Environment and vulnerability to major psychiatric illness: A case control study of early parental loss in major depression, bipolar disorder and schizophrenia

Molecular Psychiatry

Volumn 4, Issue 2, 1999, Pages 163-172

  Agid, O ^a,b   Shapira, B ^b,c   Zislin, J ^c   Ritsner, M ^d   Hanin, B ^e   Murad, H ^f   Troudart, T ^e   Bloch, M ^a   Heresco Levy, U ^b,c   Lerer, B ^a,b  

^a HADASSAH HEBREW UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER   (Israel)

^b HEBREW UNIVERSITY   (Israel)

^c HERZOG HOSPITAL   (Israel)

^d Talbieh Hospital   (Israel)

^e Kfar Shaul Mental Health Centre   (Israel)

^f HEBREW UNIVERSITY OF JERUSALEM   (Israel)

Author keywords

Bipolar disorder; Environment; Genes; Major depression; Parental death; Parental loss; Parental separation; Schizophrenia; Stress

Indexed keywords

CORTICOTROPIN RELEASING FACTOR;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; ARTICLE; CASE CONTROL STUDY; CHILD; CHILDHOOD; CIGARETTE SMOKING; CLINICAL FEATURE; CONTROLLED STUDY; DEATH; DEPRESSION; DIVORCE; ENVIRONMENT; ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR; FEMALE; GENE; GENE EXPRESSION; GENETIC PREDISPOSITION; HUMAN; HYPOTHALAMUS HYPOPHYSIS ADRENAL SYSTEM; LOWEST INCOME GROUP; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MANIC DEPRESSIVE PSYCHOSIS; MATERNAL DEPRIVATION; MENTAL DISEASE; NEUROBIOLOGY; PARENTAL DEPRIVATION; PHYSICAL DISEASE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RISK FACTOR; SCHIZOPHRENIA; SOCIAL PSYCHIATRY; STRESS;

EID: 0032910319     PISSN: 13594184     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1038/sj.mp.4000473     Document Type: Article

References (44)

1. Ladd CO, Owens MJ, Nemeroff CB. Persistent changes in corticotropin-releasing factor neuronal systems induced by maternal deprivation. Endocrinology 1996; 137: 1212-1218.
2. Meaney MJ, Diorio J, Francis D, Widdowson J, LaPlante P, Caldji C et al. Early environmental regulation of forebrain glucocorticoid receptor gene expression: implications for adrenocortical response to stress. Dev Neuro Sci 1996; 18: 49-72.
3. Sutanto W, Rosenfeld P, de Kloet ER, Levine S. Long-term effects of neonatal maternal deprivation and ACTH on hippocampal mineralocorticoid and glucocorticoid receptors. Brain Res Dev Brain Res 1996; 92: 156-163.
4. Heim C, Owens MJ, Plotsky PM, Nemeroff CB. Persistent changes in corticotropin-releasing factor systems due to early life stress: relationship to the pathophysiology of major depression and post-traumatic stress disorder. Psychopharmacol Bull 1997; 33: 185-192.
5. Lin D, Diorio J, Tannenbaum B, Caldji C, Francis D, Freedman A et al. Maternal care hippocampal glucocorticoid receptors, and hypothalamic pituitary-adrenal responses to stress. Science 1997; 277: 1659-1662.
6. Freud S. Mourning and melancholia. In: Strachey J (ed). The Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud. Hogarth Press and Institute of Psycho-Analysis: London. 1957. pp 243-248.
7. Abraham K. Notes on the psychoanalytical investigation and treatment of manic-depressive insanity and allied conditions. In: Selected Papers on Psychoanalysis. Hogarth Press: London, 1927.
8. Bowlhy J. Childhood mourning and its implications for psychiatry. Am J Psychiatry 1961; 118: 481-498.
9. Lloyd C. Life events and depressive disorder revisited. I. Events as predisposing factors. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1980; 37: 529-535.
10. Crook T, Eliot J. Parental death during childhood and adult depression: a critical review of the literature. Psychol Bull 1980; 87: 252-259.
11. Gregory I. Studies of parental deprivation in psychiatric patients. Am J Paychiatry 1958; 115: 432-442.
12. Tennant C. Parental loss in childhood: its effect in adult life. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1988; 45: 1045-1050.
13. Brown F. Depression and childhood bereavement. J Ment Sci 1961; 107: 754-777.
14. Brown F. Childhood bereavement and subsequent psychiatric disorder. Br J Psychiatry 1966; 112: 1035-1041.
15. Dennehy C. Childhood bereavement and psychiatric illness. Br J Psychiatry 1966; 112: 1049-1069.
16. Munro A, Griffiths AB. Some psychiatric non-sequelae of childhood bereavement. Br J Psychiatry 1969; 115: 305-311.
17. Roy A. Early parental death and adult depression. Psychol Med 1983; 13: 861-865.
18. Faravelli C, Sacchetti E, Ambonetti A, Conte G, Pallanti S, Vita A. Early life events and affective disorder revisited. Br J Psychiatry 1986; 148: 288-295.
19. Kunugi H, Sugawara N, Aoki H, Nanko S, Hirose T, Kazamatsuri H. Early parental loss and depressive disorder in Japan. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 1995; 245: 109-113.
20. Kendler KS, Neale MC, Kessler RC, Heath AC, Eaves LJ. Childhood parental loss and adult psychopathology in women. A twin study perspective. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1992; 49: 109-116.
21. Hallstrom T. The relationships of childhood socio-demographic factors and early parental loss to major depression in adult life. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1987; 75: 212-216.
22. Oakley Browne MA, Joyce PR, Wells JE, Bushnell JA, Hornblow AR. Disruptions in childhood parental care as risk factors for major depression in adult women. Aust NZ J Psychiatry 1995; 29: 437-448.
23. Roy A. Early parental separation and adult depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1985; 42: 987-991.
24. Brown GW, Harris T, Copeland JR. Depression and loss. Br J Psychiatry 1977; 130: 1-18.
25. Roy A. Vulnerability factors and depression in women. Br J Psychiatry 1978; 133: 106-110. Correction 1979; 134: 52.
26. Roy A. Vulnerability factors and depression in men. Br J Psychiatry 1981; 138: 75-77.
27. Abrahams MJ, Whitlock FA. Childhood experience and depression. Br J Psychiatry 1969; 115: 883-888.
28. Rao VA. Affective illness in first degree relative, parental loss and family jointness in depressive disorders. Br J Psychiatry 1973; 122: 601-602.
29. Wyatt NF, Nicholi A Jr. Early death of a parent as an etiological factor in schizophrenia. Am J Orthopsychiatry 1979; 49: 465-473.
30. Brill NQ, Liston EH Jr. Parental loss in adults with emotional disorders. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1966; 14: 307.
31. Tweed JL, Schoenbach VJ, George LK, Blazer DG. The effects of childhood parental death and divorce on six-month history of anxiety disorders. Br J Psychiatry 1989; 154: 823-828.
32. Tennant C, Hurry J, Bebbington P. The relation of childhood separation experiences to adult depressive and anxiety states. Br J Psychiatry 1982; 141: 475-482.
33. Shalev AY, Abramowitz MZ, Kaplan DeNour A. Structured Clinical Interview for Axis 1 DSM IV - Patient Edition. Center for Traumatic Stress, Dept of Psychiatry, Hadassah University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel, 1994.
34. American Psychiatric Association, Committee on Nomenclature and Statistics. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, rev 3rd edn. American Psychiatric Association: Washington, DC, 1987.
35. Fleiss JL. The analysis of data from matched samples. In: Statistical Methods for Rates and Proportions, 2nd edn. Chap 8. John Wiley & Sons: New York, 1981, pp 112-137.
36. Cox DR. Two further applications of a model for binary regression. Biometrika 1958; 45: 562-565.
37. Central Bereau of Statistics. Statistical Abstract of Israel. State of Israel: Jerusalem, 1975-1995
38. Harris T, Brown GW, Bifulco A. Loss of parent in childhood and adult psychiatric disorder: the role of lack of adequate parental care. Psychol Med 1986; 16: 641-659.
39. Breier A, Kelsoe JR Jr, Kirwin PD, Beller SA, Wolkowitz OM, Pickar D. Early parental loss and development of adult psychopathology. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1988; 45: 987-993.
40. Kendler KS. Familial risk factors and the familial aggregation of psychiatric disorders. Psychol Med 1990; 20: 311-320.
41. Hinde RA, Spencer-Booth Y. Effects of brief separation from mother in rhesus monkeys. Science 1971; 173: 111-118.
42. Kraemer GW, Ebert MH, Lake CR, McKinney WT. Hypersensitivity to D-amphetamine several years after early social deprivation in rhesus monkeys. Psychopharmacology 1984; 82: 266-271.
43. Landenslager M, Capitanio JP, Reite M. Possible effects of early separation experiences on subsequent immune function in adult macaque monkeys. Am J Psychiatry 1985; 142: 862-864.
44. Coplan JD, Andrews MW, Rosenblum LA, Owens MJ, Friedman S, Gorman JM et al. Persistent elevations of cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of corticotropin-releasing factor in adult nonhuman primates exposed to early-life stressors: implications for the pathophysiology of mood and anxiety disorders. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1996; 93: 1619-1623.