Therapeutic properties of rice constituents and derivatives (Oryza sativa L.): A review update

Trends in Food Science and Technology

Volumn 40, Issue 1, 2014, Pages 82-98

  Burlando, Bruno ^a   Cornara, Laura ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF EASTERN PIEDMONT   (Italy)

^b UNIVERSITY OF GENOA   (Italy)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTI-INFLAMMATORIES; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; CHEMOPREVENTIVE EFFECTS; GERMINATED BROWN RICE; HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA; ORYZA SATIVA; RED YEAST RICE; THERAPEUTIC PROPERTIES;

BYPRODUCTS;

EID: 85027930119     PISSN: 09242244     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2014.08.002     Document Type: Review

References (208)

1. AA.VV Amended final report on the safety assessment of Oryza sativa (rice) bran oil, Oryza sativa (rice) germ oil, rice bran acid, Oryza sativa (rice) bran wax, hydrogenated rice bran wax, Oryza sativa (rice) bran extract, Oryza sativa (rice) extract, Oryza sativa (rice) germ powder, Oryza sativa (rice) starch, Oryza sativa (rice) bran, hydrolyzed rice bran extract, hydrolyzed rice bran protein, hydrolyzed rice extract, and hydrolyzed rice protein. International Journal of Toxicology 2006, 25(Suppl. 2):91-120.
2. AA.VV Byproducts and their utilization 2009, Rice Knowledge Bank, Retrieved 05-02-2014, from:. http://www.knowledgebank.irri.org/rkb/rice-milling/byproducts-and-their-utilization.html.
3. Ahuja U., Ahuja S.C., Thakrar R., Singh R.K. Rice - a nutraceutical. Asian Agri-History 2008, 12:93-108.
4. Antolin-Amerigo D., Rodriguez-Rodriguez M., Barbarroja Escudero J., Perez Bustamante M.S., Jimeno Nogales L., Guerrero Rios J.A., et al. Occupational rhinitis caused by rice flour in a pizzeria worker. Allergologia et immunopathologia 2013, 41:130-133.
5. Ariotto A., Guala F. Salts of undecylenoyl glutamate or of undecylenoyl hydrolyzate of wheat or rice proteins in detergent or cosmetic compositions 2002, EP1221313.
6. Arunachalam C., Narmadhapriya D. Monascus fermented rice and its beneficial aspects: a new review. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 2011, 4:29-31.
7. Azmi N.H., Ismail N., Imam M.U., Ismail M. Ethyl acetate extract of germinated brown rice attenuates hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress in human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells: role of anti-apoptotic, pro-survival and antioxidant genes. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2013, 13:177.
8. Badr El-Din N.K., Noaman E., Ghoneum M. Invivo tumor inhibitory effects of nutritional rice bran supplement MGN-3/Biobran on Ehrlich carcinoma-bearing mice. Nutrition and Cancer 2008, 60:235-244.
9. Berger A., Rein D., Schafer A., Monnard I., Gremaud G., Lambelet P., et al. Similar cholesterol-lowering properties of rice bran oil, with varied gamma-oryzanol, in mildly hypercholesterolemic men. European Journal of Nutrition 2005, 44:163-173.
10. Braunagel A., Guderjahn L. Rice starch in cosmetic compositions 2006, EP1639990.
11. Bray F. The rice economies, technology and development in Asian societies 1986, Basil Blackwell, Oxford.
12. Cai H., Al-Fayez M., Tunstall R.G., Platton S., Greaves P., Steward W.P., et al. The rice bran constituent tricin potently inhibits cyclooxygenase enzymes and interferes with intestinal carcinogenesis in ApcMin mice. Molecular Cancer Therapeutics 2005, 4:1287-1292.
13. Cai H., Hudson E.A., Mann P., Verschoyle R.D., Greaves P., Manson M.M., et al. Growth-inhibitory and cell cycle-arresting properties of the rice bran constituent tricin in human-derived breast cancer cells invitro and in nude mice invivo. British Journal of Cancer 2004, 91:1364-1371.
14. Carlsson A., Delogue M., Hersloff B. Oil in water emulsion comprised of galacto-lipid material and oily material emulsified in a polar solvent; useful as a carrier in pharmaceuticals and cosmetics 1995, W. I. P. Organization, Switzerland, PCT Application 95-292845/388.
15. Chaudhary R.C., Tran D.V. Specialty rices of the world - a prologue. Specialty rices of the world: Breeding, production, and marketing. FAO, Rome 2001, 3-14. Oxford & IBH Publishing, New Delhi, India. R.C. Chaudhary, D.V. Tran (Eds.).
16. Chen M.H., Bergman C.J. A rapid procedure for analysing rice bran tocopherol, tocotrienol and γ-oryzanol contents. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis 2005, 18:2-3.
17. Chen C.W., Cheng H.H. A rice bran oil diet increases LDL-receptor and HMG-CoA reductase mRNA expressions and insulin sensitivity in rats with streptozotocin/nicotinamide-induced type 2 diabetes. The Journal of Nutrition 2006, 136:1472-1476.
18. Cheng H.H., Huang H.Y., Chen Y.Y., Huang C.L., Chang C.J., Chen H.L., et al. Ameliorative effects of stabilized rice bran on type 2 diabetes patients. Annals of Nutrition & Metabolism 2010, 56:45-51.
19. Cheng H.H., Ma C.Y., Chou T.W., Chen Y.Y., Lai M.H. gamma-Oryzanol ameliorates insulin resistance and hyperlipidemia in rats with streptozotocin/nicotinamide-induced type 2 diabetes. International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research 2010, 80:45-53.
20. Childress L., Gay A., Zargar A., Ito M.K. Review of red yeast rice content and current Food and Drug Administration oversight. Journal of Clinical Lipidology 2013, 7:117-122.
21. Choi W.H., Gwon S.Y., Ahn J., Jung C.H., Ha T.Y. Cooked rice prevents hyperlipidemia in hamsters fed a high-fat/cholesterol diet by the regulation of the expression of hepatic genes involved in lipid metabolism. Nutrition Research 2013, 33:572-579.
22. Chotimarkorn C., Ushio H. The effect of trans-ferulic acid and gamma-oryzanol on ethanol-induced liver injury in C57BL mouse. Phytomedicine 2008, 15:951-958.
23. Chou T.W., Ma C.Y., Cheng H.H., Chen Y.Y., Lai M.H. A rice bran oil diet improves lipid abnormalities and suppress hyperinsulinemic responses in rats with streptozotocin/nicotinamide-induced type 2 diabetes. Journal of Clinical Biochemistry and Nutrition 2009, 45:29-36.
24. Chung I.M., Ali M., Ahmad A. Dicyclohexanyl orizane constituent from the hulls of Oryza sativa and its inhibitory activity. Asian Journal of Chemistry 2005, 17:2616-2620.
25. Chung I.M., Ali M., Ahmad A. Oryzasesterpenolide from the hulls of Oryza sativa and complete NMR assignments of momilactones A, B and tricin. Asian Journal of Chemistry 2005, 17:2467-2478.
26. Chung I.M., Ali M., Ahmad A. Orizalanasterolides A and B from rice hulls of Oryza sativa. Indian Journal of Chemistry - Section B Organic and Medicinal Chemistry 2007, 46:516-522.
27. Chung I.M., Ali M., Ahmad A., Chun S.C., Kim J.T., Sultana S., et al. Steroidal constituents of rice (Oryza sativa) hulls with algicidal and herbicidal activity against blue-green algae and duckweed. Phytochemical Analysis 2007, 18:133-145.
28. Chung I.M., Ali M., Chun S.C., Jin C.W., Cho D.H., Hong S.B., et al. New aliphatic alcohol and ester constituents from rice hulls of Oryza sativa. Chinese Journal of Chemistry 2007, 25:843-848.
29. Chung I.M., Ali M., Chun S.C., Lee O.K., Ahmad A. Sativalanosteronyl glycoside and oryzatriacontolide constituents from the hulls of Oryza sativa. Asian Journal of Chemistry 2007, 19:1535-1543.
30. Chung I.M., Ali M., Tran D.K., Myoung G.C., Hong J.P., Ahmad A. New stigmastane steroids constituents from rice hulls of Oryza sativa and inhibitory activity on radish seed. Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society 2006, 27:93-98.
31. Chung S.Y., Kim J.W. Composition for protecting and improving skin comprising the rice bran fermented by lactic acid bacteria 2007, KR20070067549.
32. Chung I.M., Lim Y.H., Ali M., Sultana S., Ahmad A. Novel anthracene derivatives isolated from rice hulls of Oryza sativa and their growth inhibitory activity of radish seed. Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society 2006, 27:995-1000.
33. Chung I.M., Park H.Y., Chun S.C., Kim J.J., Ahmad A. New glycosidic and other constituents from hulls of Oryza sativa. Chemistry of Natural Compounds 2007, 43:417-421.
34. Cicero A.F., Derosa G., Parini A., Maffioli P., D'Addato S., Reggi A., et al. Red yeast rice improves lipid pattern, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, and vascular remodeling parameters in moderately hypercholesterolemic Italian subjects. Nutrition Research 2013, 33:622-628.
35. Cicero A.F., Gaddi A. Heated, it's likely that meaning of the beneficial properties of rice bran oil are lost. Rice bran oil and gamma-oryzanol in the treatment of hyperlipoproteinaemias and other conditions. Phytotherapy Research 2001, 15:277-286.
36. Coppini D., Paganizzi P., Santi P., Ghirardini A. Capacità protettiva nei confronti delle radiazioni solari di derivati di origine vegetale. Cosmetic News 2001, 136:15-20.
37. Dal Farra C., Domloge N. Use of active ingredient obtained from hydrolyzed rice, in a cosmetic composition or for preparing pharmaceutical composition comprising active ingredient or composition to activate cytochrome and protect mitochondrion 2008, FR2915380.
38. Dassanayake L.S.K., Kodali D.R., Ueno S., Sato K. Physical properties of rice bran wax in bulk and organogels. Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society 2009, 86:1163-1173.
39. Davis M.A., Mackenzie T.A., Cottingham K.L., Gilbert-Diamond D., Punshon T., Karagas M.R. Rice consumption and urinary arsenic concentrations in U.S. children. Environmental Health Perspectives 2012, 120:1418-1424.
40. De Paepe K., Hachem J.P., Vanpee E., Roseeuw D., Rogiers V. Effect of rice starch as a bath additive on the barrier function of healthy but SLS-damaged skin and skin of atopic patients. Acta Dermato-venereologica 2002, 82:184-186.
41. Denev R., Kuzmanova I., Panayotova S., Momchilova S., Kancheva V., Lokesh B.R. Lipid composition of Indian rice bran oil. Comptes Rendus de L'Academie Bulgare des Sciences 2009, 62:709-716.
42. Dong Y., Cai M.Q. Non-anti-hyperlipemic effects of Monascus-fermented rice and its mechanism: recent advances. Chinese Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2011, 19:59-62.
43. Endo A. The origin of the statins. 2004. Atherosclerosis. Supplements 2004, 5:125-130.
44. Esa N.M., Ling T.B., Peng L.S. By-products of rice processing: an overview of health benefits and applications. Journal of Rice Research 2013, 1:107.
45. Fan H., Morioka T., Ito E. Induction of apoptosis and growth inhibition of cultured human endometrial adenocarcinoma cells (Sawano) by an antitumor lipoprotein fraction of rice bran. Gynecologic Oncology 2000, 76:170-175.
46. Fang H.Y., Chen Y.K., Chen H.H., Lin S.Y., Fang Y.T. Immunomodulatory effects of feruloylated oligosaccharides from rice bran. Food Chemistry 2012, 134:836-840.
47. Finamor I.A., Saccol E.M., Gabriel D., Ourique G.M., Riffel A.P., Konrad S.P., et al. Effects of parboiled rice diet on oxidative stress parameters in kidney of rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes. Journal of Medicinal Food 2012, 15(7):598-604.
48. Forster G.M., Raina K., Kumar A., Kumar S., Agarwal R., Chen M.H., et al. Rice varietal differences in bioactive bran components for inhibition of colorectal cancer cell growth. Food Chemistry 2013, 141:1545-1552.
49. Fujimoto M., Tsuneyama K., Chen S.Y., Nishida T., Chen J.L., Chen Y.C., et al. Study of the effects of monacolin k and other constituents of red yeast rice on obesity, insulin-resistance, hyperlipidemia, and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis using a mouse model of metabolic syndrome. Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine: eCAM 2012, 2012:892697.
50. Fujiwaki T., Furusho K. The effects of rice bran broth bathing in patients with atopic dermatitis. Acta Paediatrica Japonica; Overseas Edition 1992, 34:505-510.
51. Fujiwaki T., Furusho K. An open study of gamma-oryzanol as a bath product for children with atopic dermatitis. Acta Paediatrica Hungarica 1993, 33:287-298.
52. Gerhardt A.L., Gallo N.B. Full-fat rice bran and oat bran similarly reduce hypercholesterolemia in humans. The Journal of Nutrition 1998, 128:865-869.
53. Ghatak S.B., Panchal S.J. Gamma-oryzanol - a multi-purpose steryl ferulate. Current Nutrition and Food Science 2011, 7:10-20.
54. Ghatak S.B., Panchal S.J. Investigation of the immunomodulatory potential of oryzanol isolated from crude rice bran oil in experimental animal models. Phytotherapy Research: PTR 2012, 26:1701-1708.
55. Ghoneum M., Jewett A. Production of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interferon-gamma from human peripheral blood lymphocytes by MGN-3, a modified arabinoxylan from rice bran, and its synergy with interleukin-2 invitro. Cancer detection and Prevention 2000, 24:314-324.
56. Gianotti F., Luvoni R. Skin pathology in rice workers in Italy. Concours Medical 1962, 84:5877-5878.
57. Goldberg E.D., Saltzman J.R. Rice inhibits intestinal secretions. Nutrition Reviews 1996, 54:36-37.
58. Gordon R.Y., Becker D.J. The role of red yeast rice for the physician. Current Atherosclerosis Reports 2011, 13:73-80.
59. Gore S.M., Fontaine O., Pierce N.F. Impact of rice based oral rehydration solution on stool output and duration of diarrhoea: meta-analysis of 13 clinical trials. BMJ 1992, 304:287-291.
60. Greenham T., Altosaar I. Molecular strategies to engineer transgenic rice seed compartments for large-scale production of plant-made pharmaceuticals. Methods in Molecular Biology 2013, 956:311-326.
61. PDR for herbal medicines 1998, Medical Economics Company, Montvale, NJ. J. Gruenwald, T. Brendler, C. Jaenicke (Eds.).
62. Gu X., Zhao H.L., Sui Y., Guan J., Chan J.C., Tong P.C. White rice vinegar improves pancreatic beta-cell function and fatty liver in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Acta Diabetologica 2012, 49:185-191.
63. Harada N., Zhao J., Kurihara H., Nakagata N., Okajima K. Effects of topical application of alpha-d-glucosylglycerol on dermal levels of insulin-like growth factor-i in mice and on facial skin elasticity in humans. Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry 2010, 74:759-765.
64. Haumann B.F. Rice bran linked to lower cholesterol. Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society 1989, 66:615-618.
65. Hayakawa R., Suzuki M., Ogino Y. Clinical evaluation of γ-oryzanol on skin diseases with dry skin. Acta Dermatologica - Kyoto 1994, 89:115-119.
66. Hegde S., Yenagi N.B., Kasturiba B. Indigenous knowledge of the traditional and qualified ayurveda practitioners on the nutritional significance and use of red rice in medications. Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge 2013, 12:506-511.
67. Hegsted M., Windhauser M.M., Morris S.K., Lester S.B. Stabilized rice bran and oat bran lower cholesterol in humans. Nutrition Research 1993, 13:387-398.
68. Heidtmann-Bemvenuti R., Nora N.S., Badiale-Furlong E. Extração de γ -oryzanol de farelo de arroz. Ciencia e Agrotecnologia 2012, 36:665-673.
69. Henderson A.J., Ollila C.A., Kumar A., Borresen E.C., Raina K., Agarwal R., et al. Chemopreventive properties of dietary rice bran: current status and future prospects. Advances in Nutrition 2012, 3:643-653.
70. Hojsak I., Kljaic-Turkalj M., Misak Z., Kolacek S. Rice protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome. Clinical Nutrition 2006, 25:533-536.
71. Hong M.Y., Henning S., Moro A., Seeram N.P., Zhang Y., Heber D. Chinese red yeast rice inhibition of prostate tumor growth in SCID mice. Cancer Prevention Research 2011, 4:608-615.
72. Hu E.A., Pan A., Malik V., Sun Q. White rice consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes: meta-analysis and systematic review. BMJ 2012, 344:e1454.
73. Huang Z., Pan X.D., Wu P.G., Han J.L., Chen Q. Health risk assessment of heavy metals in rice to the population in Zhejiang, China. PLoS One 2013, 8:e75007.
74. Imam M.U., Azmi N.H., Bhanger M.I., Ismail N., Ismail M. Antidiabetic properties of germinated brown rice: a systematic review. Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine: eCAM 2012, 2012:816501.
75. Imam M.U., Ismail M., Omar A.R., Ithnin H. The hypocholesterolemic effect of germinated brown rice involves the upregulation of the apolipoprotein A1 and low-density lipoprotein receptor genes. Journal of Diabetes Research 2013, 2013:134694.
76. Indira T.N., Narayan A.V., Barhate R.S., Raghavarao K.S., Khatoon S., Channaiah G. Production of oryzanol-enriched fraction useful in the treatment of melanin related disorders and for minimizing wrinkles involves saponification; dehydration and leaching of RBO soapstock 2005, US2004192948-A1.
77. Isaac R.S., Nair A.S., Varghese E., Chavali M. Phytochemical, antioxidant and nutrient analysis of medicinal rice (Oryza sativa L.) varieties found in South India. Advanced Science Letters 2012, 11:86-90.
78. Islam M.S., Murata T., Fujisawa M., Nagasaka R., Ushio H., Bari A.M., et al. Anti-inflammatory effects of phytosteryl ferulates in colitis induced by dextran sulphate sodium in mice. British Journal of Pharmacology 2008, 154:812-824.
79. Itoh T., Tamura T., Matsumoto T. Sterol composition of 19 vegetable oils. Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society 1973, 50:122-125.
80. Jesus S.P., Grimaldi R., Hense H. Recovery of γ-oryzanol from rice bran oil byproduct using supercritical fluid extraction. Journal of Supercritical Fluids 2010, 55:149-155.
81. Jia H., Chen W., Yu X., Wu X., Li S., Liu H., et al. Black rice anthocyanidins prevent retinal photochemical damage via involvement of the AP-1/NF-kappaB/Caspase-1 pathway in Sprague-Dawley rats. Journal of Veterinary Science 2013, 14:345-353.
82. Juliano B.O. Polysaccharides, proteins, and lipids of rice: Chemistry and technology 1985, 59-174. American Association of Cereal Chemists. B.O. Juliano, M.N. St Paul (Eds.).
83. Juliano C., Cossu M., Alamanni M.C., Piu L. Antioxidant activity of gamma-oryzanol: mechanism of action and its effect on oxidative stability of pharmaceutical oils. International Journal of Pharmaceutics 2005, 299:146-154.
84. Jumanova Z., Sdykov T., Seitmuratov E., Dalimova G.N. Lignins from Oryza sativa. Chemistry of Natural Compounds 2006, 42:724-726.
85. Justo M.L., Claro C., Vila E., Herrera M.D., Rodriguez-Rodriguez R. Microvascular disorders in obese Zucker rats are restored by a rice bran diet. Nutrition, Metabolism, and Cardiovascular Diseases: NMCD 2013, 24:524-531.
86. Kaewboonnum W., Wachararuji K., Shotipruk A. Value added products from by-products of rice bran oil processing. Chiang Mai Journal of Science 2008, 35:116-122.
87. Kahlon T.S., Chow F.I., Sayre R.N., Betschart A.A. Cholesterol lowering in hamsters fed rice bran at various levels, defatted rice bran and rice bran oil. Journal of Nutrition 1992, 122:513-519.
88. Kahlon T.S., Chow F.I., Chiu M.M., Hudson C.A., Sayre R.N. Cholesterol-lowering by rice bran and rice bran oil unsaponifiable matter in hamsters. Cereal Chemistry 1996, 73:69-74.
89. Kahlon T.S., Chow F.I., Wood D.F. Cholesterol response and foam cell formation in hamsters fed rice bran, oat bran, and cellulose+soy protein diets with or without added vitamin E. Cereal Chemistry 1999, 76:772-776.
90. Kahlon T.S., Saunders R.M., Sayre R.N., Chow F.I., Chiu M.M., Betschart A.A. Influence of rice bran, oat bran, and wheat bran on cholesterol and triglycerides in hamsters. Cereal Chemistry 1990, 67:439-443.
91. Karimi E., Mehrabanjoubani P., Keshavarzian M., Oskoueian E., Jaafar H.Z.E., Abdolzadeh A. Identification and quantification of phenolic and flavonoid components in straw and seed husk of some rice varieties (Oryza sativa L.) and their antioxidant properties. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 2014, 94:2324-2330.
92. Karladee D., Suriyong S. γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) content in different varieties of brown rice during germination. Science Asia 2012, 38:13-17.
93. Kaup R.M., Khayyal M.T., Verspohl E.J. Antidiabetic effects of a standardized Egyptian rice bran extract. Phytotherapy Research: PTR 2013, 27:264-271.
94. Kestin M., Moss R., Clifton P.M., Nestel P.J. Comparative effects of three cereal brans on plasma lipids, blood pressure, and glucose metabolism in mildly hypercholesterolemic men. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1990, 52:661-666.
95. Khosravi-Boroujeni H., Sarrafzadegan N., Mohammadifard N., Sajjadi F., Maghroun M., Asgari S., et al. White rice consumption and CVD risk factors among Iranian population. Journal of Health, Population, and Nutrition 2013, 31:252-261.
96. Kim M.S. Preparation method of cosmetic soap using rice wine 2011, KR20110105132.
97. Kim H. Functional foods and the biomedicalisation of everyday life: a case of germinated brown rice. Sociology of Health & Illness 2013, 35:842-857.
98. Kim J.H., Choi G.S., Kim J.E., Ye Y.M., Park H.S. Three cases of rice-induced occupational asthma. Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology: Official Publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology 2010, 104:353-354.
99. Kim H.Y., Hwang I.G., Joung E.M., Kim T.M., Kim D.J., Park D.S., et al. Antiproliferation effects of germinated-Korean rough rice extract on human cancer cells. Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition 2010, 39:325-330.
100. Kim J., Jo I., Joung H. A rice-based traditional dietary pattern is associated with obesity in Korean adults. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics 2012, 112:246-253.
101. Kim S.P., Kang M.Y., Nam S.H., Friedman M. Dietary rice bran component gamma-oryzanol inhibits tumor growth in tumor-bearing mice. Molecular Nutrition & Food Research 2012, 56:935-944.
102. Kitamura N., Ota Y., Haratake A., Ikemoto T., Tanno O., Horikoshi T. Effects of ethyl alpha-d-glucoside on skin barrier disruption. Skin Pharmacology: The Official Journal of the Skin Pharmacology Society 1997, 10:153-159.
103. Klongpityapong P., Supabphol R., Supabphol A. Antioxidant effects of gamma-oryzanol on human prostate cancer cells. Asian Pacific Journal of cancer Prevention: APJCP 2013, 14:5421-5425.
104. Kolahdouzan M., Khosravi-Boroujeni H., Nikkar B., Zakizadeh E., Abedi B., Ghazavi N., et al. The association between dietary intake of white rice and central obesity in obese adults. ARYA Atherosclerosis 2013, 9:140-144.
105. Kong C.K., Lam W.S., Chiu L.C., Ooi V.E., Sun S.S., Wong Y.S. A rice bran polyphenol, cycloartenyl ferulate, elicits apoptosis in human colorectal adenocarcinoma SW480 and sensitizes metastatic SW620 cells to TRAIL-induced apoptosis. Biochemical Pharmacology 2009, 77:1487-1496.
106. Kozuka C., Yabiku K., Takayama C., Matsushita M., Shimabukuro M. Natural food science based novel approach toward prevention and treatment of obesity and type 2 diabetes: recent studies on brown rice and gamma-oryzanol. Obesity Research & Clinical Practice 2013, 7:e165-172.
107. Kubota M., Watanabe R., Kabasawa H., Iino N., Saito A., Kumagai T., et al. Rice protein ameliorates the progression of diabetic nephropathy in Goto-Kakizaki rats with high-sucrose feeding. The British Journal of Nutrition 2013, 110:1211-1219.
108. Kumar R., Srivastava P., Kumari D., Fakhr H., Sridhara S., Arora N., et al. Rice (Oryza sativa) allergy in rhinitis and asthma patients: a clinico-immunological study. Immunobiology 2007, 212:141-147.
109. Kumari S., Sherriff J.M., Spooner D., Beckett R. Peripheral neuropathy induced by red yeast rice in a patient with a known small bowel gastrointestinal tumour. BMJ Case Reports 2013, 2013.
110. Kuo Y.C., Tan C.C., Ku J.T., Hsu W.C., Su S.C., Lu C.A., et al. Improving pharmaceutical protein production in Oryza sativa. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 2013, 14:8719-8739.
111. Kwon C.S. Antioxidant properties of red yeast rice (Monascus purpureus) extracts. Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition 2012, 41:437-442.
112. Latifah S.Y., Armania N., Tze T.H., Azhar Y., Nordiana A.H., Norazalina S., et al. Germinated brown rice (GBR) reduces the incidence of aberrant crypt foci with the involvement of beta-catenin and COX-2 in azoxymethane-induced colon cancer in rats. Nutrition Journal 2010, 9:16.
113. Lattuada R.M., Peralba M.C.R., Dos Santos J.H.Z., Fisch A.G. Peat, rice husk and rice husk carbon as low-cost adsorbents for metals from acidic aqueous solutions. Separation Science and Technology (Philadelphia) 2014, 49:101-111.
114. Lee C.Y., Jan M.S., Yu M.C., Lin C.C., Wei J.C., Shih H.C. Relationship between adiponectin and leptin, and blood lipids in hyperlipidemia patients treated with red yeast rice. Forschende Komplementarmedizin 2013, 20:197-203.
115. Lee B.H., Liao J.W., Wang C.T.P.T.-M. The traditional Chinese medicine, Monascus-fermented rice, prevents Zn deficiency-induced testis and sperms injury. Journal of Food and Drug Analysis 2011, 19:183-190.
116. Lee C.I., Shih C.D., Lee C.L., Kuo S.L., Jheng S.C., Wang J.J. Effect of red mold rice on blood coagulation and anticoagulation factors in a rat model of hyperlipidemia. Journal of Functional Foods 2013, 5:1956-1965.
117. Lee A.Y., Yeo S.K., Lee J.H., Kim H.W., Jia Y., Hoang M.H., et al. Hypolipidemic effect of Goami-3 rice (Oryza sativa L. cv. Goami-3) on C57BL/6J mice is mediated by the regulation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha and -gamma. The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry 2013, 24:1991-2000.
118. Lerma-García M.J., Herrero-Martínez J.M., Simó-Alfonso E.F., Mendonça C.R.B., Ramis-Ramos G. Composition, industrial processing and applications of rice bran γ-oryzanol. Food Chemistry 2009, 115:389-404.
119. Ma J., Li Y., Ye Q., Li J., Hua Y., Ju D., et al. Constituents of red yeast rice, a traditional Chinese food and medicine. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 2000, 48:5220-5225.
120. Makynen K., Chitchumroonchokchai C., Adisakwattana S., Failla M., Ariyapitipun T. Effect of gamma-oryzanol on the bioaccessibility and synthesis of cholesterol. European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences 2012, 16:49-56.
121. Min B., McClung A.M., Chen M.H. Phytochemicals and antioxidant capacities in rice brans of different color. Journal of Food Science 2011, 76:C117-C126.
122. Min S.W., Ryu S.N., Kim D.H. Anti-inflammatory effects of black rice, cyanidin-3-O-beta-d-glycoside, and its metabolites, cyanidin and protocatechuic acid. International Immunopharmacology 2010, 10:959-966.
123. Mitsutoshi I., Eri O., Atsushi K., Akira Y., Ryota K., Masayuki Y., et al. Antioxidant capacities and polyphenol content of colored rice cultivars. Nippon Shokuhin Kagaku Kogaku Kaishi 2011, 58:576-582.
124. Mohanlal S., Maney S.K., Santhoshkumar T.R., Jayalekshmy A. Tricin 4'-O-(erythro-beta-guaiacylglyceryl) ether and tricin 4'-O-(threo-beta-guaiacylglyceryl) ether isolated from Njavara (Oryza sativa L. var. Njavara), induce apoptosis in multiple tumor cells by mitochondrial pathway. Journal of Natural Medicines 2013, 67:528-533.
125. Mohanlal S., Parvathy R., Shalini V., Helen A., Jayalekshmy A. Isolation, characterization and quantification of tricin and flavonolignans in the medicinal rice Njavara (Oryza sativa L.), as compared to staple varieties. Plant Foods for Human Nutrition 2011, 66:91-96.
126. Monzon S., Lombardero M., Perez-Camo I., Saenz D., Lasanta J. Allergic rhinoconjunctivitis after ingestion of boiled rice. Journal of Investigational Allergology and Clinical Immunology 2008, 18:487-488.
127. Most M.M., Tulley R., Morales S., Lefevre M. Rice bran oil, not fiber, lowers cholesterol in humans. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2005, 81:64-68.
128. Muhammad S.I., Ismail M., Mahmud R.B., Salisu A.M., Zakaria Z.A. Germinated brown rice and its bioactives modulate the activity of uterine cells in oophorectomised rats as evidenced by gross cytohistological and immunohistochemical changes. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2013, 13:198.
129. Muhammad S.I., Maznah I., Mahmud R., Zuki A.B., Imam M.U. Upregulation of genes related to bone formation by gamma-amino butyric acid and gamma-oryzanol in germinated brown rice is via the activation of GABAB-receptors and reduction of serum IL-6 in rats. Clinical Interventions in Aging 2013, 8:1259-1271.
130. Musselman M.E., Pettit R.S., Derenski K.L. A review and update of red yeast rice. Journal of Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2012, 17:33-39.
131. Nagasaka R., Yamsaki T., Uchida A., Ohara K., Ushio H. gamma-Oryzanol recovers mouse hypoadiponectinemia induced by animal fat ingestion. Phytomedicine: International Journal of Phytotherapy and Phytopharmacology 2011, 18:669-671.
132. Nanri A., Mizoue T., Noda M., Takahashi Y., Kato M., Inoue M., et al. Rice intake and type 2 diabetes in Japanese men and women: the Japan Public Health Center-based Prospective Study. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2010, 92:1468-1477.
133. Nicolosi R.J., Ausman L.M., Hegsted D.M. Rice bran oil lowers scrum total and low density lipoprotein cholesterol and apo B levels in nonhuman primates. Atherosclerosis 1991, 88:133-142.
134. Nystrom L., Makinen M., Lampi A.M., Piironen V. Antioxidant activity of steryl ferulate extracts from rye and wheat bran. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 2005, 53:2503-2510.
135. Oh S. Cosmetic compostion comprising liposome incorporating oryzanol, rice bran oil and phospholipid 2007, KR20070081192.
136. Oh S.K., Kim D.J., Chun A.R., Yoon M.R., Kim K.J., Lee J.S., et al. Antioxidant compounds and antioxidant activities of ethanol extracts from milling by-products of rice cultivars. Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition 2010, 39:624-630.
137. Ohara K., Kiyotani Y., Uchida A., Nagasaka R., Maehara H., Kanemoto S., et al. Oral administration of gamma-aminobutyric acid and gamma-oryzanol prevents stress-induced hypoadiponectinemia. Phytomedicine: International Journal of Phytotherapy and Phytopharmacology 2011, 18:655-660.
138. Ohkawa T., Ebisuno S., Kitagawa M., Morimoto S., Miyazaki Y. Rice bran treatment for hypercalciuric patients with urinary calculous disease. The Journal of Urology 1983, 129:1009-1011.
139. Oka T., Fujimoto M., Nagasaka R., Ushio H., Hori M., Ozaki H. Cycloartenyl ferulate, a component of rice bran oil-derived gamma-oryzanol, attenuates mast cell degranulation. Phytomedicine : International Journal of Phytotherapy and Phytopharmacology 2010, 17:152-156.
140. Park M.H., Kim B.H., Chung I.M., Hwang S.J. Selective bactericidal potential of rice (Oryza sativa L. var. japonica) hull extract on microcystis strains in comparison with green algae and zooplankton. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 2009, 83:97-101.
141. Park H.Y., Yu A.R., Choi I.W., Hong H.D., Lee K.W., Choi H.D. Immunostimulatory effects and characterization of a glycoprotein fraction from rice bran. International Immunopharmacology 2013, 17:191-197.
142. Patel M., Naik S.N. gamma-Oryzanol from rice bran oil - a review. Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research 2004, 63:569-578.
143. Paucar-Menacho L.M., Da Silva L.H., Sant'Ana A.D.S., Gonçalves L.A.G. Refining of rice bran oil (Oryza sativa L.) to preserve γ-oryzanol. Ciencia e Tecnologia de Alimentos 2007, 27(Suppl. 1):45-53.
144. Perretti G., Miniati E., Montanari L., Fantozzi P. Improving the value of rice by-products by SFE (Conference Paper). Journal of Supercritical Fluids 2003, 26:63-71.
145. Premakumara G.A.S., Abeysekeraa W.K.S.M., Ratnasooriyab W.D., Chandrasekharanc N.V., Bentotad A.P. Antioxidant, anti-amylase and anti-glycation potential of brans of some Sri Lankan traditional and improved rice (Oryza sativa L.) varieties. Journal of Cereal Science 2013, 58:451-456.
146. Prunel A. Combination, useful e.g. in cosmetic composition to stimulate production of elastin, comprises hydrolyzate of rice protein and at least one monosaccharide derivative of ascorbic acid and a metal salt of phosphorylated ascorbic acid 2009, FR2931358.
147. Qureshi A.A., Bradlow B.A., Salser W.A., Brace L.D. Novel tocotrienols of rice bran modulate cardiovascular disease risk parameters of hypercholesterolemic humans. Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry 1997, 8:290-298.
148. Qureshi A.A., Sami S.A., Salser W.A., Khan F.A. Dose-dependent suppression of serum cholesterol by tocotrienol-rich fraction (TRF25) of rice bran in hypercholesterolemic humans. Atherosclerosis 2002, 161:199-207.
149. Rácz I., Lengyel B. Die professionelle Dermatitis der Reisfeldarbeiter. Berufs-Dermatosen 1967, 15:335-345.
150. Rajnarayana K., Prabhakar M.C., Krishna D.R. Influence of rice bran oil on serum lipid peroxides and lipids in human subjects. Indian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 2001, 45:442-444.
151. Rana P., Vadhera S., Soni G. Invivo antioxidant potential of rice bran oil (RBO) in albino rats. Indian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 2004, 48:428-436.
152. Rigano L., Boncompagni E., Giogli A., Occhionero G. Sostanze vegetali in cosmetica 2003, Aboca SpA, Sansepolcro, Italy.
153. Romero A., Beaumal V., David-Briand E., Cordobes F., Guerrero A., Anton M. Interfacial and emulsifying behaviour of rice protein concentrate. Food Hydrocolloids 2012, 29:1-8.
154. Rong N., Ausman L.M., Nicolosi R.J. Oryzanol decreases cholesterol absorption and aortic fatty streaks in hamsters. Lipids 1997, 32:303-309.
155. Roschek B., Fink R.C., Li D., McMichael M., Tower C.M., Smith R.D., et al. Pro-inflammatory enzymes, cyclooxygenase 1, cyclooxygenase 2, and 5-lipooxygenase, inhibited by stabilized rice bran extracts. Journal of Medicinal Food 2009, 12:615-623.
156. Rouanet J.M., Laurent C., Besancon P. Rice bran and wheat bran: selective effect on plasma and liver cholesterol in high-cholesterol fed rats. Food Chemistry 1993, 47:67-71.
157. Saad N., Esa N.M., Ithnin H. Suppression of beta-catenin and cyclooxygenase-2 expression and cell proliferation in azoxymethane-induced colonic cancer in rats by rice bran phytic acid (PA). Asian Pacific Journal of cancer Prevention: APJCP 2013, 14:3093-3099.
158. Sabale V., Lakhotiya C.L., Sabale P.M. Invivo studies on moisturizing efficacy determination of rice bran wax. Indian Drugs 2008, 45:109-114.
159. Sabale V., Sabale P.M., Lakhotiya C.L. Comparative evaluation of rice bran wax as an ointment base with standard base. Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 2009, 71:77-79.
160. Saeki M., Nishimura T., Kaminuma O., Mori A., Hiroi T. Oral immunotherapy for allergic diseases using transgenic rice seeds: current state and future prospects. International Archives of Allergy and Immunology 2013, 161(Suppl. 2):164-169.
161. Saenjum C., Chaiyasut C., Chansakaow S., Sirithunyalug B. Protective effect on oxidative DNA damage and antiproliferative activity of standardized γ-oryzanol-rich extracts from Thai purple rice bran. Chiang Mai University Journal of Natural Sciences 2013, 12:1-11.
162. Sakai S., Murata T., Tsubosaka Y., Ushio H., Hori M., Ozaki H. gamma-Oryzanol reduces adhesion molecule expression in vascular endothelial cells via suppression of nuclear factor-kappaB activation. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 2012, 60:3367-3372.
163. Santa-Maria C., Revilla E., Miramontes E., Bautista J., Garcia-Martinez A., Romero E., et al. Protection against free radicals (UVB irradiation) of a water-soluble enzymatic extract from rice bran. Study using human keratinocyte monolayer and reconstructed human epidermis. Food and Chemical Toxicology: An International Journal Published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association 2010, 48:83-88.
164. Sawaki S., Sawaki S. Use of lactic acid bacteria fermented rice in cosmetics or as emulsifier 2003, EP1366736.
165. Scavariello E.M., Arellano D.B. Gamma-oryzanol: un importante componente del aceite de salvado de arroz. Archivos latinoamericanos de nutrición 1998, 48:7-12.
166. Schenker S. An overview of the role of rice in the UK diet. Nutrition Bulletin 2012, 37:309-323.
167. Seo M.Y., Chung S.Y., Choi W.K., Seo Y.K., Jung S.H., Park J.M., et al. Anti-aging effect of rice wine in cultured human fibroblasts and keratinocytes. Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering 2009, 107:266-271.
168. Seo Y.K., Jung S.H., Song K.Y., Park J.K., Park C.S. Anti-photoaging effect of fermented rice bran extract on UV-induced normal skin fibroblasts. European Food Research and Technology 2010, 231:163-169.
169. Seo Y.G., Lee I.K. Cosmetic composition comprising a distillate of rice husk showing anti-allergy activities 2009, KR100931529.
170. Shalini V., Bhaskar S., Kumar K.S., Mohanlal S., Jayalekshmy A., Helen A. Molecular mechanisms of anti-inflammatory action of the flavonoid, tricin from Njavara rice (Oryza sativa L.) in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells: possible role in the inflammatory signaling. International Immunopharmacology 2012, 14:32-38.
171. Shamim S., Al Badarin F.J., DiNicolantonio J.J., Lavie C.J., O'Keefe J.H. Red yeast rice for dyslipidemia. Missouri Medicine 2013, 110:349-354.
172. Shang Q., Liu Z., Chen K., Xu H., Liu J. A systematic review of xuezhikang, an extract from red yeast rice, for coronary heart disease complicated by dyslipidemia. Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine: eCAM 2012, 2012:636547.
173. Shar G.Q., Kazi T.G., Sahito S.R., Haque Q. Comparative study of important macro and micro-nutrient elements between two varieties of rice (Oryza sativa L.) and its soil. Journal of the Chemical Society of Pakistan 2003, 25:233-237.
174. Shi Z., Taylor A.W., Hu G., Gill T., Wittert G.A. Rice intake, weight change and risk of the metabolic syndrome development among Chinese adults: the Jiangsu Nutrition Study (JIN). Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2012, 21:35-43.
175. Shibasaki M., Suzuki S., Nemoto H., Kuroume T. Allergenicity and lymphocyte-stimulating property of rice protein. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 1979, 64:259-265.
176. Shibata T., Nagayasu H., Kitajo H., Arisue M., Yamashita T., Hatakeyama D., et al. Inhibitory effects of fermented brown rice and rice bran on the development of acute hepatitis in Long-Evans Cinnamon rats. Oncology Reports 2006, 15:869-874.
177. Sierra S., Lara-Villoslada F., Olivares M., Jimenez J., Boza J., Xaus J. Increased immune response in mice consuming rice bran oil. European Journal of Nutrition 2005, 44:509-516.
178. Soriguer F., Colomo N., Olveira G., Garcia-Fuentes E., Esteva I., Ruiz de Adana M.S., et al. White rice consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes. Clinical Nutrition 2013, 32:481-484.
179. Spiazzi C.C., Manfredini V., Barcellos da Silva F.E., Flores E.M., Izaguirry A.P., Vargas L.M., et al. gamma-Oryzanol protects against acute cadmium-induced oxidative damage in mice testes. Food and Chemical Toxicology: An International Journal Published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association 2013, 55:526-532.
180. Tanaka J., Nakamura S., Tsuruma K., Shimazawa M., Shimoda H., Hara H. Purple rice (Oryza sativa L.) extract and its constituents inhibit VEGF-induced angiogenesis. Phytotherapy Research: PTR 2012, 26:214-222.
181. Terada S., Haruta K. Anti-inflammatory effects of γ-oryzanol. Natural Medicines 2003, 57:95-99.
182. Tokuhara D., Alvarez B., Mejima M., Hiroiwa T., Takahashi Y., Kurokawa S., et al. Rice-based oral antibody fragment prophylaxis and therapy against rotavirus infection. The Journal of Clinical Investigation 2013, 123:3829-3838.
183. Tokuyama T. Cosmetic prepared from rice bran 1995, JP7242531.
184. Tokuyama T., Matsuo M.Y. Production of cosmetic from rice 1986, JP61068404.
185. Tokuyama Y., Suzuki H. Rice extract useful as active oxygen scavenger 1993, EP0542398.
186. Tong L.T., Fujimoto Y., Shimizu N., Tsukino M., Akasaka T., Kato Y., et al. Rice α-globulin decreases serum cholesterol concentrations in rats fed a hypercholesterolemic diet and ameliorates atherosclerotic lesions in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. Food Chemistry 2012, 132:194-200.
187. Trcka J., Schad S.G., Scheurer S., Conti A., Vieths S., Gross G., et al. Rice-induced anaphylaxis: IgE-mediated allergy against a 56-kDa glycoprotein. International Archives of Allergy and Immunology 2012, 158:9-17.
188. Tsai Y.T., Chen S.H., Lin K.L., Hsieh K.H. Rice pollen allergy in Taiwan. Annals of Allergy 1990, 65:459-462.
189. Um M.Y., Ahn J., Ha T.Y. Hypolipidaemic effects of cyanidin 3-glucoside rich extract from black rice through regulating hepatic lipogenic enzyme activities. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 2013, 93:3126-3128.
190. Um M.Y., Ahn J., Jung C.H., Ha T.Y. Cholesterol-lowering effect of Rice protein by enhancing fecal excretion of lipids in rats. Preventive Nutrition and Food Science 2013, 18:210-213.
191. Umadevi M., Pushpa R., Sampathkumar K.P., Bhowmik D. Rice-Traditional medicinal plant in India. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry 2012, 1:6-12.
192. Utsunomiya H., Takaguri A., Bourne A.M., Elliott K.J., Akazawa S., Okuno Y. An extract from brown rice inhibits signal transduction of angiotensin II in vascular smooth muscle cells. American Journal of Hypertension 2011, 24:530-533.
193. Verhoeven V., Lopez Hartmann M., Remmen R., Wens J., Apers S., Van Royen P. Red yeast rice lowers cholesterol in physicians - a double blind, placebo controlled randomized trial. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2013, 13:178.
194. Verschoyle R.D., Greaves P., Cai H., Edwards R.E., Steward W.P., Gescher A.J. Evaluation of the cancer chemopreventive efficacy of rice bran in genetic mouse models of breast, prostate and intestinal carcinogenesis. British Journal of Cancer 2007, 96:248-254.
195. Viriyaroj A., Ngawhirunpat T., Sukma M., Akkaramongkolporn P., Ruktanonchai U., Opanasopit P. Physicochemical properties and antioxidant activity of gamma-oryzanol-loaded liposome formulations for topical use. Pharmaceutical Development and Technology 2009, 14:665-671.
196. Walter M., Marchesan E. Phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity of rice. Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology 2011, 54:371-377.
197. Wei X., Wang R., Cao L., Yuan N., Huang J., Qiao W., et al. Origin of Oryza sativa in China inferred by nucleotide polymorphisms of organelle DNA. PLoS One 2012, 7:e49546.
198. Wilson T.A., Idreis H.M., Taylor C.M., Nicolosi R.J. Whole fat rice bran reduces the development of early aortic atherosclerosis in hypercholesterolemic hamsters compared with wheat bran. Nutrition Research 2002, 22:1319-1332.
199. Wilson T.A., Nicolosi R.J., Woolfrey B., Kritchevsky D. Rice bran oil and oryzanol reduce plasma lipid and lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations and aortic cholesterol ester accumulation to a greater extent than ferulic acid in hypercholesterolemic hamsters. The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry 2007, 18:105-112.
200. Woo K.S., Chun A.R., Oh S.K., Kim K.J., Kim D.J., Yang C.I., et al. Antioxidant and antitumor activities of ethanol extracts from unhulled and hulled rice Hiami (Oryza sativa L. cv. Hiami). Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition 2010, 39:179-185.
201. Yasukawa K., Akihisa T., Kimura Y., Tamura T., Takido M. Inhibitory effect of cycloartenol ferulate, a component of rice bran, on tumor promotion in two-stage carcinogenesis in mouse skin. Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin 1998, 21:1072-1076.
202. Ye T.T., Huang J.X., Shen Y.E., Lu P.L., Christiani D.C. Respiratory symptoms and pulmonary function among Chinese rice-granary workers. International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health 1998, 4:155-159.
203. Ye L., Wei Y.X., Liu C. Detection of amount of Aflatoxin B1 in rice samples in Shanghai. Journal of Shanghai Jiaotong University (Medical Science) 2011, 31:1492-1495.
204. Yoshimura T. Yusho in Japan. Industrial Health 2003, 41:139-148.
205. Zhang M.W., Guo B.J., Chi J.W., Wei Z.C., Xu Z.H., Zhang Y., et al. Antioxidations and their correlation with total flavonoid and anthocyanin contents in different black rice varieties. Scientia Agricultura Sinica 2005, 38:1324-1331.
206. Zhang H., Yao H.Y., Chen F. Accumulation of gamma-aminobutyric acid in rice germ using protease. Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry 2006, 70:1160-1165.
207. Zheng S., Sugita S., Hirai S., Egashira Y. Protective effect of low molecular fraction of MGN-3, a modified arabinoxylan from rice bran, on acute liver injury by inhibition of NF-kappaB and JNK/MAPK expression. International Immunopharmacology 2012, 14:764-769.
208. Zhu X.Y., Li P., Yang Y.B., Liu M.L. Xuezhikang, extract of red yeast rice, improved abnormal hemorheology, suppressed caveolin-1 and increased eNOS expression in atherosclerotic rats. PLoS One 2013, 8:e62731.