Thiazoles and thiazolidinones as antioxidants

Current Medicinal Chemistry

Volumn 20, Issue 36, 2013, Pages 4460-4480

  Geronikaki, A A ^a   Pitta, E P ^a   Liaras, K S ^a  

^a ARISTOTLE UNIVERSITY OF THESSALONIKI   (Greece)

Author keywords

ABTS; Antioxidant; DPPH; Oxidative damage; ROS; Thiazole; Thiazolidinone

Indexed keywords

(E) ETHYL 2 [2 (4 OXOTHIAZOLIDIN 2 YLIDENE)ACETAMIDO] 4,5,6,7 TETRAHYDROBENZO[B] THIOPHENE 3 CARBOXYLATE; (E) N 2 ARYLIDEN 2 (4 METHYL 2 OXO 2H CHROMEN 7 YLOXY)ACETOHYDRAZIDE DERIVATIVE; 1,1 DIPHENYL 2 PICRYLHYDRAZYL; 2 (3,5 DI TERT BUTYL 4 HYDROXYPHENYL) 3 (AMINOPROPYL)THIAZOLIDINONE DERIVATIVE; 2 ARYL 3 (AMINOALKYL) 1,3 THIAZOLIDINONE DERIVATIVE; 2,4 DICHLOROTHIAZOLYL THIAZOLIDINE 2,4 DIONE DERIVATIVE; 3 (2,6 DIMETHYLPHENYL) 2 SELENOXO 1,3 THIAZOLIDIN 4 ONE; 3 (4 PHENYLTHIAZOL 2 YL)QUINAZOLIN 4(3H) ONE; 3 (4 PHENYLTHIAZOL 2 YL)QUINAZOLIN 4(3H)ONE DERIVATIVE; 4 CHLORO 2 BENZYLSULFANYLTHIAZOLYL THIAZOLIDINE 2,4 DIONE DERIVATIVE; 5 ARYLIDENE 4 THIAZOLIDINONE DERIVATIVE; [(4 AMINO 5 BENZOYL 2 (4 METHOXY PHENYLAMINO)THIAZOLE]; ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID; ALPHA TOCOPHEROL; ANTIOXIDANT; ASCORBIC ACID; BUTYLCRESOL; CAFFEIC ACID; DIAMINE DERIVATIVE; DILTIAZEM; N (2 ARYL 4 OXO THIAZOLIDINE 3 YL) 2 (4 METHYL 2 OXO 2H CHROMEN 7 YLOXY)ACETAMIDE DERIVATIVE; NORDIHYDROGUAIARETIC ACID; NORPHENAZONE; REACTIVE OXYGEN METABOLITE; THAIZOLIDIN 4 ONE DERIVATIVE; THIAZOLE DERIVATIVE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY; ARTICLE; DRUG SYNTHESIS; HUMAN; IC 50; IN VITRO STUDY; IN VIVO STUDY; LIPID PEROXIDATION; NEUROPROTECTION; NONHUMAN; OXIDATIVE STRESS; SCAVENGING SYSTEM; STRUCTURE ACTIVITY RELATION;

ANIMALS; ANTIOXIDANTS; HUMANS; OXIDATIVE STRESS; THIAZOLES; THIAZOLIDINES;

EID: 84887968680     PISSN: 09298673     EISSN: 1875533X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2174/09298673113209990143     Document Type: Article

References (178)

1. Halliwell, B. How to characterize a biological antioxidant. Free Radic. Res. Commun., 1990, 9(1), 1-32.
2. Hrbac. J.; Kohen, R. Biological redox activity: Its importance, methods for its quantification and implication for health and disease. Drug Develop. Res., 2000, 50(3-4), 516-527.
3. Schafer, F.Q.; Buettner, G.R. Redox environments of the cell as viewed through the redox state of the glutathione disulfide/ glutathione couple. Free Radic. Biol. Med., 2001, 30(11), 1191-1212.
4. Halliwell, B.; Gutteridge, J.M.C. Oxygen toxicity, oxygen radicals, transition metals and disease. Biochem. J., 1984, 219(1), 1-4.
5. Simonia, N.A.; Coyle, J.T. Oxidative stress in neurodegenerative diseases. Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol., 1996, 36, 83-106.
6. Geronikaki, A.; Gavalas, A. Antioxidants and Inflammatory Disease Synthetic and Natural Antioxidants with Anti-Inflammatory Activity. Comb. Chem. High Throughput Screen., 2006, 9(6), 425-442.
7. Lefer, D.J.; Granger, D.N. Oxidative stress and cardiac disease. Am. J. Med., 2000, 109(4), 315-323.
8. Smith, M.A.; Rottkamp, C.A.; Nunomura, A.; Raina, A.K.; Perry, G. Oxidative stress in Alzheimer's disease. Biochem. Biophys. Acta., 2000, 1502(1), 139-144.
9. Gerber, M.; Boutron-Ruault, M.C.; Hercberg, S.; Riboli, E.; Scalbert, A.; Siess, M.H. Food and Cancer: state of the art about the protective effect of fruits and vegetables. Bull. Cancer, 2002, 89(3), 293-312.
10. Di Matteo, V.; Esposito, E. Biochemical and therapeutic effects of antioxidants in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Curr. Drug Targets CNS Neurol. Disord., 2003, 2(2), 95-107.
11. Pratico D., Delanty N. Oxidative injury in diseases of the central nervous system: focus on Alzheimer's disease. Am. J. Med., 2000, 109(7), 577-585.
12. Bhatia, S.; Shukla, R.; Madhu, S.V.; Gambhir, J.K.; Prabhu, K.M. Antioxidant status, lipid peroxidation and NO end products in patients of type 2 diabetes mellitus with nephropathy. Clin. Biochem., 2003, 36(7), 557-562.
13. Peuchant, E.; Brun, J.; Rigalleau, V.; Dubourg, L.; Thomas, M.; Daniel, J. Oxidative and antioxidative status in pregnant women with either gestational or type 1 Diabetes. Clin. Biochem., 2004, 37(4), 293-298.
14. Steer, P.; Milligard, J.; Sarabi, D.M.; Wessby, B.; Kahan, T. Cardiac and vascular structure and function are related to lipid peroxidation and metabolism. Lipids, 2002, 37(3), 231-236.
15. Uchida, K. Role of reactive aldehyde in cardiovascular diseases. Free Radic. Biol. Med., 2000, 28(12), 1685-1696.
16. Mau, J.L.; Lin, H.C.; Song, S.F. Antioxidant properties of several specialty mushrooms. Food Res. Int., 2002, 35(6), 519-526.
17. Fritz, K.L.; Seppanen, C.M.; Kurzer, M.S.; Csallany, A.S. The in vivo antioxidant activity of soybean isoflavones in human subjects. Nutr. Res., 2003, 23(4), 479-487.
18. Patricia, I.; Oteiza, A.G.; Erlejman, S.; Verstraeten, V.; Keen, C.L.; Fraga, C.S. Flavonoid-membrane interactions: a protective role of flavonoids at the membrane surface. Clin. Develop. Immun., 2005, 12(1), 23-25.
19. Tripathi, A.K.; Misra, A.K. Soybean-a consummate functional food: a review. J. Food Sci. Technol., 2005, 42(2), 111-119.
20. Hadjipavlou-Litina, D.; Magoulas, G.E.; Krokidis, M.; Papaioannou, D. Syntheses and evaluation of the antioxidant activity of acitretin analogs with amide bond(s) in the polyene spacer. Eur. J. Med. Chem., 2010, 45(1), 298-310.
21. Ramarathnam, N.; Osawa, T.; Ochi, H.; Kawakishi, S. The contribution of plant food antioxidants to human health. Trends Food Sci. Technol., 1995, 6(3), 75-82.
22. Meneghini, R.; Martins, E.L. Hydrogen peroxide and DNA damage. In: DNA and free radicals; Halliwell B, Aruoma OI (eds). Ellis Horwood, New York, 1993, pp 83-93.
23. Sies, H. Biochemistry of oxidative stress. Angew. Chem. Int. (Ed) Eng., 1986, 25(12), 1058-1071.
24. Fontecave, M.; Ollagnier-de-Choudens, S.; Mulliez, E. Biological Radical Sulfur Insertion Reactions. Chem. Rev., 2003, 103(6), 2149-2166.
25. De Souza, M.V.N. Synthesis and biological activity of natural thiazoles: An important class of heterocyclic compounds. J. Sulfur Chem., 2005, 26(4-5), 429-449.
26. Dondoni, A. New Perspectives in Thiazole Chemistry. Phosphorous Sulfur Relat. Elem., 1985, 24(1-2), 1-38.
27. Crew, P.; Kakou, Y.; Quinoa, E. Mycothiazole, a polyketide heterocycle from a marine sponge. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1988, 110(13), 4365-4368.
28. Ojika, M.; Suzuki, Y.; Tsukamoto, A.; Sakagami, Y.; Fudou, R.; Yoshimura, T.; Yamanaka, S. Cystothiazoles A and B, new bithiazole-type antibiotics from the myxobacterium Cystobacter fuscus. J. Antibiot., 1998, 51(3), 275-284.
29. Shiradkar, M.R.; Murahari, K.K.; Gangadasu, H.R.; Suresh, T.; Kalyan, C.A. Panchal, D.; Kaur, R.; Burange, P.; Ghogare, J.; Mokale, V.; Raut, M. Synthesis of new S-derivatives of clubbed triazole as anti-Mycobacterium tuberculosis agents. Bioorg. Med. Chem., 2007, 15(12), 3997-4008.
30. Liaras, K.; Geronikaki, A.; Glamoclija, J.; Ciric, A.; Sokovic, M. Thiazole-based chalcones as potent antimicrobial agents. Synthesis and biological evaluation. Bioorg. Med. Chem., 2011, 19(10), 3135-3140.
31. Karegoudar, P.; Karthikeyan, M.S.; Prasad, D.J.; Mahalinga, M.; Holla, B.S.; Kumari, N.S. Synthesis of some novel 2,4-disubstituted thiazoles as possible antimicrobial agents. Eur. J. Med. Chem., 2008, 43(2), 261-267.
32. El-Sabbagh, O.I.; Baraka, M.M.; Ibrahim, S.M.; Pannecouque, C.; Andrei, G.; Snoeck, R.; Balzarini, J.; Rashad, A.A. Synthesis and antiviral activity of new pyrazole and thiazole derivatives. Eur. J. Med. Chem., 2009, 44(9), 3746-3753.
33. Srivastava, P.C.; Pickering, M.V.; Allen, L.B.; Streeter, D.G.; Campbell, M.T.; Witkowski, J.T.; Sidwell, R.W.;. Robins, R.K. Synthesis and antiviral activity of certain thiazole C-nucleosides. J. Med. Chem., 1977, 20 (2), 256-262.
34. Aridoss, G.; Amirthaganesan, S.; Kima, M.S.; Kim, J.T.; Jeong, Y.T. Synthesis, spectral and biological evaluation of some new thiazolidinones and thiazoles based on t-3-alkyl-r-2,c-6-diarylpiperidin-4-ones. Eur. J. Med. Chem., 2009, 44(10), 4199-4210.
35. Holla, B.S.; Malini, K.V.; Rao, B.S.; Sarojini, B.K.; Kumari, N.S. Synthesis of some new 2,4-disubstituted thiazoles as possible antibacterial and anti-inflammatory agent. Eur. J. Med. Chem., 2003, 38(3), 313-318.
36. Kalkhambkar, R.G.; Kulkarni, G.M.; Shivkumar, H.; Rao, N.R. Synthesis of novel triheterocyclic thiazoles as anti-inflammatory and analgesic agents. Eur. J. Med. Chem., 2007, 42(10), 1272-1276.
37. Kouatly, O.; Geronikaki, A.; Kamoutsis, C.; Hadjipavlou-Litina, D.; Eleftheriou, P. Adamantane derivatives of Thiazolyl Nsubstituted amide, as possible non-steroidal antiinflammatory agents. Eur. J. Med. Chem., 2009, 44(3), 1198-1204.
38. Geronikaki, A.; Babaev, E.; Dearden, J.; Dehaen, W.; Filimonov, Galaeva, I.; Krajneva, V.; Lagunin, A.; Macaev, F.; Molodavkin, G.; Poroikov, V.; Pogrebnoi, S.; Saloutin, V.; Stepanchikova, A.; Stingaci, E.; Tkach, N.; Vlad, L.; Voronina, T. Design, synthesis, computational and biological evaluation of new anxiolytics. Bioorg. Med. Chem., 2004, 12(24), 6559-6565.
39. Geronikaki, A.; Vicini, P.; Theophilidis, G.; Lagunin, A.; Poroikov, V.; Dabarakis, N.; Modarresi, H; Dearden, J.C. Evaluation the local anaesthetic activity of derivatives of 3-amino-1,2-[d]benzoisothiazoles on sciatic nerve of rat. Eur. J. Med. Chem., 2009, 44(2), 473-481.
40. Amin, K.M.; Rahman, A.D.E.; Al-Eryani, Y.A. Synthesis and preliminary evaluation of some substituted coumarins as anticonvulsant agents. Bioorg. Med. Chem., 2008, 16(10), 5377-5388.
41. Dawood, K.M.; Gawad, H.A.; Rageb, E.A.; Ellithey, M.; Mohamed, H.A. Synthesis, anticonvulsant, and anti-inflammatory evaluation of some new benzotriazole and benzofuran-based heterocycles. Bioorg. Med. Chem., 2006, 14(11), 3672-3680.
42. Srivastava, T.; Gaikwad, A.K.; Haq, W.; Sinha, S.; Katti, S.B. Synthesis and biological evaluation of 4-thiazolidinone derivatives as potential antimycobacterial agents. Arkivoc, 2005, (ii), 120-130.
43. Kucukguzel, S.G.; Oruc, E.G.; Rolas, S.; Sahin, F.; Ozbek, A. Synthesis, characterization and biological activity of novel 4-thiazolidinones, 1,3,4-oxadiazoles and some related compounds. Eur. J. Med. Chem., 2002, 37(3), 197-206.
44. Verma, A.; Saraf, S.H. 4-Thiazolidinone-A biologically active scaffold. Eur. J. Med. Chem., 2008, 43(5), 897-905.
45. Shah, T.J.; Desai, V.A. Synthesis of some novel fluorinated 4-thiazolidinones containing amide linkages and their antimicrobial screening. Arkivoc, 2007, (xiv), 218-228.
46. Patel, J.B.; Desai, V.A. Synthesis of Some New Thiazolidinones Derived from 1-p-Tolylethanone and Their Antibacterial and Antifungal Activities. Int. J. Ind. Chem., 2011, 2(1), 45-51.
47. Patel, N.B.; Patel, S.D. Synthesis and In vitro antimicrobial study of schiff base and thiazolidinone of 1-cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-7-[4-(2,3- dichlorophenyl)-piperazin-1-yl]-4-quinolone. Acta Pol. Pharm., 2010, 67(1), 45-53.
48. Gududuru, V.; Hurh, E.; Dalton, J.T.; Miller, D.D. Synthesis and antiproliferative activity of 2-aryl-4-oxo-thiazolidin-3-yl-amides for prostate cancer. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 2004, 14(21), 5289-5293.
49. Zhou,Y.; Wu, S.; Zhai, S.; Liu, A.; Sun, Y.; Li, R.; Zhang, Y.; Ekins, S.; Swaan, P.W.; Fang, B.; Zhang, B.; Yan, B. Design, Synthesis, Cytoselective Toxicity, Structure-Activity Relationships, and Pharmacophore of Thiazolidinone Derivatives Targeting Drug-Resistant Lung Cancer Cells. J. Med. Chem., 2008, 51(5), 1242-1251.
50. Shiradkar, M.R.; Ghodake, M.; Bothara, K.G.; Bhandari, S.V.; Nikalje, A.; Akula, K.C.; Desai, N.C.; Burangeb, P.J. Synthesis and anticonvulsant activity of clubbed thiazolidinone-barbituric acid and thiazolidinone-triazole derivatives. Arkivoc, 2007, (xiv), 58-74.
51. Kaur, H.; Kumar, S.; Vishwakarma, S.P.; Sharma, M.; Saxena, K.K.; Kumar, A. Synthesis and antipsychotic and anticonvulsant activity of some new substituted oxa/thiadiazolylazetidinonyl/ thiazolidinonylcarbazoles. Eur. J. Med. Chem., 2010, 45(7), 2777-2783.
52. Shingalapur, R.V.; Kallappa, M.; Rangappa, S.K.; Hugar, M.H. Derivatives of benzimidazole pharmacophore: synthesis, anticonvulsant, antidiabetic and DNA cleavage studies. Eur. J. Med. Chem., 2010, 45(5), 1753-1759.
53. Agarwal, A.; Lata, S.; Saxena K.K.; Srivastava, V.K.; Kumar, A. Synthesis and anticonvulsant activity of some potential thiazolidinonyl 2-oxo/thiobarbituric acids. Eur. J. Med. Chem., 2006, 41(10), 1223-1229.
54. Archana;V.K.; Srivastava, K.A. Synthesis of newer thiadiazolyl and thiazolidinonyl quinazolin-4 3H-ones as potential anticonvulsant agents. Eur. J. Med. Chem., 2002, 37(11), 873-882.
55. Vazzana, I.; Terranova, E.; Mattioli, F.; Sparatore, F. Aromatic Schiff bases and 2,3-disubstituted-1,3-thiazolidin-4-one derivatives as antiinflammatory agents. Arkivoc, 2004, (v), 364-374.
56. Mazzoni, O.; Di Bosco, A.M.; Grieco, P.; Novellino, E.; Bertamio, A.; Borrelli, F.; Capasso, R.; Diurno, M.V. Synthesis and pharmacological activity of 2-(substituted)-3-{2-[(4-phenyl-4-cyano)piperidino]ethyl}-1,3-thiazolidin-4- ones. Chem. Biol. Drug Des., 2006, 67(6), 432.
57. Barreca, M.L.; Balzarini, J.; Chimirri, A.; De Clercq, E.; De Luca, L.; Dieter, H.; Holtje, M.; Monforte, A.M.; Monforte, P.; Pannecouque, C.; Rao, A.; Zappala, M. Design, Synthesis, Structure Activity Relationships, and Molecular Modeling Studies of 2,3-Diaryl-1,3-thiazolidin-4-ones as Potent Anti-HIV Agents. J. Med. Chem., 2002, 45(24), 5410-5413.
58. Barreca, M.L.; Chimirri, A.; De Luca, L.; Monforte, A.M.; Monforte, P.; Rao, A.; Zappala, M.; Balzarini, J.; De Clercq, E.; Pannecouque, C.; Witvrouw, M. Discovery of 2,3-diaryl-1,3-thiazolidin-4-ones as potent anti-HIV-1 agents. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 2001, 11(13), 1793-1796.
59. Pitta, E.; Crespan, E.; Geronikaki, A.; Maga, G.; Samuele, A. Novel Thiazolidinone Derivatives with an Uncommon Mechanism of Inhibition Towards HIV-1 Reverse Transcriptase, L.D.D.D., 2010, 7(4), 228-234.
60. Tanabe, Y.; Okumura, H.; Nagaosa, M., Murakami, M. Highly Stereoselective Synthesis of the Antiplatelet Activating Factor, 4-Thiazolidinones, Using Silyl Derivatives of 2-Mercaptoalkanoic Acids. Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn., 1995, 68(5), 1467-1472.
61. Imran, M.; Yar, M.S.; Khan, S.A. Synthesis and antihyperglycemia activity of 2-(substituted phenyl)-3-{[4-(1-naphthyl)1,3-thiazol-2-yl]amino}-4-oxo-1,3- thiazolidin-5-acetyc acid derivatives. Acta Pol. Pharm., 2009, 66(1), 51-56.
62. Verma, P.; Kamboj, V. Synthesis and antidiabetic activity of N'-[3-(alkyl/aryl substituted)-4-oxo-1,3 thiazolidin-2-yeidene]-2-(pyrazin-2- loxy)acetohydrazide. Acta Pharm. Sci., 2010, 52, 411-415.
63. Diurno, M.V.; Mazzoni, O.; Piscopo, E.; Caliganao, A.; Giordano, F.; Bolognese, A. Synthesis and antihistaminic activity of some thiazolidin-4-ones. J. Med. Chem., 1992, 35(15), 2910.
64. Lagunin, A.A.; Geronikaki, A.; Eleftheriou, P.T.; Hadjipavlou-Litina, D.I.; Filimonov, D.A.; Poroikov, V.V. Computer-aided discovery of potential anti-inflammatory thiazolidinones with dual 5-LOX/COX inhibition. J. Med. Chem., 2008, 51(6), 1601-1609.
65. Look, G.C.; Schuilck, J.R.; Homes, C.P.; Chinn, J.P.; Gordon, E.M.; Gallop, M.A. The identification of cyclooxygenase-1 inhibitors from 4-thiazolidine combinatorial. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 1996, 6(6), 707-712.
66. Rao, P.P.N.; Kabir, S.N.; Mohamed, T. Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs): Progress in Small Molecule Drug Development. Pharmaceuticals, 2010, 3(5), 1530-1549.
67. Kumar, A.; Rajput, C.S.; Bhati, S.K. Synthesis of 3-[4'-(pchlorophenyl)- thiazol-2'-yl]-2-[(substituted azetidinone/ thiazolidinone)-aminomethyl]-6- bromoquinazolin-4-ones as anti-inflammatory agent. Bioorg. Med. Chem., 2007, 15(8), 3089-3096.
68. Ottana, R.; Maccari, R.; Barreca, M.L.; Bruno, G. 5-Arylidene-2-imino-4- thiazolidinones: design and synthesis of novel antiinflammatory agents. Bio. Med. Chem., 2005, 13(13), 4243-4252.
69. Taranalli, A.D.; Thimmaiah, N.V.; Srinivas, S.; Saravanan, E. Antiinflammatory, analgesic and antiulcer activity of certain thiazolidinones. Asian J. Pharm. Clin. Res., 2009, 2(4), 209-211.
70. Knutsen, L.J.; Hobbs, C.J.; Earnshaw, C.G.; Fiumana, A.; Gilbert, J.; Mellor S.L.; Radford, F.; Smith, N.J.; Birch, P.J.; Russell Burley, J.; Ward, S.D.; James, I.F. Synthesis and SAR of novel 2-arylthiazolidinones as selective analgesic N-type calcium channel blockers. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 2007, 17(3), 662-667.
71. Kumar, A.; Sharma, S.; Bajaj, K.; Panwar, S.H.; Singh, T.; Srivastava, V.K. Some new 2,3,6-trisubstituted quinazolinones as potent anti-inflammatory, analgesic and COX-II inhibitors. Bioorg. Med. Chem., 2003, 11(23), 5293-5299.
72. Vicini, P.; Geronikaki,A.; Kitka, A.; Incerti, M.; Zani, F. Synthesis and antimicrobial activity of novel 2-thiazolylimino-5-arylidene-4-thiazolidinones. Bioorg. Med. Chem., 2006, 14(11), 3859-3864.
73. Vicini, P.; Geronikaki, A.; Incerti, M.; Zani, F.; Dearden, J.; Hewitt, M. 2-Heteroarylimino-5-benzylidene-4-thiazolidinones analogues of 2-thiazolylimino-5-benzylidene-4-thiazolidinones with antimicrobial activity: synthesis and structure-activity relationship. Bioorg. Med. Chem., 2008, 16(7), 3714-3724.
74. Omar, K.; Geronikaki, A.; Zoumpoulakis, P.; Camoutsis, C.; Sokovic, M.; Ciric, A.; Glamoclija, J. Novel 4-thiazolidinone derivatives as potential antifungal and antibacterial drugs. Bioorg. Med. Chem., 2010, 18(1), 426-432.
75. Bonde, C.G.; Gaikwad, N.J. Synthesis and preliminary evaluation of some pyrazine containing thiazolines and thiazolidinones as antimicrobial agents. Bioorg. Med. Chem., 2004, 12(9), 2151-2161.
76. Kavitha, C.V.; Basappa, C.S.; Swamy, N.; Mantelingu, A.K.; Doreswamy, S.; Sridhar, M.A.; Prasadb, J.S.; Rangappa, S.K. Synthesis and in vitro antimicrobial studies of medicinally important novel N-alkyl and N-sulfonyl derivatives of 1-[bis(4-fluorophenyl)-methyl]piperazine. Biorg. Med. Chem., 2006, 14(19), 2290-2299.
77. Cacic, M.; Molnar, M.; Balic,T.; Draca , N.; Rajkovic,V. Design and Synthesis of Some Thiazolidin-4-ones Based on (7-Hydroxy-2-oxo-2H-chromen-4-yl) Acetic Acid. Molecules, 2009, 14(7), 2501-2513.
78. Misra, U.; Shukla, S.; Gurtu, S.; Saxena, A.K.; Shanker, K. Novel pyrimidinediones and thiazolidinones as anti depressants. Boll. Chim. Farm., 1995, 134(9), 492-496.
79. Chihiro, M.; Nagamoto, H.; Takemura, I.; Kitano, K.; Komatsu, H.; Sekiguchi, K.; Tabusa, F.; Mori, T.; Tominaga, M.; Yabuuchi Y. Novel Thiazole Derivatives as Inhibitors of Superoxide Production by Human Neutrophils: Synthesis and Structure-Activity Relationships. J. Med. Chem., 1995, 38(2), 353-358.
80. Uchikawa, O.; Fukatsu, K.; Suno, M.; Aono, T.; Doi, T. In vivo biological activity of antioxidative aminothiazole derivatives. Chem. Pharm. Bull., 1996, 44(11), 2070-2077.
81. Hadjipavlou-Litina, D.J.; Geronikaki, A.A. Anti-inflammatory activity of some novel 1-[3-aroylo] and 1-[3-(aryloxy)]-propyl aminothiazole in correlation with structure and lipophilicity. Arzneimittelforschung, 1996, 46(8), 805-808.
82. Geronikaki, A.A.; Hadjipavlou-Litina, D.J. In vitro studies of some of 2,4-disubstituted thiazolyl-aminoketones with anti-inflammatory activity. Arzneimittelforschung, 1996, 46(12), 1134-1137.
83. Geronikaki, A.A.; Hadjipavlou-Litina, D.J., Tzaki, M. Synthesis of some new thienyl and 1,3-thiazolyl aminoketones with antiinflammatory activity. Arzneimittelforschung, 2000, 50(3), 266-271.
84. Lukienko, P.I.; Mel'nichenko, N.G.; Zverinskii, I.V.; Zabrodskaya, S.V. Antioxidant properties of thiamine. Bull. Exp. Biol. Med., 2000, 130(9), 874-876.
85. Vladimirov, Yu.A.; Archakov, A.I. Lipid Peroxidation in Biological Membranes. Nauka, [in Russian], Moscow, 1972.
86. Nakazawa, H.; Genka, C.; Fijishma, M. Pathological aspects of active oxygens/free radicals. Jpn. J. Physiol., 1996, 46(1), 15-32.
87. Geronikaki, A.; Hadjipavlou-Litina, D.; Chantziopoulos, K.; Solupis, G.; Tsoutsos Ch.; Haidoutis, G. Synthesis and biological evaluation of new 4,5-disubstituted thiazolyl amides, derivatives of 4-hydroxy-piperidine or 4-N-methyl piperazine. Molecules, 2003, 8(6), 472-479.
88. Harnett, J.J.; Roubert, V.; Dolo, C.; Charnet, Ch.; Spinnewyn, B.; Cornet, S.; Rolland, A.; Marin, J-G.; Bigga, D.; Chabrier, P.E. Phenolic thiazoles as novel orally-active neuroprotective agents. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 2004, 14(1), 157-160.
89. Harnett, J.J.; Auguet, M.; Viossat, I.; Dolo, C.; Bigg, D.; Chabrier, P.E. Novel lipoic acid analogues that inhibit nitric oxide synthase. Biorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 2002, 12(11), 1439-1442.
90. Spinnewyn, B.; Cornet, S.; Auguet, M.; Chabrier, P.-E. Synergistic protective effects of antioxidant and nitric oxide synthase inhibitor in transient focal ischemia. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 1999, 19(2), 139-143.
91. Tabrizchi, R. Edaravone Mitsubishi-Tokyo. Curr. Opin. Investig. Drugs, 2000, 1(3), 347-54.
92. Esterbauer, H.; Cheeseman, K. H. Determination of aldehydic lipid peroxidation products: malonaldehyde and 4-hydroxynonenal. Methods Enzymol., 1990, 186, 407-421.
93. Shih, M.H.; Ke, F.Y. Syntheses and evaluation of antioxidant activity of sydnonyl substituted thiazolidinone and thiazoline derivatives. Bioorg. Med. Chem., 2004, 12(17), 4633-4643.
94. Shih, M.H.; Su Y.S.; Wu C.L. Syntheses of Aromatic Substituted Hydrazino-thiazole Derivatives to Clarify Structural Characterization and Antioxidant Activity between 3-Arylsydnonyl and Aryl Substituted Hydrazino-thiazoles. Chem. Pharm. Bull., 2007, 55(8), 1126-1135.
95. Jha, R.K.; Zi-rong, X. Biomedical compounds from marine organisms. Mar. Drugs, 2004, 2(3), 123-146.
96. De, S.; Adhikari, S.; Tilak-Jain, J.; Menon, V.P.; Devasagayam, T.P.A. Antioxidant activity of an aminothiazole compound: Possible mechanisms. Chem.-Biol. Interact., 2008, 173(3), 215-223.
97. Rajasekharan, K.N.; Nair, K.P.; Jenardanan, G.C. Studies on the synthesis of 5-acyl-2,4-diaminothiazoles from amidinothioureas. Synthesis, 1986, 5, 353-355.
98. Acquino, R.; Morelli, S.; Lauro, M.R.; Abdo, S.; Saija A.; Tomaino, A.; Phenolic constituents and antioxidant activity of an extract of Anthurium versicolor leaves. J. Nat. Prod., 2001, 64(8), 1019-1023.
99. Miller, N.J.; Rice-Evans, C.; Davies, M.J.; Gopinathan, V.; Miller, A. A novel method for measuring antioxidant capacity and its application to monitoring the antioxidant status in premature neonates. Clin. Sci. (Lond.), 1993, 84(4), 407-412.
100. Pulido, R.; Bravo, L.; Saura-Calixto, F. Antioxidant activity of dietary polyphenols as determined by amodified ferric reducing/ antioxidant power assay. J. Agric. Food Chem., 2000, 48(8), 3396-3402.
101. Halliwell,B.; Gutteridge, J.M.C. ; Aruoma, O.I. The deoxyribose method:a simple 'test tube' assay for determination of rate constants for reactions of hydroxyl radicals, Anal. Biochem., 1987, 165(1), 215-219.
102. Nakagawa, T.; Yokozawa, T. Direct scavenging of nitric oxide and superoxide by green tea. Food Chem. Tox., 2002, 40(12), 1745-1750.
103. Mukherjee, T in: Atomic, Molecular and Cluster Physics, S.A. Ahmad (Ed.); Narosa, New Delhi, 1997, pp. 299-316.
104. Devasagayam, T.P.A.; Pushpendran, C.K.; Eapen, J. Differences in lipid peroxidation in rat liver rough and smooth microsomes. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1983, 750(1), 91-97.
105. Jiang, Z.Y.; Hunt, J.V.; Wolf, S.P. Ferrous ion oxidation in the presence of xylenol orange for detection of lipid hydroperoxide in low density lipoprotein. Anal. Biochem., 1992, 202(2), 384-389.
106. Palamanda, J.R.; Kehrer, J.P. Inhibition of protein carbonyl formation and lipid peroxidation by glutathione in rat liver mitocrosomes. Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 1992, 293(1), 103-109.
107. Kalpana, K. B.; Srinivasan, M.; Menon, V. P. Antioxidant potential of aminothiazole derivative and its protective effect on H2O2-induced oxidative damage on pBR322 DNA and RBC cellular membrane. Mol. Cell. Biochem., 2008, 314(1-2), 95-103.
108. Kunchandy, E.; Rao, M.N.A. Oxygen radical scavenging activity of curcumin. Int. J. Pharm., 1990, 58(3), 237-240.
109. Prieto, P.; Pineda, M.; Aguilar, M. Spectrophotometric quantitation of antioxidant capacity through the formation of a phosphomolybdenum complex: specific application to the determination of vitamin E. Anal. Biochem., 1999, 269(2), 337-341.
110. Oyaizu, M.; Studies on products of browning reaction prepared from glucoseamine. Jpn. J. Nutr., 1986, 44,307-314.
111. Aruna, K.; Rukkumani, R.; Penumathsa, S.V.; Menon, V.P. Influence of a thiazole derivative on ethanol and thermally oxidized sunflower oil-induced oxidative stress. Pol. J. Pharmacol., 2004, 56(2), 233-240.
112. Kode, A.; Rajagopalan, R.; Penumastha, S.V.; Menon, V.P. Role of an aminothiazole derivative on ethanol-induced toxicity. Toxicol. Mech. Methods, 2006, 17(1), 33-40.
113. Srivivasan, A.; Menon, V.P.; Periaswamy, V.; Rajasekaran, K.N. Protection of pancreatic beta-cell by the potential antioxidant bis-ohydroxycinnamoyl methane, analogue of natural curcuminoid in experimental diabetes. J. Pharm. Sci., 2003, 6(3), 327-333.
114. Strayo, D.; Devasagayam, T.P.A.; Adhikari, S.; Menon, V.P. Antioxidant properties of a novel marine analogue of dendrodoine. BARC News Lett., 2006, 273, 123-133.
115. Pontiki, E.; Hadjipavlou-Litina, D.; Chaviara, A.T. Evaluation of anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities of Copper (II) Schiff mono-base and Copper(II) Schiff base coordination compounds of dien with heterocyclic aldehydes and 2-amino-5-methyl-thiazole. J. Enzyme Inhib. Med. Chem., 2008, 23(6), 1011-1017.
116. Chaviara, A.T.; Cox, P.J.; Repana, K.H.; Papi, R.M.; Papazisis, K.T.; Zambouli, D.; Kortsaris, A.H.; Kyriakidis, D.A.; Bolos, C.A. Copper(II) Schiff base coordination compounds of dien with heterocyclic aldehydes and 2-amino-5-methyl-thiazole: Synthesis, characterization, antiproliferative and antibacterial studies. Crystal structure of CudienOOCl2. J. Inorg. Biochem., 2004, 98(8), 1271-1283.
117. Pontiki, E.; Hadjipavlou-Litina, D.; Chaviara, A.T.; Bolos, C.A. Evaluation of anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities of mixed-ligand Cu(II) complexes of dien and its Schiff dibases with heterocyclic aldehydes and 2-amino-2-thiazoline. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 2006, 16(8), 2234-2237.
118. Panagoulis, D.; Pontiki, E.; Skeva, E.; Raptopoulou, C.; Girousi, S.; Hadjipavlou-Litina, D.; Dendrinou-Samara, C. Synthesis and pharmacochemical study of new Cu(II) complexes with thiophen-2-yl saturated and a,b-unsaturated substituted carboxylic acids. J. Inorg. Biochem., 2007, 101(4), 623-634.
119. Selvam, T.P.; Kumar, P.V.; Kumar, A.S. Synthesis and antioxidant activity of novel 6,7,8,9 tetra hydro-5H-5-(2'-hydroxy phenyl)-2-(4'-substituted benzylidine)-3-(4-nitrophenyl amino) thiazolo quinazoline derivatives. Res. Biotec., 2010, 1(1), 38-48.
120. Chin, G.; Hui Yin, Y.; Hui Yin, C. Antioxidative activity of various tea extracts in relation to their antamutagenicity. J. Agr. Food Chem., 1995, 43, 27-32.
121. Govindarajan, R.; Rastogi, S.; Vijayakumar, M.; Shirwaikar, A.; Rawat, A.K. Mehrotra, S. Antioxidant Potential of Anogeissus latifolia. Biol. Pharm. Bull., 2003, 26, 1424-1427.
122. Sanchez, M. Methods used to evaluate the free radical scavenging activity in food and biological systems. Food Sci. Technol. Int., 2001, 8, 121-137.
123. Famey, E.J.C.; Luyengi, L.; Lee, S.K.; Zhu, L.F.; Zhou, B.N.; Prog, H.H.S. Antioxidant Flavonoid Glycosides from Daphniphyllum calycinum. J. Natural Product, 1998, 61(5), 706-708.
124. Saravanan, G.; Alagarsamy,V.; Prakash C.R. Synthesis and evaluation of antioxidant activities of novel quinazolone derivatives. Int. J. Pharm.&Pharm. Sci., 2010, 2, Suppl 4.
125. Jaishree, V.; Ramdas,N, Sachin,J.; Ramesh, B. In vitro antioxidant properties of new thiazole derivatives. JSCS, 2012, 16(4), 371-376.
126. Kavitha, P.N; Mohan, S.; Saravanan, J. Synthesis of some novel 4-(4-Chlorophenyl)2-aryl substituted metheniminothiazoles as possible antioxidant agents. IJPI's J. Med. Chem., 2011, 1(2), 1-6.
127. Sahu, S.K.; Mishra, S.K.; Mohanta, R.K.; Pattanayak, S.P.; Panda C.S. Synthesis and antibacterial activity of 2-(2,4-dinitrophenyl)-3,5- diphenyl(substituted)-6-aryl-3,3a,5,6-tetrahydro-2Hpyrazolo[ 3,4-d]thiazoles. Indian J.Pharm. Sci., 2006, 68(3), 377-380.
128. Hout, S.; Azas, N.; Darque, A.; Robin, M.; Di Giorgio, C.; Gasquet, M.; Galy, J.; Timon-David, P. Activity of benzothiazoles and chemical derivatives on Plasmodium falciparum. Parasitology, 2004, 129(Pt5), 525-542.
129. Takamori, K.; Funakoshi, T.; Hirota, S.; Chaki, S.; Kameo, K. Antipsychotic profile of 5-{2-[4-(6-fluoro-1H-indole-3-yl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl}- 4-(4-fluorophenyl)thiazole-2-carboxylic acid amide (NRA0562) in rats. Life Sci., 2002, 71(8), 947-952.
130. Andreani, A.; Granaiola, M.; Leoni, A.; Locatelli, A.; Morigi, R.; Rambaldi, M. Synthesis and antitubercular activity of imidazo[2,1-b] thiazoles. Eur. J. Med. Chem., 2001, 36(9), 743-746.
131. Mohan S.; Attimarad.M. Microwave assisted synthesis of a series of Ethyl 2-arylamino-4-aryl/heteroarylthiazole-5-acetates and their antioxidant property. Asian J. Chem., 2005, 17(2), 991-995.
132. Ganguli, S. An overview of microwave synthesis. Pharma times, 2006, 38(12), 24-25.
133. Brown, F.C. 4-Thiazolidinones. Chem. Rev., 1961, 41, 464-511.
134. Kato, T; Ozaki, K.; Tamura, K.; Suzuki, Y.; Akima, M.; Ohi, N. Novel Calcium Antagonists with Both Calcium Overload Inhibition and Antioxidant Activity. 1. 2-(3,5-Di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)-3-(aminopropyl) thiazolidinones. J. Med. Chem., 1998, 41(22), 4309-4316.
135. Wilhelm, D.; Himmel, H.; Ravens, U.; Peters, T. Characterization of the Interaction of R56865 with Cardiac Na-and L-type Ca Channels. Br. J. Pharmacol., 1991, 104(2), 483-489.
136. Lu, H. R.; De Clerck, F. R 56 865, a Na+/Ca(2+)-overload inhibitor, protects against aconitine-induced cardiac arrhythmias in vivo. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol., 1993, 22(1), 120-125.
137. Kato, T.; Ozaki ,K.; Tamura, K.; Suzuki, Y.; Akima, M.; Ohi, N. Novel Calcium Antagonists with Both Calcium Overload Inhibition and Antioxidant Activity. 2. Structure-Activity Relationships of Thiazolidinone Derivatives. J. Med. Chem., 1999, 42(16), 3134-3146.
138. Kawabe, Y.; Cynshi, O.; Takashima, Y.; Suzuki, T.; Ohba, Y.; Kodama, T. Oxidation-Induced Aggregation of Rabbit Low-Density Lipoprotein by Azo Inhibitor. Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 1994, 310(2), 489-496.
139. Yoshioka, T.; Fujita, T.; Kanai, T.; Aizawa, Y.; Kurumada, T.; Hasegawa, K.; Horikoshi, H. Studies on Hindered Phenols and Analogues. 1. Hypolipidemic and Hypoglycemic Agents with Ability to Inhibit Lipid Peroxidation. J. Med. Chem. 1989, 32, 421-428.
140. Sun, Y-M.; Wang,X-L.; Zhang, H-Y.; Chen, D-Z. Theoretical Elucidation of Structure-Antioxidant Activity Relationships for Thiazolidinone Derivatives. Quant. Struct.-Act. Relat., 2001, 20, 139-142.
141. Jogul, J.J.; Badami,B.V. Sydnone derivatives as synthons for novel bismesoionic compounds.Synthesis of 3-(2-sulphido-1,3,4-thiadiazolium-4- carbonylphenyl) sydnones and 4-[4-(2-sulphido-1,3,4-thiadiazolium)benzoyl]-1,3, 4-thiadiazolium-2-thiolates from 3-[4/3-(hydrazinocarbonyl) phenyl]sydnones, and their antimicrobial and antitubercular activities. J. Serb. Chem. Soc., 2006, 71(8-9), 851-860.
142. Moustafa, M.A.; Nasr, M.N.; Gineinah, M.M.; Bayoumi W.A.Synthesis and Biological Testing of Novel Analogues of Sydnone as Potential Antibacterial Agents. Arch. Pharm. Pharm. Med. Chem. 2004, 337, 164-170
143. Deshpande, S.R.; Rai. K.V.Fluorine bearing sydnones with styryl ketone group: synthesis and their possible analgesic and antiinflammatory activities. J. Enzyme Inhib. Med. Chem., 2011 Jun 10.
144. Oh, C. H.; Cho, H. W.; Baek, D.; Cho, J. H. Eur. Synthesis and antibacterial activity of 1-methyl-2-(5-substituted thiazolo pyrrolidin-3-ylthio)carbapenem derivatives J. Med.Chem., 2002, 37, 743-754.
145. Kritsanida, M.; Mouroutsou, A.; Marakos, P.; Pouli, N.; Papakonstantinou-Garoufalias, S.; Pannecouque, C.; Witvrouw, M.; Clercq, E. D. Synthesis and antiviral activity evaluation of some new 6-substituted 3-(1-adamantyl)-1,2,4-triazolo[3,4-b] [1,3,4]thiadiazoles. Farmaco., 2002, 57(3), 253-257.
146. Foroumadi, A.; Asadipour, A.; Mirzaei, M.; Karimi, J.; Emami, S. Antituberculosis agents. V. Synthesis, evaluation of in vitro antituberculosis activity and cytotoxicity of some 2-(5-nitro-2-furyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazole derivatives. Farmaco., 2002, 57(9), 765-769.
147. Gu, X.H.; Wan, X.Z.; Jiang, B. Syntheses and biological activities of bis(3-indolyl)thiazoles, analogues of marine bis(indole)alkaloid nortopsentins. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 1999, 9(4), 569-572.
148. Jiang, B.; Gu, X.H. Syntheses and cytotoxicity evaluation of bis(indolyl)thiazole, bis(indolyl)pyrazinone and bis(indolyl) pyrazine: analogues of cytotoxic marine bis(indole) alkaloid. Bioorg. Med. Chem., 2000, 8(2), 363-371.
149. Bolos, C.A.; Papazisis, K.T.; Kortsaris, A.H.; Voyatzi, S.; Zambouli, D.; Kyriakidis, D.A. Antiproliferative activity of mixed ligand dien-Cu(II) complexes with thiazole, thiazoline and imidazole derivatives. J. Inorg. Biochem., 2002, 88(1), 25-36.
150. Tapia, R.A.; Alegria, L.; Pessoa, C. D.; Salas, C.; Cortés, M.J.; Valderrama, J.A.; Sarciron, M.E.; Pautet, F.;Walchshofer, N.; Fillion, H. Synthesis and antiprotozoal activity of naphthofuranquinones and naphthothiophenequinones containing a fused thiazole ring. Bioorg. Med. Chem., 2003, 11(10), 2175-2182.
151. Ijichi, K.; Fujiwara, M.; Nagano, H.; Matsumoto, Y.; Hanasaki, Y.; Ide, T.; Katsuura, K.; Takayama, H.; Shirakawa, S.; Aimi, N.; Shigeta, S.; Konno, K.; Matsushima, M.; Yokota, T.; Baba, M. Anti-HIV-1 activity of thiadiazole derivatives: structure-activity relationship, reverse transcriptase inhibition, and lipophilicity. Antiviral Res., 1996, 31(1-2), 87-94.
152. Shimada, K.; Fujikawa, K.; Yahara, K.; Nakamura, T. J. Antioxidative properties of xanthan on the autoxidation of soybean oil in cyclodextrin emulsion. Agric. Food Chem., 1992, 40(6), 945-948.
153. Leong, L.P.; Shui, G. An investigation of antioxidant capacity of fruits in Singapore markets. Food Chem., 2002, 76(1), 69-75.
154. Braca, A.; Sortino, C.; Politi, M.; Morelli, I.; Mendez, J. Antioxidant activity of flavonoids from Licania licaniaeflora. J. Ethnopharmacol., 2002, 79(3), 379-381.
155. Bozda-Dundar, O.; Coban, T.; Ceylan-Unlusoy, M.; Ertan, R. Radical scavenging capacities of some thiazolylthiazolidine-2,4-dione derivatives. Med. Chem. Res., 2009, 18(1), 1-7.
156. Da Ros, R.; Assaloni, R.; Ceriello, A. The preventive anti-oxidant action of thiazolidinediones: a new therapeutic prospect in diabetes and insulin resistance. Diabet. Med., 2004, 21(11), 1249-1252.
157. Hossain, U.; Bhattacharya, S. Synthesis of O-prenylated and Ogeranylated derivatives of 5-benzylidene 2,4-thiazolidinediones and evaluation of their free radical scavenging activity as well as effect on some phase II antioxidant/detoxifying enzymes. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 2007, 17(5), 1149-1154.
158. Bozda-Dundar, O.; Ceylan-Unlusoy, M.; Verspoh, E.J.; Ertan R. Synthesis and antidiabetic activity of novel 2,4-thiazolidinedione derivatives containing a thiazole ring. Arzneimittelforschung, 2006, 56(9), 621-625.
159. Frankel, E.N.; Meyer, A.S. The problems of using onedimensional methods to evaluate multifunctional food and biological antioxidants. J. Sci. Food Agric., 2000, 80(13), 1925-1941.
160. Becker, E.M.; Nissen, L.R.; Skibsted, L.H. Antioxidant evaluation protocols: Food quality or health effects. Eur. Food Res. Technol., 2004, 219(6), 561-571.
161. El Nazhawy, A.O.H.; Ramla, M.M.; Khalifa ,N.M.; Abdulla, M.M. Synthesis and antioxidant activity of some thiazolidin-4-one derivatives. Monatsh. Chem., 2009, 140, 531-539.
162. Cacic, M.; Molnar, M.; Sarkanj, B.; Has-Schön, E.; Rajkovic, V. Synthesis and Antioxidant Activity of Some New Coumarinyl-1,3-Thiazolidine-4- ones. Molecules, 2010, 15(10), 6795-6809.
163. Lin, H.C.; Tsai, S.H.; Chen, C.S.; Chang, Y.C.; Lee, C.M.; Lai, Z.Y.; Lin, C. M. Structure-activity relationship of coumarin derivatives on xanthine oxidase-inhibiting and free radical-scavenging activities. Biochem. Pharmacol., 2008, 75(6), 1416-1425.
164. Ottanà, R.; Maccari, R.; Giglio, M.; Del Corso, A.; Cappiello, M.; Mura, U.; Cosconati, S.; Marinelli, L.; Novellino, E.; Sartini, S.; La Motta, C.; Da Settimo, F. Identification of 5-arylidene-4-thiazolidinone derivatives endowed with dual activity as aldose reductase inhibitors and antioxidant agents for the treatment of diabetic complications. Eur. J. Med. Chem., 2011, 46(7), 2797-2806.
165. Maccari, R.; Ottanà, R.; Curinga, C.; Vigorita, M.G.; Rakowitz, D.; Steindl, T.; Langer, T. Structure-activity relationships and molecular modelling of 5-arylidene-2,4-thiazolidinediones active as aldose reductase inhibitors. Bioorg. Med. Chem., 2005, 13(8), 2809-2823.
166. Maccari, R.; Ottanà, R.; Ciurleo, R.; Vigorita, M.G.; Rakowitz, D.; Steindl, T.; Langer, T. Evaluation of in vitro aldose redutase inhibitory activity of 5-arylidene-2,4-thiazolidinediones. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 2007, 17(14), 3886-3893.
167. Maccari, R.; Ottanà, R.; Ciurleo, R.; Rakowitz, D.; Matuszczak, B.; Laggner, C.; Langer, T. Synthesis, induced-fit docking investigations, and in vitro aldose reductase inhibitory activity of noncarboxylic acid containing 2,4-thiazolidinedione derivatives. Bioorg. Med. Chem., 2008, 16(11), 5840-5852.
168. Maccari, R.; Ciurleo, R.; Giglio, M.; Cappiello, M.; Moschini, R.; Corso, A.D.; Mura, U.; Ottanà, R. Identification of new noncarboxylic acid containing inhibitors of aldose reductase. Bioorg. Med. Chem., 2010, 18(11), 4049-4055.
169. Burton, G.W.; Ingold, K.U. Vitamin E as an in vitro and in vivo antioxidant. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 1989, 570, 7-22.
170. Suzen, S.; Buyukbingol, E. Anti-cancer activity studies of indolalthiohydantoin (PIT) on certain cancer cell lines. Farmaco., 2000, 55(4), 246-248.
171. Biradar, J.S.; Sasidhar, B.S.; Parveen, R. Synthesis, antioxidant and DNA cleavage activities of novel indole derivatives. Eur. J. Med. Chem., 2010, 45(9), 4074-4078.
172. Babaoglu, K.; Page, M.A.; Jones, V.C.; McNeil, M.R.; Dong, C.; Naismith, J.H.; Lee, R.E. Novel inhibitors of an emerging target in Mycobacterium tuberculosis; substituted thiazolidinones as inhibitors of dTDP-rhamnose synthesis. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 2003, 13(19), 3227-3230.
173. Rawal, R.K.; Prabhakar, Y.S.; Katti, S.B.; De Clercq, E. 2-(Aryl)-3-furan-2-ylmethyl-thiazolidin-4-ones as selective HIV-RT inhibitors. Bioorg. Med. Chem., 2005, 13(24), 6771-6776.
174. Buvana, C.; Mahalaksmi, A.; Bijo, M.; Sukumar, M. Synthesis of some Thiazolidinone derivatives from Indole 2-Carboxylic acid and Evaluation of its Xanthine oxidase inhibitory and Antioxidant activity. Int. J. Chem. Tech. Res. CODEN( USA), 2011, 3(2), 671-675.
175. Nishina, A.; Kimura, H.; Kozawa, K.; Sommen, G.; Favero, F.; Heimgartner, H.; Koketsu,M.; Furukawa, S. 3-(2,6-Dimethylphenyl)-2-selenoxo-1,3-thiazolidin- 4-one suppresses hydrogen peroxide-induced cytotoxicity on PC12 cells via activation of MAPK. Inter. J. Toxicol. 2011, 30(6) 690-699.
176. Zhang, M.; Nomura, A ; Uchida,Y.; Iijima, H.; Sakamoto, T.; Iishii, Y.; Morishima, Y.; Mochizuki, M.; Masuyama, K.; Hirano, K.; Sekizawa, K. Ebselen suppresses late airway responses and airway inflammation in guinea pigs. Free Radic. Biol. Med., 2002, 32(5), 454-464.
177. Gouda, M.A.; Abu-Hashem, A.A. Synthesis, characterization, antioxidant and antitumor evaluation of some new thiazolidine and thiazolidinone derivatives. Arch. Pharm. (Weinheim), 2011, 344(3), 170-177.
178. Lissi, E.A.; Modak, B.; Torres, R.; Esocbar, J.; Urzua, A. Total antioxidant potential of resinous exudates from Heliotropium species, and a comparison of the ABTS and DPPH methods. Free Radic. Res., 1999, 30(6), 471-477.