Dietary patterns and the risk of obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular diseases, asthma, and neurodegenerative diseases

Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition

Volumn 58, Issue 2, 2018, Pages 262-296

  Medina Remón, Alexander ^a,b   Kirwan, Richard ^a   Lamuela Raventós, Rosa M ^a,b   Estruch, Ramón ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BARCELONA   (Spain)

^b Instituto de Salud Carlos III   (Spain)

Author keywords

DASH diet; Mediterranean diet; prudent diet; seventh day adventists diet; western diet

Indexed keywords

CARDIOLOGY; NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES; NUTRITION;

CARDIO-VASCULAR DISEASE; CHRONIC DISEASE; DIETARY GUIDELINES; DIETARY INTAKES; DIETARY PATTERNS; MEDITERRANEAN DIET; PRUDENT DIETS; TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS;

DISEASES;

ANIMAL; ASTHMA; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; DASH DIET; DEGENERATIVE DISEASE; EVIDENCE BASED MEDICINE; HEALTHY DIET; HUMAN; INCIDENCE; MEAT; MEDITERRANEAN DIET; MORTALITY; NON INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; OBESITY; RISK; SUGAR INTAKE; WESTERN DIET;

ANIMALS; ASTHMA; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2; DIET, MEDITERRANEAN; DIET, WESTERN; DIETARY APPROACHES TO STOP HYPERTENSION; DIETARY SUGARS; EVIDENCE-BASED MEDICINE; HEALTHY DIET; HUMANS; INCIDENCE; MEAT; MORTALITY; NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES; OBESITY; RISK;

EID: 85021794353     PISSN: 10408398     EISSN: 15497852     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2016.1158690     Document Type: Review

References (189)

1. Aaron, S. D., Fergusson, D., Dent, R., et al. (2004). Effect of weight reduction on respiratory function and airway reactivity in obese women. Chest 125:2046–2052.
2. Abiemo, E. E., Alonso, A., Nettleton, J. A., et al. (2013). Relationships of the Mediterranean dietary pattern with insulin resistance and diabetes incidence in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA). Br. J. Nutr. 109:1490–1497.
3. Agnoli, C., Krogh, V., Grioni, S., et al. (2011). A priori-defined dietary patterns are associated with reduced risk of stroke in a large Italian cohort. J. Nutr. 141:1552–1558.
4. Alberti, K. G., and Zimmet, P. Z., (1998). Definition, diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus and its complications. Part 1: Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus provisional report of a WHO consultation. Diabet. Med. 15:539–553.
5. Alberti, K. G., Zimmet, P., and Shaw, J., (2006). Metabolic syndrome–a new world-wide definition. A Consensus Statement from the International Diabetes Federation. Diabet. Med. 23:469–480.
6. Alles, B., Samieri, C., Feart, C., et al. (2012). Dietary patterns: A novel approach to examine the link between nutrition and cognitive function in older individuals. Nutr. Res. Rev. 25:207–222.
7. Ambrosini, G. L., Huang, R. C., Mori, T. A., et al. (2010). Dietary patterns and markers for the metabolic syndrome in Australian adolescents. Nutr. Metab Cardiovasc. Dis. 20:274–283.
8. Ammerman, A. S., Lindquist, C. H., Lohr, K. N., and Hersey, J., (2002). The efficacy of behavioral interventions to modify dietary fat and fruit and vegetable intake: A review of the evidence. Prev. Med. 35:25–41.
9. Andreoli, A., Lauro, S., Di, D. N., et al. (2008). Effect of a moderately hypoenergetic Mediterranean diet and exercise program on body cell mass and cardiovascular risk factors in obese women. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 62:892–897.
10. Appel, L. J., Brands, M. W., Daniels, S. R., et al. (2006). Dietary approaches to prevent and treat hypertension: A scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Hypertension 47:296–308.
11. Appel, L. J., Champagne, C. M., Harsha, D. W., et al. (2003). Effects of comprehensive lifestyle modification on blood pressure control: Main results of the PREMIER clinical trial. JAMA 289:2083–2093.
12. Appel, L. J., Moore, T. J., Obarzanek, E., et al. (1997). A clinical trial of the effects of dietary patterns on blood pressure. N. Engl. J. Med. 336:1117–1124.
13. Ard, J. D., Grambow, S. C., Liu, D., et al. (2004). The effect of the PREMIER interventions on insulin sensitivity. Diabetes Care 27:340–347.
14. Arisawa, K., Uemura, H., Yamaguchi, M., et al. (2014). Associations of dietary patterns with metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance: A cross-sectional study in a Japanese population. J. Med. Invest. 61:333–344.
15. Arvaniti, F., Priftis, K. N., Papadimitriou, A., et al. (2011). Adherence to the Mediterranean type of diet is associated with lower prevalence of asthma symptoms, among 10–12 years old children: The PANACEA study. Pediatr. Allergy Immunol. 22:283–289.
16. Azadbakht, L., Fard, N. R., Karimi, M., et al. (2011). Effects of the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) eating plan on cardiovascular risks among type 2 diabetic patients: A randomized crossover clinical trial. Diabetes Care 34:55–57.
17. Bach-Faig, A., Berry, E. M., Lairon, D., et al. (2011). Mediterranean diet pyramid today. Science and cultural updates. Public Health Nutr. 14:2274–2284.
18. Bakolis, I., Hooper, R., Thompson, R. L., and Shaheen, S. O., (2010). Dietary patterns and adult asthma: Population-based case-control study. Allergy 65:606–615.
19. Barros, R., Moreira, A., Fonseca, J., et al. (2008). Adherence to the Mediterranean diet and fresh fruit intake are associated with improved asthma control. Allergy 63:917–923.
20. Beeson, W. L., Mills, P. K., Phillips, R. L., Andress, M., and Fraser, G. E., (1989). Chronic disease among Seventh-day Adventists, a low-risk group. Rationale, methodology, and description of the population. Cancer 64:570–581.
21. Berz, J. P., Singer, M. R., Guo, X., Daniels, S. R., and Moore, L. L., (2011). Use of a DASH food group score to predict excess weight gain in adolescent girls in the National Growth and Health Study. Arch. Pediatr. Adolesc. Med. 165:540–546.
22. Beunza, J. J., Toledo, E., Hu, F. B., et al. (2010). Adherence to the Mediterranean diet, long-term weight change, and incident overweight or obesity: The Seguimiento Universidad de Navarra (SUN) cohort. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 92:1484–1493.
23. Bhupathiraju, S. N., and Tucker, K. L., (2011). Coronary heart disease prevention: Nutrients, foods, and dietary patterns. Clin. Chim. Acta 412:1493–1514.
24. Blumenthal, J. A., Babyak, M. A., Hinderliter, A., et al. (2010a). Effects of the DASH diet alone and in combination with exercise and weight loss on blood pressure and cardiovascular biomarkers in men and women with high blood pressure: The ENCORE study. Arch. Intern. Med. 170:126–135.
25. Blumenthal, J. A., Babyak, M. A., Sherwood, A., et al. (2010b). Effects of the dietary approaches to stop hypertension diet alone and in combination with exercise and caloric restriction on insulin sensitivity and lipids. Hypertension 55:1199–1205.
26. Brathwaite, N., Fraser, H. S., Modeste, N., Broome, H., and King, R., (2003). Obesity, diabetes, hypertension, and vegetarian status among Seventh-Day Adventists in Barbados: Preliminary results. Ethn. Dis. 13:34–39.
27. Buckland, G., Gonzalez, C. A., Agudo, A., et al. (2009). Adherence to the Mediterranean diet and risk of coronary heart disease in the Spanish EPIC Cohort Study. Am. J. Epidemiol. 170:1518–1529.
28. Castro-Rodriguez, J. A., Garcia-Marcos, L., Alfonseda Rojas, J. D., Valverde-Molina, J., and Sanchez-Solis, M., (2008). Mediterranean diet as a protective factor for wheezing in preschool children. J. Pediatr. 152:823–828, 828.
29. Castro-Rodriguez, J. A., Garcia-Marcos, L., Sanchez-Solis, M., et al. (2010). Olive oil during pregnancy is associated with reduced wheezing during the first year of life of the offspring. Pediatr. Pulmonol. 45:395–402.
30. Corsino, L., Rocha-Goldberg, M. P., Batch, B. C., et al. (2012). The Latino Health Project: Pilot testing a culturally adapted behavioral weight loss intervention in obese and overweight Latino adults. Ethn. Dis. 22:51–57.
31. Champagne, C. M., Broyles, S. T., Moran, L. D., et al. (2011). Dietary intakes associated with successful weight loss and maintenance during the Weight Loss Maintenance trial. J. Am. Diet. Assoc. 111:1826–1835.
32. Chatzi, L., Apostolaki, G., Bibakis, I., et al. (2007). Protective effect of fruits, vegetables and the Mediterranean diet on asthma and allergies among children in Crete. Thorax 62:677–683.
33. Chatzi, L., Garcia, R., Roumeliotaki, T., et al. (2013). Mediterranean diet adherence during pregnancy and risk of wheeze and eczema in the first year of life: INMA (Spain) and RHEA (Greece) mother-child cohort studies. Br. J. Nutr. 110:2058–2068.
34. Chatzi, L., Torrent, M., Romieu, I., et al. (2008). Mediterranean diet in pregnancy is protective for wheeze and atopy in childhood. Thorax 63:507–513.
35. Darani, Z. N., Mohd, Y. R., Esmaili, H., Jamaluddin, R., and Mohseni, F., (2015). Association of dietary pattern with biochemical blood profiles and bodyweight among adults with Type 2 diabetes mellitus in Tehran, Iran. J Diabetes Metab Disord. 14:28.
36. de Batlle, J., Garcia-Aymerich, J., Barraza-Villarreal, A., Antó, J. M., and Romieu, I., (2008). Mediterranean diet is associated with reduced asthma and rhinitis in Mexican children. Allergy 63:1310–1316.
37. de Cássia Ribeiro Silva, R., Assis, A. M., Cruz, A. A., et al. (2013). Dietary patterns and wheezing in the midst of nutritional transition: A study in Brazil. Pediatr. Allergy Immunol. Pulmonol. 26:18–24.
38. de Koning, L., Chiuve, S. E., Fung, T. T., et al. (2011). Diet-quality scores and the risk of type 2 diabetes in men. Diabetes Care 34:1150–1156.
39. de Lorgeril, M., and Salen, P., (2006a). The Mediterranean-style diet for the prevention of cardiovascular diseases. Public Health Nutr. 9:118–123.
40. de Lorgeril, M., and Salen, P., (2006b). The Mediterranean diet in secondary prevention of coronary heart disease. Clin. Invest. Med. 29:154–158.
41. Dekker, L. H., van Dam, R. M., Snijder, M. B., et al. (2015). Comparable Dietary Patterns Describe Dietary Behavior across Ethnic Groups in the Netherlands, but Different Elements in the Diet Are Associated with Glycated Hemoglobin and Fasting Glucose Concentrations. J. Nutr. 145:1884–1891.
42. Denova-Gutiérrez, E., Castañón, S., Talavera, J. O., et al. (2010). Dietary patterns are associated with metabolic syndrome in an urban Mexican population. J Nutr. 140:1855–1863.
43. Dilis, V., Katsoulis, M., Lagiou, P., et al. (2012). Mediterranean diet and CHD: The Greek European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition cohort. Br. J. Nutr. 108:699–709.
44. Doménech, M., Roman, P., Lapetra, J., et al. (2014). Mediterranean diet reduces 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure, blood glucose, and lipids: One-Year randomized, clinical trial. Hypertension.
45. Donova-Gutiérrez, E., Castañón, S., Talavera, J. O., et al. (2011). Dietary patterns are associated with different indexes of adiposity and obesity in an urban Mexican population. J Nutr. 141:921–927.
46. Eilat-Adar, S., Mete, M., Fretts, A., et al. (2013). Dietary patterns and their association with cardiovascular risk factors in a population undergoing lifestyle changes: The Strong Heart Study. Nutr. Metab. Cardiovasc. Dis. 23:528–535.
47. Elhayany, A., Lustman, A., Abel, R., Attal-Singer, J., and Vinker, S., (2010). A low carbohydrate Mediterranean diet improves cardiovascular risk factors and diabetes control among overweight patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A 1-year prospective randomized intervention study. Diabetes Obes. Metab. 12:204–209.
48. Esmaillzadeh, A., and Azadbakht, L., (2008). Major dietary patterns in relation to general obesity and central adiposity among Iranian women. J Nutr. 138:358–363.
49. Esmaillzadeh, A., Kimiagar, M., Mehrabi, Y., et al. (2007a). Dietary patterns and markers of systemic inflammation among Iranian women. J Nutr. 137:992–998.
50. Esmaillzadeh, A., Kimiagar, M., Mehrabi, Y., et al. (2007b). Dietary patterns, insulin resistance, and prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in women. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 85:910–918.
51. Esposito, K., Maiorino, M. I., Ciotola, M., et al. (2009). Effects of a Mediterranean-style diet on the need for antihyperglycemic drug therapy in patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes: A randomized trial. Ann. Intern. Med. 151:306–314.
52. Estruch, R., Martínez-González, M. A., Corella, D., et al. (2006). Effects of a Mediterranean-style diet on cardiovascular risk factors: A randomized trial. Ann. Intern. Med. 145:1–11.
53. Estruch, R., Ros, E., Salas-Salvadó, J., et al. (2013). Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease with a Mediterranean diet. N. Engl. J. Med. 368:1279–1290.
54. Farajian, P., Risvas, G., Karasouli, K., et al. (2011). Very high childhood obesity prevalence and low adherence rates to the Mediterranean diet in Greek children: The GRECO study. Atherosclerosis 217:525–530.
55. Feart, C., Samieri, C., Rondeau, V., et al. (2009). Adherence to a Mediterranean diet, cognitive decline, and risk of dementia. JAMA 302:638–648.
56. Folsom, A. R., Parker, E. D., and Harnack, L. J., (2007). Degree of concordance with DASH diet guidelines and incidence of hypertension and fatal cardiovascular disease. Am. J. Hypertens. 20:225–232.
57. Franz, M. J., Bantle, J. P., Beebe, C. A., et al. (2002). Evidence-based nutrition principles and recommendations for the treatment and prevention of diabetes and related complications. Diabetes Care 25:148–198.
58. Fraser, G. E., (1999). Associations between diet and cancer, ischemic heart disease, and all-cause mortality in non-Hispanic white California Seventh-day Adventists. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 70:532S–538S.
59. Fung, T. T., Chiuve, S. E., McCullough, M. L., et al. (2008). Adherence to a DASH-style diet and risk of coronary heart disease and stroke in women. Arch. Intern. Med. 168:713–720.
60. Fung, T. T., Rexrode, K. M., Mantzoros, C. S., et al. (2009). Mediterranean diet and incidence of and mortality from coronary heart disease and stroke in women. Circulation 119:1093–1100.
61. Fung, T. T., Rimm, E. B., Spiegelman, D., et al. (2001). Association between dietary patterns and plasma biomarkers of obesity and cardiovascular disease risk. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 73:61–67.
62. Fung, T. T., Schulze, M., Manson, J. E., Willett, W. C., and Hu, F. B., (2004). Dietary patterns, meat intake, and the risk of type 2 diabetes in women. Arch. Intern. Med. 164:2235–2240.
63. Garcia-Marcos, L., Canflanca, I. M., Garrido, J. B., et al. (2007). Relationship of asthma and rhinoconjunctivitis with obesity, exercise and Mediterranean diet in Spanish schoolchildren. Thorax 62:503–508.
64. Garcia-Marcos, L., Castro-Rodriguez, J. A., Weinmayr, G., et al. (2013). Influence of Mediterranean diet on asthma in children: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Pediatr. Allergy Immunol. 24:330–338.
65. Gardener, H., Wright, C. B., Gu, Y., et al. (2011). Mediterranean-style diet and risk of ischemic stroke, myocardial infarction, and vascular death: The Northern Manhattan Study. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 94:1458–1464.
66. Gardener, S., Gu, Y., Rainey-Smith, S. R., et al. (2012). Adherence to a Mediterranean diet and Alzheimer's disease risk in an Australian population. Transl. Psychiatry 2:e164.
67. Giem, P., Beeson, W. L., and Fraser, G. E., (1993). The incidence of dementia and intake of animal products: Preliminary findings from the Adventist Health Study. Neuroepidemiology 12:28–36.
68. Gonzalez Barcala, F. J., Pertega, S., Bamonde, L., et al. (2010). Mediterranean diet and asthma in Spanish schoolchildren. Pediatr. Allergy Immunol. 21:1021–1027.
69. Goulet, J., Lamarche, B., Nadeau, G., and Lemieux, S., (2003). Effect of a nutritional intervention promoting the Mediterranean food pattern on plasma lipids, lipoproteins and body weight in healthy French-Canadian women. Atherosclerosis 170:115–124.
70. Grigoropoulou, D., Priftis, K. N., Yannakoulia, M., et al. (2011). Urban environment adherence to the Mediterranean diet and prevalence of asthma symptoms among 10- to 12-year-old children: The Physical Activity, Nutrition, and Allergies in Children Examined in Athens study. Allergy Asthma Proc. 32:351–358.
71. Harnden, K. E., Frayn, K. N., and Hodson, L., (2010). Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet: Applicability and acceptability to a UK population. J. Hum. Nutr. Diet. 23:3–10.
72. He, Y., Li, Y., Lai, J., et al. (2013). Dietary patterns as compared with physical activity in relation to metabolic syndrome among Chinese adults. Nutr. Metab Cardiovasc. Dis. 23:920–928.
73. Heidemann, C., Schulze, M. B., Franco, O. H., et al. (2008). Dietary patterns and risk of mortality from cardiovascular disease, cancer, and all causes in a prospective cohort of women. Circulation 118:230–237.
74. Hinderliter, A. L., Babyak, M. A., Sherwood, A., and Blumenthal, J. A., (2011). The DASH diet and insulin sensitivity. Curr. Hypertens. Rep. 13:67–73.
75. Hoevenaar-Blom, M. P., Spijkerman, A. M., Kromhout, D., and Verschuren, W. M., (2014). Sufficient sleep duration contributes to lower cardiovascular disease risk in addition to four traditional lifestyle factors: The MORGEN study. Eur. J. Prev. Cardiol. 21:1367–1375.
76. Hu, F. B., (2002). Dietary pattern analysis: A new direction in nutritional epidemiology. Curr. Opin. Lipidol. 13:3–9.
77. Hulshof, K. F., Valsta, L. M., Welten, D. C., and Lowik, M. R., (2001). Analytical approaches to food-based dietary guidelines in the European setting. Public Health Nutr. 4:667–672.
78. Kant, A. K., (1996). Indexes of overall diet quality: A review. J. Am. Diet. Assoc. 96:785–791.
79. Kastorini, C. M., Milionis, H. J., Ioannidi, A., et al. (2011). Adherence to the Mediterranean diet in relation to acute coronary syndrome or stroke nonfatal events: A comparative analysis of a case/case-control study. Am. Heart J. 162:717–724.
80. Kerver, J. M., Yang, E. J., Bianchi, L., and Song, W. O., (2003). Dietary patterns associated with risk factors for cardiovascular disease in healthy US adults. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 78:1103–1110.
81. Ko, B. J., Park, K. H., Shin, S., et al. (2015). Diet quality and diet patterns in relation to circulating cardiometabolic biomarkers. Clin. Nutr.
82. Koloverou, E., Esposito, K., Giugliano, D., and Panagiotakos, D., (2014). The effect of Mediterranean diet on the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus: A meta-analysis of 10 prospective studies and 136,846 participants. Metabolism 63:903–911.
83. Krauss, R. M., Eckel, R. H., Howard, B., et al. (2000). AHA Dietary Guidelines: Tevision 2000: A statement for healthcare professionals from the Nutrition Committee of the American Heart Association. Circulation 102:2284–2299.
84. Kwok, C. S., Umar, S., Myint, P. K., Mamas, M. A., and Loke, Y. K., (2014). Vegetarian diet, Seventh Day Adventists and risk of cardiovascular mortality: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Int. J. Cardiol. 176:680–686.
85. Labonté, M. E., Dewailly, E., Lucas, M., et al. (2014). Traditional dietary pattern is associated with elevated cholesterol among the Inuit of Nunavik. J. Acad. Nutr. Diet. 114:1208–1215.
86. Lazarou, C., Panagiotakos, D. B., and Matalas, A. L., (2010). Physical activity mediates the protective effect of the Mediterranean diet on children's obesity status: The CYKIDS study. Nutrition 26:61–67.
87. Levitan, E. B., Wolk, A., and Mittleman, M. A., (2009a). Consistency with the DASH diet and incidence of heart failure. Arch. Intern. Med 169:851–857.
88. Levitan, E. B., Wolk, A., and Mittleman, M. A., (2009b). Relation of consistency with the dietary approaches to stop hypertension diet and incidence of heart failure in men aged 45 to 79 years. Am. J. Cardiol. 104:1416–1420.
89. Li, F., Hou, L. N., Chen, W., et al. (2014). Associations of dietary patterns with the risk of all-cause, CVD and stroke mortality: A meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Br. J. Nutr. 1–9.
90. Lien, L. F., Brown, A. J., Ard, J. D., et al. (2007). Effects of PREMIER lifestyle modifications on participants with and without the metabolic syndrome. Hypertension 50:609–616.
91. Liese, A. D., Nichols, M., Sun, X., D'Agostino, R. B., Jr. and Haffner, S. M., (2009a). Adherence to the DASH Diet is inversely associated with incidence of type 2 diabetes: The insulin resistance atherosclerosis study. Diabetes Care 32:1434–1436.
92. Liese, A. D., Weis, K. E., Schulz, M., and Tooze, J. A., (2009b). Food intake patterns associated with incident type 2 diabetes: The Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study. Diabetes Care 32:263–268.
93. Lopez-Garcia, E., Schulze, M. B., Fung, T. T., et al. (2004). Major dietary patterns are related to plasma concentrations of markers of inflammation and endothelial dysfunction. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 80:1029–1035.
94. Lourida, I., Soni, M., Thompson-Coon, J., et al. (2013). Mediterranean diet, cognitive function, and dementia: A systematic review. Epidemiology 24:479–489.
95. Lutsey, P. L., Steffen, L. M., and Stevens, J., (2008). Dietary intake and the development of the metabolic syndrome: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study. Circulation 117:754–761.
96. Lv, N., Xiao, L., and Ma, J., (2014). Dietary pattern and asthma: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Asthma Allergy 7:105–121.
97. Lloyd-Jones, D., Adams, R. J., Brown, T. M., et al. (2010). Heart disease and stroke statistics–2010 update: A report from the American Heart Association. Circulation 121:e46–e215.
98. Ma, J., Strub, P., Lavori, P. W., et al. (2013). DASH for asthma: A pilot study of the DASH diet in not-well-controlled adult asthma. Contemp. Clin. Trials 35:55–67.
99. Malik, S., Wong, N. D., Franklin, S. S., et al. (2004). Impact of the metabolic syndrome on mortality from coronary heart disease, cardiovascular disease, and all causes in United States adults. Circulation 110:1245–1250.
100. Malik, V. S., Fung, T. T., van Dam, R. M., et al. (2012). Dietary patterns during adolescence and risk of type 2 diabetes in middle-aged women. Diabetes Care 35:12–18.
101. Mancia, G., De Backer, G., Dominiczak, A., et al. (2007). 2007 guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension: The task force for the management of arterial hypertension of the European society of hypertension (ESH) and of the European society of cardiology (ESC). J. Hypertens. 25:1105–1187.
102. Martinez-Gonzalez, M. A., and Bes-Rastrollo, M., (2014). Dietary patterns, Mediterranean diet, and cardiovascular disease. Curr. Opin. Lipidol. 25:20–26.
103. Martínez-González, M. A., de la Fuente-Arrillaga, C., Nunez-Cordoba, J. M., et al. (2008). Adherence to Mediterranean diet and risk of developing diabetes: Prospective cohort study. BMJ 336:1348–1351.
104. Martínez-González, M. A., García-Arellano, A., Toledo, E., et al. (2012). A 14-item Mediterranean diet assessment tool and obesity indexes among high-risk subjects: The PREDIMED trial. PLoS. One. 7:e43134.
105. Martínez-González, M. A., García-López, M., Bes-Rastrollo, M., et al. (2011). Mediterranean diet and the incidence of cardiovascular disease: A Spanish cohort. Nutr. Metab Cardiovasc. Dis. 21:237–244.
106. Martínez-González, M. A., Zazpe, I., Razquin, C., et al. (2014). Empirically-derived food patterns and the risk of total mortality and cardiovascular events in the PREDIMED study. Clin. Nutr.
107. Medina-Remón, A., Tresserra-Rimbau, A., Pons, A., et al. (2015). Effects of total dietary polyphenols on plasma nitric oxide and blood pressure in a high cardiovascular risk cohort. The PREDIMED randomized trial. Nutr. Metab. Cardiovasc. Dis. 25:60–67.
108. Medina-Remón, A., Zamora-Ros, R., Rotchés-Ribalta, M., et al. (2011). Total polyphenol excretion and blood pressure in subjects at high cardiovascular risk. Nutr. Metab. Cardiovasc. Dis. 21:323–331.
109. Mendez, M. A., Popkin, B. M., Jakszyn, P., et al. (2006). Adherence to a Mediterranean diet is associated with reduced 3-year incidence of obesity. J. Nutr. 136:2934–2938.
110. Menotti, A., Alberti-Fidanza, A., and Fidanza, F., (2012). The association of the Mediterranean Adequacy Index with fatal coronary events in an Italian middle-aged male population followed for 40 years. Nutr. Metab. Cardiovasc. Dis. 22:369–375.
111. Mente, A., de Koning, L., Shannon, H. S., and Anand, S. S., (2009). A systematic review of the evidence supporting a causal link between dietary factors and coronary heart disease. Arch. Intern. Med. 169:659–669.
112. Millen, B. E., Quatromoni, P. A., Copenhafer, D. L., et al. (2001). Validation of a dietary pattern approach for evaluating nutritional risk: The Framingham Nutrition Studies. J. Am. Diet. Assoc. 101:187–194.
113. Millen, B. E., Quatromoni, P. A., Pencina, M., et al. (2005). Unique dietary patterns and chronic disease risk profiles of adult men: The Framingham nutrition studies. J. Am. Diet. Assoc. 105:1723–1734.
114. Misirli, G., Benetou, V., Lagiou, P., et al. (2012). Relation of the traditional Mediterranean diet to cerebrovascular disease in a Mediterranean population. Am. J. Epidemiol. 176:1185–1192.
115. Miyake, Y., Okubo, H., Sasaki, S., Tanaka, K., and Hirota, Y., (2011). Maternal dietary patterns during pregnancy and risk of wheeze and eczema in Japanese infants aged 16–24 months: The Osaka Maternal and Child Health Study. Pediatr. Allergy Immunol. 22:734–741.
116. Mokdad, A. H., Bowman, B. A., Ford, E. S., et al. (2001). The continuing epidemics of obesity and diabetes in the United States. JAMA 286:1195–1200.
117. Morris, M. C., Tangney, C. C., Wang, Y., et al. (2015). MIND diet associated with reduced incidence of Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers. Dement.
118. Mozaffarian, D., Appel, L. J., and Van, H. L., (2011). Components of a cardioprotective diet: New insights. Circulation 123:2870–2891.
119. Mozaffarian, D., Marfisi, R., Levantesi, G., et al. (2007). Incidence of new-onset diabetes and impaired fasting glucose in patients with recent myocardial infarction and the effect of clinical and lifestyle risk factors. Lancet 370:667–675.
120. Murtaugh, M. A., Herrick, J. S., Sweeney, C., et al. (2007). Diet composition and risk of overweight and obesity in women living in the southwestern United States. J. Am. Diet. Assoc. 107:1311–1321.
121. Nagel, G., Weinmayr, G., Kleiner, A., Garcia-Marcos, L., and Strachan, D. P., (2010). Effect of diet on asthma and allergic sensitisation in the International Study on Allergies and Asthma in Childhood (ISAAC) Phase Two. Thorax 65:516–522.
122. National-Research-Council. (1989). Diet and Health: Implications for Reducing Chronic Disease Risk. Committee on Diet and Health. National Academy Press, Washington, DC.
123. Norton, M. C., Dew, J., Smith, H., et al. (2012). Lifestyle behavior pattern is associated with different levels of risk for incident dementia and Alzheimer's disease: The Cache County study. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 60:405–412.
124. Nuñez-Córdoba, J. M., Valencia-Serrano, F., Toledo, E., Alonso, A., and Martínez-González, M. A., (2008). The Mediterranean Diet and Incidence of Hypertension: The Seguimiento Universidad de Navarra (SUN) Study. American Journal of Epidemiology kwn335.
125. Ogden, C. L., Carroll, M. D., Kit, B. K., and Flegal, K. M., (2014). Prevalence of childhood and adult obesity in the United States, 2011–2012. JAMA 311:806–814.
126. Panagiotakos, D. B., Chrysohoou, C., Pitsavos, C., and Stefanadis, C., (2006). Association between the prevalence of obesity and adherence to the Mediterranean diet: The ATTICA study. Nutrition 22:449–456.
127. Paradis, A. M., Godin, G., Pérusse, L., and Vohl, M. C., (2009). Associations between dietary patterns and obesity phenotypes. Int. J. Obes. (Lond) 33:1419–1426.
128. Parikh, A., Lipsitz, S. R., and Natarajan, S., (2009). Association between a DASH-like diet and mortality in adults with hypertension: Findings from a population-based follow-up study. Am. J. Hypertens. 22:409–416.
129. Psaltopoulou, T., Kyrozis, A., Stathopoulos, P., et al. (2008). Diet, physical activity and cognitive impairment among elders: The EPIC-Greece cohort (European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition). Public Health Nutr. 11:1054–1062.
130. Psaltopoulou, T., Sergentanis, T. N., Panagiotakos, D. B., et al. (2013). Mediterranean diet, stroke, cognitive impairment, and depression: A meta-analysis. Ann. Neurol. 74:580–591.
131. Roberts, R. O., Geda, Y. E., Cerhan, J. R., et al. (2010). Vegetables, unsaturated fats, moderate alcohol intake, and mild cognitive impairment. Dement. Geriatr. Cogn. Disord. 29:413–423.
132. Romaguera, D., Guevara, M., Norat, T., et al. (2011). Mediterranean diet and type 2 diabetes risk in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) study: The InterAct project. Diabetes Care 34:1913–1918.
133. Romaguera, D., Norat, T., Mouw, T., et al. (2009). Adherence to the Mediterranean diet is associated with lower abdominal adiposity in European men and women. J. Nutr. 139:1728–1737.
134. Romaguera, D., Norat, T., Vergnaud, A. C., et al. (2010). Mediterranean dietary patterns and prospective weight change in participants of the EPIC-PANACEA project. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 92:912–921.
135. Rosenkranz, R. R., Rosenkranz, S. K., and Neessen, K. J., (2012). Dietary factors associated with lifetime asthma or hayfever diagnosis in Australian middle-aged and older adults: A cross-sectional study. Nutr J 11:84.
136. Ross, R., (1999). Atherosclerosis–an inflammatory disease. N. Engl. J. Med. 340:115–126.
137. Rossi, M., Turati, F., Lagiou, P., et al. (2013). Mediterranean diet and glycaemic load in relation to incidence of type 2 diabetes: Results from the Greek cohort of the population-based European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC). Diabetologia 56:2405–2413.
138. Sacks, F. M., Svetkey, L. P., Vollmer, W. M., et al. (2001). Effects on blood pressure of reduced dietary sodium and the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet. DASH-Sodium Collaborative Research Group. N. Engl. J. Med. 344:3–10.
139. Salas-Salvadó, J., Bulló, M., Estruch, R., et al. (2014). Prevention of diabetes with Mediterranean diets: A subgroup analysis of a randomized trial. Ann. Intern. Med 160:1–10.
140. Salehi-Abargouei, A., Maghsoudi, Z., Shirani, F., and Azadbakht, L., (2013). Effects of Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH)-style diet on fatal or nonfatal cardiovascular diseases–incidence: A systematic review and meta-analysis on observational prospective studies. Nutrition 29:611–618.
141. Scarmeas, N., Luchsinger, J. A., Schupf, N., et al. (2009a). Physical activity, diet, and risk of Alzheimer disease. JAMA 302:627–637.
142. Scarmeas, N., Stern, Y., Mayeux, R., and Luchsinger, J. A., (2006). Mediterranean diet, Alzheimer disease, and vascular mediation. Arch. Neurol. 63:1709–1717.
143. Scarmeas, N., Stern, Y., Mayeux, R., et al. (2009b). Mediterranean diet and mild cognitive impairment. Arch. Neurol. 66:216–225.
144. Schröder, H., Marrugat, J., Vila, J., Covas, M. I., and Elosua, R., (2004). Adherence to the traditional mediterranean diet is inversely associated with body mass index and obesity in a spanish population. J. Nutr. 134:3355–3361.
145. Schulze, M. B., Hoffmann, K., Manson, J. E., et al. (2005). Dietary pattern, inflammation, and incidence of type 2 diabetes in women. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 82:675–684.
146. Schwingshackl, L., Missbach, B., Konig, J., and Hoffmann, G., (2015). Adherence to a Mediterranean diet and risk of diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Public Health Nutr. 18:1292–1299.
147. Sexton, P., Black, P., Metcalf, P., et al. (2013). Influence of mediterranean diet on asthma symptoms, lung function, and systemic inflammation: A randomized controlled trial. J. Asthma 50:75–81.
148. Shai, I., Schwarzfuchs, D., Henkin, Y., et al. (2008). Weight loss with a low-carbohydrate, Mediterranean, or low-fat diet. N. Engl. J. Med. 359:229–241.
149. Shakersain, B., Santoni, G., Larsson, S. C., et al. (2015). Prudent diet may attenuate the adverse effects of Western diet on cognitive decline. Alzheimers Dement.
150. Shirani, F., Salehi-Abargouei, A., and Azadbakht, L., (2013). Effects of Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet on some risk for developing type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis on controlled clinical trials. Nutrition 29:939–947.
151. Singh, B., Parsaik, A. K., Mielke, M. M., et al. (2014). Association of mediterranean diet with mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Alzheimers. Dis. 39:271–282.
152. Smith, P. J., Blumenthal, J. A., Babyak, M. A., et al. (2010). Effects of the dietary approaches to stop hypertension diet, exercise, and caloric restriction on neurocognition in overweight adults with high blood pressure. Hypertension 55:1331–1338.
153. Snowdon, D. A., (1988). Animal product consumption and mortality because of all causes combined, coronary heart disease, stroke, diabetes, and cancer in Seventh-day Adventists. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 48:739–748.
154. Soeliman, F. A., and Azadbakht, L., (2014). Weight loss maintenance: A review on dietary related strategies. J. Res. Med. Sci. 19:268–275.
155. Sofi, F., Abbate, R., Gensini, G. F., and Casini, A., (2010). Accruing evidence on benefits of adherence to the Mediterranean diet on health: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 92:1189–1196.
156. Stampfer, M. J., Hu, F. B., Manson, J. E., Rimm, E. B., and Willett, W. C., (2000). Primary prevention of coronary heart disease in women through diet and lifestyle. N. Engl. J. Med. 343:16–22.
157. Stenius-Aarniala, B., Poussa, T., Kvarnstrom, J., et al. (2000). Immediate and long term effects of weight reduction in obese people with asthma: Randomised controlled study. BMJ 320:827–832.
158. Suliga, E., Koziel, D., Ciesla, E., and Gluszek, S., (2015). Association between dietary patterns and metabolic syndrome in individuals with normal weight: A cross-sectional study. Nutr. J. 14:55.
159. Tangney, C. C., Kwasny, M. J., Li, H., et al. (2011). Adherence to a Mediterranean-type dietary pattern and cognitive decline in a community population. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 93:601–607.
160. Tangney, C. C., Li, H., Wang, Y., et al. (2014). Relation of DASH- and Mediterranean-like dietary patterns to cognitive decline in older persons. Neurology 83:1410–1416.
161. Tobias, D. K., Hu, F. B., Chavarro, J., et al. (2012a). Healthful dietary patterns and type 2 diabetes mellitus risk among women with a history of gestational diabetes mellitus. Arch. Intern. Med. 172:1566–1572.
162. Tobias, D. K., Zhang, C., Chavarro, J., et al. (2012b). Prepregnancy adherence to dietary patterns and lower risk of gestational diabetes mellitus. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 96:289–295.
163. Tognon, G., Lissner, L., Saebye, D., Walker, K. Z., and Heitmann, B. L., (2014). The Mediterranean diet in relation to mortality and CVD: A Danish cohort study. Br. J. Nutr. 111:151–159.
164. Toledo, E., Hu, F. B., Estruch, R., et al. (2013). Effect of the Mediterranean diet on blood pressure in the PREDIMED trial: Results from a randomized controlled trial. BMC. Med. 11:207.
165. Tonstad, S., Butler, T., Yan, R., and Fraser, G. E., (2009). Type of vegetarian diet, body weight, and prevalence of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 32:791–796.
166. Tonstad, S., Stewart, K., Oda, K., et al. (2013). Vegetarian diets and incidence of diabetes in the Adventist Health Study-2. Nutr. Metab. Cardiovasc. Dis. 23:292–299.
167. Trichopoulou, A., Naska, A., Orfanos, P., and Trichopoulos, D., (2005). Mediterranean diet in relation to body mass index and waist-to-hip ratio: The Greek European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition Study. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 82:935–940.
168. Tromp, I. I., Kiefte-de Jong, J. C., de Vries, J. H., et al. (2012). Dietary patterns and respiratory symptoms in pre-school children: The Generation R Study. Eur. Respir. J. 40:681–689.
169. Tucker, L. A., Tucker, J. M., Bailey, B. W., and LeCheminant, J. D., (2015). Dietary patterns as predictors of body fat and BMI in women: A factor analytic study. Am. J. Health Promot. 29:e136–e146.
170. Ursin, G., Ziegler, R. G., Subar, A. F., et al. (1993). Dietary patterns associated with a low-fat diet in the national health examination follow-up study: Identification of potential confounders for epidemiologic analyses. Am. J. Epidemiol. 137:916–927.
171. US-Department-of-health-and-human-services. (2014). National Diabetes Statistics Report: Estimates of Diabetes and its Burden in the United States. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta.
172. Valls-Pedret, C., Sala-Vila, A., Serra-Mir, M., et al. (2015). Mediterranean Diet and Age-Related Cognitive Decline: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Intern. Med. 175:1094–1103.
173. van Dam, R. M., Grievink, L., Ocke, M. C., and Feskens, E. J., (2003). Patterns of food consumption and risk factors for cardiovascular disease in the general Dutch population. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 77:1156–1163.
174. van Dam, R. M., Rimm, E. B., Willett, W. C., Stampfer, M. J., and Hu, F. B., (2002). Dietary patterns and risk for type 2 diabetes mellitus in U.S. men. Ann. Intern. Med. 136:201–209.
175. Varraso, R., Kauffmann, F., Leynaert, B., et al. (2009). Dietary patterns and asthma in the E3N study. Eur. Respir. J. 33:33–41.
176. Vercambre, M. N., Grodstein, F., Berr, C., and Kang, J. H., (2012). Mediterranean diet and cognitive decline in women with cardiovascular disease or risk factors. J. Acad. Nutr. Diet. 112:816–823.
177. Villegas, R., Salim, A., Flynn, A., and Perry, I. J., (2004). Prudent diet and the risk of insulin resistance. Nutr. Metab. Cardiovasc. Dis. 14:334–343.
178. Wengreen, H., Munger, R. G., Cutler, A., et al. (2013). Prospective study of Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension- and Mediterranean-style dietary patterns and age-related cognitive change: The Cache County Study on Memory, Health and Aging. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 98:1263–1271.
179. Whelton, P. K., He, J., Appel, L. J., et al. (2002). Primary prevention of hypertension: Clinical and public health advisory from The National High Blood Pressure Education Program. JAMA. 288:1882–1888.
180. Willcox, D. C., Willcox, B. J., Todoriki, H., and Suzuki, M., (2009). The Okinawan diet: Health implications of a low-calorie, nutrient-dense, antioxidant-rich dietary pattern low in glycemic load. J Am. Coll. Nutr. 28(Suppl):500S–516S.
181. Willett, W. C., Sacks, F., Trichopoulou, A., et al. (1995). Mediterranean diet pyramid: A cultural model for healthy eating. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 61:1402S–1406S.
182. Wirfalt, E., Hedblad, B., Gullberg, B., et al. (2001). Food patterns and components of the metabolic syndrome in men and women: A cross-sectional study within the Malmo Diet and Cancer cohort. Am. J. Epidemiol. 154:1150–1159.
183. World-Health-Organization. (1990). Diet, nutrition, and the prevention of chronic diseases. Report of a WHO Study Group Geneva. (WHO Technical Report Series, No.797 - TRS 797).
184. World-Health-Organization. (2000). Obesity: Preventing and managing the global epidemic. (No. 894).
185. World-Health-Organization-UNAIDS. (2007). Prevention of cardiovascular disease.
186. Yau, W. Y., and Hankey, G. J., (2011). Which dietary and lifestyle behaviours may be important in the aetiology (and prevention) of stroke? J. Clin. Neurosci. 18:76–80.
187. Yazici, M., Kaya, A., Kaya, Y., et al. (2009). Lifestyle modification decreases the mean platelet volume in prehypertensive patients. Platelets. 20:58–63.
188. Yu, C., Shi, Z., Lv, J., et al. (2015). Major Dietary Patterns in Relation to General and Central Obesity among Chinese Adults. Nutrients. 7:5834–5849.
189. Zazpe, I., Sanchez-Tainta, A., Toledo, E., Sanchez-Villegas, A., and Martinez-Gonzalez, M. A., (2014). Dietary patterns and total mortality in a Mediterranean cohort: The SUN project. J. Acad. Nutr. Diet. 114:37–47.