 2013, 16:33-41.
108. Kriaucionis S., Heintz N. The nuclear DNA base 5-hydroxymethylcytosine is present in Purkinje neurons and the brain. Science 2009, 324:929-930.
109. Kumar R.A., Christian S.L. Genetics of autism spectrum disorders. Curr. Neurol. Neurosci. Rep. 2009, 9:188-197.
110. Kundakovic M., Chen Y., Guidotti A., Grayson D.R. The reelin and GAD67 promoters are activated by epigenetic drugs that facilitate the disruption of local repressor complexes. Mol. Pharmacol. 2009, 75:342-354.
111. Kuo M.H., Allis C.D. Roles of histone acetyltransferases and deacetylases in gene regulation. Bioessays 1998, 20:615-626.
112. Kurita M., Holloway T., Garcia-Bea A., Kozlenkov A., Friedman A.K., Moreno J.L., Heshmati M., Golden S.A., Kennedy P.J., Takahashi N., Dietz D.M., Mocci G., Gabilondo A.M., Hanks J., Umali A., Callado L.F., Gallitano A.L., Neve R.L., Shen L., Buxbaum J.D., Han M.H., Nestler E.J., Meana J.J., Russo S.J., Gonzalez-Maeso J. HDAC2 regulates atypical antipsychotic responses through the modulation of mGlu2 promoter activity. Nat. Neurosci. 2012, 15:1245-1254.
113. Labonte B., Suderman M., Maussion G., Lopez J.P., Navarro-Sanchez L., Yerko V., Mechawar N., Szyf M., Meaney M.J., Turecki G. Genome-wide methylation changes in the brains of suicide completers. Am. J. Psychiatry 2013, 170:511-520.
114. LaPlant Q., Vialou V., Covington H.E., Dumitriu D., Feng J., Warren B.L., Maze I., Dietz D.M., Watts E.L., Iniguez S.D., Koo J.W., Mouzon E., Renthal W., Hollis F., Wang H., Noonan M.A., Ren Y., Eisch A.J., Bolanos C.A., Kabbaj M., Xiao G., Neve R.L., Hurd Y.L., Oosting R.S., Fan G., Morrison J.H., Nestler E.J. Dnmt3a regulates emotional behavior and spine plasticity in the nucleus accumbens. Nat. Neurosci. 2010, 13:1137-1143.
115. Larner A.J. Presenilin-1 mutations in Alzheimer's disease: an update on genotype-phenotype relationships. J. Alzheimers Dis. 2013, 37:653-659.
116. Lau P., Bossers K., Janky R., Salta E., Frigerio C.S., Barbash S., Rothman R., Sierksma A.S., Thathiah A., Greenberg D., Papadopoulou A.S., Achsel T., Ayoubi T., Soreq H., Verhaagen J., Swaab D.F., Aerts S., De Strooper B. Alteration of the microRNA network during the progression of Alzheimer's disease. EMBO Mol. Med. 2013, 5:1613-1634.
117. Lee D.Y., Hayes J.J., Pruss D., Wolffe A.P. A positive role for histone acetylation in transcription factor access to nucleosomal DNA. Cell 1993, 72:73-84.
118. Lee M.G., Wynder C., Schmidt D.M., McCafferty D.G., Shiekhattar R. Histone H3 lysine 4 demethylation is a target of nonselective antidepressive medications. Chem. Biol. 2006, 13:563-567.
119. Lee S., Lemere C.A., Frost J.L., Shea T.B. Dietary supplementation with S-adenosyl methionine delayed amyloid-beta and tau pathology in 3xTg-AD mice. J. Alzheimers Dis. 2012, 28:423-431.
120. Leonard B.E., Myint A. The psychoneuroimmunology of depression. Hum. Psychopharmacol. 2009, 24:165-175.
121. Levenson J.M., Roth T.L., Lubin F.D., Miller C.A., Huang I.C., Desai P., Malone L.M., Sweatt J.D. Evidence that DNA (cytosine-5) methyltransferase regulates synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus. J. Biol. Chem. 2006, 281:15763-15773.
122. Levitt P., Campbell D.B. The genetic and neurobiologic compass points toward common signaling dysfunctions in autism spectrum disorders. J. Clin. Invest. 2009, 119:747-754.
123. Levy-Lahad E., Wasco W., Poorkaj P., Romano D.M., Oshima J., Pettingell W.H., Yu C.E., Jondro P.D., Schmidt S.D., Wang K., et al. Candidate gene for the chromosome 1 familial Alzheimer's disease locus. Science 1995, 269:973-977.
124. Lewis J.D., Meehan R.R., Henzel W.J., Maurer-Fogy I., Jeppesen P., Klein F., Bird A. Purification, sequence, and cellular localization of a novel chromosomal protein that binds to methylated DNA. Cell 1992, 69:905-914.
125. Li J., Ma J., Potter H. Identification and expression analysis of a potential familial Alzheimer disease gene on chromosome 1 related to AD3. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1995, 92:12180-12184.
126. Lilly M.P., Gann D.S. The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal-immune axis. A critical assessment. Arch. Surg. 1992, 127:1463-1474.
127. Lintas C., Persico A.M. Neocortical RELN promoter methylation increases significantly after puberty. Neuroreport 2010, 21:114-118.
128. Lister R., Pelizzola M., Dowen R.H., Hawkins R.D., Hon G., Tonti-Filippini J., Nery J.R., Lee L., Ye Z., Ngo Q.M., Edsall L., Antosiewicz-Bourget J., Stewart R., Ruotti V., Millar A.H., Thomson J.A., Ren B., Ecker J.R. Human DNA methylomes at base resolution show widespread epigenomic differences. Nature 2009, 462:315-322.
129. Liu D., Diorio J., Tannenbaum B., Caldji C., Francis D., Freedman A., Sharma S., Pearson D., Plotsky P.M., Meaney M.J. Maternal care, hippocampal glucocorticoid receptors, and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal responses to stress. Science 1997, 277:1659-1662.
130. Lomniczi A., Loche A., Castellano J.M., Ronnekleiv O.K., Bosch M., Kaidar G., Knoll J.G., Wright H., Pfeifer G.P., Ojeda S.R. Epigenetic control of female puberty. Nat. Neurosci. 2013, 16:281-289.
131. Lovallo W.R., Farag N.H., Sorocco K.H., Acheson A., Cohoon A.J., Vincent A.S. Early life adversity contributes to impaired cognition and impulsive behavior: studies from the oklahoma family health patterns project. Alcohol.: Clin. Exp. Res. 2013, 37:616-623.
132. Lovell B., Wetherell M.A. The cost of caregiving: endocrine and immune implications in elderly and non elderly caregivers. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 2011.
133. Lu Y., Liu M., Shi S., Jiang H., Yang L., Liu X., Zhang Q., Pan F. Effects of stress in early life on immune functions in rats with asthma and the effects of music therapy. J. Asthma 2010, 47:526-531.
134. Lubach G.R., Coe C.L., Ershler W.B. Effects of early rearing environment on immune responses of infant rhesus monkeys. Brain Behav. Immun. 1995, 9:31-46.
135. Lund A.H., van Lohuizen M. Epigenetics and cancer. Genes Dev. 2004, 18:2315-2335.
136. Ma D.K., Marchetto M.C., Guo J.U., Ming G.L., Gage F.H., Song H. Epigenetic choreographers of neurogenesis in the adult mammalian brain. Nat. Neurosci. 2010, 13:1338-1344.
137. Mastroeni D., McKee A., Grover A., Rogers J., Coleman P.D. Epigenetic differences in cortical neurons from a pair of monozygotic twins discordant for Alzheimer's disease. PLoS One 2009, 4:e6617.
138. McConnell M.J., Lindberg M.R., Brennand K.J., Piper J.C., Voet T., Cowing-Zitron C., Shumilina S., Lasken R.S., Vermeesch J.R., Hall I.M., Gage F.H. Mosaic copy number variation in human neurons. Science 2013, 342:632-637.
139. McGowan P.O., Sasaki A., D'Alessio A.C., Dymov S., Labonte B., Szyf M., Turecki G., Meaney M.J. Epigenetic regulation of the glucocorticoid receptor in human brain associates with childhood abuse. Nat. Neurosci. 2009, 12:342-348.
140. McGowan P.O., Suderman M., Sasaki A., Huang T.C., Hallett M., Meaney M.J., Szyf M. Broad epigenetic signature of maternal care in the brain of adult rats. PLoS One 2011, 6:e14739.
141. Meaney M.J., Szyf M. Maternal care as a model for experience-dependent chromatin plasticity?. Trends Neurosci. 2005, 28:456-463.
142. Mehta D., Klengel T., Conneely K.N., Smith A.K., Altmann A., Pace T.W., Rex-Haffner M., Loeschner A., Gonik M., Mercer K.B., Bradley B., Muller-Myhsok B., Ressler K.J., Binder E.B. Childhood maltreatment is associated with distinct genomic and epigenetic profiles in posttraumatic stress disorder. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2013, 110:8302-8307.
143. Miao F., Natarajan R. Mapping global histone methylation patterns in the coding regions of human genes. Mol. Cell. Biol. 2005, 25:4650-4661.
144. Mill J., Tang T., Kaminsky Z., Khare T., Yazdanpanah S., Bouchard L., Jia P., Assadzadeh A., Flanagan J., Schumacher A., Wang S.C., Petronis A. Epigenomic profiling reveals DNA-methylation changes associated with major psychosis. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 2008, 82:696-711.
145. Millan M.J. An epigenetic framework for neurodevelopmental disorders: from pathogenesis to potential therapy. Neuropharmacology 2013, 68:2-82.
146. Miller C.A., Sweatt J.D. Covalent modification of DNA regulates memory formation. Neuron 2007, 53:857-869.
147. Miller-Delaney S.F., Das S., Sano T., Jimenez-Mateos E.M., Bryan K., Buckley P.G., Stallings R.L., Henshall D.C. Differential DNA methylation patterns define status epilepticus and epileptic tolerance. J. Neurosci. 2012, 32:1577-1588.
148. Milutinovic S., D'Alessio A.C., Detich N., Szyf M. Valproate induces widespread epigenetic reprogramming which involves demethylation of specific genes. Carcinogenesis 2007, 28:560-571.
149. Mitchell A.C., Bharadwaj R., Whittle C., Krueger W., Mirnics K., Hurd Y., Rasmussen T., Akbarian S. The genome in three dimensions: a new frontier in human brain research. Biol. Psychiatry 2013, (Epub ahead of print).
150. Modinos G., Iyegbe C., Prata D., Rivera M., Kempton M.J., Valmaggia L.R., Sham P.C., van Os J., McGuire P. Molecular genetic gene-environment studies using candidate genes in schizophrenia: A systematic review. Schizophr. Res. 2013, 150:356-365.
151. Mohammad F., Pandey G.K., Mondal T., Enroth S., Redrup L., Gyllensten U., Kanduri C. Long noncoding RNA-mediated maintenance of DNA methylation and transcriptional gene silencing. Development 2012, 139:2792-2803.
152. Morris M.J., Mahgoub M., Na E.S., Pranav H., Monteggia L.M. Loss of histone deacetylase 2 improves working memory and accelerates extinction learning. J. Neurosci. 2013, 33:6401-6411.
153. Muller N., Schwarz M.J. The immune-mediated alteration of serotonin and glutamate: towards an integrated view of depression. Mol. Psychiatry 2007, 12:988-1000.
154. Mungenast A.E., Tsai L.H. Cognitive function in health and disease: the role of epigenetic mechanisms. Neurodegener. Dis. 2012, 10:191-194.
155. Murakami F., Shimomura T., Kotani K., Ikawa S., Nanba E., Adachi K. Anxiety traits associated with a polymorphism in the serotonin transporter gene regulatory region in the Japanese. J. Hum. Genet. 1999, 44:15-17.
156. Murgatroyd C., Patchev A.V., Wu Y., Micale V., Bockmuhl Y., Fischer D., Holsboer F., Wotjak C.T., Almeida O.F., Spengler D. Dynamic DNA methylation programs persistent adverse effects of early-life stress. Nat. Neurosci. 2009, 12:1559-1566.
157. Nagarajan R.P., Hogart A.R., Gwye Y., Martin M.R., LaSalle J.M. Reduced MeCP2 expression is frequent in autism frontal cortex and correlates with aberrant MECP2 promoter methylation. Epigenetics 2006, 1:e1-11.
158. Nan X., Ng H.H., Johnson C.A., Laherty C.D., Turner B.M., Eisenman R.N., Bird A. Transcriptional repression by the methyl-CpG-binding protein MeCP2 involves a histone deacetylase complex [see comments]. Nature 1998, 393:386-389.
159. Ng H.H., Zhang Y., Hendrich B., Johnson C.A., Turner B.M., Erdjument-Bromage H., Tempst P., Reinberg D., Bird A. MBD2 is a transcriptional repressor belonging to the MeCP1 histone deacetylase complex. Nat. Genet. 1999, 23:58-61.
160. Nguyen A., Rauch T.A., Pfeifer G.P., Hu V.W. Global methylation profiling of lymphoblastoid cell lines reveals epigenetic contributions to autism spectrum disorders and a novel autism candidate gene, RORA, whose protein product is reduced in autistic brain. FASEB J. 2010, 24:3036-3051.
161. Noh J.S., Sharma R.P., Veldic M., Salvacion A.A., Jia X., Chen Y., Costa E., Guidotti A., Grayson D.R. DNA methyltransferase 1 regulates reelin mRNA expression in mouse primary cortical cultures. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2005, 102:1749-1754.
162. Oberlander T.F., Weinberg J., Papsdorf M., Grunau R., Misri S., Devlin A.M. Prenatal exposure to maternal depression, neonatal methylation of human glucocorticoid receptor gene (NR3C1) and infant cortisol stress responses. Epigenetics 2008, 3:97-106.
163. Okano M., Bell D.W., Haber D.A., Li E. DNA methyltransferases Dnmt3a and Dnmt3b are essential for de novo methylation and mammalian development. Cell 1999, 99:247-257.
164. Panza F., Frisardi V., Capurso C., D'Introno A., Colacicco A.M., Di Palo A., Imbimbo B.P., Vendemiale G., Capurso A., Solfrizzi V. Polyunsaturated fatty acid and S-adenosylmethionine supplementation in predementia syndromes and Alzheimer's disease: a review. Sci. World J. 2009, 9:373-389.
165. Pastori C., Wahlestedt C. Involvement of long noncoding RNAs in diseases affecting the central nervous system. RNA Biol. 2012, 9:860-870.
166. Pechtel P., Pizzagalli D.A. Effects of early life stress on cognitive and affective function: an integrated review of human literature. Psychopharmacology (Berl.) 2011, 214:55-70.
167. Perry M., Chalkley R. Histone acetylation increases the solubility of chromatin and occurs sequentially over most of the chromatin. A novel model for the biological role of histone acetylation. J. Biol. Chem. 1982, 257:7336-7347.
168. Persico A.M., Napolioni V. Autism genetics. Behav. Brain Res. 2013, 251:95-112.
169. Peters A.H., Schubeler D. Methylation of histones: playing memory with DNA. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 2005, 17:230-238.
170. Phiel C.J., Zhang F., Huang E.Y., Guenther M.G., Lazar M.A., Klein P.S. Histone deacetylase is a direct target of valproic acid, a potent anticonvulsant, mood stabilizer, and teratogen. J. Biol. Chem. 2001, 276:36734-36741.
171. Piaceri I., Nacmias B., Sorbi S. Genetics of familial and sporadic Alzheimer's disease. Front. Biosci. 2013, 5:167-177.
172. Pinto D., Pagnamenta A.T., Klei L., Anney R., Merico D., Regan R., Conroy J., Magalhaes T.R., Correia C., Abrahams B.S., Almeida J., Bacchelli E., Bader G.D., Bailey A.J., Baird G., Battaglia A., Berney T., Bolshakova N., Bolte S., Bolton P.F., Bourgeron T., Brennan S., Brian J., Bryson S.E., Carson A.R., Casallo G., Casey J., Chung B.H., Cochrane L., Corsello C., Crawford E.L., Crossett A., Cytrynbaum C., Dawson G., de Jonge M., Delorme R., Drmic I., Duketis E., Duque F., Estes A., Farrar P., Fernandez B.A., Folstein S.E., Fombonne E., Freitag C.M., Gilbert J., Gillberg C., Glessner J.T., Goldberg J., Green A., Green J., Guter S.J., Hakonarson H., Heron E.A., Hill M., Holt R., Howe J.L., Hughes G., Hus V., Igliozzi R., Kim C., Klauck S.M., Kolevzon A., Korvatska O., Kustanovich V., Lajonchere C.M., Lamb J.A., Laskawiec M., Leboyer M., Le Couteur A., Leventhal B.L., Lionel A.C., Liu X.Q., Lord C., Lotspeich L., Lund S.C., Maestrini E., Mahoney W., Mantoulan C., Marshall C.R., McConachie H., McDougle C.J., McGrath J., McMahon W.M., Merikangas A., Migita O., Minshew N.J., Mirza G.K., Munson J., Nelson S.F., Noakes C., Noor A., Nygren G., Oliveira G., Papanikolaou K., Parr J.R., Parrini B., Paton T., Pickles A., Pilorge M., Piven J., Ponting C.P., Posey D.J., Poustka A., Poustka F., Prasad A., Ragoussis J., Renshaw K., Rickaby J., Roberts W., Roeder K., Roge B., Rutter M.L., Bierut L.J., Rice J.P., Salt J., Sansom K., Sato D., Segurado R., Sequeira A.F., Senman L., Shah N., Sheffield V.C., Soorya L., Sousa I., Stein O., Sykes N., Stoppioni V., Strawbridge C., Tancredi R., Tansey K., Thiruvahindrapduram B., Thompson A.P., Thomson S., Tryfon A., Tsiantis J., Van Engeland H., Vincent J.B., Volkmar F., Wallace S., Wang K., Wang Z., Wassink T.H., Webber C., Weksberg R., Wing K., Wittemeyer K., Wood S., Wu J., Yaspan B.L., Zurawiecki D., Zwaigenbaum L., Buxbaum J.D., Cantor R.M., Cook E.H., Coon H., Cuccaro M.L., Devlin B., Ennis S., Gallagher L., Geschwind D.H., Gill M., Haines J.L., Hallmayer J., Miller J., Monaco A.P., Nurnberger J.I., Paterson A.D., Pericak-Vance M.A., Schellenberg G.D., Szatmari P., Vicente A.M., Vieland V.J., Wijsman E.M., Scherer S.W., Sutcliffe J.S., Betancur C. Functional impact of global rare copy number variation in autism spectrum disorders. Nature 2010, 466:368-372.
173. Power C., Atherton K., Strachan D.P., Shepherd P., Fuller E., Davis A., Gibb I., Kumari M., Lowe G., Macfarlane G.J., Rahi J., Rodgers B., Stansfeld S. Life-course influences on health in British adults: effects of socio-economic position in childhood and adulthood. Int. J. Epidemiol. 2007, 36:532-539.
174. Power C., Hertzman C. Social and biological pathways linking early life and adult disease. Br. Med. Bull. 1997, 53:210-221.
175. Power C., Hertzman C., Matthews S., Manor O. Social differences in health: life-cycle effects between ages 23 and 33 in the 1958 British birth cohort. Am. J. Public Health 1997, 87:1499-1503.
176. Power C., Jefferis B.J., Manor O., Hertzman C. The influence of birth weight and socioeconomic position on cognitive development: does the early home and learning environment modify their effects?. J. Pediatr. 2006, 148:54-61.
177. Provencal N., Suderman M.J., Guillemin C., Massart R., Ruggiero A., Wang D., Bennett A.J., Pierre P.J., Friedman D.P., Cote S.M., Hallett M., Tremblay R.E., Suomi S.J., Szyf M. The signature of maternal rearing in the methylome in rhesus macaque prefrontal cortex and T cells. J. Neurosci. 2012, 32:15626-15642.
178. Qin J., Jia M., Wang L., Lu T., Ruan Y., Liu J., Guo Y., Zhang J., Yang X., Yue W., Zhang D. Association study of SHANK3 gene polymorphisms with autism in Chinese Han population. BMC Med. Genet. 2009, 10:61.
179. Rai K., Huggins I.J., James S.R., Karpf A.R., Jones D.A., Cairns B.R. DNA demethylation in zebrafish involves the coupling of a deaminase, a glycosylase, and gadd45. Cell 2008, 135:1201-1212.
180. Ramchandani S., Bhattacharya S.K., Cervoni N., Szyf M. DNA methylation is a reversible biological signal. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1999, 96:6107-6112.
181. Rao J.S., Keleshian V.L., Klein S., Rapoport S.I. Epigenetic modifications in frontal cortex from Alzheimer's disease and bipolar disorder patients. Transl. Psychiatry 2012, 2:e132.
182. Razin A., Kafri T. DNA methylation from embryo to adult. Prog. Nucleic Acid Res. Mol. Biol. 1994, 48:53-81.
183. Razin A., Riggs A.D. DNA methylation and gene function. Science 1980, 210:604-610.
184. Razin A., Szyf M. DNA methylation patterns. Formation and function. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1984, 782:331-342.
185. Razin A., Szyf M., Kafri T., Roll M., Giloh H., Scarpa S., Carotti D., Cantoni G.L. Replacement of 5-methylcytosine by cytosine: a possible mechanism for transient DNA demethylation during differentiation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1986, 83:2827-2831.
186. Rogaev E.I., Sherrington R., Rogaeva E.A., Levesque G., Ikeda M., Liang Y., Chi H., Lin C., Holman K., Tsuda T., et al. Familial Alzheimer's disease in kindreds with missense mutations in a gene on chromosome 1 related to the Alzheimer's disease type 3 gene. Nature 1995, 376:775-778.
187. Roh T.Y., Cuddapah S., Cui K., Zhao K. The genomic landscape of histone modifications in human T cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2006, 103:15782-15787.
188. Roth T.L., Lubin F.D., Funk A.J., Sweatt J.D. Lasting epigenetic influence of early-life adversity on the BDNF gene. Biol. Psychiatry 2009, 65:760-769.
189. Rucker J.J., McGuffin P. Genomic structural variation in psychiatric disorders. Dev. Psychopathol. 2012, 24:1335-1344.
190. Ruppenthal G.C., Arling G.L., Harlow H.F., Sackett G.P., Suomi S.J. A 10-year perspective of motherless-mother monkey behavior. J. Abnorm. Psychol. 1976, 85:341-349.
191. Salvaing J., Aguirre-Lavin T., Boulesteix C., Lehmann G., Debey P., Beaujean N. 5-Methylcytosine and 5-hydroxymethylcytosine spatiotemporal profiles in the mouse zygote. PLoS One 2012, 7:e38156.
192. Sando R., Gounko N., Pieraut S., Liao L., Yates J., Maximov A. HDAC4 governs a transcriptional program essential for synaptic plasticity and memory. Cell 2012, 151:821-834.
193. Sarma K., Reinberg D. Histone variants meet their match. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 2005, 6:139-149.
194. Sato D., Lionel A.C., Leblond C.S., Prasad A., Pinto D., Walker S., O'Connor I., Russell C., Drmic I.E., Hamdan F.F., Michaud J.L., Endris V., Roeth R., Delorme R., Huguet G., Leboyer M., Rastam M., Gillberg C., Lathrop M., Stavropoulos D.J., Anagnostou E., Weksberg R., Fombonne E., Zwaigenbaum L., Fernandez B.A., Roberts W., Rappold G.A., Marshall C.R., Bourgeron T., Szatmari P., Scherer S.W. SHANK1 deletions in males with autism spectrum disorder. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 2012, 90:879-887.
195. Sherrington R., Rogaev E.I., Liang Y., Rogaeva E.A., Levesque G., Ikeda M., Chi H., Lin C., Li G., Holman K., Tsuda T., Mar L., Foncin J.F., Bruni A.C., Montesi M.P., Sorbi S., Rainero I., Pinessi L., Nee L., Chumakov I., Pollen D., Brookes A., Sanseau P., Polinsky R.J., Wasco W., Da Silva H.A., Haines J.L., Perkicak-Vance M.A., Tanzi R.E., Roses A.D., Fraser P.E., Rommens J.M., St.George-Hyslop P.H. Cloning of a gene bearing missense mutations in early-onset familial Alzheimer's disease. Nature 1995, 375:754-760.
196. Shields J., Gottesman I.I. Cross-national diagnosis of schizophrenia in twins. The heritability and specificity of schizophrenia. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 1972, 27:725-730.
197. Shiio Y., Eisenman R.N. Histone sumoylation is associated with transcriptional repression. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2003, 100:13225-13230.
198. Shilatifard A. Chromatin modifications by methylation and ubiquitination: implications in the regulation of gene expression. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 2006, 2432:243-269.
199. Silberstein S., Vogl A.M., Bonfiglio J.J., Wurst W., Holsboer F., Arzt E., Deussing J.M., Refojo D. Immunology, signal transduction, and behavior in hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis-related genetic mouse models. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 2009, 1153:120-130.
200. Simonini M.V., Camargo L.M., Dong E., Maloku E., Veldic M., Costa E., Guidotti A. The benzamide MS-275 is a potent, long-lasting brain region-selective inhibitor of histone deacetylases. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2006, 103:1587-1592.
201. Stein R., Gruenbaum Y., Pollack Y., Razin A., Cedar H. Clonal inheritance of the pattern of DNA methylation in mouse cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1982, 79:61-65.
202. Stein R., Razin A., Cedar H. In vitro methylation of the hamster adenine phosphoribosyltransferase gene inhibits its expression in mouse L cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1982, 79:3418-3422.
203. Stergiakouli E., Hamshere M., Holmans P., Langley K., Zaharieva I., de C.G., Psychiatric G.C., Hawi Z., Kent L., Gill M., Williams N., Owen M.J., O'Donovan M., Thapar A. Investigating the contribution of common genetic variants to the risk and pathogenesis of ADHD. Am. J. Psychiatry 2012, 169:186-194.
204. Stone L.S., Szyf M. The emerging field of pain epigenetics. Pain 2013, 154:1-2.
205. Strahl B.D., Allis C.D. The language of covalent histone modifications. Nature 2000, 403:41-45.
206. Suderman M., McGowan P.O., Sasaki A., Huang T.C., Hallett M.T., Meaney M.J., Turecki G., Szyf M. Conserved epigenetic sensitivity to early life experience in the rat and human hippocampus. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2012, 109(Suppl. 2):S17266-S17272.
207. Suomi S.J. Risk, resilience, and gene X environment interactions in rhesus monkeys. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 2006, 1094:52-62.
208. Suomi S.J., Collins M.L., Harlow H.F., Ruppenthal G.C. Effects of maternal and peer separations on young monkeys. J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry 1976, 17:101-112.
209. Sykes N.H., Toma C., Wilson N., Volpi E.V., Sousa I., Pagnamenta A.T., Tancredi R., Battaglia A., Maestrini E., Bailey A.J., Monaco A.P. Copy number variation and association analysis of SHANK3 as a candidate gene for autism in the IMGSAC collection. Eur. J. Hum. Genet. 2009, 17:1347-1353.
210. Szczepankiewicz A., Leszczynska-Rodziewicz A., Pawlak J., Rajewska-Rager A., Wilkosc M., Zaremba D., Dmitrzak-Weglarz M., Skibinska M., Hauser J. Epistatic interaction between CRHR1 and AVPR1b variants as a predictor of major depressive disorder. Psychiatr. Genet. 2013, 23:239-246.
211. Szyf M. Epigenetics, DNA methylation, and chromatin modifying drugs. Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 2009, 49:243-263.
212. Szyf M. A dynamic methylome; implications of non-CG methylation/demethylation. Cell Cycle 2010, 9:3846-3847.
213. Szyf M. The early-life social environment and DNA methylation. Clin. Genet. 2012, 81:341-349.
214. Szyf M. How do environments talk to genes?. Nat. Neurosci. 2013, 16:2-4.
215. Szyf M., Eliasson L., Mann V., Klein G., Razin A. Cellular and viral DNA hypomethylation associated with induction of Epstein-Barr virus lytic cycle. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1985, 82:8090-8094.
216. Tajerian M., Alvarado S., Millecamps M., Dashwood T., Anderson K.M., Haglund L., Ouellet J., Szyf M., Stone L.S. DNA methylation of SPARC and chronic low back pain. Mol. Pain 2011, 7:65.
217. Tajerian M., Alvarado S., Millecamps M., Vachon P., Crosby C., Bushnell M.C., Szyf M., Stone L.S. Peripheral nerve injury is associated with chronic, reversible changes in global DNA methylation in the mouse prefrontal cortex. PLoS One 2013, 8:e55259.
218. Tan L., Yu J.T., Liu Q.Y., Tan M.S., Zhang W., Hu N., Wang Y.L., Sun L., Jiang T., Tan L. Circulating miR-125b as a biomarker of Alzheimer's disease. J. Neurol. Sci. 2013.
219. Tanzi R.E. The Alzheimer disease-associated amyloid beta protein precursor gene and familial Alzheimer disease. Prog. Clin. Biol. Res. 1990, 360:187-199.
220. Tanzi R.E. A brief history of Alzheimer's disease gene discovery. J. Alzheimers Dis. 2013, 33(Suppl. 1):S5-S13.
221. Theil E.C., Zamenhof S. Studies on 6-methylaminopurine (6-methyladenine) in bacterial deoxyribonucleic acid. J. Biol. Chem. 1963, 238:3058-3064.
222. Tomppo L., Hennah W., Lahermo P., Loukola A., Tuulio-Henriksson A., Suvisaari J., Partonen T., Ekelund J., Lonnqvist J., Peltonen L. Association between genes of disrupted in schizophrenia 1 (DISC1) interactors and schizophrenia supports the role of the DISC1 pathway in the etiology of major mental illnesses. Biol. Psychiatry 2009, 12:1055-1062.
223. Tremolizzo L., Carboni G., Ruzicka W.B., Mitchell C.P., Sugaya I., Tueting P., Sharma R., Grayson D.R., Costa E., Guidotti A. An epigenetic mouse model for molecular and behavioral neuropathologies related to schizophrenia vulnerability. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2002, 99:17095-17100.
224. Tremolizzo L., Doueiri M.S., Dong E., Grayson D.R., Davis J., Pinna G., Tueting P., Rodriguez-Menendez V., Costa E., Guidotti A. Valproate corrects the schizophrenia-like epigenetic behavioral modifications induced by methionine in mice. Biol. Psychiatry 2005, 57:500-509.
225. Tuch B.B., Li H., Johnson A.D. Evolution of eukaryotic transcription circuits. Science 2008, 319:1797-1799.
226. Urbach-Ross D., Kusnecov A.W. Impact of superantigenic molecules on central nervous system function. Front. Biosci. 2009, 14:4416-4426.
227. Van den Hove D.L., Kompotis K., Lardenoije R., Kenis G., Mill J., Steinbusch H.W., Lesch K.P., Fitzsimons C.P., De Strooper B., Rutten B.P. Epigenetically regulated microRNAs in Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol. Aging 2013, 35:731-745.
228. van der Ploeg L.H., Flavell R.A. DNA methylation in the human gamma delta beta-globin locus in erythroid and nonerythroid tissues. Cell 1980, 19:947-958.
229. Veldic M., Guidotti A., Maloku E., Davis J.M., Costa E. In psychosis, cortical interneurons overexpress DNA-methyltransferase 1. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2005, 102:2152-2157.
230. Waalwijk C., Flavell R.A. DNA methylation at a CCGG sequence in the large intron of the rabbit beta-globin gene: tissue-specific variations. Nucleic Acids Res. 1978, 5:4631-4634.
231. Waddington C.H. Canalization of development and genetic assimilation of acquired characters. Nature 1959, 183:1654-1655.
232. Wade P.A., Pruss D., Wolffe A.P. Histone acetylation: chromatin in action. Trends Biochem. Sci. 1997, 22:128-132.
233. Watamura S.E., Coe C.L., Laudenslager M.L., Robertson S.S. Child care setting affects salivary cortisol and antibody secretion in young children. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2010, 35:1156-1166.
234. Weaver I.C., Cervoni N., Champagne F.A., D'Alessio A.C., Sharma S., Seckl J.R., Dymov S., Szyf M., Meaney M.J. Epigenetic programming by maternal behavior. Nat. Neurosci. 2004, 7:847-854.
235. Weaver I.C., Champagne F.A., Brown S.E., Dymov S., Sharma S., Meaney M.J., Szyf M. Reversal of maternal programming of stress responses in adult offspring through methyl supplementation: altering epigenetic marking later in life. J. Neurosci. 2005, 25:11045-11054.
236. Weaver I.C., Meaney M.J., Szyf M. Maternal care effects on the hippocampal transcriptome and anxiety-mediated behaviors in the offspring that are reversible in adulthood. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2006, 103:3480-3485.
237. Weir D.G., Scott J.M. Brain function in the elderly: role of vitamin B12 and folate. Br. Med. Bull. 1999, 55:669-682.
238. Weiss L.A. Autism genetics: emerging data from genome-wide copy-number and single nucleotide polymorphism scans. Expert Rev. Mol. Diagn 2009, 9:795-803.
239. Weiss L.A., Arking D.E., Daly M.J., Chakravarti A. A genome-wide linkage and association scan reveals novel loci for autism. Nature 2009, 461:802-808.
240. Wilkinson P.O., Goodyer I.M. Childhood adversity and allostatic overload of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis: a vulnerability model for depressive disorders. Dev. Psychopathol. 2011, 23:1017-1037.
241. Wu J.C., Santi D.V. On the mechanism and inhibition of DNA cytosine methyltransferases. Prog. Clin. Biol. Res. 1985, 198:119-129.
242. Yang B.Z., Zhang H., Ge W., Weder N., Douglas-Palumberi H., Perepletchikova F., Gelernter J., Kaufman J. Child abuse and epigenetic mechanisms of disease risk. Am. J. Prev. Med. 2013, 44:101-107.
243. Yisraeli J., Szyf M. The pattern of methylation of eukaryotic genes 1984, 353-378. Springer Verlag, New York. A. Razin, H. Cedar, A.D. Riggs (Eds.).
244. Ylisaukko-oja T., Rehnstrom K., Auranen M., Vanhala R., Alen R., Kempas E., Ellonen P., Turunen J.A., Makkonen I., Riikonen R., Nieminen-von Wendt T., von Wendt L., Peltonen L., Jarvela I. Analysis of four neuroligin genes as candidates for autism. Eur. J. Hum. Genet. 2005, 13:1285-1292.
245. Zeanah C.H., Nelson C.A., Fox N.A., Smyke A.T., Marshall P., Parker S.W., Koga S. Designing research to study the effects of institutionalization on brain and behavioral development: the Bucharest Early Intervention Project. Dev. Psychopathol. 2003, 15:885-907.