Mycotoxins

Clinical Microbiology Reviews

Volumn 16, Issue 3, 2003, Pages 497-516

  Bennett, J W ^a   Klich, M ^b  

^a Tulane University   (United States)

^b SOUTHERN REGIONAL RESEARCH CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

MYCOTOXIN;

CARCINOGENICITY; CLINICAL FEATURE; DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACY; DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURE; DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS; FOOD CONTAMINATION; FOOD POISONING; HUMAN; IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE TREATMENT; INGESTION; LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS; MYCOTOXICOSIS; NONHUMAN; PATHOGENESIS; PROTEIN SYNTHESIS INHIBITION; RELIABILITY; REVIEW; SKIN IRRITATION; TOXIN ANALYSIS;

AFLATOXINS; AIR POLLUTION, INDOOR; ANIMALS; BIOTERRORISM; CITRININ; ERGOT ALKALOIDS; FOOD MICROBIOLOGY; FUMONISINS; HUMANS; MYCOTOXINS; TRICHOTHECENES; ZEARALENONE;

ANIMALIA; FUNGI; VERTEBRATA;

EID: 0038107721     PISSN: 08938512     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1128/CMR.16.3.497-516.2003     Document Type: Review

References (291)

1. Abarca, M. L., M. R. Bragulat, G. Sastella, and F. J. Cabanes. 1994. Ochratoxin A production by strains of Aspergillus niger var. niger. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 60:2650-2652.
2. Abramson, D., E. Usleber, and E. Marlbauer. 2001. Immunochemical method for citrinin, p. 195-204. In M. W. Trucksess and A. F. Pohland (ed.), Mycotoxin protocols. Humana Press, Totowa, N.J.
3. American Academy of Pediatrics. 1998. Toxic effects of indoor molds. Pediatrics 101:712-714.
4. Anderson, S. J. 1995. Compositional changes in surface mycoflora during ripening of naturally fermented sausages. J. Food Protect. 58:426-429.
5. Barrett, J. 2000. Mycotoxins: of molds and maladies, Environ. Health Perspect. 108:A20-A23.
6. Bayman, P., J. L. Baker, M. A. Doster, T. J. Michailides and, N. E. Mahoney. 2002. Ochratoxin production by the Aspergillus ochraceus group and Aspergillus alliaceus. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 68:2326-2329.
7. Beardall, J. M., and J. D. Miller. 1994. Disease in humans with mycotoxins as possible causes, p. 487-539. In J. D. Miller and H. L. Trenholm (ed.), Mycotoxins in grains. Compounds other than aflatoxin. Eagan Press, St. Paul, Minn.
8. Beasley, V. R. (ed.). 1989. Trichothecene mycotoxicosis: pathophysiologic effects, vol. I. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fla.
9. Belkin, L. 2001. Haunted by mold. New York Times Magazine, Aug. 12, p. 62, 64-65.
10. Bennett, J. W. 1987. Mycotoxins, mycotoxicoses, mycotoxicology and mycopathology. Mycopathlogia 100:3-5.
11. Bennett, J. W., and R. Bentley. 1999. Pride and prejudice: the story of ergot. Perspect. Biol. Med. 42:333-355.
12. Bennett, J. W., P.-K. Chang, and D. Bhatnagar. 1997. One gene to whole pathway: the role of norsolorinic acid in aflatoxin research. Adv. Appl. Microbiol. 45:1-15.
13. Bentley, R., and J. W. Bennett. 1999. Constructing polyketides: from Collie to combinatorial biosynthesis. Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 53:411-446.
14. Berry, C. L. 1988. The pathology of mycotoxins. J. Pathol. 154:301-311.
15. Betina, V. 1989. Bioactive molecules vol. 9. Mycotoxins: chemical, biological and environmental aspects. Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
16. Betina, V. (ed.). 1984. Mycotoxins: production, isolation, separation, and purification. Elsevier, Amsterdam. The Netherlands
17. Bezuidenhout, S. C., W. C. A. Gelderblom, C. P. Gorst-Allman, R. M. Horak, W. F. O. Marasas; G. Spiteller, and R. Vleggaar. 1988. Structure elucidation of the fumonisins, mycotoxins from Fusarium moniliforme. J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun. 1988:743-745.
18. Bhat, R. V., P. H. Shetty, R. P. Amruth, and R. V. Sudershan. 1997. A foodborne disease outbreak due to the consumption of moldy sorghum and maize containing fumonisin mycotoxins. J. Clin. Toxicol. 35:249-255.
19. Bhatnagar, D., E. B. Lillehoj, and D. K. Arora. 1992. Handbook of applied mycology, vol. 5. Mycotoxins in ecological systems. Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, N.Y.
20. 1 and related compounds from Fusarium moniliforme, p. 75-91 In L. S. Jackson, J. W. DeVries, and L. B. Bullerman (ed.), Fumonisins in food. Plenum Press, New York, N.Y.
21. Blanc, P. J., M. O. Loret, and G. Goma. 1995. Production of citrinin by various species of Monascus. Biotechnol. Lett. 17:291-294.
22. Blout, W. P. 1961. Turkey "X" disease. Turkeys 9:52, 55-58, 61, 77.
23. Bressac, B., M. Kew, J. Wands, and M. Ozturk. 1991. Selective G to T mutations of p53 gene in hepatocellular carcinoma from southern Africa. Nature 350:429-431.
24. Brown, D., S. P. McCormick, N. A. Alexander, R. H. Proctor, and A. E. Desjardins. 2001. A genetic and biochemical approach to study trichothecene diversity in Fusarium sporotrichioides and Fusarium graminearum. Fung. Genet. Biol. 32:121-133.
25. Brown, D. H., J. H. Yu, H. S. Kelkar, M. Fernandes, T. C. Nesbitt, N. P. Keller, T. H. Adams, and T. J. Leonard. 1996. Twenty-five co-regulated transcripts define a sterigmatocystin gene cluster in Aspergillus nidulans. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93:1418-1422.
26. Brown, R. L., D. Bhatnagar, T. E. Cleveland, and J. W. Cary. 1998. Recent advances in preharvest prevention of mycotoxin contamination, p. 351-379. In K. K. Sinha and D. Bhatnagar, (ed.), Mycotoxins in agriculture and food safety. Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, N.Y.
27. 1. Nat. Toxins 4:51-52.
28. Bunge, I., K. Heller, and R. Roschenthaler. 1979. Isolation and purification of ochratoxin A. Z. Lebensm. Unters. Forsch. 168:457-458.
29. Burns, R. P., and P. Dwivedi. 1986. The natural occurrence of ochratoxin A and its effects in poultry. A review. Part II. Pathology and immunology. World Poultry Sci. 42:48-62.
30. Cabellero-Granado, F. J., P. Viciana, E. Cordero, M. J. Gomez-Vera, M. del Nozal, and L. F. Opez-Cortes. 1997. Ergotism related to concurrent administration of ergotamine tartrate and ritonavir in an AIDS patient. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 41:1297.
31. Calderone, R. A., and R. L. Cihlar (ed.). 2002. Fungal pathogenesis: principles and clinical applications. Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, N.Y.
32. Caporael, L. R. 1976. Ergotism: the Satan loosed in Salem? Science 192:21-26.
33. Carlton, W. W., and J. Tuite. 1977. Metabolites of P. viridicatum toxicology, p. 525-555. In J. V. Rodricks, C. W. Hesseltine, and M. A. Mehlman (ed.), Mycotoxins in human and animal health. Pathotox Publications., Inc., Park Forest South, Ill.
34. Cary, J. W., P.-K. Chang, and D. Bhatnagar. 2001. Clustered metabolic pathway genes in filamentous fungi, p. 165-198. In G. G. Khachatourians and D. K. Arora (ed.), Applied mycology and biotechnology, vol. I. Agriculture and food production. Elsevier Science, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
35. Castegnaro, M., H. Barsch and I. Chernozemsky. 1987. Endemic nephropathy and urinary tract tumors in the Balkans. Cancer Res. 47:3606-3609.
36. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 1994. Acute pulmonary hemorrhage/hemosiderosis among infants - Cleveland, Ohio, January 1993-November 1994. Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 43:881-883.
37. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2000. Update: pulmonary hemorrhage/hemosiderosis among infants - Cleveland, Ohio, 1993-1999. Morb. Mortal. Wkly Rep. 49:180-184.
38. Christensen, C. M., G. H. Nelson, and C. J. Mirocha. 1965. Effect on the white rat uterus of a toxic substance isolated from Fusarium. Appl. Microbiol. 13:653-659.
39. Chu, F. S. 1991. Current immunochemical methods for mycotoxin analysis, p. 140-157. In M. Vanderlaan, L. H. Stanker, B. E. Watkins, and D. W. Roberts (ed.). Immunoassays for trace chemical analysis: monitoring toxic chemicals in humans, food, and the environment. American Chemical Society, Washington, D.C.
40. Chu, F. S. 1998. Mycotoxins - occurrence and toxic effect, p. 858-869. In M. Sadler, J. J. Strain and B. Caballero (ed.) Encyclopedia of human nutrition. Academic Press, New York, N.Y.
41. Chu, F. S. 1974. Studies on ochratoxins. Crit. Rev. Toxicol. 2:499-524.
42. Chu, F. S. 1997. Trichothecene mycotoxicoses. Encyclopedia Hum. Biol. 8:511-522.
43. Ciegler, A. 1986. Mycotoxins: a new class of chemical weapons. NBC Defense & Technol. Int., April 1986, p. 52-57.
44. Ciegler, A. 1977. Patulin, p. 609-624. In J. V. Rodricks, C. W. Hesseltine, and M. A. Mehlman (ed.), Mycotoxins in human and animal health. Pathotox Publishers, Inc., Park Forest South, Ill.
45. Ciegler, A., R. W. Detroy, and E. B. Lillejoj. 1971. Patulin, penicillic acid and other carcinogenic lactones, p. 409-434. In A. Ciegler, S. Kadis and S. J. Ajl (ed.), Microbial toxins, vol. VI: fungal toxins. Academic Press. New York, N.Y.
46. Ciegler, A., D. J. Fennell, H. J. Mintzlaff, and L. Leistner. 1972. Ochratoxin synthesis by Penicillium species. Naturwissenschaften 59:365-366.
47. Ciegler, A., S. Kadis, and S. J. Ajl (ed.). 1971. Microbial toxins, vol. VI: fungal toxins. Academic Press. New York, N.Y.
48. Cleveland, T. E., and D. Bhatnagar. 1992. Molecular strategies for reducing aflatoxin levels in crops before harvest, p. 205-228. In D. Bhatnagar and T. E. Cleveland (ed.), Molecular approaches to improving food quality and safety. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, N.Y.
49. Cole, R. J., and R. H. Cox. 1981. Handbook of toxic fungal metabolites. Academic Press, New York, N.Y.
50. Cook, R. 1996. Acceptable risk. Barkley, New York, N.Y.
51. Cotty, P. J., P. Bayman, D. S. Egel, and K. S. Elias. 1994. Agriculture, aflatoxins and Aspergillus, p. 1-27. In K. A. Powell, A. Renwick, and J. F. Peberdy (ed.), The genus Aspergillus. Plenum Press, New York, N.Y.
52. Coulombe, R. A., Jr. 1994. Nonhepatic disposition and effects of aflatoxin B1, p. 89-110. In D. L. Eaton, and J. D. Groopman (ed.), The toxicology of aflatoxins: human health, veterinary, and agricultural significance. Academic Press, San Diego, Calif.
53. Council for Agricultural Science and Technology. 1989. Mycotoxins. Economic and health risks. Council for Agricultural Science and Technology Task Force Report. No. 116. Council for Agricultural Science and Technology, Ames, Iowa
54. Creppy, E. E. 1999. Human ochratoxicosis. J. Toxicol. Toxin Rev. 18:277-293.
55. Croft, W. A., B. B. Jarvis, and C. S. Yatawara. 1986. Airborne outbreak of trichothecene toxicosis. Atmos. Environ. 20:549-552.
56. Cullen, J. M., and P. N. Newberne. 1994. Acute heptoxotoxicity of aflatoxins, p. 3-26. In D. L. Eaton and J. J. Groopman (ed.), The toxicity of aflatoxins. Human health, veterinary, and agricultural significance. Academic Press, San Diego.
57. Dales, R. E., R. Burnett, and H. Zwaneburg. 1991. Adverse health effects among adults exposed to home dampness and molds. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 143:505-509.
58. Dearborn, D. G., I. Yike, W. G. Sorenson, M. J. Miller, and R. A. Etzel. 1999. Overview of investigation into pulmonary hemorrhage among infants in Cleveland, Ohio. Environ. Health Perspect. Suppl. 3 107:495-499.
59. Deger, G. E. 1976. Aflatoxin - human colon carcinogenesis? Ann. Intern. Med. 85:204-205.
60. Desjardins, A. E., and R. D. Plattner. 2000. Fumonisin B (1)-nonproducing strains of Fusarium verticillioides cause maize (Zea mays) ear infection and ear rot. J. Agric. Food Chem. 48:5773-5780.
61. Desjardins, A. E., T. M. Hohn, and S. P. McCormick. 1993. Trichothecene biosynthesis in Fusarium species: chemistry, genetics, and significance. Microbiol. Rev. 57:595-604.
62. Desjardins, A. E. G. F. Spencer, R. D. Plattner, and M. N. Beremand. 1989. Furanocoumarin phytoalexins, trichothecene toxins and infection of Pastinaca sativa by Fusarium sporotrichioides. Phtyopathology 79:170-175.
63. Detroy, R. W., E. B. Lillehoj, and A. Ciegler. 1971. Aflatoxin and related compounds, p. 3-178. In A. Ciegler, S. Kadis, and S. J. Ajl (ed.), Microbial toxins, vol. VI: fungal toxins. Academic Press, New York, N.Y.
64. De Vries, J. W., M. W. Trucksess, and L. S. Jackson (ed.). 2002. Mycotoxins and food safety. Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publications, New York, N.Y.
65. Diener, U. L., R. J. Cole, T. H. Sanders, G. A. Payne, L. S. Lee, and M. A. Klich. 1987. Epidemiology of aflatoxin formation by Aspergillus flavus. Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 25:249-270.
66. Dixon, D. M. M. M. McNeil, M. L. Cohen, B. G. Gellin, and J. R. LaMontagne. 1996. Fungal infections. A growing threat. Public Health Rep. 111:226-235.
67. Dowd, D. 1998. Involvement of arthropods in the establishment of mycotoxigenic fungi under field conditions, p. 307-350. In K. K. Sinha and D. Bhatnagar (ed.), Mycotoxins in agriculture and food safety. Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, N.Y.
68. Dutton, M. F. 1996. Fumonisins, mycotoxins of increasing importance: their nature and their effects. Pharmacol. Ther. 70:137-161.
69. Eaton, D. L., and E. P. Gallagher. 1994. Mechanisms of aflatoxin carcinogenesis. Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 34:135-172.
70. Eaton, D. L., and J. D. Groopman (ed.). 1994. The toxicology of aflatoxins: human health, veterinary, and agricultural significance. Academic Press, San Diego, Calif.
71. Eaton, D. L., and H. S. Ramsdel. 1992. Species and diet related differences in aflatoxin biotransformation, p. 157-182. In D. Bhatnagar, E. B. Lillehoj, and D.K. Arora (ed.), Handbook of applied mycology, vol. 5, mycotoxins in ecological systems. Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, N.Y.
72. El-Nezami, H., P. E. Kankaanpaa, S. Salminen, and J. T. Ahokas. 1998. Physico-chemical alterations enhance the ability of dairy strains of lactic acid bacteria to remove aflatoxins from contaminated media. J. Food Prot. 61:466-468.
73. El-Nezami, H., N. Polychronaki, S. Salminen, and H. Mykkanen. 2002. Binding rather than metabolism may explain the interaction of two foodgrade Lactobacillus strains with zearalenone and its derivative α-zearalenol. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 68:3545-3549.
74. Engelhart, S., A. Loock, D. Skutlarek, H. Sagunski, A. Lommel, H. Farber, and M. Exner. 2002. Occurrence of toxigenic Aspergillus versicolor isolates and sterigmatocystin in carpet dust from damp indoor environments. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 68:3886-3890.
75. Environmental Protection Agency. 1991. Sick building syndrome. Indoor Air Quality Fact Sheet 4. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C.
76. Etzel, R. A. 2002. Mycotoxins. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 287:425-427.
77. Etzel, R. A., E. Montana, W. G. Sorenson, G. J. Kullman, T. M. Allan, and D. G. Dearborn. 1998. Acute pulmonary hemorrhage in infants associated with exposure to Stachybotrys atra and other fungi. Arch. Pediatr. Adolesc. Med. 152:757-762.
78. Evans, G. 1983. The yellow rainmakers. Are chemical weapons being used in Southeast Asia? Verso/Schocken, London, United Kingdom.
79. Feinberg, B., and C. S. McLaughlin. 1989. Biochemical mechanism of action of trichothecene mycotoxins, p. 27-35. In V. R. Beasley (ed.), Trichothecene mycotoxicoses: pathophysiologic effects, vol. 1. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fla.
80. Fink-Gremmels, J. 1999. Mycotoxins: their implications for human and animal health. Vet. Q. 21:115-120.
81. Food and Agricultural Organization. 1997. Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations food and nutrition paper 64. Worldwide regulations for mycotoxins. A compendium. Food and Agricultural Organization, Rome, Italy.
82. Forgacs, J. 1962. Mycotoxicoses - the neglected diseases. Feedstuffs 34:124-134.
83. Forgacs, J. 1972. Stachybotryotoxicosis, p. 95-128. In S. Kadis, A. Ciegler, and S. J. Ajl (ed.), Microbial toxins, vol. VI: fungal toxins. Academic Press, New York, N.Y.
84. Forgacs, J., and W. T. Carll. 1962. Mycotoxicoses. Adv. Vet. Sci. 7:273-382.
85. Fuller, J. G. 1968. The day of St. Anthony's fire. Macmillan, New York, N.Y.
86. Fung, F., R. Clark, and S. Williams. 1998. Stachybotrys, a mycotoxin producing fungus of increasing toxigenic importance. J. Toxicol. Clin. Toxicol. 36:79-86.
87. Gelderblom, W. C. A., K. Jaskiewicz, W. F. O. Marasas, P. G. Thiel, R. M. Horak, R. Vleggaar, and N. P. J. Kriek. 1988. Fumonisins-novel mycotoxins with cancer-promoting activity produced by Fusarium moniliforme Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 54:1806-1811.
88. 1 in rats. Carcinogenesis 12:1247-1251.
89. 1 on protein and lipid synthesis in primary rat hepatocytes. Food Chem. Toxicol. 34:361-369.
90. Godish, T. 1995. Sick buildings. Definition, diagnosis, and mitigation, Lewis Publications, Boca Raton, Fla.
91. Goldblatt, L. (ed.). 1969. Aflatoxin. scientific background, control, and implications. Academic Press, New York, N.Y.
92. Goto, T., D. T. Wicklow, and Y. Ito. 1996. Aflatoxin and cyclopiazonic acid production by a sclerotium-producing Aspergillus tamarii strain. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 62:40364-4038.
93. Graniti, A. 1972. The evolution of the toxic concept in plant pathology, p. 1-18. In R. K. Wood, A. Ballio, and A. Graniti (ed.), Phytotoxins in plant diseases. Academic Press, New York, N.Y.
94. Graveson, S., J. C. Frisvad, and R. A. Samson. 1994. Microfungi. Munksgaard Publications, Copenhagen, Denmark.
95. Greene, G. 1979. The human factor. Everyman's Library, London, United Kingdom.
96. Grove, J. F. 1968. The constituents of glutinosin. J. Chem. Soc.1968:810.
97. Hagler, W. M., Jr., N. R. Towers, C. J. Mirocha, R. M. Eppley, and W. L. Bryden. 2001. Zearalenone: mycotoxin or mycoestrogen?, p. 321-331. In B. A. Summerell, J. F. Leslie, D. Backhouse, W. L. Bryden, and L. W. Burgess (ed.), Fusarium. Paul E. Nelson Memorial Symposium. APS Press, St. Paul, Minn.
98. Haller, J. S., Jr. 1993. Ergotism, p. 718-719. In K. F. Kiple (ed.), The Cambridge world history of human disease. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
99. Hamilton, P. B., W. E. Huff, J. R. Harris, and R. D. Wyatt. 1982. Natural occurrences of ochratoxicosis in poultry. Poult. Sci. 61:1832-1836.
100. Hanika, C., and W. W. Carlton. 1994. Toxicology and pathology of citrinin, p. 41-63. In G. C. Llewellyn, W. V. Dashek, and C. E. O'Rear (ed.), Biodeterioriation research, vol. 4. Plenum Press, New York, N.Y.
101. 1 a toxic metabolite of Fusarium moniliforme. J. Vet. Diagn. Investig. 2:217-221.
102. Hayes, A. W. 1980. Mycotoxins: a review of biological effects and their role in human diseases. Clin. Toxicol. 17:45-83.
103. Hayes, R. B., J. P. van Nienwenhuise, J. W. Raatgever, and F. J. W. Ten Kate. 1984. Aflatoxin exposure in the industrial setting: an epidemiological study of mortality. Food Chem. Toxicol. 22:39-43.
104. Heathcote, J. G., and J. R. Hibbert. 1978. Aflatoxins: chemical and biological aspects. Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
105. Heenan, C. N., K. J. Shaw, and J. I. Pitt. 1998. Ochratoxin A production by Aspergillus carbonarius and A. niger isolates and detection using coconut cream agar. J. Food Mycol. 1:67-72.
106. Heffron, J. 1999. Endocrine disrupters. Are they an insidious risk to health? Biochemist 1999:28-31.
107. Hendricks, K. 1999. Fumonisins and neural tube defects in south Texas. Epidemiology 10:198-200.
108. Hendricks, K. A., J. S. Simpson, and R. D. Larsen. 1999. Neural tube defects along the Texas-Mexico border, 1993-1995. Am. J. Epidemiol. 149L:1119-1127.
109. Hendrickse, R. G. 1997. Of sick turkeys, kwashiorkor, malaria, perinatal mortality, heroin addicts and food poisoning: research on the influence of aflatoxins on child health in the tropics. Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol. 91:787-793.
110. Hendry, K. M., and E. C. Cole. 1993. A review of mycotoxins in indoor air. J. Toxic. Environ. Health 38:183-198.
111. Henry, S. H., F. X. Bosch, and J. C. Bowers. 2002. Aflatoxin, hepatitis and worldwide liver cancer risks, p. 229-320. In J. W. DeVries, M. W. Trucksess, and L. S. Jackson (ed.), Mycotoxins and food safety. Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publications., New York, N.Y.
112. Henry, S. H., F. X. Bosch, T. C. Troxell, and P. M. Bolger. 1999. Reducing liver cancer - global control of aflatoxin. Science 286:2453-2454.
113. Hetherington, A. C., and H. Raistrick. 1931. Studies in the biochemistry of microorganisms. Part XIV. On the production and chemical constitution of a new yellow colouring matter, citrinin, produced from glucose by Penicillium citrinum Thom. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. London Ser. B 220B:269-295.
114. Hicks, J. K., K. Shimizu, and N. P. Keller. 2002. Genetics and biosynthesis of aflatoxins and sterigmatocystin, p. 55-69. In F. Kempken (ed.), The mycota, vol. XI. Agricultural applications. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany.
115. Hidy, P. H. R. S. Baldwin, R. L. Greasham, C. L. Keith, and J. R. McMullen. 1977. Zearalenone and some derivatives: production and biological activities. Adv. Appl. Microbiol. 22:59-82.
116. Hinkley, S. F., and B. B. Jarvis. 2001. Chromatographic method for Stachybotrys toxins, p. 173-194. In M. W. Trucksess, and A. E. Pohland (ed.), Mycotoxin protocols. Humana Press, Totowa, N.J.
117. Hintikka, E.-L. 1978. Human stachybotryotoxicosis, p. 87-89. In T. D. Wyllie and L. G. Morehouse (ed.), Mycotoxic fungi, mycotoxins, mycotoxicoses, vol. 2. Marcel Dekker, New York, N.Y.
118. Hocking, A. D., K. Holds, and N. F. Tobin. 1988. Intoxication by tremorgenic mycotoxin (penitrem A) in a dog. Aust. Vet. J. 65:82-85.
119. Hodge, E. G., P. H. Hidy, and H. J. Wehrmeister. 1966. Estrogenic compounds and animal growth promoters. U.S. Patent 3239345.
120. Hofmann, A. 1972. Ergot - a rich source of pharmacologically active substances, p. 236-260. In T. Swain (ed.), Plants in the development of modern medicine. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass.
121. Hsieh, D. 1988. Potential human health hazards of mycotoxins, p. 69-80. In S. Natori, K. Hashimoto, and Y. Ueno (ed.), Mycotoxins and phytotoxins. Third Joint Food and Agriculture Organization/W.H.O./United Nations E? Program International Conference of Mycotoxins. Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
122. Hsu, I. C., R. A. Metcalf, T. Sun, J. A. Welsh, N. J. Wang, and C. C. Harris. 1991. Mutational hotspot in the p53 gene in human hepatocellular carcinomas. Nature 350:377-378.
123. Hult, K., R. Piestina, V. Habazin-Novak, B. Radic, and S. Ceovic. 1982. Ochratoxin A in human blood and Balkan endemic nephropathy. Arch. Toxicol. 51:313.
124. Hurd, R. N. 1977. Structure activity relationships in zearalenones, p. 379-391. In J. V. Rodricks, C. W. Hesseltine, and M. A. Mehlman (ed.), Mycotoxins in human and animal health. Pathotox Publications, Inc., Park Forest South, Ill.
125. Husman, T. 1996. Health effects of indoor-air microorganisms: a review. Scand. J. Work Environ. Health 22:5-13.
126. Hussein, H. S., and J. M. Brasel. 2001. Toxicity, metabolism, and impact of mycotoxins on humans and animals. Toxicology 167:101-134.
127. International Agency for Research on Cancer. 1982. The evaluation of the carcinogenic risk of chemicals to humans. IARC Monograph Supplement 4. International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France.
128. James, R. C. 1985. General principles of toxicology, p.7-26. In P. L. Williams and J. L. Burson (ed.), Industrial toxicology. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, N.Y.
129. Jarvis, B. B. 2002. Chemistry and toxicology of molds isolated from water damaged buildings, p. 43-52. In J. W. deVries, M. W. Trucksess, and L. S. Jackson (ed.), Mycotoxins and food safety. Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publications, New York, N.Y.
130. Jarvis, B. B., W. G. Sorenson, E.-L. Hintikka, M. Nikulin, Y. Zhou, J. Jiang, S. Wang, S. Hinklye, R. A. Etzel and D. Dearborn. 1998. Study of toxin production by isolates of Stachybotrys chartarum and Memnoniella echinata isolated during a study of pulmonary hemosiderosis in infants. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 64:3620-3625.
131. Jelinek, C. P. A., E. Pohland, and G. E. Wood. 1989. Worldwide occurrence of mycotoxins in food and feeds, an update. J. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem. 72:223-247.
132. Joffe, A. Z. 1978. Fusarium poae and F. sporotrichioides as principal causal agents of alimentary toxic aleukia, p. 21-86. In T. D. Wyllie and L. G. Morehouse (ed.), Mycotoxic fungi, mycotoxins, mycotoxicoses, vol. 3. Marcel Dekker, New York, N.Y.
133. Joffe, A. Z. 1986. Fusarium species: their biology and toxicology. John Wiley and Sons, New York, N.Y.
134. Johanning, J. 1998. Stachybotrys revisited. J. Toxicol. Clin. Toxicol. 36:629-631.
135. Jonsyn-Ellis, F. E. 2000. Seasonal variation in exposure frequency and concentration levels of aflatoxins and ochratoxins in urine samples of boys and girls. Mycopathologia 152:35-40.
136. Kadis, S., A. Ciegler, and S. J. Ajl (ed.). 1972. Microbial toxins, vol. VIII: fungal toxins. Academic Press. New York, N.Y.
137. Klich, M. A. 1987. Relation of plant water potential at flowering to subsequent cottonseed infection by Aspergillus flavus. Phytopathology 77:739-741.
138. Klich, M. A., and J. I. Pitt. 1988. Differentiation of Aspergillus flavus from Aspergillus parasiticus and other closely related species. Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc. 91:99-108.
139. Klich, M. A., E. J. Mullaney, C. B. Daly, and J. W. Cary. 2000. Molecular and physiological aspects of aflatoxin and sterigmatocystin biosynthesis by A. tamarii and A. ochraceoroseus. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 53:605-609.
140. Klich, M. A., J. Yu, P.-K. Chang, E. J. Mullaney, D. Bhatnagar, and T. E. Cleveland. 1995. Hybridization of genes involved in aflatoxin biosynthesis to DNA of aflatoxigenic and nonaflatoxigenic aspergilli. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 44:439-443.
141. Krishnamachari, K. A. V. R., R. V. Bhat, V. Nagarajan, and T. M. G. Tilnak. 1975. Hepatitis due to aflatoxicosis. An outbreak in Western India. Lancet i:1061-1063.
142. Krogh, P. 1976. Mycotoxic nephropathy. Adv. Vet. Sci. Comp. Med. 20:147-170.
143. Krogh, P. 1987. Ochratoxin in foods, p. 97-110. In P. Krogh (ed.), Mycotoxins in food. Academic Press, London, United Kingdom.
144. Kuiper-Goodman, T. 1998. Food safety: mycotoxins and phycotoxins in perspective, p. 25-48. In M. Miraglia, H. van Edmond, C. Brera, and J. Gilbert (ed.), Mycotoxins and phycotoxins - developments in chemistry, toxicology and food safety. Alaken Inc., Fort Collins, Colo.
145. Kuiper-Goodman, T. 1994. Prevention of human mycotoxicoses through risk assessment and risk management, p. 439-469. In J. D. Miller and H. L. Trenholm (ed.), Mycotoxins in grain. Compounds other than aflatoxin. Eagan Press, St. Paul, Minn.
146. Kuiper-Goodman, T., and P. M. Scott. 1989. Risk assessment of the mycotoxin ochratoxin A. Biomed. Environ. Sci. 2:179-248.
147. Kuiper-Goodman, T., P. M. Scott, and H. Watanabe. 1987. Risk assessment of the mycotoxin zearalenone. Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 7:253-306.
148. Kurtz, H. J., and J. Mirocha. 1978. Zearalenone (F2) induced estrogenic syndrome in swine, p. 1256-1264. In T. D. Wyllie and L. G. Morehouse (ed.), Mycotoxic fungi, mycotoxins, mycotoxicoses, vol. 2. Marcel Dekker, New York, N.Y.
149. Kwon-Chung, K. J., and J. E. Bennett. 1992. Medical mycology. Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia, Pa.
150. Lacey, J. (ed.). 1985. Trichothecenes and other mycotoxins. John Wiley and Sons, Chichester, United Kingdom.
151. Leslie, J. F. 1996. Introductory biology of Fusarium moniliforme, p. 153-164. In L. S. Jackson, J. W. DeVries, and L. B. Bullerman (ed.), Fumonisins in food. Plenum Press, New York, N.Y.
152. Li, F.-Q., T. Yoshizawa, S. Kawamura, S.-Y. Luo, and Y.-W. Li. 2001. Aflatoxins and fumonisins in corn from the high-incidence area for human hepatocellular carcinoma in Guangxi, China. J. Agric. Food Chem. 49:4122-4126.
153. Lisker, N., and E. B. Lillehoj. 1991. Prevention of mycotoxin contamiantion (principally aflatoxins and Fusarium toxins) at the preharvest stage, p. 689-719. In J. E. Smith and R. S. Henderson (ed.), Mycotoxins and animals foods. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fla.
154. Lorenz, K. 1979. Ergot on cereal grains. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. 11:311-354.
155. Lutsky, I. N. Mor, B. Yagen, and A. Z. Joffe. 1978. The role of T-2 toxin in experimental alimentary toxic aleukia: a toxicity study in cats. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 43:111-124.
156. Maddox, J. 1984. Natural history of yellow rain. Nature 309:207.
157. Maggon, K. K., S. K. Gupta, and T. A. Venkitasubramanian. 1977. Biosynthesis of aflatoxins. Bacteriol. Rev. 41:822-855.
158. Manabe, M. 2001. Fermented foods and mycotoxins. Mycotoxins 51:25-28.
159. Mannon, J., and E. Johnson. 1985. Fungi down on the farm. New Sci. 105:12-16.
160. Marasas, W. F. O. 1996. Fumonsins: history, world-wide occurrence and impact, p. 1-17. In L. S. Jackson, J. W. DeVries, and L. B. Bullerman (ed.), Fumonosins in food. Plenum Press, New York, N.Y.
161. Marasas, W. F. O. 1995. Fumonisins: their implications for human and animal health. Nat. Toxins 3:193-198.
162. Marasas, W. F. O., and P. E. Nelson. 1987. Mycotoxicology. The Pennsylvania State University Press, University Park, Pa.
163. 1 isolated from Fusarium moniliforme. Onderstepoort J. Vet. Res. 55:197-203.
164. Marasas, W. F. O., J. D. Miller, R. T. Riley, and A. Visconti. 2001. Fumonisins - occurrence, toxicology, metabolism and risk assessment, p, 332-359. In B. A. Summerell, J. F. Leslie, D. Backhouse, W. L. Bryden, and L. W. Burgess (ed.), Fusarium. Paul E. Nelson Memorial Symposium. APS Press, St. Paul, Minn.
165. Marasas, W. F. O., P. E. Nelson, and T. A. Toussoun. 1984. Toxigenic Fusarium species: identity and mycotoxicology. The Pennsylvania State University Press, University Park, Pa.
166. Marquardt, R. R., and A. A Frohlich. 1992. A review of recent advances in understanding ochratoxicosis. J. Anim. Sci. 70:3968-3988.
167. Marshall, E. 1983. Yellow rain experts battle over corn mold. Science 221:526-529.
168. Marshall, E. 1982. Yellow rain: filling in the gaps. Science 217:31-34.
169. Matossian, M. K. 1982. Ergot and the Salem witchcraft affair. Am. Sci. 70:355-357.
170. Matossian, M. K. 1981. Mold poisoning: an unrecognized English health problem, 1150-1800. Med. History 25:73-84.
171. Matossian, M. K. 1989. Poisons of the past: molds, epidemics, and history. Yale University Press, New Haven, Conn.
172. McGinnis, M. R., L. Sigler, and M. G. Rinaldi. 1999. Some medically important fungi and their common synonyms and names of uncertain application. Clin. Infect. Dis. 29:728-730.
173. McLaughlin, C. S. M. H. Vaughan, I. M. Campbell, C. M. Wei, M. E. Stafford, and B. S. Hansen. 1977. Inhibition of protein synthesis by trichothecenes, p. 261-284. In J. V. Rodricks, C. W. Hesseltine, and M. A. Mehlman (ed.), Mycotoxins in human and animal health. Pathotox Publications, Park Forest South, Ill.
174. Meisner, H., and P. Meisner. 1981. Ochratoxin A, an inhibitor of renal phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 208:146-151.
175. Merrill, A. H. Jr, M. C. Sullards, E. Wang, K. A. Voss, and R. T. Riley. 2001. Sphingolipid metabolism: roles in signal transduction and disruption by fumonisins. Environ. Health Perspect. 109(Suppl. 2):283-289.
176. Miller, J. D. 1992. Fungi as contaminants in indoor air. Atmosph. Environ. 26:2163-2172.
177. Miller, J. D., and H. L. Trenholm (ed.). 1994. Mycotoxins in grain. Compounds other than aflatoxin. Eagan Press, St. Paul, Minn.
178. Miller, J. D., J. W. ApSimon, B. A. Blackwell, R. Greenhalgh, and A. Taylor. 2001. Deoxynivalenol: a 25 year perspective on a trichothecene of agricultural importance, p. 310-319. In B. A. Summerell, J. F. Leslie, D. Backhouse, W. L. Bryden, and L. W. Burgess (ed.), Fusarium, Paul E. Nelson Memorial Symposium. APS Press, St. Paul, Minn.
179. Mirocha, C. J., and C. M. Christensen. 1974. Oestrogenic mycotoxins synthesized by Fusarium, p. 129-148. In I. F. H. Purchase (ed.), Mycotoxins. Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
180. Mirocha, C. J., C. M. Christensen, and G. H. Nelson. 1967. Estrogenic metabolite produced by Fusarium graminearum in stored grain. Appl. Microbiol. 15:497-503.
181. Missmer, S., K. A. Hendricks, L. Suarez, R. D. Larsen, and I. J. Rothman. 2000. Fumonisins and neural tube defects. Epidemiology 11:183-184.
182. Money, N. 2002. Mr. Bloomfield's orchard. The mysterious world of mushrooms, molds and mycologists. Oxford University Press, New York, N.Y.
183. Montana, E., A. Etzel, T. Allen, T. E. Horgan, and D. G. Dearborn. 1997. Environmental risk factors associated with pediatric idiopathic pulmonary hemorrhage/hemosiderosis in a Cleveland community. Pediatrics 99:117-124.
184. Moss, M. O. 1996. Mycotoxins. Mycol. Res. 100:513-523.
185. Nelson, P. E., A. E. Desjardins, and R. D. Plattner. 1993. Fumonisins, mycotoxins produced by Fusarium species: biology, chemistry and significance. Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 31:233-252.
186. 1 on the liver of domestic and laboratory animals: a review. Cancer Res. 29:236-250.
187. Nielsen, K. F., S. Gravesen, P. A. Nielsen, B. Andersen, U. Thrane, and J. C. Frisvad. 1999. Production of mycotoxins on artificially and naturally infested building materials. Mycopathologia 145:43-56.
188. Nielsen, K. F., M. O. Hansen, T. O. Larsen, and U. Thrane. 1998. Production of trichothecene mycotoxins on water damaged gypsum boards in Danish buildings. Int. Biodeterioration Biodegradation 42:1-7.
189. Nikulin, M., A.-L. Pasanen, S. Berg, and E.-L. Hintikka. 1994. Stachybotrys atra growth and toxin production in some building materials and fodder under different relative humidities. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 60:3421-3424.
190. Nowicke, J. W., and M. Meselson. 2000. Yellow rain - a palynological analysis. Nature 309:205-206.
191. O'Reilly, J. T., P. Hagan, R. Gots, and A. Hedge. 1998. Keeping buildings healthy. How to monitor and prevent indoor environmental problems. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York. N.Y.
192. Payne, G., and M. P. Brown. 1998. Genetics and physiology of aflatoxin biosynthesis. Annu. Rev. Plant Pathol. 36:329-362.
193. Peers, F. G., and C. A. Linsell. 1973. Dietary aflatoxins and human liver cancer - a population study based in Kenya. Br. J. Cancer 27:473-484.
194. Peltola, J., M. A. Andersson, T. Haahtela, M. Mussalo-Rauhamaa, F. A. Rainey, R. M. Kroppenstedt, R. A. Samson, and M. S. Salkinoja-Salonen. 2001. Toxic-metabolite-producing bacteria and fungus in an indoor environment. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 67:3269-3274.
195. Peraica, M., B. Radic, A. Lucic, and M. Pavlovic. 1999. Toxic effects of mycotoxins in humans. Bull. W.H.O. 77:754-766.
196. Pestka, J. J., and G. S. Bondy. 1994. Immunotoxic effects of mycotoxins, p. 339-358. In J. D. Miller and H. Trenhold (ed.), Mycotoxins in grain. Compounds other than aflatoxins. Eagan, St. Paul, Minn.
197. Peterson, S. W., Y. Ito, B. W. Horn, and T. Goto. 2001. Aspergillus bombycis, a new aflatoxigenic species and genetic variation in its sibling species, A. nomius. Mycologia 93:689-703.
198. Pier, A. C., J. L. Richard, and S. J. Cysewski. 1980. Implications of mycotoxins in animal disease. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 176:719-724.
199. Pitt, J. I. 1987. Penicillium viridicatum, Penicillium verrucosum, and production of ochratoxin A. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 53:266-269.
200. Pitt, J. I. 2000. Toxigenic fungi: which are important? Med. Mycol. 38(Suppl. 1):17-22.
201. Pitt, J. I., R. H. Cruickshank, and L. Leistner. 1986. Penicillium commune, P. camembertii, the origin of white cheese moulds, and the production of cyclopiazonic acid. Food Microbiol. 3:363-371.
202. Plattner, R. D., D. Weisleder, and S. M. Poling. 1996. Analytical determination of fumonisins and other metabolites produced by Fusarium moniliforme and related species on corn. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 392:57-64.
203. Plumlee, K. H., and F. D. Galey. 1994. Neurotoxic mycotoxins: A review of fungal toxins that cause neurological disease in large animals. J. Vet. Intern. Med. 8:49-54.
204. 1 in rats. Mycopathologia 151:21-27.
205. Pringle, P. 1985. Political science. Atlantic Monthly, Oct. 1985, p. 67-81.
206. Proctor, R. H. 2000. Fusarium toxins: trichothecenes and fumonisins, p. 363-381. In J. W. Cary, J. E. Linz, and D. Bhatnagar (ed.), Microbial food-borne diseases: mechanisms of pathogenesis and toxin synthesis. Technomic Publications, Lancaster, Pa.
207. Rahimtula, A. D., J. C. Bereziat, V. Bussacchini-Griot, and H. Bartsch. 1988. Lipid peroxidation as a possible cause of ochratoxin A toxicity. Biochem. Pharmacol. 37:4469-4475.
208. 1 to DNA. Cancer Lett. 33:1-9.
209. Rao, L. B., and A. Husain. 1985. Presence of cyclopiazonic acid in kodo millet (Paspalum scrobiculatum) causing kodua poisoning "in man and its production by associated fungi". Mycopathologia 89:177-180.
210. Rheeder, J. P., W. F. Marasas, and H. F. Vismer. 2002. Production of fumonisin analogs by Fusarium species. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 68:2102-2105.
211. Richard, J. L., and J. R. Thurston. 1986. Diagnosis of mycotoxicoses. Martinus Nijhoff Publications, Dordrecht, The Netherlands.
212. Richard, J. L., R. D. Plattner, J. May, and S. L. Liska. 1999. The occurrence of ochratoxin A in dust collected from a problem household. Mycopathologia 146:99-103.
213. Riddle, J. M. 1997. Eve's herbs. A history of contraception and abortion in the west. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass.
214. Riley, R. T., and D E. Goeger. 1992. Cyclopiazonic acid: speculations on its function in fungi, p. 385-402. In D. Bhatnagar, E. B. Lillehoj, and D. K. Arora (ed.), Handbook of applied mycology, vol. 5. Mycotoxins in ecological systems. Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, N.Y.
215. Robens, J. F., and J. L. Richard. 1992. Aflatoxins in animal and human health. Rev. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 127:69-94.
216. Rodricks, J. V., C. W. Hesseltine, and M. A. Mehlman (ed.). 1977. Mycotoxins in human and animal health. Pathotox Publishers, Inc., Park Forest South, Ill.
217. Ross, R. K., J. M. Yuan, M. C. Yu, G. N. Wogan, G. S. Qian, J. T. Tu, J. Groopman, Y. T. Gao, and B. E. Henderson. 1992. Urinary aflatoxin biomarkers and risk of hepatocellular carcinoma. Lancet 339:1413-1414.
218. Rotter, B. A., D. B. Prelusky, and J. J. Pestka. 1996. Toxicology of deoxynivalenol (vomitoxin). J. Toxicol. Environ. Health 48:1-34.
219. Rutqvist, L., N.-E. Bjorklund, K. Hult, E. Hockby, and B. Carlsson. 1978. Ochratoxin A as the cause of spontaneous nephropathy in fattening pigs. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 36:920-925.
220. Rylander, R. 1998. Microbial cell wall constituents in indoor air and their relation to disease. Indoor Air 4(Suppl.):59-65.
221. Sabbioni, G., and O. Sepai. 1994. Determination of human exposure to aflatoxins, p. 183-226. In K. K. Sinha and K. Bhatnagar (ed.), Mycotoxins in agriculture and food safety. Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, N.Y.
222. Saito, M., M. Enomoto, and T. Tatsuno. 1971. Yellowed rice toxins: luteroskyrin and related compounds, chlorine-containing compounds and citrinin, p. 299-380. In A. Ciegler, S. Kadis, and S. J. Ajl (ed.), Microbial toxins, vol. VI: fungal toxins. Academic Press, New York, N.Y.
223. Sansing, G. A., E. B. Lillehoj, and R. W. Detroy. 1976. Synergistic toxic effect of citrinin, ochratoxin A and penicillic acid in mice. Toxicon 14:213-220.
224. Schoental, R. 1984. Mycotoxins and the Bible. Perspect. Biol. Med. 28:117-120.
225. Schoental, R. 1983. Precocious sexual development in Puerto Rico and oestrogenic mycotoxins (zearalenone). Lancet i:537.
226. Schwartz, G. G. 2002. Hypothesis: does ochratoxin A cause testicular cancer? Cancer Causes Control 13:91-100.
227. Scott, P. M. 1989. The natural occurrence of trichothecenes, p. 1-26. In V. H. Beasley (ed.), Trichothecene mycotoxicosis: pathophysiologic effects, vol. I. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fla.
228. Scott, P. M. 1981. Toxins of Penicillium species used in cheese manufacture. J. Food Prot. 44:702-710.
229. Seagrave, S. 1981. Yellow rain: a journey through the terror of chemical warfare. M. Evans and Co., Inc., New York, N.Y.
230. Shah, D. T., and B. Larsen. 1991. Clinical isolates of yeast produce a gliotoxin-like substance. Mycopathologia 116:203-208.
231. Shah, D. T., D. D. Glover, and B. Larsen. 1995. In situ mycotoxin production by Candida albicans in women with vaginitis. Gynecol. Obstet. Investig. 39:67-69.
232. Shank, R. C., N. Bhamarapravati, J. E. Gordon, and G. N. Wogan. 1972. Dietary aflatoxins and human liver cancer. IV. Incidence of primary liver cancer in two municipal populations in Thailand. Food Cosmet. Toxicol. 10:171-179.
233. Shier, W. T. 1998. Estrogenic mycotoxins. Rev. Med. Vet. 149:599-604.
234. Shotwell, L. L., C. W. Hesseltine, and M. L. Goulden. 1969. Ochratoxin A: occurrence as natural contaminant of a corn sample. Appl. Microbiol. 17:765-766.
235. Sinha, K. K., and D. Bhatnagar (ed.). 1998. Mycotoxins in agriculture and food safety. Marcel Dekker, Inc. New York, N.Y.
236. Skaug, M. A., E. Eduard, and F. C. Stormer. 2000. Ochratoxin A in airborne dust and fungal conidia. Mycopathologia 151:93-98.
237. Smith, J. E., and R. A. Anderson (ed.). 1991. Mycotoxins and animal foods. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fla.
238. Smith, J. E., and M. O. Moss. 1985. Mycotoxins. Formation, analyses and significance. John Wiley and Sons, Chichester, United Kingdom.
239. Smith, J. E., G. Solomons, C. Lewis, and J. C. Anderson. 1995. Role of mycotoxins in human and animal nutrition and health. Nat. Toxins 3:187-192.
240. Smoragliewicz, W., B. Cossette, A. Boutard, and K. Krzystyniak. 1993. Trichothecene mycotoxins in the dust of ventilation systems in office buildings. Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health 65:113-117.
241. Sorenson, W. G., D. G. Frazzer, B. B. Jarvis, J. Simpson, and V. A. Robinson. 1987. Trichothecene mycotoxins in aerosolized conidia of Stachybotrys atra. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 53:1370-1375.
242. Spanos, N. P., and J. Gottlieb. 1976. Ergotism and the Salem Village witch trials. Science 194:1390-1394.
243. Squire, R. A. 1981. Ranking animal carcinogens: a proposed regulatory approach. Science 214:877-880.
244. Stafford, M. E., and C. S. McLaughlin. 1973. Trichodermin, a possible inhibitor of the termination process of protein synthesis. J. Cell Physiol. 82:121-124.
245. Sternberg, S. 1994. The emerging fungal threat. Science 266:1632-1634.
246. Steyn, P. S. (ed.). 1980. The biosynthesis of mycotoxins: a study in secondary metabolism. Academic Press, New York, N.Y.
247. Steyn, P. S., and R. Vleggaar. 1985. Tremorgenic mycotoxins, p. 1-80. In W. Herz, H. Griseback, G. W. Kirby, and Ch. Tamm (ed.), Progress in the chemistry of organic natural products, vol. 48. Springer-Verlag, Vienna, Austria.
248. Stone, R. 2001. Down to the wire on bioweapons talks. Science 293:414-416.
249. Stone, R. 2002. Peering into the shadows: Iraq's bioweapons program. Science 297:1110-1112.
250. Sweeney, M. J., and A. D. W. Dobson. 1999. Molecular biology of mycotoxin production. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 175:149-163.
251. Sweeney, M. J., S. White, and A. D. W. Dobson. 2000. Mycotoxins in agriculture and food safety. Irish J. Agric. Food. Res. 39:235-244.
252. Sydenham, E. W., G. S. Shephard, P. G. Thiel, W. F. O. Marasas, and S. Stockenstrom. 1991. Fumonsin contamination of commercial corn-based human foodstuffs. J. Agric. Food Chem. 39:2014-2018.
253. Tag, A. G., G. F. Garifullina, A. W. Peplow, C. Ake, Jr., T D. Phillips, T. M. Hohn, and M. N. Beremand. 2001. A novel regulatory gene, tri10, controls trichothecene toxin production and gene expression. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 67:5294-5302.
254. Takahashi, T., P.-K.Chang, K. Matsushima, J. Yu, K. Abe, D. Bhatnagar, T. E. Cleveland, and Y. Koyama. 2002. Nonfunctionality of Aspergillus sojae aflR in a strain of Aspergillus parasiticus with a disrupted aflR gene. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 68:3737-3743.
255. Teren, J., J. Varga, Z. Hamari, E. Rinyu, and F. Kevei. 1996. Immunochemical detection of ochratoxin A in black Aspergillus strains. Mycopathologia 134:171-186.
256. Townsend, C. A. 1997. Progress towards a biosynthetic rationale of the aflatoxin pathway. Pure Appl. Chem. 58:227-238.
257. Trail, F., N. Mahanti, and J. Linz. 1995. Molecular biology of aflatoxin biosynthesis. Microbiology 141:755-765.
258. Trenholm, H. L., D. Friend, R. M. G. Hamilton, D. B. Prelusky, and B. C. Foster. 1989. Lethal toxicity and nonspecific effects, p. 107-142. In V. L. Beasley (ed.), Trichothecene mycotoxicosis: pathophysiologic effects, vol. I. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fla.
259. Trucksess, M. W., and A.E. Pohland, (ed.). 2001. Mycotoxin protocols. Humana0 Press. Totowa, N.J.
260. Trucksess, M. W., and Y. Tang. 2001. Solid phase extraction method for patulin in apple juice and unfiltered apple juice, p. 205-213. In M. W. Trucksess and A. F. Pohland (ed.), Mycotoxin protocols. Humana Press, Totowa, N.J.
261. Ueno, Y. (ed.). 1983. Trichothecenes: chemical, biological and toxicological aspects. Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
262. Ulrich, R. F., and B. M. Patten. 1991. The rise, decline, and fall of LSD. Perspect. Biol. Med. 34:561-578.
263. Urry, W. H., H. L. Wehrmeister, E. B. Hodge, and P. H. Hidy. 1966. The structure of zearalenone. Tetrahedron Lett. 27:3109-3114.
264. Utian, W. H. 1973. Comparative trial of P1496, a new non-steroidal oestrogen analogue. Br. Medical J. 1:579-581.
265. Van Burik, J., and P. T. Magee. 2001. Aspects of fungal pathogenesis in humans. Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 55:743-772.
266. Van der Merwe, K. J., P. S. Steyne, L. F. Fourie, D. B. Scott, and J. J. Theron. 1965. Ochratoxin A, a toxic metabolite produced by Aspergillus ochraceus Wilh. Nature 205:1112-1113.
267. 1: occurrence, toxicity, regulation, p. 11-55. In H. P. Van Egmond (ed.), Mycotoxins in dairy products. Elsevier Applied Science, London.
268. Van Egmond, H. P. 1991. Worldwide regulations for ochratoxin A, p. 331-336. In M. Castegnaro, R. Plestina, G. Dirheimer, I. N. Chernozemsky, and H. Bartsch (ed.), Mycotoxins, endemic nephropathy, and urinary tract tumors. Publication no. 115. International Agency for Research on Cancer. Lyon, France.
269. Van Egmond, H. P., and G. J. A. Speijers. 1994. Survey of data on the incidence and levels of ochratoxin A in food and animal feed worldwide. Nat. Toxins 3:125-144.
270. Van Rensburg, S. J., P. Cook-Mazaffari, D. J. van Schalkwyk, J. J. van der Watt, T. J. Vincent, and I. F. Purchase. 1985. Heptatocellular carcinoma and dietary aflatoxin in Mozambique and Transkei. Br. J. Cancer 51:713-720.
271. Vesper, S., D. G. Dearborn, I. Yike, T. Allen, J. Sobolewski, S. F. Hinkley, B. B. Jarvis, and R. A. Haugland. 2000. Evaluation of Stachybotrys chartarum in the house of an infant with pulmonary hemorrhage: quantitative assessment before, during and after remediation. J. Urban Health 77:68-85.
272. Vesper, S. J., M. L. Magnuson, D. G. Dearborn, I. Yike, and R. A. Haugland. 2001. Initial characterization of the hemolysin stachylysin from Stachybotrys chartarum. Infect. Immun. 69:912-916.
273. Wang, E., W. P. Norred C. W. Bacon, R. T. Riley, and A. H. Merrill, Jr. 1991. Inhibition of sphingolipid biosynthesis by fumonsins. J. Biol. Chem. 266:14486-14490.
274. Watson, A. J., L. J. Fuller, D. J. Jeens, and D. B. Archer. 1999. Homologues of aflatoxin biosynthesis genes and sequence of aflR in Aspergillus oryzae and Aspergillus sojae. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 65:307-310.
275. Wei, C.-M., I. M. Campbell, C. S. McLaughlin, and M. H. Vaughn. 1974. Binding of trichodermin to mammalian ribosomes and its inhibition by other 12,13-epoxytrichothecenes. Mol. Cell Biochem. 3:215-219.
276. Wei, D. L., and S. C. Jong. 1986. Production of aflatoxins by strains of the Aspergillus flavus group maintained in ATCC. Mycopathologia 93:19-24.
277. Weidenborner, W. 2001. Encyclopedia of food mycotoxins. Springer, Berlin, Germany.
278. Whiteside, T. 1991. Annals of the Cold War: the yellow rain complex. New Yorker, 11 Feb. 1991, p. 38-67; 18 Feb. 1991, p. 44-66.
279. Whiteside, T. 1991. Annals of the Cold War: the yellow rain complex. New Yorker, 11 Feb. 1991, p. 38-67; 18 Feb. 1991, p. 44-66.
280. Willis, R. M., J. J. Mulvihill, and J. H. Hoofnagle. 1980. Attempted suicide with purified aflatoxin. Lancet, i:1198-1199.
281. Wilson, D. M., and G. A. Payne. 1994. Factors affecting Aspergillus flavus group infection and aflatoxin contamination of crops, p. 309-325. In D. L Eaton and J. D. Groopman (ed.), The toxicology of aflatoxins. Human health, veterinary and agricultural significance. Academic Press, San Diego, Calif.
282. Wilson, D. M., W. Mubatanhema, and Z. Jurjevic. 2002. Biology and ecology of mycotoxigenic Aspergillus species as related to economic and health concerns, p. 3-17. In J. W. deVries, M. W. Trucksess, and L. S. Jackson (ed.), Mycotoxins and food safety. Kluwer Academic Plenum Publications, Dordrecht, The Netherlands.
283. Wilson, D. M., E. W. Sydenham, G. A. Lombaert, M. W. Trucksess, D. Abramson, and G. A. Bennett. 1998. Mycotoxin analytical techniques, p. 135-182. In K. S. Sinha and D. Bhatnagar (ed.), Mycotoxins in agriculture and food safety. Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, N.Y.
284. Wogan, G. N. (ed.). 1965. Mycotoxins in foodstuffs. M.I.T. Press, Cambridge, Mass.
285. Woolf, L. I. 1986. The heterozygote advantage in phenylketonuria. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 38:773-775.
286. Wyllie, T. D., and L. G. Morehouse (ed.). 1977. Mycotoxic fungi, mycotoxins, mycotoxicoses: an encyclopedic handbook, vol. 1. Marcel Dekker, Inc. New York, N.Y.
287. Wyllie, T. D., and L. G. Morehouse (ed.). 1978. Mycotoxic fungi, mycotoxins, mycotoxicoses: an encyclopedic handbook, vol. 2. Marcel Dekker, Inc. New York, N.Y.
288. Yoder, O. C. 1980. Toxins in pathogenesis. Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 18:103-129.
289. Yu, J., P.-K. Chang, D. Bhatnagar, T. E. Cleveland. 2000. Genes encoding cytochrome P450 and monooxygenase enzymes define one end of the aflatoxin pathway gene cluster in Aspergillus parasiticus. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 53:583-590.
290. Yu, J., C. P. Woloshuk, D. Bhatnagar, and T. E. Cleveland. 2000. Cloning and characterization of avfA and omtB genes involved in aflatoxin biosynthesis in three Aspergillus species. Gene 248:157-167.
291. Zilinskas, R. A. 1997. Iraq's biological weapons. The past as future? J. Am. Med. Assoc. 276:418-424.