Determination of mycotoxins in foods: Current state of analytical methods and limitations

Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology

Volumn 86, Issue 6, 2010, Pages 1595-1612

  Köppen, Robert ^a   Koch, Matthias ^a   Siegel, David ^a   Merkel, Stefan ^a   Maul, Ronald ^a   Nehls, Irene ^a  

^a BAM FEDERAL INSTITUTE FOR MATERIALS RESEARCH AND TESTING   (Germany)

Author keywords

Food; Multi mycotoxin determination; Mycotoxins and fungal metabolites; Rapid and validated methods; Regulations; Sampling

Indexed keywords

AGRICULTURAL COMMODITIES; ANALYTICAL METHOD; ANIMAL TISSUE; BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS; CHEMICAL STRUCTURE; ECONOMIC LOSS; FOOD MATRIXES; FUNGAL METABOLITES; FUNGAL SPECIES; FUTURE PROSPECTS; GENOTOXIC; IMMUNOCHEMICAL TECHNIQUES; MULTI-MYCOTOXIN DETERMINATION; NATURAL CONTAMINANTS; REGULATORY AUTHORITIES; REPRESENTATIVE SAMPLE; ROUTINE ANALYSIS; VALIDATED METHODS;

AGRICULTURE; ANIMALS; BIOMOLECULES; HEALTH RISKS; LAWS AND LEGISLATION; METABOLISM; METABOLITES; STRUCTURE (COMPOSITION);

CHEMICAL CONTAMINATION;

MYCOTOXIN;

BIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS; CHROMATOGRAPHY; COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS; FOOD POISONING; FUNGUS; HETEROGENEITY; METABOLITE; NUMERICAL MODEL; PHYSICAL PROPERTY; REGULATORY APPROACH; SAMPLING; SPECIES OCCURRENCE; TOXIN;

ANALYTICAL PARAMETERS; CHEMICAL STRUCTURE; FOOD CONTAMINATION; HIGH PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY; IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY; MASS SPECTROMETRY; SHORT SURVEY;

ANIMALS; CHROMATOGRAPHY, GAS; CHROMATOGRAPHY, HIGH PRESSURE LIQUID; FOOD CONTAMINATION; FOOD HANDLING; FOOD MICROBIOLOGY; FUNGI; IMMUNOASSAY; MASS SPECTROMETRY; MYCOTOXINS; REPRODUCIBILITY OF RESULTS;

ANIMALIA; ZEA MAYS;

EID: 77952876360     PISSN: 01757598     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s00253-010-2535-1     Document Type: Short Survey

References (168)

1. HK Abbas CJ Mirocha R Rosiles M Carvajal 1988 Decomposition of zearalenone and deoxynivalenol in the process of making tortillas from corn Cereal Chem 65 15 19
2. ESM Abdel-Aal K Miah JC Young I Rabalski 2007 Comparison of four c18 columns for the liquid chromatographic determination of deoxynivalenol in naturally contaminated wheat J AOAC Int 90 995 999
3. B Abramović I Jajić B Abramović J Ćosić V Jurić 2007 Detection of deoxynivalenol in wheat by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy Acta Chim Slov 54 859 867
4. D Abramson JD House CM Nyachoti 2005 Reduction of deoxynivalenol in barley by treatment with aqueous sodium carbonate and heat Mycopathologia 160 297 301
5. E Anklam J Stroka A Boenke 2002 Acceptance of analytical methods for implementation of EU legislation with a focus on mycotoxins Food Control 13 173 183
6. M Appell DF Kendra EK Kim CM Maragos 2007 Synthesis and evaluation of molecularly imprinted polymers as sorbents of moniliformin Food Addit Contam 24 43 52
7. A Aresta R Vatinno F Palmisano CG Zambonin 2006 Determination of Ochratoxin A in wine at sub ng/mL levels by solid-phase microextraction coupled to liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection J Chromatogr A 1115 196 201
8. S Asam M Rychlik 2006 Synthesis of four carbon-13-labeled type A trichothecene mycotoxins and their application as internal standards in stable isotope dilution assays J Agric Food Chem 54 6535 6546
9. S Asam M Rychlik 2007 Quantitation of type B-trichothecene mycotoxins in foods and feeds by a multiple stable isotope dilution assay Eur Food Res Technol 224 769 783
10. T Asao G Büchi MM Abdel-Kader SB Chang EL Wick GN Wogan 1963 Aflatoxins B and G J Am Chem Soc 85 1706 1707
11. G Avantaggiato R De La Campa JD Miller A Visconti 2003 Effects of muffin processing on fumonisins from 14C-labeled toxins produced in cultured corn kernels J Food Prot 66 1873 1878
12. E Beltrán M Ibáñez JV Sancho F Hernández 2009 Determination of mycotoxins in different food commodities by ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography coupled to triple quadrupole mass spectrometry Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 23 1801 1809
13. JW Bennett M Klich 2003 Mycotoxins Clin Microbiol Rev 16 497 516
14. Berthiller F, Dall'Asta C, Schuhmacher R, Lemmens M, Adam G, Krska R (2005) Masked mycotoxins: determination of a deoxynivalenol glucoside in artificially and naturally contaminated wheat by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Agric Food Chem 53:3421-25
15. F Berthiller M Sulyok R Krska R Schuhmacher 2007 Chromatographic methods for the simultaneous determination of mycotoxins and their conjugates in cereals Int J Food Microbiol 119 33 37
16. F Berthiller M Lemmens U Werner R Krska MT Hauser G Adam R Schuhmacher 2007 Short review: metabolism of the Fusarium mycotoxins deoxynivalenol Mycotoxin Res 23 68 72
17. M Beyer I Ferse D Mulac EU Würthwein HU Humpf 2009 Structural elucidation of T-2 toxin thermal degradation products and investigations toward their occurrence in retail food J Agric Food Chem 57 1867 1875
18. M Blanc 2006 Sampling: the weak link in the sanitary quality control system of agricultural products Mol Nutr Food Res 50 473 479
19. D Boyacioǧlu NS Hettiarachchy BL Dappolonia 1993 Additives affect deoxynivalenol (vomitoxin) flour during breadbaking J Food Sci 58 416 418
20. M Bretz M Beyer B Cramer A Knecht HU Humpf 2006 Thermal degradation of the Fusarium mycotoxin deoxynivalenol J Agric Food Chem 54 6445 6451
21. A Bruinink T Rasonyi C Sidler 1997 Reduction of ochratoxin A toxicity by heat-induced epimerization. In vitro effects of ochratoxins on embryonic chick meningeal and other cell cultures Toxicology 118 2-3 205 210
22. G Bürk W Hobel A Richt 2006 Ergot alkaloids in cereal products-results from the Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority Mol Nutr Food Res 50 437 442
23. NA Burmistrova IY Goryacheva EY Basova A-S Franki D Elewaut K Van Beneden D Deforce C Van Peteghem S De Saeger 2009 Application of a new anti-zearalenone monoclonal antibody in different immunoassay formats Anal Bioanal Chem 395 1301 1307
24. M Castegnaro M Tozlovanu C Wild A Molinié A Sylla A Pfohl-Leszkowicz 2006 Advantages and drawbacks of immunoaffinity columns in analysis of mycotoxins in food Mol Nutr Food Res 50 480 487
25. C Cervino S Asam D Knopp M Rychlik R Niessner 2008 Use of isotope-labeled Aflatoxins for LC-MS/MS stable isotope dilution analysis of foods J Agric Food Chem 56 1873 1879
26. F Cheli A Campagnoli L Pinotti E Fusi V Dell'Orto 2009 Sampling feed for mycotoxins: acquiring knowledge from food Ital J Anim Sci 8 5 22
27. E Chiavaro C Dall'Asta G Galaverna A Biancardi E Gambarelli A Dossena R Marchelli 2001 New reversed-phase liquid chromatographic method to detect aflatoxins in food and feed with cyclodextrins as fluorescence enhancers added to the eluent J Chromatogr A 937 31 40
28. YJ Cho HS Chun CJ Kim CT Kim JY Hong 2005 Detection of fumonisin B-1 by a batch type surface plasmon resonance biosensor Food Sci Biotechnol 14 698 699
29. HS Chun EH Choi HJ Chang SW Choi SA Eremin 2009 A fluorescence polarization immunoassay for the detection of zearalenone in corn Anal Chim Acta 639 83 89
30. IK Cigić H Prosen 2009 An overview of conventional and emerging analytical methods for the determination of mycotoxins Int J Mol Sci 10 62 115
31. T Cirillo A Ritieni M Visone RA Cocchieri 2003 Evaluation of conventional and organic Italian foodstuffs for deoxynivalenol and fumonisins B-1 and B-2 J Agric Food Chem 51 8128 8131
32. B Cramer M Bretz HU Humpf 2007 Stable isotope dilution analysis of the Fusarium mycotoxin zearalenone J Agric Food Chem 55 8353 8358
33. SC Cunha MA Faria JO Fernandes 2009 Determination of patulin in apple and quince products by GC-MS using C-13(5-7) patulin as internal standard Food Chem 115 352 359
34. C Crews WAC Anderson G Rees R Krska 2009 Ergot alkaloids in some rye-based UK cereal products Food Addit Contam B 2 79 85
35. C Dall'Asta JD Lindner G Galaverna A Dossena E Neviani R Marchelli 2008 The occurrence of ochratoxin A in blue cheese Food Chem 106 729 734
36. MD Dearriola E Deporres S Decabrera M Dezepeda C Rolz 1988 Aflatoxin fate during alkaline cooking of corn for tortilla preparation J Agric Food Chem 36 530 533
37. JD Di Mavungu S Monbaliu ML Scippo G Maghuin-Rogister YJ Schneider Y Larondelle A Callebaut J Robbens C Van Peteghem S De Saeger 2009 LC-MS/MS multi-analyte method for mycotoxin determination in food supplements Food Addit Contam A 26 885 895
38. K D'Ovidio M Trucksess C Weaver E Horn M McIntosh G Bean 2006 Aflatoxins in ginseng roots Food Addit Contam 23 174 180
39. EC (2002a) Commission Regulation (EC) No 178/2002 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 28 January 2002 laying down the general principles and requirements of food law, establishing the European Food Safety Authority and laying down procedures in matters of food safety. Official Journal of the European Union L 31/1-24
40. EC (2002b) Commission Decision (2002/657/EC) of 12 August 2002 implementing Council Directive 96/23/EC concerning the performance of analytical methods and the interpretation of results (Text with EEA relevance) (notified under document number C(2002) 3044). Official Journal of the European Union L 221/8-36
41. EC (2006a) Commission Regulation (EC) No 401/2006 laying down the methods of sampling and analysis for the official control of the levels of mycotoxins in foodstuffs. Official J Europ Union L 70/12-34
42. EC (2006b) Commission Regulation (EC) No 1881/2006 of 19 December 2006 setting maximum levels for certain contaminants in foodstuffs. Official Journal of the European Union L 364/5-24
43. EC (2007) Commission Regulation (EC) No 1126/2007 of 28 September 2007 amending Regulation (EC) No 1881/2006 setting maximum levels for certain contaminants in foodstuffs as regards Fusarium toxins in maize and maize products. Official Journal of the European Union L 255/14-17
44. EC (2009) European Commission 2009 The Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed (RASFF) Annual Report 2008. Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, Luxembourg
45. R Elias-Orozco A Castellanos-Nava M Gaytán-Martinez JD Figueroa-Cárdenas G Loarca-Piña 2002 Comparison of nixtamalization and extrusion processes for a reduction in aflatoxin content Food Addit Contam 19 878 885
46. European Committee for Standardization (2009) CEN database of European Standards. Available via: http://www.cen.eu/esearch/. Accessed 17 Nov 2009
47. FAO 1998 Validation of analytical methods for food control FAO Food Nutr Pap 68 1
48. FDA (2002) Investigative operations manual. Food and Drug Administration, Washington
49. C Finoli A Vecchio A Galli I Dragoni 2001 Roquefortine C occurrence in blue cheese J Food Prot 64 246 251
50. AG Frenich JLM Vidal R Romero-González MD Aguilera-Luiz 2009 Simple and high-throughput method for the multimycotoxin analysis in cereals and related foods by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry Food Chem 117 705 712
51. S Fujii RMR Ribeiro MBD Scholz EYS Ono CEC Prete EN Itano Y Ueno O Kawamura EY Hirooka 2006 Reliable indirect competitive ELISA used for a survey of ochratoxin A in green coffee from the North of Parana State, Brazil Food Addit Contam 23 902 909
52. M Gareis J Bauer J Thiem G Plank S Grabley B Gedek 1990 Cleavage of zearalenone-glycoside, a "masked" mycotoxin, during digestion in swine Zentralbl Veterinarmed B 37 236 240
53. Gauis-Sanchez AC, Barros AS, Delgadillo I (2007) Method for analysis dried vine fruits contaminated with ochratoxin A. 3rd International Symposium on Recent Advances in Food Analysis, Prague, Czech Republic
54. A Gentili F Caretti G D'Ascenzo LM Rocca S Marchese S Materazzi D Perret 2007 Simultaneous determination of trichothecenes A, B, and D in maize food products by LC-MS-MS Chromatographia 66 669 676
55. J Gilbert 1999 Overview of mycotoxin methods, present status and future needs Nat Toxins 7 347 352
56. J Gilbert E Anklam 2002 Validation of analytical methods for determining mycotoxins in foodstuffs Trac Trends Anal Chem 21 468 486
57. IY Goryacheva EY Basova C Van Peteghem SA Eremin L Pussemier JC Motte S De Saeger 2008 Novel gel-based rapid test for non-instrumental detection of ochratoxin A in beer Anal Bioanal Chem 390 723 727
58. C Gottschalk J Barthel G Engelhardt J Bauer K Meyer 2007 Occurrence of type A trichothecenes in conventionally and organically produced oats and oat products Mol Nutr Food Res 51 1547 1553
59. R Greenhalgh J Gilbert RR King BA Blackwell JR Startin MJ Shepherd 1984 Synthesis, characterization, and occurrence in bread and cereal products of an isomer of 4-deoxynivalenol (vomitoxin) J Agric Food Chem 32 1416 1420
60. G Häubl F Berthiller J Rechthaler G Jaunecker EM Binder R Krska R Schuhmacher 2006 Characterization and application of isotope-substituted (C-13(15))-deoxynivalenol (DON) as an internal standard for the determination of DON Food Addit Contam A 23 1187 1193
61. G Häubl F Berthiller C Hametner J Rechthaler G Jaunecker M Freudenschuss R Krska R Schuhmacher 2007 Characterization of (C-13(24)) T-2 toxin and its use as an internal standard for the quantification of T-2 toxin in cereals with HPLC-MS/MS Anal Bioanal Chem 389 931 940
62. D Herebian S Zühlke M Lamshöft M Spiteller 2009 Multi-mycotoxin analysis in complex biological matrices using LC-ESI/MS: experimental study using triple stage quadrupole and LTQ-Orbitrap J Sep Sci 32 939 948
63. JM Hernández Hierro RJ Garcia-Villanova PR Torrero IM Toruno Fonseca 2008 Aflatoxins and ochratoxin a in red paprika for retail sale in Spain: occurrence and evaluation of a simultaneous analytical method J Agric Food Chem 56 751 756
64. NS Hill P Schwarz LS Dahleen SM Neate R Horsley AE Glenn K O'Donnell 2006 ELISA analysis for Fusarium in barley: development of methodology and field assessment Crop Sci 46 2636 2642
65. W Horwitz 1995 Protocol for the design, conduct and interpretation of method-performance studies Pure Appl Chem 67 331 343
66. PC Howard MI Churchwell LH Couch MM Marques DR Doerge 1998 Formation of N-(carboxymethyl)fumonisin B-1, following the reaction of fumonisin B-1 with reducing sugars J Agric Food Chem 46 3546 3557
67. HU Humpf KA Voss 2004 Effects of thermal food processing on the chemical structure and toxicity of fumonisin mycotoxins Mol Nutr Food Res 48 255 269
68. M Jestoi A Ritieni A Rizzo 2004 Analysis of the Fusarium mycotoxins fusaproliferin and trichothecenes in grains using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry J Agric Food Chem 52 1464 1469
69. RD Josephs R Krska M Grasserbauer JAC Broekaert 1998 Determination of trichothecene mycotoxins in wheat by use of supercritical fluid extraction and high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection or gas chromatography with electron capture detection J Chromatogr A 795 297 304
70. RD Josephs M Derbyshire J Stroka H Emons E Anklam 2004 Trichothecenes: reference materials and method validation Toxicol Lett 153 123 132
71. H Kamimura 1986 Conversion of zearalenone to zearalenone glycoside by Rhizopus sp. Appl Environ Microbiol 52 515 519
72. DR Katerere S Stockenström GS Shephard 2008 HPLC-DAD method for the determination of patulin in dried apple rings Food Control 19 389 392
73. M Koch W Bremser R Koeppen D Siegel A Toepfer I Nehls 2009 Development of two certified reference materials for acrylamide determination in foods J Agric Food Chem 57 8202 8207
74. AY Kolosova S De Saeger L Sibanda R Verheijen C Van Peteghem 2007 Development of a colloidal gold-based lateral-flow immunoassay for the rapid simultaneous detection of zearalenone and deoxynivalenol Anal Bioanal Chem 389 2103 2107
75. AY Kolosova L Sibanda F Dumoulin J Lewis E Duveiller C Van Peteghem S Saeger 2008 Lateral-flow colloidal gold-based immunoassay for the rapid detection of deoxynivalenol with two indicator ranges Anal Chim Acta 616 235 244
76. G Kos H Lohninger R Krska 2003 Development of a method for the determination of Fusarium fungi on corn using mid-infrared spectroscopy with attenuated total reflection and chemometrics Anal Chem 75 1211 1217
77. M Kostelanska J Hajslova M Zachariasova A Malachova K Kalachova J Poustka J Fiala PM Scott F Berthiller R Krska 2009 Occurrence of deoxynivalenol and its major conjugate, deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside, in beer and some brewing intermediates J Agric Food Chem 57 3187 3194
78. R Krska R Josephs 2001 The state-of-the-art in the analysis of estrogenic mycotoxins in cereals Fresen J Anal Chem 369 469 476
79. R Krska G Stubbings R Macarthur C Crews 2008 Simultaneous determination of six major ergot alkaloids and their epimers in cereals and foodstuffs by LC-MS-MS Anal Bioanal Chem 391 563 576
80. R Labuda A Parich F Berthiller D Tančinová 2005 Incidence of trichothecenes and zearalenone in poultry feed mixtures from Slovakia Int J Food Microbiol 105 19 25 (Pubitemid 41554086)
81. W Langseth T Rundberget 1998 Instrumental methods for determination of nonmacrocyclic trichothecenes in cereals, foodstuffs and cultures J Chromatogr A 815 103 121
82. L La Pera G Avellone V Lo Turco G Di Bella P Agozzino G Dugo 2008 Influence of roasting and different brewing processes on the ochratoxin A content in coffee determined by high-performance liquid chromatography- fluorescence detection (HPLC-FLD) Food Addit Contam 25 1257 1263
83. VMT Lattanzio M Solfrizzo A Visconti 2008 Determination of trichothecenes in cereals and cereal-based products by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry Food Addit Contam 25 320 330
84. DR Lauren WA Smith 2001 Stability of the Fusarium mycotoxins nivalenol, deoxynivalenol and zearalenone in ground maize under typical cooking environments Food Addit Contam 18 1011 1016
85. M Lauwaars E Anklam 2004 Method validation and reference materials Accred Qual Assur 9 253 258
86. A Llorens R Mateo JJ Mateo M Jiménez 2002 Comparison of extraction and clean-up procedures for analysis of zearalenone in corn, rice and wheat grains by high-performance liquid chromatography with photodiode array and fluorescence detection Food Addit Contam 19 272 281
87. R Macarthur S Macdonald P Brereton A Murray 2006 Statistical modelling as an aid to the design of retail sampling plans for mycotoxins in food Food Addit Contam 23 84 92
88. CM Maragos 2009 Recent advances in the development of novel materials for mycotoxin analysis Anal Bioanal Chem 395 1205 1213
89. CM Maragos M Appell V Lippolis A Visconti L Catucci M Pascale 2008 Use of cyclodextrins as modifiers of fluorescence in the detection of mycotoxins Food Addit Contam 25 164 171
90. R Matrella L Monaci MA Milillo F Palmisano MG Tantillo 2006 Ochratoxin A determination in paired kidneys and muscle samples from swines slaughtered in southern Italy Food Control 17 114 117
91. R Maul NH Schebb SE Kulling 2008 Application of LC and GC hyphenated with mass spectrometry as tool for characterization of unknown derivatives of isoflavonoids Anal Bioanal Chem 391 239 250
92. TV Milanez LM Valente-Soares 2006 Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry determination of trichothecene mycotoxins in commercial corn harvested in the state of Sao Paulo, Brazil J Brazil Chem Soc 17 412 416
93. M Miraglia B De Santes V Minardi F Debegnach C Brera 2005 The role of sampling in mycotoxin contamination: an holistic view Food Addit Contam Suppl 1 31 36
94. A Molinelli K Grossalber M Fuehrer S Baumgartner M Sulyok R Krska 2008 Development of qualitative and semiquantitative immunoassay-based rapid strip tests for the detection of T-2 toxin in wheat and oat J Agric Food Chem 56 2589 2594
95. S Monbaliu C Van Poucke C Van Peteghem K Van Poucke K Heungens S De Saeger 2009 Development of a multi-mycotoxin liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry method for sweet pepper analysis Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 23 3 11
96. MO Moss 1992 Secondary metabolism and food intoxication-moulds J Appl Bacteriol Symp Suppl 73 80 88
97. W Mullett EPC Lai JM Yeung 1998 Immunoassay of fumonisins by a surface plasmon resonance biosensor Anal Biochem 258 161 167
98. F Navarro-Villoslada JL Urraca MC Moreno-Bondi G Orellana 2007 Zearalenone sensing with molecularly imprinted polymers and tailored fluorescent probes Sens Actuators B Chem 121 67 73 (Pubitemid 46123882)
99. T Neuhof N Ganzauer M Koch I Nehls 2009 A comparison of chromatographic methods for the determination of deoxynivalenol in wheat Chromatographia 69 1457 1462
100. J Olsson T Börjesson T Lundstedt J Schnürer 2002 Detection and quantification of ochratoxin A and deoxynivalenol in barley grains by GC-MS and electronic nose Int J Food Microbiol 72 203 214
101. Y Onji Y Aoki N Tani K Umebayashi Y Kitada Y Dohi 1998 Direct analysis of several Fusarium mycotoxins in cereals by capillary gas chromatography mass spectrometry J Chromatogr A 815 59 65
102. DP Overy KA Seifert ME Savard JC Frisvad 2003 Spoilage fungi and their mycotoxins in commercially marketed chestnuts Int J Food Microbiol 2737 1 9
103. M Peraica B Radić A Lucić M Pavlović 1999 Toxic effects of mycotoxins in humans B World Health Organ 77 754 766
104. Pettersson H, Langseth W (2002a) Intercomparison of trichothecene analysis and feasibility to produce certified calibrants and reference material-method studies. BCR Information, EUR 20285/1 EN. Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, Luxembourg
105. Pettersson H, Langseth W (2002b) Intercomparison of trichothecene analysis and feasibility to produce certified calibrants and reference material-homogeneity and stability studies, final intercomparison. BCR Information, EUR 20285/2 EN. Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, Luxembourg
106. CM Placinta JPF D'Mello AMC Macdonald 1999 A review of worldwide contamination of cereal grains and animal feed with Fusarium mycotoxins Anim Feed Sci Technol 78 21 37
107. RL Price KV Jorgensen 1985 Effects of processing on aflatoxin levels and on mutagenic potential of tortillas made from naturally contaminated corn J Food Sci 50 347 349
108. Y Ren Y Zhang S Shao Z Cai L Feng H Pan Z Wang 2007 Simultaneous determination of multi-component mycotoxin contaminants in foods and feeds by ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry J Chromatogr A 1143 48 64 (Pubitemid 46209099)
109. JL Richard 2007 Some major mycotoxins and their mycotoxicoses-an overview Int J Food Microbiol 119 3 10
110. BA Roberts R Allcroft 1968 A note on semi-quantitative estimation of aflatoxin M1 in liquid milk by thin-layer chromatography Food Cosmet Toxicol 6 339 340
111. HS Rupp SB Turnipseed 2000 Confirmation of patulin and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural in apple juice by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry J Aoac Int 83 612 620
112. M Rychlik P Schieberle 1999 Quantification of the mycotoxin patulin by a stable isotope dilution assay J Agric Food Chem 47 3749 3755
113. N Sagawa T Takino S Kurogochi 2006 A simple method with liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry for the determination of the six trichothecene mycotoxins in rice medium Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 70 230 236
114. A Santini R Ferracane MC Somma A Aragón A Ritieni 2009 Multitoxin extraction and detection of trichothecenes in cereals: an improved LC-MS/MS approach J Sci Food Agric 89 1145 1153
115. DS Saunders FI Meredith KA Voss 2001 Control of fumonisin: effects of processing Environ Health Perspect 109 Suppl 2 333 336
116. NH Schebb H Faber R Maul F Heus J Kool H Irth U Karst 2009 Analysis of glutathione adducts of patulin by means of liquid chromatography (HPLC) with biochemical detection (BCD) and electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS) Anal Bioanal Chem 394 1361 1373
117. H Schnerr RF Vogel L Niessen 2002 A biosensor-based immunoassay for rapid screening of deoxynivalenol contamination in wheat Food Agric Immunol 14 313 321
118. M Schollenberger U Lauber HT Jara S Suchy W Drochner HM Muller 1998 Determination of eight trichothecenes by gas chromatography mass spectrometry after sample clean-up by a two-stage solid-phase extraction J Chromatogr A 815 123 132
119. RC Schothorst AA Jekel 2001 Determination of trichothecenes in wheat by capillary gas chromatography with flame ionisation detection Food Chem 73 111 117
120. PM Scott 1995 Mycotoxin methodology Food Addit Contam 12 395 403
121. W Seefelder A Knecht HU Humpf 2003 Bound fumonisin B1: analysis of fumonisin-B1 glyco and amino acid conjugates by liquid chromatography- electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry J Agric Food Chem 51 5567 5573
122. S Sforza C Dall'Asta R Marchelli 2006 Recent advances in mycotoxin determination in food and feed by hyphenated chromatographic techniques/mass spectrometry Mass Spectrom Rev 25 54 76
123. GS Shephard 2008 Determination of mycotoxins in human foods Chem Soc Rev 37 2468 2477
124. GS Shephard 2009 Aflatoxin analysis at the beginning of the twenty-first century Anal Bioanal Chem 395 1215 1224
125. WB Shim AY Kolosova Y Kim ZY Yang SJ Park SA Eremin IS Lee DH Chung 2004 Fluorescence polarization immunoassay based on a monoclonal antibody for the detection of ochratoxin A Int J Food Sci Technol 39 829 837
126. WB Shim ZY Yang JS Kim JY Kim S Kang W Gun-Jo YC Chung SA Eremin DH Chung 2007 Development of immunochromatography strip-test using nanocolloidal gold-antibody probe for the rapid detection of aflatoxin B1 in grain and feed samples J Microbiol Biotechnol 17 1629 1637
127. PY Shu CH Lin 2002 Simple and sensitive determination of citrinin in Monascus by GC-selected ion monitoring mass spectrometry Anal Sci 18 283 287
128. D Siegel S Merkel W Bremser M Koch I Nehls 2009 Degradation kinetics of the Alternaria mycotoxin tenuazonic acid in aqueous solutions Anal Bioanal Chem 10.1007/s00216-009-3288-5
129. M Solfrizzo A De Girolamo C Vitti A Visconti R van den Bulk 2004 Liquid chromatographic determination of Alternaria toxins in carrots J AOAC Int 87 101 106
130. P Songsermsakul EA Razzazi-Fazeli 2008 Review of recent trends in applications of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry for determination of mycotoxins J Liq Chromatogr Relat Technol 31 1641 1686
131. LK Sørensen TH Elbæk 2005 Determination of mycotoxins in bovine milk by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry J Chromatogr B 820 183 196
132. Spanjer MC, Rensen PM, Scholten JM (2008) LC-MS/MS multi-method for mycotoxins after single extraction, with validation data for peanut, pistachio, wheat, maize, cornflakes, raisins and figs. Food Addit Contam 25:472-489
133. Stepien M, Sokol-Leszczynska B, Luczak M (2007) Mycotoxins, food products and human health. Postepy Mikrobiol 46:167-177
134. M Sulyok R Krska R Schuhmacher 2007 A liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometric multi-mycotoxin method for the quantification of 87 analytes and its application to semiquantitative screening of moldy food samples Anal Bioanal Chem 389 1505 1523
135. M Sulyok R Krska R Schuhmacher 2010 Application of an LC-MS/MS based multi-mycotoxin method for the semi-quantitative determination of mycotoxins occurring in different types of food infected by moulds Food Chem 119 408 416
136. MJ Sweeney ADW Dobson 1998 Mycotoxin production by Aspergillus, Fusarium and Penicillium species Int J Food Microbiol 43 141 158
137. S Tabata K Iida J Suzuki K Kimura A Ibe K Saito 2004 A quantification and confirmation method of patulin in apple juice by GC/MS J Food Hyg Soc Jpn 45 245 249
138. T Tanaka A Yoneda S Inoue Y Sugiura Y Ueno 2000 Simultaneous determination of trichothecene mycotoxins and zearalenone in cereals by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry J Chromatogr A 882 23 28
139. K Tanaka Y Sago Y Zheng H Nakagawa M Kushiro 2007 Mycotoxins in rice Int J Food Microbiol 119 59 66
140. T Thongrussamee NS Kuzmina WB Shim T Jiratpong SA Eremin J Intrasook DH Chung 2008 Monoclonal-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of zearalenone in cereals Food Addit Contam 25 997 1006
141. M Tomašević-Čanović A Daković G Rottinghaus S Matijašević M Crossed D signuričić 2003 Surfactant modified zeolites - new efficient adsorbents for mycotoxins Microporous Mesoporous Mater 61 173 180
142. P Torres M Guzmán-Ortiz B Ramirez-Wong 2001 Revising the role of pH and thermal treatments in aflatoxin content reduction during the tortilla and deep frying processes J Agric Food Chem 49 2825 2829
143. NW Turner S Subrahmanyam SA Piletsky 2009 Analytical methods for determination of mycotoxins: a review Anal Chim Acta 632 168 180
144. AJ Tüdös ER Lucas-van den Bos ECA Stigter 2003 Rapid surface plasmon resonance-based inhibition assay of deoxynivalenol J Agric Food Chem 51 5843 5848
145. M Ulbricht H Matuschewski A Oechel HG Hicke 1996 Photo-induced graft polymerization surface modifications for the preparation of hydrophilic and low-protein-adsorbing ultrafiltration membranes J Membr Sci 115 31 47 (Pubitemid 26178989)
146. HP van Egmond 2004 Natural toxins: risks, regulations and the analytical situation in Europe Anal Bioanal Chem 378 1152 1160
147. HP van Egmond RC Schothorst MA Jonker 2007 Regulations relating to mycotoxins in food Anal Bioanal Chem 389 147 157
148. B van der Gaag S Spath H Dietrich E Stigter G Boonzaaijer T van Osenbruggen K Koopal 2003 Biosensors and multiple mycotoxin analysis Food Control 14 251 254
149. F Walker B Meier 1998 Determination of the Fusarium mycotoxins nivalenol, deoxynivalenol, 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol, and 15-O-acetyl-4-deoxynivalenol in contaminated whole wheat flour by liquid chromatography with diode array detection and gas chromatography with electron capture detection J Aoac Int 81 741 748
150. Y Wang J Dostálek W Knoll 2009 Long range surface plasmon-enhanced fluorescence spectroscopy for the detection of aflatoxin M-1 in milk Biosens Bioelectron 24 2264 2267
151. TB Whitaker 2006 Sampling food for mycotoxins Food Addit Contam 23 50 61
152. TB Whitaker JW Dickens RJ Monroe 1974 Variability of aflatoxins test results J AOCS 51 214 218
153. TB Whitaker ME Whitten RJ Monroe 1976 Variability associated with testing cottonseed for aflatoxin J AOCS 53 502 507
154. TB Whitaker JW Dickens RJ Monroe 1979 Variability associated with testing corn for aflatoxin J AOCS 56 789 794
155. TB Whitaker MW Trucksess CM Weaver A Slate 2009 Sampling and analytical variability associated with the determination of aflatoxins and ochratoxin A in bulk lots of powdered ginger marketed in 1-lb bags Anal Bioanal Chem 395 1291 1299
156. WHO 2001 Evaluation of certain mycotoxins in food WHO Tech Rep Ser 906 1
157. CE Wolf LB Bullerman 1998 Heat and pH alter the concentration of deoxynivalenol in an aqueous environment J Food Prot 61 365 367
158. CE Wolf-Hall MA Hanna LB Bullerman 1999 Stability of deoxynivalenol in heat-treated foods J Food Prot 62 962 964
159. F Wu 2004 Mycotoxin risk assessment for the purpose of setting international regulatory standards Environ Sci Technol 38 4049 4055
160. F Wu 2008 A tale of two commodities: how EU mycotoxin regulations have affected U.S. tree nut industries World Mycotoxin J 1 95 102
161. XR Wu JS Smith 2007 A gas chromatography-flame ionization detection method for detection of fusaproliferin in corn J Agric Food Chem 55 3211 3216
162. JC Young RG Fulcher JH Hayhoe PM Scott JE Dexter 1984 Effect of milling and baking on deoxynivalenol (vomitoxin) content of Eastern Canadian wheats J Agric Food Chem 32 659 664
163. JC Young BA Blackwell JW Apsimon 1986 Alkaline-degradation of the mycotoxin 4-deoxynivalenol Tetrahedron Lett 27 1019 1022
164. M Zachariasova J Hajslova M Kostelanska J Poustka A Krplova P Cuhra I Hochel 2008 Deoxynivalenol and its conjugates in beer: a critical assessment of data obtained by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry Anal Chim Acta 625 77 86
165. MZ Zheng JL Richard J Binder 2006 A review of rapid methods for the analysis of mycotoxins Mycopathologia 161 261 273
166. B Zhou GQ He PB Schwarz 2008 Occurrence of bound deoxynivalenol in Fusarium head blight-infected barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and malt as determined by solvolysis with trifluoroacetic acid J Food Prot 71 1266 1269
167. A Zinedine JM Soriano C Juan B Mojemmi JC Moltó A Bouklouze Y Cherrah L Idrissi R El Aouad J Manes 2007 Incidence of ochratoxin A in rice and dried fruits from Rabat and Sale area, Morocco Food Addit Contam 24 285 291
168. P Zöllner B Mayer-Helm 2006 Trace mycotoxin analysis in complex biological and food matrices by liquid chromatography-atmospheric pressure ionisation mass spectrometry Chromatogr A 1136 123 169